1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
4 @node Indentation, Text, Major Modes, Top
7 @cindex columns (indentation)
9 This chapter describes the Emacs commands that add, remove, or
14 Indent the current line ``appropriately'' in a mode-dependent fashion.
16 Perform @key{RET} followed by @key{TAB} (@code{newline-and-indent}).
18 Merge the previous and the current line (@code{delete-indentation}).
19 This would cancel out the effect of @kbd{C-j}.
21 Split the current line at point; text on the line after point becomes a
22 new line indented to the same column where point is located
25 Move (forward or back) to the first nonblank character on the current
26 line (@code{back-to-indentation}).
28 Indent several lines to the same column (@code{indent-region}).
30 Shift a block of lines rigidly right or left (@code{indent-rigidly}).
32 Indent from point to the next prespecified tab stop column
33 (@code{tab-to-tab-stop}).
34 @item M-x indent-relative
35 Indent from point to under an indentation point in the previous line.
38 Most programming languages have some indentation convention. For Lisp
39 code, lines are indented according to their nesting in parentheses. The
40 same general idea is used for C code, though many details are different.
43 Whatever the language, to indent a line, use the @key{TAB} command. Each
44 major mode defines this command to perform the sort of indentation
45 appropriate for the particular language. In Lisp mode, @key{TAB} aligns
46 the line according to its depth in parentheses. No matter where in the
47 line you are when you type @key{TAB}, it aligns the line as a whole. In C
48 mode, @key{TAB} implements a subtle and sophisticated indentation style that
49 knows about many aspects of C syntax.
51 In Text mode, @key{TAB} runs the command @code{tab-to-tab-stop}, which
52 indents to the next tab stop column. You can set the tab stops with
53 @kbd{M-x edit-tab-stops}.
55 Normally, @key{TAB} inserts an optimal mix of tabs and spaces for
56 the intended indentation. @xref{Just Spaces}, for how to prevent use
60 * Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation.
61 * Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then
62 indent to the next tab stop when you want to.
63 * Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces.
66 @node Indentation Commands, Tab Stops, Indentation, Indentation
67 @section Indentation Commands and Techniques
70 @findex back-to-indentation
71 To move over the indentation on a line, do @kbd{M-m}
72 (@code{back-to-indentation}). This command, given anywhere on a line,
73 positions point at the first nonblank character on the line.
75 To insert an indented line before the current line, do @kbd{C-a C-o
76 @key{TAB}}. To make an indented line after the current line, use
79 If you just want to insert a tab character in the buffer, you can type
84 @kbd{C-M-o} (@code{split-line}) moves the text from point to the end of
85 the line vertically down, so that the current line becomes two lines.
86 @kbd{C-M-o} first moves point forward over any spaces and tabs. Then it
87 inserts after point a newline and enough indentation to reach the same
88 column point is on. Point remains before the inserted newline; in this
89 regard, @kbd{C-M-o} resembles @kbd{C-o}.
92 @findex delete-indentation
93 To join two lines cleanly, use the @kbd{M-^}
94 (@code{delete-indentation}) command. It deletes the indentation at the
95 front of the current line, and the line boundary as well, replacing them
96 with a single space. As a special case (useful for Lisp code) the
97 single space is omitted if the characters to be joined are consecutive
98 open parentheses or closing parentheses, or if the junction follows
99 another newline. To delete just the indentation of a line, go to the
100 beginning of the line and use @kbd{M-\}
101 (@code{delete-horizontal-space}), which deletes all spaces and tabs
104 If you have a fill prefix, @kbd{M-^} deletes the fill prefix if it
105 appears after the newline that is deleted. @xref{Fill Prefix}.
109 @findex indent-region
110 @findex indent-rigidly
111 There are also commands for changing the indentation of several lines
112 at once. @kbd{C-M-\} (@code{indent-region}) applies to all the lines
113 that begin in the region; it indents each line in the ``usual'' way, as
114 if you had typed @key{TAB} at the beginning of the line. A numeric
115 argument specifies the column to indent to, and each line is shifted
116 left or right so that its first nonblank character appears in that
117 column. @kbd{C-x @key{TAB}} (@code{indent-rigidly}) moves all of the
118 lines in the region right by its argument (left, for negative
119 arguments). The whole group of lines moves rigidly sideways, which is
120 how the command gets its name.@refill
122 @findex indent-relative
123 @kbd{M-x indent-relative} indents at point based on the previous line
124 (actually, the last nonempty line). It inserts whitespace at point, moving
125 point, until it is underneath an indentation point in the previous line.
126 An indentation point is the end of a sequence of whitespace or the end of
127 the line. If point is farther right than any indentation point in the
128 previous line, the whitespace before point is deleted and the first
129 indentation point then applicable is used. If no indentation point is
130 applicable even then, @code{indent-relative} runs @code{tab-to-tab-stop}
137 unless it is called with a numeric argument, in which case it does
140 @code{indent-relative} is the definition of @key{TAB} in Indented Text
143 @xref{Format Indentation}, for another way of specifying the
144 indentation for part of your text.
146 @node Tab Stops, Just Spaces, Indentation Commands, Indentation
150 @cindex using tab stops in making tables
151 @cindex tables, indentation for
153 @findex tab-to-tab-stop
154 For typing in tables, you can use Text mode's definition of @key{TAB},
155 @code{tab-to-tab-stop}. This command inserts indentation before point,
156 enough to reach the next tab stop column. If you are not in Text mode,
157 this command can be found on the key @kbd{M-i}.
159 @findex edit-tab-stops
160 @findex edit-tab-stops-note-changes
161 @kindex C-c C-c @r{(Edit Tab Stops)}
162 @vindex tab-stop-list
163 You can specify the tab stops used by @kbd{M-i}. They are stored in a
164 variable called @code{tab-stop-list}, as a list of column-numbers in
167 The convenient way to set the tab stops is with @kbd{M-x
168 edit-tab-stops}, which creates and selects a buffer containing a
169 description of the tab stop settings. You can edit this buffer to
170 specify different tab stops, and then type @kbd{C-c C-c} to make those
171 new tab stops take effect. @code{edit-tab-stops} records which buffer
172 was current when you invoked it, and stores the tab stops back in that
173 buffer; normally all buffers share the same tab stops and changing them
174 in one buffer affects all, but if you happen to make
175 @code{tab-stop-list} local in one buffer then @code{edit-tab-stops} in
176 that buffer will edit the local settings.
178 Here is what the text representing the tab stops looks like for ordinary
179 tab stops every eight columns.
184 0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678
185 To install changes, type C-c C-c
188 The first line contains a colon at each tab stop. The remaining lines
189 are present just to help you see where the colons are and know what to do.
191 Note that the tab stops that control @code{tab-to-tab-stop} have nothing
192 to do with displaying tab characters in the buffer. @xref{Display Custom},
193 for more information on that.
195 @node Just Spaces,, Tab Stops, Indentation
196 @section Tabs vs. Spaces
198 @vindex indent-tabs-mode
199 Emacs normally uses both tabs and spaces to indent lines. If you
200 prefer, all indentation can be made from spaces only. To request
201 this, set @code{indent-tabs-mode} to @code{nil}. This is a per-buffer
202 variable, so altering the variable affects only the current buffer,
203 but there is a default value which you can change as well.
208 There are also commands to convert tabs to spaces or vice versa, always
209 preserving the columns of all nonblank text. @kbd{M-x tabify} scans the
210 region for sequences of spaces, and converts sequences of at least three
211 spaces to tabs if that can be done without changing indentation. @kbd{M-x
212 untabify} changes all tabs in the region to appropriate numbers of spaces.