4 @settitle GNU Emacs Manual
5 @setfilename ../info/emacs
9 @c The edition number appears in several places in this file
10 This is the thirteenth edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual},
11 updated for Emacs version 20.4
12 @c Please REMEMBER to update edition number in *three* places in this file.
16 * Emacs: (emacs). The extensible self-documenting text editor.
19 Published by the Free Software Foundation
20 59 Temple Place, Suite 330
21 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
23 Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999
24 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
26 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
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33 notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
34 (this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).
37 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
38 manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
39 sections entitled ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and ``GNU
40 General Public License'' are included exactly as in the original, and
41 provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the
42 terms of a permission notice identical to this one.
44 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
45 into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
46 except that the sections entitled ``The GNU Manifesto'',
47 ``Distribution'' and ``GNU General Public License'' may be included in a
48 translation approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the
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68 @shorttitlepage GNU Emacs Manual
72 @center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Manual}
74 @center Thirteenth Edition, Updated for Emacs Version 20.4
76 @center Richard Stallman
78 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll
79 Copyright @copyright{} 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999
80 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
83 Updated for Emacs Version 20.4, @*
88 Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
89 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 @*
90 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
92 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
93 this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
94 are preserved on all copies.
96 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
97 manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
98 sections entitled ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and ``GNU
99 General Public License'' are included exactly as in the original, and
100 provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the
101 terms of a permission notice identical to this one.
103 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
104 into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
105 except that the sections entitled ``The GNU Manifesto'',
106 ``Distribution'' and ``GNU General Public License'' may be included in a
107 translation approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the
111 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa.
116 @node Top, Distrib, (dir), (dir)
117 @top The Emacs Editor
119 Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time
120 display editor. This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and
121 some of how to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version 20.4.
122 For information on extending Emacs, see @ref{,Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The
123 Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.
127 These subcategories have been deleted for simplicity
128 and to avoid conflicts.
131 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters
139 Shell Command History
141 The ones for Dired and Rmail have had the items turned into :: items
143 Also Running Shell Commands from Emacs
144 and Sending Mail and Registers and Minibuffer.
148 * Distrib:: How to get the latest Emacs distribution.
149 * Copying:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission
150 to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms;
151 it also explains that there is no warranty.
152 * Intro:: An introduction to Emacs concepts.
153 * Glossary:: The glossary.
154 * Antinews:: Information about Emacs version 19.
155 * MS-DOS:: Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as "MS-DOG").
156 * Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!
157 * Acknowledgments:: Major contributors to GNU Emacs.
159 Indexes (nodes containing large menus)
160 * Key Index:: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence.
161 * Command Index:: An item for each command name.
162 * Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable.
163 * Concept Index:: An item for each concept.
165 Important General Concepts
166 * Screen:: How to interpret what you see on the screen.
167 * User Input:: Kinds of input events (characters, buttons,
169 * Keys:: Key sequences: what you type to request one
171 * Commands:: Named functions run by key sequences to do editing.
172 * Text Characters:: Character set for text (the contents of buffers
174 * Entering Emacs:: Starting Emacs from the shell.
175 * Exiting:: Stopping or killing Emacs.
176 * Command Arguments:: Hairy startup options.
178 Fundamental Editing Commands
179 * Basic:: The most basic editing commands.
180 * Minibuffer:: Entering arguments that are prompted for.
181 * M-x:: Invoking commands by their names.
182 * Help:: Commands for asking Emacs about its commands.
184 Important Text-Changing Commands
185 * Mark:: The mark: how to delimit a ``region'' of text.
186 * Killing:: Killing text.
187 * Yanking:: Recovering killed text. Moving text.
188 * Accumulating Text:: Other ways of copying text.
189 * Rectangles:: Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen.
190 * Registers:: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer.
191 * Display:: Controlling what text is displayed.
192 * Search:: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string.
193 * Fixit:: Commands especially useful for fixing typos.
195 Major Structures of Emacs
196 * Files:: All about handling files.
197 * Buffers:: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once.
198 * Windows:: Viewing two pieces of text at once.
199 * Frames:: Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows.
200 * International:: Using non-ASCII character sets (the MULE features).
203 * Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ...
204 * Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines.
205 * Text:: Commands and modes for editing English.
206 * Programs:: Commands and modes for editing programs.
207 * Building:: Compiling, running and debugging programs.
208 * Abbrevs:: How to define text abbreviations to reduce
209 the number of characters you must type.
210 * Picture:: Editing pictures made up of characters
211 using the quarter-plane screen model.
212 * Sending Mail:: Sending mail in Emacs.
213 * Rmail:: Reading mail in Emacs.
214 * Dired:: You can ``edit'' a directory to manage files in it.
215 * Calendar/Diary:: The calendar and diary facilities.
216 * Gnus:: How to read netnews with Emacs.
217 * Shell:: Executing shell commands from Emacs.
218 * Emacs Server:: Using Emacs as an editing server for @code{mail}, etc.
219 * Hardcopy:: Printing buffers or regions.
220 * Postscript:: Printing buffers or regions as Postscript.
221 * Postscript Variables::
222 Customizing the Postscript printing commands.
223 * Sorting:: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs.
224 * Narrowing:: Restricting display and editing to a portion
226 * Two-Column:: Splitting apart columns to edit them
227 in side-by-side windows.
228 * Editing Binary Files::
229 Using Hexl mode to edit binary files.
230 * Saving Emacs Sessions::
231 Saving Emacs state from one session to the next.
232 * Recursive Edit:: A command can allow you to do editing
233 "within the command". This is called a
234 `recursive editing level'.
235 * Emulation:: Emulating some other editors with Emacs.
236 * Dissociated Press:: Dissociating text for fun.
237 * Amusements:: Various games and hacks.
238 * Customization:: Modifying the behavior of Emacs.
240 Recovery from Problems
241 * Quitting:: Quitting and aborting.
242 * Lossage:: What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning.
243 * Bugs:: How and when to report a bug.
244 * Contributing:: How to contribute improvements to Emacs.
245 * Service:: How to get help for your own Emacs needs.
247 Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones
248 already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step:
250 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---
252 The Organization of the Screen
254 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate.
255 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen.
256 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line.
257 * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar.
259 Basic Editing Commands
261 * Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it.
262 * Moving Point:: How to move the cursor to the place where you want to
264 * Erasing:: Deleting and killing text.
265 * Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text.
266 * Files: Basic Files. Visiting, creating, and saving files.
267 * Help: Basic Help. Asking what a character does.
268 * Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines.
269 * Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the screen.
270 * Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on?
271 * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command.
275 * Minibuffer File:: Entering file names with the minibuffer.
276 * Minibuffer Edit:: How to edit in the minibuffer.
277 * Completion:: An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input.
278 * Minibuffer History:: Reusing recent minibuffer arguments.
279 * Repetition:: Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer.
283 * Help Summary:: Brief list of all Help commands.
284 * Key Help:: Asking what a key does in Emacs.
285 * Name Help:: Asking about a command, variable or function name.
286 * Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic.
287 * Library Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics).
288 * Language Help:: Help relating to international language support.
289 * Misc Help:: Other help commands.
291 The Mark and the Region
293 * Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark.
294 * Transient Mark:: How to make Emacs highlight the region--
296 * Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region.
297 * Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units.
298 * Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there.
299 * Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers.
303 * Deletion:: Commands for deleting small amounts of text and
305 * Killing by Lines:: How to kill entire lines of text at one time.
306 * Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and
307 syntactic units such as words and sentences.
311 * Kill Ring:: Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking.
312 * Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together.
313 * Earlier Kills:: Yanking something killed some time ago.
317 * RegPos:: Saving positions in registers.
318 * RegText:: Saving text in registers.
319 * RegRect:: Saving rectangles in registers.
320 * RegConfig:: Saving window configurations in registers.
321 * RegFiles:: File names in registers.
322 * Bookmarks:: Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent.
324 Controlling the Display
326 * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window.
327 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window.
328 * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one.
329 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation.
330 * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features.
331 * Text Display:: How text is normally displayed.
332 * Display Vars:: Information on variables for customizing display.
334 Searching and Replacement
336 * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string.
337 * Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search.
338 * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words.
339 * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp.
340 * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions.
341 * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not.
342 * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches.
343 * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp.
347 * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string.
348 * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp.
349 * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters.
350 * Query Replace:: How to use querying.
352 Commands for Fixing Typos
354 * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text.
355 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists...
356 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered.
357 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word or a whole buffer.
361 * File Names:: How to type and edit file-name arguments.
362 * Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file.
363 * Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent.
364 * Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved.
365 * Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data.
366 * File Aliases:: Handling multiple names for one file.
367 * Version Control:: Version control systems (RCS, CVS and SCCS).
368 * Directories:: Creating, deleting, and listing file directories.
369 * Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ.
370 * Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files.
371 * Compressed Files:: Accessing compressed files.
372 * Remote Files:: Accessing files on other sites.
373 * Quoted File Names:: Quoting special characters in file names.
377 * Backup:: How Emacs saves the old version of your file.
378 * Interlocking:: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing
379 of one file by two users.
383 * Introduction to VC:: How version control works in general.
384 * VC Mode Line:: How the mode line shows version control status.
385 * Basic VC Editing:: How to edit a file under version control.
386 * Old Versions:: Examining and comparing old versions.
387 * Secondary VC Commands:: The commands used a little less frequently.
388 * Branches:: Multiple lines of development.
389 * Snapshots:: Sets of file versions treated as a unit.
390 * Miscellaneous VC:: Various other commands and features of VC.
391 * Customizing VC:: Variables that change VC's behavior.
393 Using Multiple Buffers
395 * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one.
396 * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist.
397 * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onlyness; copying text.
398 * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need.
399 * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers
400 and operate variously on several of them.
401 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer.
405 * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows.
406 * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows.
407 * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it.
408 * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window.
409 * Force Same Window:: Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected
410 window rather than in another window.
411 * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes.
415 * Mouse Commands:: Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse.
416 * Secondary Selection:: Cutting without altering point and mark.
417 * Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list.
418 * Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus.
419 * Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line.
420 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents.
421 * Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs job can talk to several displays.
422 * Special Buffer Frames:: You can make certain buffers have their own frames.
423 * Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames.
424 * Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them.
425 * Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar.
426 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces.
427 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces.
428 * Support Modes:: Font Lock support modes make Font Lock faster.
429 * Misc X:: Iconifying and deleting frames. Region highlighting.
430 * Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one.
432 Font Lock Support Modes
434 * Fast Lock Mode:: Saving font information in files.
435 * Lazy Lock Mode:: Fontifying only text that is actually displayed.
436 * Fast or Lazy:: Which support mode is best for you?
438 International Character Set Support
440 * International Intro:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters.
441 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters.
442 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use.
443 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard.
444 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods.
445 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and
446 write files, and so on.
447 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use.
448 * Specify Coding:: Various ways to choose which conversion to use.
449 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts
450 that cover the whole spectrum of characters.
451 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset.
452 * Single-Byte European Support::
453 You can pick one European character set
454 to use without multibyte characters.
458 * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen.
462 * Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation.
463 * Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then
464 indent to the next tab stop when you want to.
465 * Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces.
467 Commands for Human Languages
469 * Words:: Moving over and killing words.
470 * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences.
471 * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs.
472 * Pages:: Moving over pages.
473 * Filling:: Filling or justifying text.
474 * Case:: Changing the case of text.
475 * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files.
476 * Outline Mode:: Editing outlines.
477 * TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX.
478 * Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff.
479 * Formatted Text:: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion.
483 * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically.
484 * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines.
485 * Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented
486 or in a comment, etc.
487 * Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically.
491 * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs.
492 * Lists:: Expressions with balanced parentheses.
493 * List Commands:: The commands for working with list and sexps.
494 * Defuns:: Each program is made up of separate functions.
495 There are editing commands to operate on them.
496 * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting.
497 * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open.
498 * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments.
499 * Balanced Editing:: Inserting two matching parentheses at once, etc.
500 * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language.
501 * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call.
502 * Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program.
503 * Tags:: Go directly to any function in your program in one
504 command. Tags remembers which file it is in.
505 * Emerge:: A convenient way of merging two versions of a program.
506 * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C and Java modes.
507 * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features.
508 * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features.
510 Indentation for Programs
512 * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line.
513 * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once.
514 * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented.
515 * C Indent:: Choosing an indentation style for C code.
519 * Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files.
520 * Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with @code{etags}.
521 * Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table.
522 * Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag.
523 * Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing.
524 * List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file.
526 Merging Files with Emerge
528 * Overview of Emerge:: How to start Emerge. Basic concepts.
529 * Submodes of Emerge:: Fast mode vs. Edit mode.
530 Skip Prefers mode and Auto Advance mode.
531 * State of Difference:: You do the merge by specifying state A or B
533 * Merge Commands:: Commands for selecting a difference,
534 changing states of differences, etc.
535 * Exiting Emerge:: What to do when you've finished the merge.
536 * Combining in Emerge:: How to keep both alternatives for a difference.
537 * Fine Points of Emerge:: Misc.
539 Compiling and Testing Programs
541 * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other
542 than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.).
543 * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors.
544 * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly
545 for use in the compilation buffer.
546 * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs.
547 * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs,
548 with different facilities for running
550 * Lisp Libraries:: Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs.
551 * Lisp Interaction:: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer.
552 * Lisp Eval:: Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs.
553 * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp.
555 Running Debuggers Under Emacs
557 * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess.
558 * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers.
559 * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands.
560 * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD.
564 * Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs.
565 * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed.
566 * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion.
567 * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs.
568 * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session.
569 * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer.
573 * Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode.
574 * Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion
575 after "self-inserting" characters.
576 * Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation.
577 * Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles.
581 * Mail Format:: Format of the mail being composed.
582 * Mail Headers:: Details of permitted mail header fields.
583 * Mail Aliases:: Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses.
584 * Mail Mode:: Special commands for editing mail being composed.
585 * Distracting NSA:: How to distract the NSA's attention.
586 * Mail Methods:: Using alternative mail-composition methods.
588 Reading Mail with Rmail
590 * Rmail Basics:: Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use.
591 * Rmail Scrolling:: Scrolling through a message.
592 * Rmail Motion:: Moving to another message.
593 * Rmail Deletion:: Deleting and expunging messages.
594 * Rmail Inbox:: How mail gets into the Rmail file.
595 * Rmail Files:: Using multiple Rmail files.
596 * Rmail Output:: Copying message out to files.
597 * Rmail Labels:: Classifying messages by labeling them.
598 * Rmail Attributes:: Certain standard labels, called attributes.
599 * Rmail Reply:: Sending replies to messages you are viewing.
600 * Rmail Summary:: Summaries show brief info on many messages.
601 * Rmail Sorting:: Sorting messages in Rmail.
602 * Rmail Display:: How Rmail displays a message; customization.
603 * Rmail Editing:: Editing message text and headers in Rmail.
604 * Rmail Digest:: Extracting the messages from a digest message.
605 * Out of Rmail:: Converting an Rmail file to mailbox format.
606 * Rmail Rot13:: Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code.
607 * Movemail:: More details of fetching new mail.
609 Dired, the Directory Editor
611 * Dired Enter:: How to invoke Dired.
612 * Dired Commands:: Commands in the Dired buffer.
613 * Dired Deletion:: Deleting files with Dired.
614 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names.
615 * Dired Visiting:: Other file operations through Dired.
616 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking.
617 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc.
618 either one file or several files.
619 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files.
620 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files.
621 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired.
622 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer.
623 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down.
624 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible.
625 * Dired Updating:: Discarding lines for files of no interest.
626 * Dired and Find:: Using `find' to choose the files for Dired.
628 The Calendar and the Diary
630 * Calendar Motion:: Moving through the calendar; selecting a date.
631 * Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen.
632 * Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates?
633 * General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar.
634 * LaTeX Calendar:: Print a calendar using LaTeX.
635 * Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays.
636 * Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset.
637 * Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon.
638 * Other Calendars:: Converting dates to other calendar systems.
639 * Diary:: Displaying events from your diary.
640 * Appointments:: Reminders when it's time to do something.
641 * Daylight Savings:: How to specify when daylight savings time is active.
643 Movement in the Calendar
645 * Calendar Unit Motion:: Moving by days, weeks, months, and years.
646 * Move to Beginning or End:: Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years.
647 * Specified Dates:: Moving to the current date or another
650 Conversion To and From Other Calendars
652 * Calendar Systems:: The calendars Emacs understands
653 (aside from Gregorian).
654 * To Other Calendar:: Converting the selected date to various calendars.
655 * From Other Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in another calendar.
656 * Mayan Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar.
660 * Diary Commands:: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates.
661 * Format of Diary File:: Entering events in your diary.
662 * Date Formats:: Various ways you can specify dates.
663 * Adding to Diary:: Commands to create diary entries.
664 * Special Diary Entries:: Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc.
668 * Buffers of Gnus:: The group, summary, and article buffers.
669 * Gnus Startup:: What you should know about starting Gnus.
670 * Summary of Gnus:: A short description of the basic Gnus commands.
672 Running Shell Commands from Emacs
674 * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return.
675 * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs.
676 * Shell Mode:: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell.
677 * Shell History:: Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer.
678 * Shell Options:: Options for customizing Shell mode.
679 * Remote Host:: Connecting to another computer.
683 * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on
684 independently of any others.
685 * Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables
686 to decide what to do; by setting variables,
687 you can control their functioning.
688 * Keyboard Macros:: A keyboard macro records a sequence of
689 keystrokes to be replayed with a single command.
690 * Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs.
691 By changing them, you can "redefine keys".
692 * Keyboard Translations::
693 If your keyboard passes an undesired code
694 for a key, you can tell Emacs to
695 substitute another code.
696 * Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and
697 expressions are parsed.
698 * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the
703 * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value.
704 * Easy Customization::
705 Convenient and easy customization of variables.
706 * Hooks:: Hook variables let you specify programs for parts
707 of Emacs to run on particular occasions.
708 * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables.
709 * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values.
713 * Basic Kbd Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros.
714 * Save Kbd Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files.
715 * Kbd Macro Query:: Making keyboard macros do different things each time.
717 Customizing Key Bindings
719 * Keymaps:: Generalities. The global keymap.
720 * Prefix Keymaps:: Keymaps for prefix keys.
721 * Local Keymaps:: Major and minor modes have their own keymaps.
722 * Minibuffer Maps:: The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps.
723 * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently.
724 * Init Rebinding:: Rebinding keys with your init file, @file{.emacs}.
725 * Function Keys:: Rebinding terminal function keys.
726 * Named ASCII Chars:: Distinguishing @key{TAB} from @kbd{C-i}, and so on.
727 * Mouse Buttons:: Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs.
728 * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required
729 before it can be executed. This is done to protect
730 beginners from surprises.
732 The Init File, @file{~/.emacs}
734 * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp.
735 * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file.
736 * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file.
737 * Find Init:: How Emacs finds the init file.
739 Dealing with Emacs Trouble
741 * DEL Gets Help:: What to do if @key{DEL} doesn't delete.
742 * Stuck Recursive:: `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses.
743 * Screen Garbled:: Garbage on the screen.
744 * Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text.
745 * Unasked-for Search:: Spontaneous entry to incremental search.
746 * Memory Full:: How to cope when you run out of memory.
747 * Emergency Escape:: Emergency escape---
748 What to do if Emacs stops responding.
749 * Total Frustration:: When you are at your wits' end.
753 * Criteria: Bug Criteria. Have you really found a bug?
754 * Understanding Bug Reporting:: How to report a bug effectively.
755 * Checklist:: Steps to follow for a good bug report.
756 * Sending Patches:: How to send a patch for GNU Emacs.
758 Command Line Options and Arguments
760 * Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries,
762 * Initial Options:: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs.
763 * Command Example:: Examples of using command line arguments.
764 * Resume Arguments:: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs.
765 * Environment:: Environment variables that Emacs uses.
767 * Display X:: Changing the default display and using remote login.
768 * Font X:: Choosing a font for text, under X.
769 * Colors X:: Choosing colors, under X.
770 * Window Size X:: Start-up window size, under X.
771 * Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X.
772 * Title X:: Specifying the initial frame's title.
773 * Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X.
774 * Resources X:: Advanced use of classes and resources, under X.
775 * Lucid Resources:: X resources for Lucid menus.
776 * Motif Resources:: X resources for Motif menus.
778 Environment Variables
780 * General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use.
781 * Misc Variables:: Certain system specific variables.
783 MS-DOS and Windows 95/98/NT
785 * MS-DOS Input:: Keyboard and mouse usage on MS-DOS.
786 * MS-DOS Display:: Fonts, frames and display size on MS-DOS.
787 * MS-DOS File Names:: File-name conventions on MS-DOS.
788 * Text and Binary:: Text files on MS-DOS use CRLF to separate lines.
789 * MS-DOS Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-DOS.
790 * MS-DOS Processes:: Running subprocesses on MS-DOS.
791 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows.
792 * Windows System Menu:: Controlling what the ALT key does.
798 This manual documents the use and simple customization of the Emacs
799 editor. The reader is not expected to be a programmer; simple
800 customizations do not require programming skill. But the user who is not
801 interested in customizing can ignore the scattered customization hints.
803 This is primarily a reference manual, but can also be used as a
804 primer. For complete beginners, it is a good idea to start with the
805 on-line, learn-by-doing tutorial, before reading the manual. To run the
806 tutorial, start Emacs and type @kbd{C-h t}. This way you can learn
807 Emacs by using Emacs on a specially designed file which describes
808 commands, tells you when to try them, and then explains the results you
811 On first reading, just skim chapters 1 and 2, which describe the
812 notational conventions of the manual and the general appearance of the
813 Emacs display screen. Note which questions are answered in these
814 chapters, so you can refer back later. After reading chapter 4, you
815 should practice the commands there. The next few chapters describe
816 fundamental techniques and concepts that are used constantly. You need
817 to understand them thoroughly, experimenting with them if necessary.
819 Chapters 14 through 19 describe intermediate-level features that are
820 useful for all kinds of editing. Chapter 20 and following chapters
821 describe features that you may or may not want to use; read those
822 chapters when you need them.
824 Read the Trouble chapter if Emacs does not seem to be working
825 properly. It explains how to cope with some common problems
826 (@pxref{Lossage}), as well as when and how to report Emacs bugs
829 To find the documentation on a particular command, look in the index.
830 Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes. There
831 is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term.
833 This manual is available as a printed book and also as an Info file.
834 The Info file is for on-line perusal with the Info program, which will
835 be the principal way of viewing documentation on-line in the GNU system.
836 Both the Info file and the Info program itself are distributed along
837 with GNU Emacs. The Info file and the printed book contain
838 substantially the same text and are generated from the same source
839 files, which are also distributed along with GNU Emacs.
841 GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family. There are many Emacs
842 editors, all sharing common principles of organization. For information on
843 the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons learned from its
844 development, write for a copy of AI memo 519a, ``Emacs, the Extensible,
845 Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor,'' to Publications Department,
846 Artificial Intelligence Lab, 545 Tech Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. At
847 last report they charge $2.25 per copy. Another useful publication is LCS
848 TM-165, ``A Cookbook for an Emacs,'' by Craig Finseth, available from
849 Publications Department, Laboratory for Computer Science, 545 Tech Square,
850 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA@. The price today is $3.
852 This edition of the manual is intended for use with GNU Emacs installed
853 on GNU and Unix systems. GNU Emacs can also be used on VMS, MS-DOS
854 (also called MS-DOG), Windows NT, and Windows 95 systems. Those systems use
855 different file name syntax; in addition, VMS and MS-DOS do not support
856 all GNU Emacs features. We don't try to describe VMS usage in this
857 manual. @xref{MS-DOS}, for information about using Emacs on MS-DOS.
860 @node Distrib, Copying, Top, Top
861 @unnumbered Distribution
863 GNU Emacs is @dfn{free software}; this means that everyone is free to
864 use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions. GNU Emacs is
865 not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are restrictions
866 on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed to permit
867 everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. What is
868 not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing any version
869 of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise conditions are
870 found in the GNU General Public License that comes with Emacs and also
871 appears following this section.
873 One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it. You
874 need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else; just
875 copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest
876 distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see the file
877 @file{etc/FTP} in the Emacs distribution for more information.
879 You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer. Computer
880 manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to
881 everyone else. These terms require them to give you the full sources,
882 including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit you to
883 redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual terms of the
884 General Public License. In other words, the program must be free for you
885 when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer.
887 You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software Foundation
888 on CD-ROM@. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it is
889 also a good way to help fund our work. (The Foundation has always
890 received most of its funds in this way.) An order form is included in
891 the file @file{etc/ORDERS} in the Emacs distribution, and on our web
892 site in @url{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html}. For further
893 information, write to
896 Free Software Foundation
897 59 Temple Place, Suite 330
898 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
902 The income from distribution fees goes to support the foundation's
903 purpose: the development of new free software, and improvements to our
904 existing programs including GNU Emacs.
906 If you find GNU Emacs useful, please @strong{send a donation} to the
907 Free Software Foundation to support our work. Donations to the Free
908 Software Foundation are tax deductible in the US. If you use GNU Emacs
909 at your workplace, please suggest that the company make a donation. If
910 company policy is unsympathetic to the idea of donating to charity, you
911 might instead suggest ordering a CD-ROM from the Foundation
912 occasionally, or subscribing to periodic updates.
915 Contributors to GNU Emacs include Per Abrahamsen, Jay K. Adams, Joe
916 Arceneaux, Boaz Ben-Zvi, Jim Blandy, Terrence Brannon, Frank Bresz,
917 Peter Breton, Kevin Broadey, Vincent Broman, David M. Brown, Bill
918 Carpenter, Hans Chalupsky, Bob Chassell, James Clark, Mike Clarkson,
919 Glynn Clements, Andrew Csillag, Doug Cutting, Michael DeCorte, Gary
920 Delp, Matthieu Devin, Eri Ding, Carsten Dominik, Scott Draves, Viktor
921 Dukhovni, John Eaton, Rolf Ebert, Stephen Eglen, Torbj@"orn Einarsson,
922 Tsugumoto Enami, Hans Henrik Eriksen, Michael Ernst, Ata Etemadi,
923 Frederick Farnback, Fred Fish, Karl Fogel, Gary Foster, Noah Friedman,
924 Keith Gabryelski, Kevin Gallagher, Kevin Gallo, Howard Gayle, Stephen
925 Gildea, David Gillespie, Bob Glickstein, Boris Goldowsky, Michelangelo
926 Grigni, Michael Gschwind, Henry Guillaume, Doug Gwyn, Ken'ichi Handa,
927 Chris Hanson, K. Shane Hartman, John Heidemann, Markus Heritsch, Karl
928 Heuer, Manabu Higashida, Anders Holst, Kurt Hornik, Tom Houlder, Lars
929 Ingebrigtsen, Andrew Innes, Michael K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Tomoji
930 Kagatani, Brewster Kahle, David Kaufman, Henry Kautz, Howard Kaye,
931 Michael Kifer, Richard King, Larry K. Kolodney, Robert Krawitz,
932 Sebastian Kremer, Geoff Kuenning, David K@aa gedal, Daniel LaLiberte,
933 Aaron Larson, James R. Larus, Frederic Lepied, Lars Lindberg, Eric
934 Ludlam, Neil M. Mager, Ken Manheimer, Bill Mann, Brian Marick, Simon
935 Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie Martin, Thomas May, Roland McGrath,
936 David Megginson, Wayne Mesard, Richard Mlynarik, Keith Moore, Erik
937 Naggum, Thomas Neumann, Mike Newton, Jurgen Nickelsen, Jeff Norden,
938 Andrew Norman, Jeff Peck, Damon Anton Permezel, Tom Perrine, Jens
939 Petersen, Daniel Pfeiffer, Fred Pierresteguy, Christian Plaunt,
940 Francesco A. Potorti, Michael D. Prange, Ashwin Ram, Eric S. Raymond,
941 Paul Reilly, Edward M. Reingold, Rob Riepel, Roland B. Roberts, John
942 Robinson, Danny Roozendaal, William Rosenblatt, Guillermo J. Rozas, Ivar
943 Rummelhoff, Wolfgang Rupprecht, James B. Salem, Masahiko Sato, William
944 Schelter, Ralph Schleicher, Gregor Schmid, Michael Schmidt, Ronald
945 S. Schnell, Philippe Schnoebelen, Stephen Schoef, Randal Schwartz,
946 Manuel Serrano, Stanislav Shalunov, Mark Shapiro, Richard Sharman, Olin
947 Shivers, Espen Skoglund, Rick Sladkey, Lynn Slater, Chris Smith, David
948 Smith, Paul D. Smith, William Sommerfeld, Michael Staats, Sam Steingold,
949 Ake Stenhoff, Peter Stephenson, Jonathan Stigelman, Steve Strassman,
950 Jens T. Berger Thielemann, Spencer Thomas, Jim Thompson, Masanobu Umeda,
951 Neil W. Van Dyke, Ulrik Vieth, Geoffrey Voelker, Johan Vromans, Barry
952 Warsaw, Morten Welinder, Joseph Brian Wells, Rodney Whitby, Ed
953 Wilkinson, Mike Williams, Steven A. Wood, Dale R. Worley, Felix
954 S. T. Wu, Tom Wurgler, Eli Zaretskii, Jamie Zawinski, Ian T. Zimmermann,
955 Reto Zimmermann, and Neal Ziring.
958 @node Copying, Intro, Distrib, Top
959 @unnumbered GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
960 @center Version 2, June 1991
963 Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
964 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
966 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
967 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
970 @unnumberedsec Preamble
972 The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
973 freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
974 License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
975 software---to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
976 General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
977 Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
978 using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
979 the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
982 When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
983 price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
984 have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
985 this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
986 if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
987 in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
989 To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
990 anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
991 These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
992 distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
994 For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
995 gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
996 you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
997 source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their
1000 We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
1001 (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
1002 distribute and/or modify the software.
1004 Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
1005 that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
1006 software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
1007 want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
1008 that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
1009 authors' reputations.
1011 Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
1012 patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
1013 program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
1014 program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
1015 patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
1017 The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
1018 modification follow.
1021 @unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
1024 @center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
1029 This License applies to any program or other work which contains
1030 a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
1031 under the terms of this General Public License. The ``Program'', below,
1032 refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program''
1033 means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
1034 that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
1035 either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
1036 language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
1037 the term ``modification''.) Each licensee is addressed as ``you''.
1039 Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
1040 covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of
1041 running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
1042 is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
1043 Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
1044 Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
1047 You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
1048 source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
1049 conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
1050 copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
1051 notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
1052 and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
1053 along with the Program.
1055 You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
1056 you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
1059 You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
1060 of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
1061 distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
1062 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
1066 You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
1067 stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
1070 You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
1071 whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
1072 part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
1073 parties under the terms of this License.
1076 If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
1077 when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
1078 interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
1079 announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
1080 notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
1081 a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
1082 these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
1083 License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
1084 does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
1085 the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
1088 These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
1089 identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
1090 and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
1091 themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
1092 sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you
1093 distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
1094 on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
1095 this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
1096 entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
1098 Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
1099 your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
1100 exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
1101 collective works based on the Program.
1103 In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
1104 with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
1105 a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
1106 the scope of this License.
1109 You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
1110 under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
1111 Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
1115 Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
1116 source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
1117 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
1120 Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
1121 years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
1122 cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
1123 machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
1124 distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
1125 customarily used for software interchange; or,
1128 Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
1129 to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is
1130 allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
1131 received the program in object code or executable form with such
1132 an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
1135 The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
1136 making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source
1137 code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
1138 associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
1139 control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a
1140 special exception, the source code distributed need not include
1141 anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
1142 form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
1143 operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
1144 itself accompanies the executable.
1146 If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
1147 access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
1148 access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
1149 distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
1150 compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
1153 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
1154 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
1155 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
1156 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
1157 However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
1158 this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
1159 parties remain in full compliance.
1162 You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
1163 signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
1164 distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are
1165 prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by
1166 modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
1167 Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
1168 all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
1169 the Program or works based on it.
1172 Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
1173 Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
1174 original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
1175 these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further
1176 restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
1177 You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
1181 If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
1182 infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
1183 conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
1184 otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
1185 excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot
1186 distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
1187 License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
1188 may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent
1189 license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
1190 all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
1191 the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
1192 refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
1194 If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
1195 any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
1196 apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
1199 It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
1200 patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
1201 such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
1202 integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
1203 implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
1204 generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
1205 through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
1206 system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
1207 to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
1210 This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
1211 be a consequence of the rest of this License.
1214 If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
1215 certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
1216 original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
1217 may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
1218 those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
1219 countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates
1220 the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
1223 The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
1224 of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
1225 be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
1226 address new problems or concerns.
1228 Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
1229 specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any
1230 later version'', you have the option of following the terms and conditions
1231 either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
1232 Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of
1233 this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
1237 If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
1238 programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
1239 to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free
1240 Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
1241 make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals
1242 of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
1243 of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
1246 @heading NO WARRANTY
1253 BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
1254 FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW@. EXCEPT WHEN
1255 OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
1256 PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
1257 OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
1258 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. THE ENTIRE RISK AS
1259 TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU@. SHOULD THE
1260 PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
1261 REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
1264 IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
1265 WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
1266 REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
1267 INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
1268 OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
1269 TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
1270 YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
1271 PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
1272 POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
1276 @heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
1279 @center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
1283 @unnumberedsec How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
1285 If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
1286 possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
1287 free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
1289 To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
1290 to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
1291 convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
1292 the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
1295 @var{one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.}
1296 Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author}
1298 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
1299 modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
1300 as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
1301 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
1303 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
1304 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
1305 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@. See the
1306 GNU General Public License for more details.
1308 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
1309 with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
1310 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
1313 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
1315 If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
1316 when it starts in an interactive mode:
1319 Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author}
1320 Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
1321 type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome
1322 to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c'
1326 The hypothetical commands @samp{show w} and @samp{show c} should show
1327 the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the
1328 commands you use may be called something other than @samp{show w} and
1329 @samp{show c}; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever
1332 You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
1333 school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if
1334 necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
1338 Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright
1339 interest in the program `Gnomovision'
1340 (which makes passes at compilers) written
1343 @var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989
1344 Ty Coon, President of Vice
1348 This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
1349 proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may
1350 consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
1351 library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
1352 Public License instead of this License.
1354 @node Intro, Glossary, Copying, Top
1355 @unnumbered Introduction
1357 You are reading about GNU Emacs, the GNU incarnation of the advanced,
1358 self-documenting, customizable, extensible real-time display editor Emacs.
1359 (The `G' in `GNU' is not silent.)
1361 We say that Emacs is a @dfn{display} editor because normally the text
1362 being edited is visible on the screen and is updated automatically as you
1363 type your commands. @xref{Screen,Display}.
1365 We call it a @dfn{real-time} editor because the display is updated very
1366 frequently, usually after each character or pair of characters you
1367 type. This minimizes the amount of information you must keep in your
1368 head as you edit. @xref{Basic,Real-time,Basic Editing}.
1370 We call Emacs advanced because it provides facilities that go beyond
1371 simple insertion and deletion: controlling subprocesses; automatic
1372 indentation of programs; viewing two or more files at once; editing
1373 formatted text; and dealing in terms of characters, words, lines,
1374 sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as expressions and comments in
1375 several different programming languages.
1377 @dfn{Self-documenting} means that at any time you can type a special
1378 character, @kbd{Control-h}, to find out what your options are. You can
1379 also use it to find out what any command does, or to find all the commands
1380 that pertain to a topic. @xref{Help}.
1382 @dfn{Customizable} means that you can change the definitions of Emacs
1383 commands in little ways. For example, if you use a programming language in
1384 which comments start with @samp{<**} and end with @samp{**>}, you can tell
1385 the Emacs comment manipulation commands to use those strings
1386 (@pxref{Comments}). Another sort of customization is rearrangement of the
1387 command set. For example, if you prefer the four basic cursor motion
1388 commands (up, down, left and right) on keys in a diamond pattern on the
1389 keyboard, you can rebind the keys that way. @xref{Customization}.
1391 @dfn{Extensible} means that you can go beyond simple customization and
1392 write entirely new commands, programs in the Lisp language to be run by
1393 Emacs's own Lisp interpreter. Emacs is an ``on-line extensible''
1394 system, which means that it is divided into many functions that call
1395 each other, any of which can be redefined in the middle of an editing
1396 session. Almost any part of Emacs can be replaced without making a
1397 separate copy of all of Emacs. Most of the editing commands of Emacs
1398 are written in Lisp already; the few exceptions could have been written
1399 in Lisp but are written in C for efficiency. Although only a programmer
1400 can write an extension, anybody can use it afterward. If you want to
1401 learn Emacs Lisp programming, we recommend the @cite{Introduction to
1402 Emacs Lisp} by Robert J. Chassell, also published by the Free Software
1405 When run under the X Window System, Emacs provides its own menus and
1406 convenient bindings to mouse buttons. But Emacs can provide many of the
1407 benefits of a window system on a text-only terminal. For instance, you
1408 can look at or edit several files at once, move text between files, and
1409 edit files while running shell commands.
1411 @include screen.texi
1412 @include commands.texi
1413 @include entering.texi
1419 @include killing.texi
1421 @include display.texi
1422 @include search.texi
1425 @include buffers.texi
1426 @include windows.texi
1427 @include frames.texi
1430 @include indent.texi
1432 @include programs.texi
1433 @include building.texi
1434 @include abbrevs.texi
1435 @include picture.texi
1436 @include sending.texi
1439 @include calendar.texi
1441 @include custom.texi
1442 @include trouble.texi
1443 @include cmdargs.texi
1448 @include glossary.texi
1453 @node Key Index, Command Index, Glossary, Top
1454 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index
1457 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Key Index, Top
1458 @unnumbered Command and Function Index
1461 @node Variable Index, Concept Index, Command Index, Top
1462 @unnumbered Variable Index
1465 @node Concept Index, Acknowledgments, Variable Index, Top
1466 @unnumbered Concept Index