(get_next_display_element): Fix case of empty

[emacs.git] / INSTALL

GNU Emacs Installation Guide
Copyright (c) 1992, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2000 Free software Foundation, Inc.
See the end of the file for copying permissions.


BASIC INSTALLATION

The simplest way to build Emacs is to use the `configure' shell script
which attempts to guess correct values for various system-dependent
variables and features and find the directories where various system
headers and libraries are kept.  It then creates a `Makefile' in each
subdirectory and a `config.h' file containing system-dependent
definitions.  Running the `make' utility then builds the package for
your system.

Here's the procedure to build Emacs using `configure' on systems which
are supported by it.  If this simplified procedure fails, or if you
are using a platform such as MS-Windows, where `configure' script
doesn't work, you might need to use various non-default options, and
maybe perform some of the steps manually.  The more detailed
description in the rest of the sections of this guide will help you do
that, so please refer to them if the simple procedure does not work.

  1. If you want to be able to input international characters which
     your keyboard doesn't support directly (i.e. you cannot type
     them at the shell prompt), download the leim-M.N.tar.gz
     distribution and unpack it into the same directory where you have
     unpacked the main Emacs distribution.  See ADDITIONAL
     DISTRIBUTION FILES, below, for more about this.

  2. Make sure your system has at least 120 MB of free disk space.

  3a. `cd' to the directory where you unpacked Emacs and invoke the
      `configure' script:

                 ./configure

  3b. Alternatively, create a separate directory, outside the source
      directory, where you want to build Emacs, and invoke `configure'
      from there:

                 SOURCE-DIR/configure

      where SOURCE-DIR is the top-level Emacs source directory.  This
      may not work unless you use GNU make.

  4. When `configure' finishes, it prints several lines of details
     about the system configuration.  Read those details carefully
     looking for anything suspicious, such as wrong CPU and operating
     system names, wrong places for headers or libraries, missing
     libraries that you know are installed on your system, etc.

     If you find anything wrong, you will have to pass to `configure'
     explicit machine configuration name, and one or more options
     which tell it where to find various headers and libraries; refer
     to DETAILED BUILDING AND INSTALLATION section below.

     If `configure' didn't find some image support libraries, such as
     Xpm, jpeg, etc., and you want to use them refer to the subsection
     "Image support libraries", below.

     If the details printed by `configure' don't make any sense to
     you, assume that `configure' did its job and proceed.

  5. If you need to run the `configure' script more than once (e.g.,
     with some non-default options), always clean the source
     directories before running `configure' again:

                make distclean 
                ./configure

  6. Invoke the `make' program:

                 make

  7. If `make' succeeds, it will build an executable program `emacs'
     in the `src' directory.  You can try this program, to make sure
     it works:

                 src/emacs -q

  8. Assuming that the program `src/emacs' starts and displays its
     opening screen, you can install the program and its auxiliary
     files into their installation directories:

                 make install

  You are now ready to use Emacs.  If you wish to conserve disk space,
  you may remove the program binaries and object files from the
  directory where you built Emacs:

                 make clean

  You can also save some space by compressing (with `gzip') Info files
  and installed Lisp source (.el) files which have corresponding .elc
  versions.


ADDITIONAL DISTRIBUTION FILES

* leim-M.N.tar.gz

The Emacs Lisp code for input methods for various international
character scripts allows you to input characters in scripts which are
not directly supported by your keyboard. It is distributed in a
separate tar file because it amounts to a significant fraction of the
size of the distribution.  This tar file is called leim-M.N.tar.gz,
with the same version number as Emacs, and it unpacks into the
directory emacs-M.N/leim.

You should unpack leim-M.N.tar.gz into the same directory where you
have previously unpacked the main Emacs distribution.  It fills in the
contents of one subdirectory, which is present in the main Emacs
distribution only in dummy form.

Once you have unpacked the Leim tar file into the Emacs source tree,
building and installing Emacs automatically installs the input method
support as well.  If you have built Emacs without unpacking Leim
first, just unpack Leim, build Emacs again, and install it again.

* intlfonts-VERSION.tar.gz

The intlfonts distribution contains X11 fonts that Emacs needs in
order to display international characters.  If you see a non-ASCII
character appear as a hollow box, that means you don't have a font for
it.  You might find a font in the intlfonts distribution.  If you do
have a font for a non-ASCII character, but some characters don't look
right, or appear improperly aligned, a font from the intlfonts
distribution might look better.

The fonts in the intlfonts distribution are also used by the ps-print
package for printing international characters.  The file
lisp/ps-mule.el defines the *.bdf font files required for printing
each character set.

The intlfonts distribution contains its own installation instructions,
in the intlfonts/README file.

* elisp-manual-M.N.tar.gz

This distribution contains the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual which
complements the Emacs Manual.  (The Emacs Manual is accessible from
within the editor by typing "C-h i", then selecting the "Emacs" item
from the menu, or by clicking "Help" in the menu bar and selecting
"Read Emacs Manual".)  It is a good idea to install the Emacs Lisp
Reference Manual after installing Emacs, to complete the on-line
documentation of Emacs in Info.

If you have installed Texinfo, you can install the Emacs Lisp
Reference Manual this way (after unpacking the elisp-manual-M.N.tar.gz
file):

     cd elisp-manual-M.N
     ./configure --prefix=PREFIXDIR
     make install

Otherwise, you can install it manually.  Just copy the files elisp and
elisp-* from the elisp-manual-M.N directory to your site's info
directory (see the description of `infodir', below), and make sure
that file `dir' in this directory contains an entry like this:

    * Elisp: (elisp).   The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.

* Image support libraries

Emacs needs optional libraries to be able to display images (with the
exception of PBM and XBM images whose support is built-in).

On some systems, particularly on GNU/Linux, these libraries may
already be present or available as additional packages.  If not, you
can download and build them from sources.  None of them are vital for
running Emacs; however, note that Emacs will not be able to use color
icons in the toolbar if the XPM support is not available.

Here's the list of these optional libraries, and the URLs where they
can be found:

  . libXaw3d for fancy 3D-style 
      scroll bars:    ftp://ftp.x.org/contrib/widgets/Xaw3d/
  . libxpm for XPM:   ftp://ftp.x.org/contrib/libraries/
  . libpng for PNG:   ftp://www.libpng.org/pub/png/
  . libz (for PNG):   http://www.info-zip.org/pub/infozip/zlib/
  . libjpeg for JPEG: ftp://ftp.uu.net/graphics/jpeg/
  . libtiff for TIFF: http://www.libtiff.org/
  . libungif for GIF: 
      http://prtr-13.ucsc.edu/~badger/software/libungif/index.shtml
      Ensure you get version 4.1.0b1 or higher of libungif -- a bug in
      4.1.0 can crash Emacs.

Emacs will configure itself to build with these libraries if the
`configure' script finds them on your system, unless you supply the
appropriate --without-LIB option.  In some cases, older versions of
these libraries won't work because some routines are missing, and
configure should avoid such old versions.  If that happens, use the
--without-LIB options to `configure'.  See below for more details.


DETAILED BUILDING AND INSTALLATION:

(This is for a Unix or Unix-like system.  For MS-DOS and Windows 3.X,
see below; search for MSDOG.  For Windows 9X, Windows ME, Windows NT,
and Windows 2000, see the file nt/INSTALL.  For the Mac, see the file
mac/INSTALL.)

1) Make sure your system has enough swapping space allocated to handle
a program whose pure code is 1.5 MB and whose data area is at
least 2.5 MB and can reach 80 MB or more.  If the swapping space is
insufficient, you will get an error in the command `temacs -batch -l
loadup dump', found in `./src/Makefile.in', or possibly when
running the final dumped Emacs.
 
Building Emacs requires about 95 MB of disk space (including the Emacs
sources), or 130 MB if Leim is used.  Once installed, Emacs occupies
about 60 MB (70 MB with Leim) in the file system where it is
installed; this includes the executable files, Lisp libraries,
miscellaneous data files, and on-line documentation.  If the building
and installation take place in different directories, then the
installation procedure momentarily requires 95+60 MB (130+70 MB).

2) Consult `./etc/MACHINES' to see what configuration name you should
give to the `configure' program.  That file offers hints for
getting around some possible installation problems.  The file lists
many different configurations, but only the part for your machine and
operating system is relevant.  (The list is arranged in alphabetical
order by the vendor name.)

3) You can build Emacs in the top-level Emacs source directory
or in a separate directory.

3a) To build in the top-level Emacs source directory, go to that
directory and run the program `configure' as follows:

    ./configure [CONFIGURATION-NAME] [--OPTION[=VALUE]] ...

The CONFIGURATION-NAME argument should be a configuration name given
in `./etc/MACHINES', with the system version number added at the end.

You should try first omitting CONFIGURATION-NAME.  This way,
`configure' will try to guess your system type.  If it cannot guess,
or if something goes wrong in building or installing Emacs this way,
try again specifying the proper CONFIGURATION-NAME explicitly.

If you don't want X support, specify `--with-x=no'.  If you omit this
option, `configure' will try to figure out for itself whether your
system has X, and arrange to use it if present.

The `--x-includes=DIR' and `--x-libraries=DIR' options tell the build
process where the compiler should look for the include files and
object libraries used with the X Window System.  Normally, `configure'
is able to find them; these options are necessary if you have your X
Window System files installed in unusual places.  These options also
accept a list of directories, separated with colons.

To get more attractive menus, you can specify an X toolkit when you
configure Emacs; use the option `--with-x-toolkit=TOOLKIT', where
TOOLKIT is `athena' or `motif' (`yes' and `lucid' are synonyms for
`athena').  On some systems, it does not work to use a toolkit with
shared libraries.  A free implementation of Motif, called LessTif, is
available ftom <http://www.lesstif.org>.  Compiling with LessTif or
Motif causes a standard File Selection Dialog to pop up when you type
"C-x C-f" and similar commands.  You can get fancy 3D-style scroll
bars, even without LessTif/Motif, if you have the Xaw3d library
installed (see "Image support libraries" above for Xaw3d
availability).

The `--with-gcc' option specifies that the build process should
compile Emacs using GCC.  If you don't want to use GCC, specify
`--with-gcc=no'.  If you omit this option, `configure' will search
for GCC in your path, and use it if present.

The Emacs mail reader RMAIL is configured to be able to read mail from
a POP3 server by default.  Versions of the POP protocol older than
POP3 are not supported.  For Kerberos-authenticated POP add
`--with-kerberos', for Hesiod support add `--with-hesiod'.  While POP3
is always enabled, whether Emacs actually uses POP is controlled by
individual users--see the Rmail chapter of the Emacs manual.

For image support you may have to download, build, and install the
appropriate image support libraries for image types other than XBM and
PBM, see the list of URLs in "ADDITIONAL DISTRIBUTION FILES" above.
(Note that PNG support requires libz in addition to libpng.)

To disable individual types of image support in Emacs for some reason,
even though configure finds the libraries, you can configure with one
or more of these options:

  --without-xpm        for XPM image support
  --without-jpeg       for JPEG image support
  --without-tiff       for TIFF image support
  --without-gif        for GIF image support
  --without-png        for PNG image support

Use --without-toolkit-scroll-bars to disable LessTif/Motif or Xaw3d
scroll bars.  --without-xim disables the use of X Input Methods, and
--disable-largefile omits support for files larger than 2GB on systems
which support that.

The `--prefix=PREFIXDIR' option specifies where the installation process
should put emacs and its data files.  This defaults to `/usr/local'.
- Emacs (and the other utilities users run) go in PREFIXDIR/bin
  (unless the `--exec-prefix' option says otherwise).
- The architecture-independent files go in PREFIXDIR/share/emacs/VERSION
  (where VERSION is the version number of Emacs, like `19.27').
- The architecture-dependent files go in
  PREFIXDIR/libexec/emacs/VERSION/CONFIGURATION
  (where CONFIGURATION is the configuration name, like mips-dec-ultrix4.2),
  unless the `--exec-prefix' option says otherwise.

The `--exec-prefix=EXECDIR' option allows you to specify a separate
portion of the directory tree for installing architecture-specific
files, like executables and utility programs.  If specified,
- Emacs (and the other utilities users run) go in EXECDIR/bin, and
- The architecture-dependent files go in
  EXECDIR/libexec/emacs/VERSION/CONFIGURATION.
EXECDIR/bin should be a directory that is normally in users' PATHs.

For example, the command

    ./configure mips-dec-ultrix --with-x11

configures Emacs to build for a DECstation running Ultrix, with
support for the X11 window system.

`configure' doesn't do any compilation or installation
itself.  It just creates the files that influence those things:
`./Makefile', `lib-src/Makefile', `oldXMenu/Makefile',
`lwlib/Makefile', `src/Makefile', and `./src/config.h'.  For details
on exactly what it does, see the section called `CONFIGURATION BY
HAND', below.

When it is done, `configure' prints a description of what it did and
creates a shell script `config.status' which, when run, recreates the
same configuration.  If `configure' exits with an error after
disturbing the status quo, it removes `config.status'.  `configure'
also creates a file `config.cache' that saves the results of its tests
to make reconfiguring faster, and a file `config.log' containing compiler
output (useful mainly for debugging `configure').  You can give
`configure' the option `--cache-file=FILE' to use the results of the
tests in FILE instead of `config.cache'.  Set FILE to `/dev/null' to
disable caching, for debugging `configure'.

If the description of the system configuration printed by `configure'
is not right, or if it claims some of the fatures or libraries are not
available when you know they are, look at the `config.log' file for
the trace of the failed tests performed by `configure' to check
whether these features are supported.  Typically, some test fails
because the compiler cannot find some function in the system
libraries, or some macro-processor definition in the system headers.

Some tests might fail because the compiler should look in special
directories for some header files, or link against optional
libraries, or use special compilation options.  You can force
`configure' and the build process which follows it to do that by
setting the variables CPPFLAGS, CFLAGS, LDFLAGS, LIBS, and CC before
running `configure'.  CPPFLAGS lists the options passed to the
preprocessor, CFLAGS are compilation options, LDFLAGS are options used
when linking, LIBS are libraries to link against, and CC is the
command which invokes the compiler.

Here's an example of a `configure' invocation, assuming a Bourne-like
shell such as Bash, which uses these variables:

 CPPFLAGS='-I/foo/myinclude' LDFLAGS='-L/bar/mylib' \
  CFLAGS='-O3' LIBS='-lfoo -lbar' ./configure

(this is all one long line).  This tells `configure' to instruct the
preprocessor to look in the `/foo/myinclude' directory for header
files (in addition to the standard directories), instruct the linker
to look in `/bar/mylib' for libraries, pass the -O3 optimization
switch to the compiler, and link against libfoo.a and libbar.a
libraries in addition to the standard ones.

The work of `configure' can be done by editing various files in the
distribution, but using `configure' is easier.  See the section called
"CONFIGURATION BY HAND" below if you want to do the configuration
yourself.

3b) To build in a separate directory, go to that directory
and run the program `configure' as follows:

    SOURCE-DIR/configure CONFIGURATION-NAME [--OPTION[=VALUE]] ...

SOURCE-DIR refers to the top-level Emacs source directory which is
where Emacs's configure script is located.  `configure' looks for the
Emacs source code in the directory that `configure' is in.

To build in a separate directory, you must use a version of `make'
that supports the `VPATH' variable, such as GNU `make'.

3c) Some people try to build in a separate directory by filling
it full of symlinks to the files in the real source directory.
If you do that, `make all' does work, but `make install' fails:
it copies the symbolic links rather than the actual files.

As far as is known, there is no particular reason to use
a directory full of links rather than use the standard GNU
facilities to build in a separate directory (see 3b above).

4) Look at `./lisp/paths.el'; if some of those values are not right
for your system, set up the file `./lisp/site-init.el' with Emacs
Lisp code to override them; it is not a good idea to edit paths.el
itself.  YOU MUST USE THE LISP FUNCTION `setq' TO ASSIGN VALUES,
rather than `defvar', as used by `./lisp/paths.el'.  For example,

     (setq news-inews-program "/usr/bin/inews")

is how you would override the default value of the variable
news-inews-program (which is "/usr/local/inews").

Before you override a variable this way, *look at the value* that the
variable gets by default!  Make sure you know what kind of value the
variable should have.  If you don't pay attention to what you are
doing, you'll make a mistake.

5) Put into `./lisp/site-init.el' or `./lisp/site-load.el' any Emacs
Lisp code you want Emacs to load before it is dumped out.  Use
site-load.el for additional libraries if you arrange for their
documentation strings to be in the etc/DOC file (see
src/Makefile.in if you wish to figure out how to do that).  For all
else, use site-init.el.  Do not load byte-compiled code which
was build with a non-nil value of `byte-compile-dynamic'.

If you set load-path to a different value in site-init.el or
site-load.el, Emacs will use *precisely* that value when it starts up
again.  If you do this, you are on your own!

Note that, on some systems, the code you place in site-init.el must
not use expand-file-name or any other function which may look
something up in the system's password and user information database.
See `./etc/PROBLEMS' for more details on which systems this affects.

The `site-*.el' files are nonexistent in the distribution.  You do not
need to create them if you have nothing to put in them.

6) Refer to the file `./etc/TERMS' for information on fields you may
wish to add to various termcap entries.  The files `./etc/termcap.ucb'
and `./etc/termcap.dat' may already contain appropriately-modified
entries.

7) Run `make' in the top directory of the Emacs distribution to finish
building Emacs in the standard way.  The final executable file is
named `src/emacs'.  You can execute this file "in place" without
copying it, if you wish; then it automatically uses the sibling
directories ../lisp, ../lib-src, ../info.

Or you can "install" the executable and the other Emacs into their
installed locations, with `make install'.  By default, Emacs's files
are installed in the following directories:

`/usr/local/bin' holds the executable programs users normally run -
                `emacs', `etags', `ctags', `b2m', `emacsclient',
                and `rcs-checkin'.

`/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/lisp' holds the Emacs Lisp library;
                `VERSION' stands for the number of the Emacs version
                you are installing, like `18.59' or `19.27'.  Since the
                Lisp library changes from one version of Emacs to
                another, including the version number in the path
                allows you to have several versions of Emacs installed
                at the same time; in particular, you don't have to
                make Emacs unavailable while installing a new version.

`/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/site-lisp' holds the local Emacs Lisp
                files installed for Emacs version VERSION only.

`/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp' holds the local Emacs Lisp
                files installed for all Emacs versions.

                When Emacs is installed, it searches for its Lisp files
                in `/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/site-lisp', then in
                `/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp', and finally in
                `/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/lisp'.

`/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/etc' holds the Emacs tutorial, the DOC
                file, the `yow' database, and other
                architecture-independent files Emacs might need while
                running.  VERSION is as specified for `.../lisp'.

`/usr/local/libexec/emacs/VERSION/CONFIGURATION-NAME' contains executable
                programs used by Emacs that users are not expected to
                run themselves.
                `VERSION' is the number of the Emacs version you are
                installing, and `CONFIGURATION-NAME' is the argument
                you gave to the `configure' program to identify the
                architecture and operating system of your machine,
                like `mips-dec-ultrix' or `sparc-sun-sunos'.  Since
                these files are specific to the version of Emacs,
                operating system, and architecture in use, including
                the configuration name in the path allows you to have
                several versions of Emacs for any mix of machines and
                operating systems installed at the same time; this is
                useful for sites at which different kinds of machines
                share the file system Emacs is installed on.

`/usr/local/info' holds the on-line documentation for Emacs, known as
                "info files".  Many other GNU programs are documented
                using info files as well, so this directory stands
                apart from the other, Emacs-specific directories.

`/usr/local/man/man1' holds the man pages for the programs installed
                in `/usr/local/bin'.

If these directories are not what you want, you can specify where to
install Emacs's libraries and data files or where Emacs should search
for its Lisp files by giving values for `make' variables as part of
the command.  See the section below called `MAKE VARIABLES' for more
information on this.

8) Check the file `dir' in your site's info directory (usually
/usr/local/info) to make sure that it has a menu entry for the Emacs
info files.

9) If your system uses lock files to interlock access to mailer inbox files,
then you might need to make the movemail program setuid or setgid
to enable it to write the lock files.  We believe this is safe.

10) You are done!  You can remove executables and object files from
the build directory by typing `make clean'.  To also remove the files
that `configure' created (so you can compile Emacs for a different
configuration), type `make distclean'.  If you don't need some, or all
of the input methods from the Leim package, you can remove the
unneeded files in the leim/quail, leim/skk, and leim/skk-dic
subdirectories of your site's lisp directory (usually
/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/).



MAKE VARIABLES

You can change where the build process installs Emacs and its data
files by specifying values for `make' variables as part of the `make'
command line.  For example, if you type

    make install bindir=/usr/local/gnubin

the `bindir=/usr/local/gnubin' argument indicates that the Emacs
executable files should go in `/usr/local/gnubin', not
`/usr/local/bin'.

Here is a complete list of the variables you may want to set.

`bindir' indicates where to put executable programs that users can
        run.  This defaults to /usr/local/bin.

`datadir' indicates where to put the architecture-independent
        read-only data files that Emacs refers to while it runs; it
        defaults to /usr/local/share.  We create the following
        subdirectories under `datadir':
        - `emacs/VERSION/lisp', containing the Emacs Lisp library, and
        - `emacs/VERSION/etc', containing the Emacs tutorial, the DOC
                file, and the `yow' database.
        `VERSION' is the number of the Emacs version you are installing,
        like `18.59' or `19.0'.  Since these files vary from one version
        of Emacs to another, including the version number in the path
        allows you to have several versions of Emacs installed at the
        same time; this means that you don't have to make Emacs
        unavailable while installing a new version.

`libexecdir' indicates where to put architecture-specific data files that
        Emacs refers to as it runs; it defaults to `/usr/local/libexec'.
        We create the following subdirectories under `libexecdir':
        - `emacs/VERSION/CONFIGURATION-NAME', containing executable
                programs used by Emacs that users are not expected to run
                themselves.  
        `VERSION' is the number of the Emacs version you are installing,
        and `CONFIGURATION-NAME' is the argument you gave to the
        `configure' program to identify the architecture and operating
        system of your machine, like `mips-dec-ultrix' or
        `sparc-sun-sunos'.  Since these files are specific to the version
        of Emacs, operating system, and architecture in use, including
        the configuration name in the path allows you to have several
        versions of Emacs for any mix of machines and operating systems
        installed at the same time; this is useful for sites at which
        different kinds of machines share the file system Emacs is
        installed on.

`infodir' indicates where to put the info files distributed with
        Emacs; it defaults to `/usr/local/info'.

`mandir' indicates where to put the man pages for Emacs and its
        utilities (like `etags'); it defaults to
        `/usr/local/man/man1'.

`manext' gives the extension the man pages should be installed with.
        It should contain a period, followed by the appropriate
        digit.  It defaults to `.1'.  For example given the default
        values for `mandir' and `manext', the Emacs man page would be
        installed as `/usr/local/man/man1/emacs.1'.

`prefix' doesn't give a path for any specific part of Emacs; instead,
        its value is used to determine the defaults for all the
        architecture-independent path variables - `datadir',
        `sharedstatedir', `infodir', and `mandir'.  Its default value is
        `/usr/local'; the other variables add on `lib' or `man' to it
        by default.

        For example, suppose your site generally places GNU software
        under `/usr/users/software/gnusoft' instead of `/usr/local'.
        By including
            `prefix=/usr/users/software/gnusoft'
        in the arguments to `make', you can instruct the build process
        to place all of the Emacs data files in the appropriate
        directories under that path.

`exec_prefix' serves the same purpose as `prefix', but instead
        determines the default values for the architecture-dependent
        path variables - `bindir' and `libexecdir'.

The above variables serve analogous purposes in the makefiles for all
GNU software; this variable is specific to Emacs.

`archlibdir' indicates where Emacs installs and expects the executable
        files and other architecture-dependent data it uses while
        running.  Its default value, based on `libexecdir' (which
        see), is `/usr/local/libexec/emacs/VERSION/CONFIGURATION-NAME'
        (where VERSION and CONFIGURATION-NAME are as described above).

Remember that you must specify any variable values you need each time
you run `make' in the top directory.  If you run `make' once to build
emacs, test it, and then run `make' again to install the files, you
must provide the same variable settings each time.  To make the
settings persist, you can edit them into the `Makefile' in the top
directory, but be aware that running the `configure' program erases
`Makefile' and rebuilds it from `Makefile.in'.

The path for finding Lisp files is specified in src/paths.h,
a file which is generated by running configure.  To change the path,
you can edit the definition of PATH_LOADSEARCH in that file
before you run `make'.

The top-level Makefile stores the variable settings it used in the
Makefiles for the subdirectories, so you don't have to specify them
when running make in the subdirectories.


CONFIGURATION BY HAND

Instead of running the `configure' program, you have to perform the
following steps.

1) Copy `./src/config.in' to `./src/config.h'.

2) Consult `./etc/MACHINES' to see what configuration name you should
use for your system.  Look at the code of the `configure' script to
see which operating system and architecture description files from
`src/s' and `src/m' should be used for that configuration name.  Edit
`src/config.h', and change the two `#include' directives to include
the appropriate system and architecture description files.

2) Edit `./src/config.h' to set the right options for your system.  If
you need to override any of the definitions in the s/*.h and m/*.h
files for your system and machine, do so by editing config.h, not by
changing the s/*.h and m/*.h files.  Occasionally you may need to
redefine parameters used in `./lib-src/movemail.c'.

3) Create src/Makefile and lib-src/Makefile from the corresponding
`Makefile.in' files.  First copy `Makefile.in' to `Makefile.c',
then edit in appropriate substitutions for the @...@ constructs,
and then copy the shell commands near the end of `configure'
that run cpp to construct `Makefile'.

4) Create `Makefile' files in various other directories
from the corresponding `Makefile.in' files.  This isn't so hard,
just a matter of substitution.

The `configure' script is built from `configure.in' by the `autoconf'
program.  You need version 2.0 or newer of `autoconf' to rebuild `configure'.

BUILDING GNU EMACS BY HAND

Once Emacs is configured, running `make' in the top directory performs
the following steps.

1) Run `make src/paths.h' in the top directory.  This produces
`./src/paths.h' from the template file `./src/paths.in', changing
the paths to the values specified in `./Makefile'.

2) Go to directory `./lib-src' and run `make'.  This creates
executables named `ctags' and `etags' and `wakeup' and `make-docfile'
and `digest-doc' and `test-distrib'.  And others.

3) Go to directory `./src' and Run `make'.  This refers to files in
the `./lisp' and `./lib-src' subdirectories using names `../lisp' and
`../lib-src'.

This creates a file `./src/emacs' which is the runnable Emacs,
which has another name that contains a version number.
Each time you do this, that version number increments in the last place.

It also creates a file in `./etc' whose name is `DOC' followed by the
current Emacs version.  This file contains documentation strings for
all the functions in Emacs.  Each time you run make to make a new
emacs, a new DOC file with a new name is made.  You must keep the DOC
file for an Emacs version as long as you keep using that Emacs
version.


INSTALLATION BY HAND

The steps below are done by running `make install' in the main
directory of the Emacs distribution.

1) Copy `./lisp' and its subdirectories, `./etc', and the executables
in `./lib-src' to their final destinations, as selected in `./src/paths.h'.

Strictly speaking, not all of the executables in `./lib-src' need be copied.
- The programs `cvtmail', `emacsserver', `fakemail', `hexl',
    `movemail', `profile', `rcs2log', `timer', `vcdiff', `wakeup',
    and `yow' are used by Emacs; they do need to be copied.
- The programs `etags', `ctags', `emacsclient', `b2m', and `rcs-checkin'
    are intended to be run by users; they are handled below.
- The programs `make-docfile' and `test-distrib' were
    used in building Emacs, and are not needed any more.
- The programs `digest-doc' and `sorted-doc' convert a `DOC' file into
    a file for users to read.  There is no important reason to move them.

2) Copy the files in `./info' to the place specified in
`./lisp/site-init.el' or `./lisp/paths.el'.  Note that if the
destination directory already contains a file named `dir', you
probably don't want to replace it with the `dir' file in the Emacs
distribution.  Instead, you should make sure that the existing `dir'
file contains an appropriate menu entry for the Emacs info.

3) Copy `./src/emacs' to `/usr/local/bin', or to some other directory
in users' search paths.  `./src/emacs' has an alternate name
`./src/emacs-EMACSVERSION'; you may wish to make a symbolic link named
`/usr/local/bin/emacs' pointing to that alternate name, as an easy way
of installing different versions.

You can delete `./src/temacs'.

4) Copy the programs `b2m', `emacsclient', `ctags', `etags', and
`rcs-checkin' from `./lib-src' to `/usr/local/bin'.  These programs are
intended for users to run.

5) Copy the man pages in `./etc' for emacs, ctags, and etags into the
appropriate man directories.

6) The files in the `./src' subdirectory, except for `emacs', are not
used by Emacs once it is built.  However, it is very desirable to keep
the source on line for debugging.


PROBLEMS

See the file PROBLEMS in etc subdirectory for a list of various
problems sometimes encountered, and what to do about them.


Installation on MSDOG (a.k.a. MSDOS)

To install on MSDOG, you need to have the GNU C compiler for MSDOG
(also known as djgpp), GNU Make, rm, mv, and sed.  See the remarks in
config.bat for more information about locations and versions.  The
file etc/FAQ includes pointers to Internet sites where you can find
the necessary utilities; search for "MS-DOS".  The configuration step
(see below) will test for these utilities and will refuse to continue
if any of them isn't found.

If you are building the MSDOG version of Emacs on an MSDOG-like system
which supports long file names (e.g. Windows 95), you need to make
sure that long file names are handled consistently both when you
unpack the distribution and compile it.  If you intend to compile with
DJGPP v2.0 or later, and long file names support is enabled (LFN=y in
the environment), you need to unpack Emacs distribution in a way that
doesn't truncate the original long filenames to the DOS 8.3 namespace;
the easiest way to do this is to use djtar program which comes with
DJGPP, since it will note the LFN setting and behave accordingly.
DJGPP v1 doesn't support long filenames, so you must unpack Emacs with
a program that truncates the filenames to 8.3 naming as it extracts
files; again, using djtar after setting LFN=n is the recommended way.
You can build Emacs with LFN=n even if you use DJGPP v2, if some of
your tools don't support long file names: just ensure that LFN is set
to `n' during both unpacking and compiling.

(By the time you read this, you have already unpacked the Emacs
distribution, but if the explanations above imply that you should have
done it differently, it's safer to delete the directory tree created
by the unpacking program and unpack Emacs again, than to risk running
into problems during the build process.)

It is important to understand that the runtime support of long file
names by the Emacs binary is NOT affected by the LFN setting during
compilation; Emacs compiled with DJGPP v2.0 or later will always
support long file names on Windows 9X no matter what was the setting
of LFN at compile time.  However, if you compiled with LFN disabled
and want to enable LFN support after Emacs was already built, you need
to make sure that the support files in the lisp, etc and info
directories are called by their original long names as found in the
distribution.  You can do this either by renaming the files manually,
or by extracting them from the original distribution archive with
djtar after you set LFN=y in the environment.

To unpack Emacs with djtar, type this command:

    djtar -x emacs.tgz

(This assumes that the Emacs distribution is called `emacs.tgz' on
your system.)

If you need to type international characters, you will need to unpack
the Leim distribution (see the description near the beginning of this
file).  You unpack it from the same directory where you unpacked
Emacs.  To unpack Leim with djtar, assuming the Leim distribution is
called `leim.tgz', type this command:

    djtar -x leim.tgz

If you want to print international characters, install the intlfonts
distribution.  For this, create a directory called `fonts' under the
Emacs top-level directory (usually called `emacs-XX.YY') created by
unpacking emacs.tgz, chdir into the directory emacs-XX.YY/fonts, and
type this:

    djtar -x intlfonts.tgz

When unpacking is done, a directory called `emacs-XX.YY' will be
created, where XX.YY is the Emacs version.  To build and install
Emacs, chdir to that directory and type these commands:

    config msdos
    make install

Running "config msdos" checks for several programs that are required
to configure and build Emacs; if one of those programs is not found,
CONFIG.BAT stops and prints an error message.  If you have DJGPP
version 2.0 or 2.01, it will complain about a program called
DJECHO.EXE.  These old versions of DJGPP shipped that program under
the name ECHO.EXE, so you can simply copy ECHO.EXE to DJECHO.EXE and
rerun CONFIG.BAT.  If you have neither ECHO.EXE nor DJECHO.EXE, you
should be able to find them in your djdevNNN.zip archive (where NNN is
the DJGPP version number).

To install the international fonts, chdir to the intlfonts-X.Y
directory created when you unpacked the intlfonts distribution (X.Y is
the version number of the fonts' distribution), and type the following
command:

    make bdf INSTALLDIR=..

After Make finishes, you may remove the directory intlfonts-X.Y; the
fonts are installed into the fonts/bdf subdirectory of the top-level
Emacs directory, and that is where Emacs will look for them by
default.

Building Emacs creates executable files in the src and lib-src
directories.  Installing Emacs on MSDOS moves these executables to a
sibling directory called bin.  For example, if you build in directory
/emacs, installing moves the executables from /emacs/src and
/emacs/lib-src to the directory /emacs/bin, so you can then delete the
subdirectories /emacs/src and /emacs/lib-src if you wish.  The only
subdirectories you need to keep are bin, lisp, etc and info.  (If you
installed Leim, keep the leim subdirectory, and if you installed
intlfonts, keep the fonts directory and all its subdirectories as well.)
The bin subdirectory should be added to your PATH.  The msdos
subdirectory includes a PIF and an icon file for Emacs which you might
find useful if you run Emacs under MS Windows.

Emacs on MSDOS finds the lisp, etc and info directories by looking in
../lisp, ../etc and ../info, starting from the directory where the
Emacs executable was run from.  You can override this by setting the
environment variables EMACSDATA (for the location of `etc' directory),
EMACSLOADPATH (for the location of `lisp' directory) and INFOPATH (for
the location of the `info' directory).

MSDOG is a not a multitasking operating system, so Emacs features such
as asynchronous subprocesses that depend on multitasking will not
work.  Synchronous subprocesses do work.

Version 2.0 of djgpp has two bugs that affect Emacs.  We've included
corrected versions of two files from djgpp in the msdos subdirectory:
is_exec.c and sigaction.c.  To work around the bugs, compile these
files and link them into temacs.  Djgpp versions 2.01 and later have
these bugs fixed, so upgrade if you can before building Emacs.
\f
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