1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2002,
3 @c 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
5 @node Indentation, Text, Major Modes, Top
8 @cindex columns (indentation)
10 This chapter describes the Emacs commands that add, remove, or
15 Indent the current line ``appropriately'' in a mode-dependent fashion.
17 Perform @key{RET} followed by @key{TAB} (@code{newline-and-indent}).
19 Merge the previous and the current line (@code{delete-indentation}).
20 This would cancel the effect of a preceding @kbd{C-j}.
22 Split the current line at point; text on the line after point becomes a
23 new line indented to the same column where point is located
26 Move (forward or back) to the first nonblank character on the current
27 line (@code{back-to-indentation}).
29 Indent lines in the region to the same column (@code{indent-region}).
31 Shift lines in the region rigidly right or left (@code{indent-rigidly}).
33 Indent from point to the next prespecified tab stop column
34 (@code{tab-to-tab-stop}).
35 @item M-x indent-relative
36 Indent from point to under an indentation point in the previous line.
39 Emacs supports four general categories of operations that could all
40 be called `indentation':
44 Insert a tab character. You can type @kbd{C-q @key{TAB}} to do this.
46 A tab character is displayed as a stretch of whitespace which extends
47 to the next display tab stop position, and the default width of a tab
48 stop is eight. @xref{Text Display}, for more details.
51 Insert whitespace up to the next tab stop. You can set tab stops at
52 your choice of column positions, then type @kbd{M-i} to advance to the
53 next tab stop. The default tab stop settings have a tab stop every
54 eight columns, which means by default @kbd{M-i} inserts a tab
55 character. To set the tab stops, use @kbd{M-x edit-tab-stops}.
58 Align a line with the previous line. More precisely, the command
59 @kbd{M-x indent-relative} indents the current line under the beginning
60 of some word in the previous line. In Fundamental mode and in Text
61 mode, @key{TAB} runs the command @code{indent-relative}.
64 The most sophisticated method is @dfn{syntax-driven indentation}.
65 Most programming languages have an indentation convention. For Lisp
66 code, lines are indented according to their nesting in parentheses. C
67 code uses the same general idea, but many details are different.
70 Type @key{TAB} to do syntax-driven indentation, in a mode that
71 supports it. It realigns the current line according with the syntax
72 of the preceding lines. No matter where in the line you are when you
73 type @key{TAB}, it aligns the line as a whole.
76 Normally, most of the above methods insert an optimal mix of tabs and
77 spaces to align to the desired column. @xref{Just Spaces}, for how to
78 disable use of tabs. However, @kbd{C-q @key{TAB}} always inserts a
79 tab, even when tabs are disabled for the indentation commands.
82 * Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation.
83 * Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then
84 indent to the next tab stop when you want to.
85 * Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces.
88 @node Indentation Commands, Tab Stops, Indentation, Indentation
89 @section Indentation Commands and Techniques
92 @findex back-to-indentation
93 To move over the indentation on a line, do @kbd{M-m}
94 (@code{back-to-indentation}). This command, given anywhere on a line,
95 positions point at the first nonblank character on the line, if any,
96 or else at the end of the line.
98 To insert an indented line before the current line, do @kbd{C-a C-o
99 @key{TAB}}. To make an indented line after the current line, use
102 If you just want to insert a tab character in the buffer, you can type
107 @kbd{C-M-o} (@code{split-line}) moves the text from point to the end of
108 the line vertically down, so that the current line becomes two lines.
109 @kbd{C-M-o} first moves point forward over any spaces and tabs. Then it
110 inserts after point a newline and enough indentation to reach the same
111 column point is on. Point remains before the inserted newline; in this
112 regard, @kbd{C-M-o} resembles @kbd{C-o}.
115 @findex delete-indentation
116 To join two lines cleanly, use the @kbd{M-^}
117 (@code{delete-indentation}) command. It deletes the indentation at
118 the front of the current line, and the line boundary as well,
119 replacing them with a single space. As a special case (useful for
120 Lisp code) the single space is omitted if the characters to be joined
121 are consecutive open parentheses or closing parentheses, or if the
122 junction follows another newline. To delete just the indentation of a
123 line, go to the beginning of the line and use @kbd{M-\}
124 (@code{delete-horizontal-space}), which deletes all spaces and tabs
127 If you have a fill prefix, @kbd{M-^} deletes the fill prefix if it
128 appears after the newline that is deleted. @xref{Fill Prefix}.
132 @findex indent-region
133 @findex indent-rigidly
134 There are also commands for changing the indentation of several lines
135 at once. They apply to all the lines that begin in the region.
136 @kbd{C-M-\} (@code{indent-region}) indents each line in the ``usual''
137 way, as if you had typed @key{TAB} at the beginning of the line. A
138 numeric argument specifies the column to indent to, and each line is
139 shifted left or right so that its first nonblank character appears in
140 that column. @kbd{C-x @key{TAB}} (@code{indent-rigidly}) moves all of
141 the lines in the region right by its argument (left, for negative
142 arguments). The whole group of lines moves rigidly sideways, which is
143 how the command gets its name.
145 @cindex remove indentation
146 To remove all indentation from all of the lines in the region,
147 invoke @kbd{C-x @key{TAB}} with a large negative argument, such as
150 @findex indent-relative
151 @kbd{M-x indent-relative} indents at point based on the previous line
152 (actually, the last nonempty line). It inserts whitespace at point, moving
153 point, until it is underneath the next indentation point in the previous line.
154 An indentation point is the end of a sequence of whitespace or the end of
155 the line. If point is farther right than any indentation point in the
156 previous line, @code{indent-relative} runs @code{tab-to-tab-stop}
163 unless it is called with a numeric argument, in which case it does
166 @xref{Format Indentation}, for another way of specifying the
167 indentation for part of your text.
169 @node Tab Stops, Just Spaces, Indentation Commands, Indentation
173 @cindex using tab stops in making tables
174 @cindex tables, indentation for
176 @findex tab-to-tab-stop
177 For typing in tables, you can use @kbd{M-i} (@code{tab-to-tab-stop}).
178 This command inserts indentation before point, enough to reach the
179 next tab stop column.
181 @findex edit-tab-stops
182 @findex edit-tab-stops-note-changes
183 @kindex C-c C-c @r{(Edit Tab Stops)}
184 @vindex tab-stop-list
185 You can specify the tab stops used by @kbd{M-i}. They are stored in a
186 variable called @code{tab-stop-list}, as a list of column-numbers in
189 The convenient way to set the tab stops is with @kbd{M-x
190 edit-tab-stops}, which creates and selects a buffer containing a
191 description of the tab stop settings. You can edit this buffer to
192 specify different tab stops, and then type @kbd{C-c C-c} to make those
193 new tab stops take effect. The buffer uses Overwrite mode
194 (@pxref{Minor Modes}). @code{edit-tab-stops} records which buffer was
195 current when you invoked it, and stores the tab stops back in that
196 buffer; normally all buffers share the same tab stops and changing
197 them in one buffer affects all, but if you happen to make
198 @code{tab-stop-list} local in one buffer then @code{edit-tab-stops} in
199 that buffer will edit the local settings.
201 Here is what the text representing the tab stops looks like for ordinary
202 tab stops every eight columns.
207 0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678
208 To install changes, type C-c C-c
211 The first line contains a colon at each tab stop. The remaining lines
212 are present just to help you see where the colons are and know what to do.
214 Note that the tab stops that control @code{tab-to-tab-stop} have nothing
215 to do with displaying tab characters in the buffer. @xref{Text Display},
216 for more information on that.
218 @node Just Spaces,, Tab Stops, Indentation
219 @section Tabs vs. Spaces
221 @vindex indent-tabs-mode
222 Emacs normally uses both tabs and spaces to indent lines. If you
223 prefer, all indentation can be made from spaces only. To request
224 this, set @code{indent-tabs-mode} to @code{nil}. This is a per-buffer
225 variable, so altering the variable affects only the current buffer,
226 but there is a default value which you can change as well.
229 A tab is not always displayed in the same way. By default, tabs are
230 eight columns wide, but some people like to customize their tools to
231 use a different tab width. So by using spaces only, you can make sure
232 that your file looks the same regardless of the tab width setting.
236 There are also commands to convert tabs to spaces or vice versa, always
237 preserving the columns of all nonblank text. @kbd{M-x tabify} scans the
238 region for sequences of spaces, and converts sequences of at least two
239 spaces to tabs if that can be done without changing indentation. @kbd{M-x
240 untabify} changes all tabs in the region to appropriate numbers of spaces.
243 arch-tag: acc07de7-ae11-4ee8-a159-cb59c473f0fb