1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 97, 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
4 @node Major Modes, Indentation, International, Top
8 @kindex TAB @r{(and major modes)}
9 @kindex DEL @r{(and major modes)}
10 @kindex C-j @r{(and major modes)}
12 Emacs provides many alternative @dfn{major modes}, each of which
13 customizes Emacs for editing text of a particular sort. The major modes
14 are mutually exclusive, and each buffer has one major mode at any time.
15 The mode line normally shows the name of the current major mode, in
16 parentheses (@pxref{Mode Line}).
18 The least specialized major mode is called @dfn{Fundamental mode}.
19 This mode has no mode-specific redefinitions or variable settings, so
20 that each Emacs command behaves in its most general manner, and each
21 option is in its default state. For editing text of a specific type
22 that Emacs knows about, such as Lisp code or English text, you should
23 switch to the appropriate major mode, such as Lisp mode or Text mode.
25 Selecting a major mode changes the meanings of a few keys to become
26 more specifically adapted to the language being edited. The ones that
27 are changed frequently are @key{TAB}, @key{DEL}, and @kbd{C-j}. The
28 prefix key @kbd{C-c} normally contains mode-specific commands. In
29 addition, the commands which handle comments use the mode to determine
30 how comments are to be delimited. Many major modes redefine the
31 syntactical properties of characters appearing in the buffer.
34 The major modes fall into three major groups. Lisp mode (which has
35 several variants), C mode, Fortran mode and others are for specific
36 programming languages. Text mode, Nroff mode, SGML mode, @TeX{} mode
37 and Outline mode are for normal text, plain or marked up. The remaining
38 major modes are not intended for use on users' files; they are used in
39 buffers created for specific purposes by Emacs, such as Dired mode for
40 buffers made by Dired (@pxref{Dired}), Mail mode for buffers made by
41 @kbd{C-x m} (@pxref{Sending Mail}), and Shell mode for buffers used for
42 communicating with an inferior shell process (@pxref{Interactive
45 Most programming-language major modes specify that only blank lines
46 separate paragraphs. This is to make the paragraph commands useful.
47 (@xref{Paragraphs}.) They also cause Auto Fill mode to use the
48 definition of @key{TAB} to indent the new lines it creates. This is
49 because most lines in a program are usually indented
50 (@pxref{Indentation}).
53 * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen.
56 @node Choosing Modes,,Major Modes,Major Modes
57 @section How Major Modes are Chosen
59 @cindex choosing a major mode
60 You can select a major mode explicitly for the current buffer, but
61 most of the time Emacs determines which mode to use based on the file
62 name or on special text in the file.
64 Explicit selection of a new major mode is done with a @kbd{M-x} command.
65 From the name of a major mode, add @code{-mode} to get the name of a
66 command to select that mode. Thus, you can enter Lisp mode by executing
69 @vindex auto-mode-alist
70 When you visit a file, Emacs usually chooses the right major mode based
71 on the file's name. For example, files whose names end in @samp{.c} are
72 edited in C mode. The correspondence between file names and major modes is
73 controlled by the variable @code{auto-mode-alist}. Its value is a list in
74 which each element has this form,
77 (@var{regexp} . @var{mode-function})
84 (@var{regexp} @var{mode-function} @var{flag})
88 For example, one element normally found in the list has the form
89 @code{(@t{"\\.c\\'"} . c-mode)}, and it is responsible for selecting C
90 mode for files whose names end in @file{.c}. (Note that @samp{\\} is
91 needed in Lisp syntax to include a @samp{\} in the string, which is
92 needed to suppress the special meaning of @samp{.} in regexps.) If the
93 element has the form @code{(@var{regexp} @var{mode-function}
94 @var{flag})} and @var{flag} is non-@code{nil}, then after calling
95 @var{mode-function}, the suffix that matched @var{regexp} is discarded
96 and the list is searched again for another match.
98 You can specify which major mode should be used for editing a certain
99 file by a special sort of text in the first nonblank line of the file. The
100 mode name should appear in this line both preceded and followed by
101 @samp{-*-}. Other text may appear on the line as well. For example,
108 tells Emacs to use Lisp mode. Such an explicit specification overrides
109 any defaulting based on the file name. Note how the semicolon is used
110 to make Lisp treat this line as a comment.
112 Another format of mode specification is
115 -*- mode: @var{modename};-*-
119 which allows you to specify local variables as well, like this:
122 -*- mode: @var{modename}; @var{var}: @var{value}; @dots{} -*-
126 @xref{File Variables}, for more information about this.
128 @vindex interpreter-mode-alist
129 When a file's contents begin with @samp{#!}, it can serve as an
130 executable shell command, which works by running an interpreter named on
131 the file's first line. The rest of the file is used as input to the
134 When you visit such a file in Emacs, if the file's name does not
135 specify a major mode, Emacs uses the interpreter name on the first line
136 to choose a mode. If the first line is the name of a recognized
137 interpreter program, such as @samp{perl} or @samp{tcl}, Emacs uses a
138 mode appropriate for programs for that interpreter. The variable
139 @code{interpreter-mode-alist} specifies the correspondence between
140 interpreter program names and major modes.
142 When the first line starts with @samp{#!}, you cannot (on many
143 systems) use the @samp{-*-} feature on the first line, because the
144 system would get confused when running the interpreter. So Emacs looks
145 for @samp{-*-} on the second line in such files as well as on the
148 @vindex default-major-mode
149 When you visit a file that does not specify a major mode to use, or
150 when you create a new buffer with @kbd{C-x b}, the variable
151 @code{default-major-mode} specifies which major mode to use. Normally
152 its value is the symbol @code{fundamental-mode}, which specifies
153 Fundamental mode. If @code{default-major-mode} is @code{nil}, the major
154 mode is taken from the previously current buffer.
157 If you change the major mode of a buffer, you can go back to the major
158 mode Emacs would choose automatically: use the command @kbd{M-x
159 normal-mode} to do this. This is the same function that
160 @code{find-file} calls to choose the major mode. It also processes
161 the file's local variables list if any.
163 @vindex change-major-mode-with-file-name
164 The commands @kbd{C-x C-w} and @code{set-visited-file-name} change to
165 a new major mode if the new file name implies a mode (@pxref{Saving}).
166 However, this does not happen if the buffer contents specify a major
167 mode, and certain ``special'' major modes do not allow the mode to
168 change. You can turn off this mode-changing feature by setting
169 @code{change-major-mode-with-file-name} to @code{nil}.