1 \input texinfo @c -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
3 @setfilename ../../info/emacs.info
4 @settitle GNU Emacs Manual
7 @c The edition number appears in more than one place in this file
8 @c I don't really know what it means...
9 @c For example, it has said "Sixteenth" since sometime in the Emacs 22
10 @c series, all through 23, and into 24. So it is not very useful IMO,
11 @c and offers nothing that EMACSVER does not. I guess it relates
12 @c mainly to the published book sold by the FSF. Hence no longer
13 @c bother including it except iftex. Really, I think it should not be
14 @c here at all (since anyone can make a pdf version), but should just
15 @c be something added by the FSF during the publishing process.
16 @c Also, the lispref uses a float (3.0), whereas this uses an ordinal,
17 @c so the format is not even consistent.
18 @set EDITION Seventeenth
19 @include emacsver.texi
23 This is the @value{EDITION} edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual},@*
26 This is the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual},
28 updated for Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}.
30 Copyright @copyright{} 1985--1987, 1993--2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
33 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
34 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
35 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
36 Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto,'' ``Distribution'' and
37 ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE,'' with the Front-Cover Texts being ``A GNU
38 Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the
39 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation
42 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have the freedom to copy and
43 modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in
44 developing GNU and promoting software freedom.''
50 * Emacs: (emacs). The extensible self-documenting text editor.
53 @c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a
54 @c copy of this manual that will be published. The manual should go
55 @c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size.
62 @c per rms and peterb, use 10pt fonts for the main text, mostly to
63 @c save on paper cost.
64 @c Do this inside @tex for now, so current makeinfo does not complain.
69 \global\hbadness=6666 % don't worry about not-too-underfull boxes
78 @shorttitlepage GNU Emacs Manual
83 @center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Manual}
85 @center @value{EDITION} Edition, Updated for Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}.
87 @center Richard Stallman et al.
89 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll
93 Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
94 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor @*
95 Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA @*
96 ISBN 978-0-9831592-5-4
99 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa; cover design by Matt Lee.
110 @top The Emacs Editor
112 Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time
113 display editor. This manual describes how to edit with Emacs and
114 some of the ways to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version
117 @c See 'manual-html-mono' and 'manual-html-node' in admin/admin.el.
120 The homepage for GNU Emacs is at
121 <a href="/software/emacs/">http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/</a>.<br>
122 To view this manual in other formats, click
123 <a href="/software/emacs/manual/emacs.html">here</a>.<br>
124 You can also purchase a printed copy from the
125 <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/emacs-manual/">FSF store</a>.
130 If you are reading this in Emacs, type @kbd{h} to read a basic
131 introduction to the Info documentation system.
134 For information on extending Emacs, see @ref{Top, Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The
135 Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.
140 @c Note that the TeX version generates its own TOC, so the ifnottex's
141 @c here are not really necessary.
143 * Distrib:: How to get the latest Emacs distribution.
144 * Intro:: An introduction to Emacs concepts.
146 Important General Concepts
147 * Screen:: How to interpret what you see on the screen.
148 * User Input:: Kinds of input events (characters, buttons,
150 * Keys:: Key sequences: what you type to request one
152 * Commands:: Named functions run by key sequences to do editing.
153 * Entering Emacs:: Starting Emacs from the shell.
154 * Exiting:: Stopping or killing Emacs.
156 Fundamental Editing Commands
157 * Basic:: The most basic editing commands.
158 * Minibuffer:: Entering arguments that are prompted for.
159 * M-x:: Invoking commands by their names.
160 * Help:: Commands for asking Emacs about its commands.
162 Important Text-Changing Commands
163 * Mark:: The mark: how to delimit a "region" of text.
164 * Killing:: Killing (cutting) and yanking (copying) text.
165 * Registers:: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer.
166 * Display:: Controlling what text is displayed.
167 * Search:: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string.
168 * Fixit:: Commands especially useful for fixing typos.
169 * Keyboard Macros:: Recording a sequence of keystrokes to be replayed.
171 Major Structures of Emacs
172 * Files:: All about handling files.
173 * Buffers:: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once.
174 * Windows:: Viewing multiple pieces of text in one frame.
175 * Frames:: Using multiple "windows" on your display.
176 * International:: Using non-@acronym{ASCII} character sets.
179 * Modes:: Major and minor modes alter Emacs's basic behavior.
180 * Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines.
181 * Text:: Commands and modes for editing human languages.
182 * Programs:: Commands and modes for editing programs.
183 * Building:: Compiling, running and debugging programs.
184 * Maintaining:: Features for maintaining large programs.
185 * Abbrevs:: Defining text abbreviations to reduce typing.
186 * Dired:: Directory and file manager.
187 * Calendar/Diary:: Calendar and diary facilities.
188 * Sending Mail:: Sending mail in Emacs.
189 * Rmail:: Reading mail in Emacs.
190 * Gnus:: A flexible mail and news reader.
191 * Network Security:: Managing the network security.
192 * Document View:: Viewing PDF, PS and DVI files.
193 * EWW:: A web browser in Emacs.
194 * Shell:: Executing shell commands from Emacs.
195 * Emacs Server:: Using Emacs as an editing server.
196 * Printing:: Printing hardcopies of buffers or regions.
197 * Sorting:: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs.
199 * Picture Mode:: Editing pictures made up of text characters.
201 * Editing Binary Files:: Editing binary files with Hexl mode.
202 * Saving Emacs Sessions:: Saving Emacs state from one session to the next.
203 * Recursive Edit:: Performing edits while "within another command".
204 * Hyperlinking:: Following links in buffers.
205 * Amusements:: Various games and hacks.
206 * Packages:: Installing additional features.
207 * Customization:: Modifying the behavior of Emacs.
209 Recovery from Problems
210 * Quitting:: Quitting and aborting.
211 * Lossage:: What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning.
212 * Bugs:: How and when to report a bug.
213 * Contributing:: How to contribute improvements to Emacs.
214 * Service:: How to get help for your own Emacs needs.
217 * Copying:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission
218 to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms;
219 it also explains that there is no warranty.
220 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation.
221 * Emacs Invocation:: Hairy startup options.
222 * X Resources:: X resources for customizing Emacs.
223 * Antinews:: Information about Emacs version 23.
224 * Mac OS / GNUstep:: Using Emacs under Mac OS and GNUstep.
225 * Microsoft Windows:: Using Emacs on Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS.
226 * Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!
228 * Glossary:: Terms used in this manual.
230 * Acknowledgments:: Major contributors to GNU Emacs.
233 Indexes (each index contains a large menu)
234 * Key Index:: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence.
235 * Option Index:: An item for every command-line option.
236 * Command Index:: An item for each command name.
237 * Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable.
238 * Concept Index:: An item for each concept.
240 @c Do NOT modify the following 3 lines! They must have this form to
241 @c be correctly identified by 'texinfo-multiple-files-update'. In
242 @c particular, the detailed menu header line MUST be identical to the
243 @c value of 'texinfo-master-menu-header'. See texnfo-upd.el.
246 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---
247 ---------------------------------
249 Here are some other nodes which are really subnodes of the ones
250 already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step:
252 The Organization of the Screen
254 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate.
255 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen.
256 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line.
257 * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar.
259 Basic Editing Commands
261 * Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it.
262 * Moving Point:: Moving the cursor to the place where you want to
264 * Erasing:: Deleting and killing text.
265 * Basic Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text.
266 * Basic Files:: Visiting, creating, and saving files.
267 * Basic Help:: Asking what a character does.
268 * Blank Lines:: Making and deleting blank lines.
269 * Continuation Lines:: How Emacs displays lines too wide for the screen.
270 * Position Info:: What line, row, or column is point on?
271 * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command N times.
272 * Repeating:: Repeating the previous command quickly.
276 * Basic Minibuffer:: Basic usage of the minibuffer.
277 * Minibuffer File:: Entering file names with the minibuffer.
278 * Minibuffer Edit:: How to edit in the minibuffer.
279 * Completion:: An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input.
280 * Minibuffer History:: Reusing recent minibuffer arguments.
281 * Repetition:: Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer.
282 * Passwords:: Entering passwords in the echo area.
283 * Yes or No Prompts:: Replying yes or no in the echo area.
287 * Completion Example:: Examples of using completion.
288 * Completion Commands:: A list of completion commands.
289 * Completion Exit:: Completion and minibuffer text submission.
290 * Completion Styles:: How completion matches are chosen.
291 * Completion Options:: Options for completion.
295 * Help Summary:: Brief list of all Help commands.
296 * Key Help:: Asking what a key does in Emacs.
297 * Name Help:: Asking about a command, variable or function name.
298 * Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic.
299 * Help Mode:: Special features of Help mode and Help buffers.
300 * Package Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics).
301 * Language Help:: Help relating to international language support.
302 * Misc Help:: Other help commands.
303 * Help Files:: Commands to display auxiliary help files.
304 * Help Echo:: Help on active text and tooltips ("balloon help").
306 The Mark and the Region
308 * Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark.
309 * Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units.
310 * Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region.
311 * Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there.
312 * Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers.
313 * Shift Selection:: Using shifted cursor motion keys.
314 * Disabled Transient Mark:: Leaving regions unhighlighted by default.
316 Killing and Moving Text
318 * Deletion and Killing:: Commands that remove text.
319 * Yanking:: Commands that insert text.
320 * Cut and Paste:: Clipboard and selections on graphical displays.
321 * Accumulating Text:: Other methods to add text to the buffer.
322 * Rectangles:: Operating on text in rectangular areas.
323 * CUA Bindings:: Using @kbd{C-x}/@kbd{C-c}/@kbd{C-v} to kill and yank.
327 * Deletion:: Commands for deleting small amounts of text and
329 * Killing by Lines:: How to kill entire lines of text at one time.
330 * Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and
331 syntactic units such as words and sentences.
332 * Kill Options:: Options that affect killing.
336 * Kill Ring:: Where killed text is stored.
337 * Earlier Kills:: Yanking something killed some time ago.
338 * Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together.
340 "Cut and Paste" Operations on Graphical Displays
342 * Clipboard:: How Emacs uses the system clipboard.
343 * Primary Selection:: The temporarily selected text selection.
344 * Secondary Selection:: Cutting without altering point and mark.
348 * Position Registers:: Saving positions in registers.
349 * Text Registers:: Saving text in registers.
350 * Rectangle Registers:: Saving rectangles in registers.
351 * Configuration Registers:: Saving window configurations in registers.
352 * Number Registers:: Numbers in registers.
353 * File Registers:: File names in registers.
354 * Keyboard Macro Registers:: Keyboard macros in registers.
355 * Bookmarks:: Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent.
357 Controlling the Display
359 * Scrolling:: Commands to move text up and down in a window.
360 * Recentering:: A scroll command that centers the current line.
361 * Auto Scrolling:: Redisplay scrolls text automatically when needed.
362 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window.
363 * Narrowing:: Restricting display and editing to a portion
365 * View Mode:: Viewing read-only buffers.
366 * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one.
367 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces.
368 * Colors:: Specifying colors for faces.
369 * Standard Faces:: The main predefined faces.
370 * Text Scale:: Increasing or decreasing text size in a buffer.
371 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces.
372 * Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight.
373 * Fringes:: Enabling or disabling window fringes.
374 * Displaying Boundaries:: Displaying top and bottom of the buffer.
375 * Useless Whitespace:: Showing possibly spurious trailing whitespace.
376 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation.
377 * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features.
378 * Text Display:: How text characters are normally displayed.
379 * Cursor Display:: Features for displaying the cursor.
380 * Line Truncation:: Truncating lines to fit the screen width instead
381 of continuing them to multiple screen lines.
382 * Visual Line Mode:: Word wrap and screen line-based editing.
383 * Display Custom:: Information on variables for customizing display.
385 Searching and Replacement
387 * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string.
388 * Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search.
389 * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words.
390 * Symbol Search:: Search for a source code symbol.
391 * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp.
392 * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions.
393 * Regexp Backslash:: Regular expression constructs starting with '\'.
394 * Regexp Example:: A complex regular expression explained.
395 * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not.
396 * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches.
397 * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp.
401 * Basic Isearch:: Basic incremental search commands.
402 * Repeat Isearch:: Searching for the same string again.
403 * Error in Isearch:: When your string is not found.
404 * Special Isearch:: Special input in incremental search.
405 * Isearch Yank:: Commands that grab text into the search string
406 or else edit the search string.
407 * Not Exiting Isearch:: Prefix argument and scrolling commands.
408 * Isearch Minibuffer:: Incremental search of the minibuffer history.
412 * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string.
413 * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp.
414 * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters.
415 * Query Replace:: How to use querying.
417 Commands for Fixing Typos
419 * Undo:: The Undo commands.
420 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists...
421 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered.
422 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word, or a whole file.
426 * Basic Keyboard Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros.
427 * Keyboard Macro Ring:: Where previous keyboard macros are saved.
428 * Keyboard Macro Counter:: Inserting incrementing numbers in macros.
429 * Keyboard Macro Query:: Making keyboard macros do different things each
431 * Save Keyboard Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in
433 * Edit Keyboard Macro:: Editing keyboard macros.
434 * Keyboard Macro Step-Edit:: Interactively executing and editing a keyboard
439 * File Names:: How to type and edit file-name arguments.
440 * Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file.
441 * Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent.
442 * Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved.
444 * Autorevert:: Auto Reverting non-file buffers.
446 * Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data.
447 * File Aliases:: Handling multiple names for one file.
448 * Directories:: Creating, deleting, and listing file directories.
449 * Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ.
450 * Diff Mode:: Mode for editing file differences.
451 * Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files.
452 * Compressed Files:: Accessing compressed files.
453 * File Archives:: Operating on tar, zip, jar etc. archive files.
454 * Remote Files:: Accessing files on other machines.
455 * Quoted File Names:: Quoting special characters in file names.
456 * File Name Cache:: Completion against a list of files you often use.
457 * File Conveniences:: Convenience Features for Finding Files.
458 * Filesets:: Handling sets of files.
462 * Save Commands:: Commands for saving files.
463 * Backup:: How Emacs saves the old version of your file.
464 * Customize Save:: Customizing the saving of files.
465 * Interlocking:: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing
466 of one file by two users.
467 * File Shadowing:: Copying files to "shadows" automatically.
468 * Time Stamps:: Emacs can update time stamps on saved files.
472 * Backup Names:: How backup files are named.
473 * Backup Deletion:: Emacs deletes excess numbered backups.
474 * Backup Copying:: Backups can be made by copying or renaming.
477 Auto Reverting Non-File Buffers
479 * Auto Reverting the Buffer Menu:: Auto Revert of the Buffer Menu.
480 * Auto Reverting Dired:: Auto Revert of Dired buffers.
481 * Supporting additional buffers:: How to add more Auto Revert support.
484 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters
486 * Auto Save Files:: The file where auto-saved changes are
487 actually made until you save the file.
488 * Auto Save Control:: Controlling when and how often to auto-save.
489 * Recover:: Recovering text from auto-save files.
491 Using Multiple Buffers
493 * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one.
494 * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist.
495 * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-only status; copying text.
496 * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need.
497 * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers
498 and operate variously on several of them.
499 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer.
500 * Buffer Convenience:: Convenience and customization features for
503 Convenience Features and Customization of Buffer Handling
505 * Uniquify:: Making buffer names unique with directory parts.
506 * Icomplete:: Fast minibuffer selection.
507 * Buffer Menus:: Configurable buffer menu.
511 * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows.
512 * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows.
513 * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it.
514 * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window.
515 * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes.
516 * Displaying Buffers:: How Emacs picks a window for displaying a buffer.
517 * Window Convenience:: Convenience functions for window handling.
519 Displaying a Buffer in a Window
521 * Window Choice:: How @code{display-buffer} works.
523 Frames and Graphical Displays
525 * Mouse Commands:: Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse.
526 * Word and Line Mouse:: Mouse commands for selecting whole words or lines.
527 * Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list.
528 * Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus.
529 * Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line.
530 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents.
531 * Frame Commands:: Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames.
532 * Fonts:: Changing the frame font.
533 * Speedbar:: How to make and use a speedbar frame.
534 * Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs instance can talk to several displays.
535 * Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames.
536 * Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them.
537 * Drag and Drop:: Using drag and drop to open files and insert text.
538 * Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar.
539 * Tool Bars:: Enabling and disabling the tool bar.
540 * Dialog Boxes:: Controlling use of dialog boxes.
541 * Tooltips:: Displaying information at the current mouse position.
542 * Mouse Avoidance:: Preventing the mouse pointer from obscuring text.
543 * Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one.
544 * Text-Only Mouse:: Using the mouse in text terminals.
546 International Character Set Support
548 * International Chars:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters.
549 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use.
550 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard.
551 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods.
552 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and
553 write files, and so on.
554 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use.
555 * Specify Coding:: Specifying a file's coding system explicitly.
556 * Output Coding:: Choosing coding systems for output.
557 * Text Coding:: Choosing conversion to use for file text.
558 * Communication Coding:: Coding systems for interprocess communication.
559 * File Name Coding:: Coding systems for file @emph{names}.
560 * Terminal Coding:: Specifying coding systems for converting
561 terminal input and output.
562 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts
563 that cover the whole spectrum of characters.
564 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset.
565 * Modifying Fontsets:: Modifying an existing fontset.
566 * Undisplayable Characters::When characters don't display.
567 * Unibyte Mode:: You can pick one European character set
568 to use without multibyte characters.
569 * Charsets:: How Emacs groups its internal character codes.
570 * Bidirectional Editing:: Support for right-to-left scripts.
572 Major and Minor Modes
574 * Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode...
575 * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is a feature you can turn on
576 independently of any others.
577 * Choosing Modes:: How modes are chosen when visiting files.
581 * Indentation Commands:: More commands for performing indentation.
582 * Tab Stops:: Stop points for indentation in Text modes.
583 * Just Spaces:: Using only space characters for indentation.
584 * Indent Convenience:: Optional indentation features.
586 Commands for Human Languages
588 * Words:: Moving over and killing words.
589 * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences.
590 * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs.
591 * Pages:: Moving over pages.
592 * Filling:: Filling or justifying text.
593 * Case:: Changing the case of text.
594 * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files.
595 * Outline Mode:: Editing outlines.
596 * Org Mode:: The Emacs organizer.
597 * TeX Mode:: Editing TeX and LaTeX files.
598 * HTML Mode:: Editing HTML and SGML files.
599 * Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the nroff formatter.
600 * Enriched Text:: Editing text "enriched" with fonts, colors, etc.
601 * Text Based Tables:: Commands for editing text-based tables.
602 * Two-Column:: Splitting text columns into separate windows.
606 * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically.
607 * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines.
608 * Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented
609 or in a comment, etc.
610 * Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically.
614 * Outline Format:: What the text of an outline looks like.
615 * Outline Motion:: Special commands for moving through outlines.
616 * Outline Visibility:: Commands to control what is visible.
617 * Outline Views:: Outlines and multiple views.
618 * Foldout:: Folding means zooming in on outlines.
622 * Org Organizer:: Managing TODO lists and agendas.
623 * Org Authoring:: Exporting Org buffers to various formats.
627 * TeX Editing:: Special commands for editing in TeX mode.
628 * LaTeX Editing:: Additional commands for LaTeX input files.
629 * TeX Print:: Commands for printing part of a file with TeX.
630 * TeX Misc:: Customization of TeX mode, and related features.
634 * Enriched Mode:: Entering and exiting Enriched mode.
635 * Hard and Soft Newlines:: There are two different kinds of newlines.
636 * Editing Format Info:: How to edit text properties.
637 * Enriched Faces:: Bold, italic, underline, etc.
638 * Enriched Indentation:: Changing the left and right margins.
639 * Enriched Justification:: Centering, setting text flush with the
640 left or right margin, etc.
641 * Enriched Properties:: The "special" text properties submenu.
643 @c The automatic texinfo menu update inserts some duplicate items here
644 @c (faces, colors, indentation, justification, properties), because
645 @c they are listed in two menus. But we already have them above, no
646 @c need to list them twice.
648 Editing Text-based Tables
650 * Table Definition:: What is a text based table.
651 * Table Creation:: How to create a table.
652 * Table Recognition:: How to activate and deactivate tables.
653 * Cell Commands:: Cell-oriented commands in a table.
654 * Cell Justification:: Justifying cell contents.
655 * Table Rows and Columns:: Inserting and deleting rows and columns.
656 * Table Conversion:: Converting between plain text and tables.
657 * Table Misc:: Table miscellany.
661 * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs.
662 * Defuns:: Commands to operate on major top-level parts
664 * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting.
665 * Parentheses:: Commands that operate on parentheses.
666 * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments.
667 * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call.
668 * Hideshow:: Displaying blocks selectively.
669 * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language.
670 * MixedCase Words:: Dealing with identifiersLikeThis.
671 * Semantic:: Suite of editing tools based on source code parsing.
672 * Misc for Programs:: Other Emacs features useful for editing programs.
673 * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C,
674 Java, IDL, Pike and AWK modes.
675 * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features.
677 * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features.
680 Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns
682 * Left Margin Paren:: An open-paren or similar opening delimiter
683 starts a defun if it is at the left margin.
684 * Moving by Defuns:: Commands to move over or mark a major definition.
685 * Imenu:: Making buffer indexes as menus.
686 * Which Function:: Which Function mode shows which function you are in.
688 Indentation for Programs
690 * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line.
691 * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once.
692 * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented.
693 * C Indent:: Extra features for indenting C and related modes.
694 * Custom C Indent:: Controlling indentation style for C and related modes.
696 Commands for Editing with Parentheses
698 * Expressions:: Expressions with balanced parentheses.
699 * Moving by Parens:: Commands for moving up, down and across
700 in the structure of parentheses.
701 * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open.
703 Manipulating Comments
705 * Comment Commands:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments.
706 * Multi-Line Comments:: Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments.
707 * Options for Comments::Customizing the comment features.
711 * Info Lookup:: Looking up library functions and commands in Info files.
712 * Man Page:: Looking up man pages of library functions and commands.
713 * Lisp Doc:: Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc.
717 * Motion in C:: Commands to move by C statements, etc.
718 * Electric C:: Colon and other chars can automatically reindent.
719 * Hungry Delete:: A more powerful DEL command.
720 * Other C Commands:: Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros,
721 and other neat features.
726 * Fortran Motion:: Moving point by statements or subprograms.
727 * Fortran Indent:: Indentation commands for Fortran.
728 * Fortran Comments:: Inserting and aligning comments.
729 * Fortran Autofill:: Auto fill support for Fortran.
730 * Fortran Columns:: Measuring columns for valid Fortran.
731 * Fortran Abbrev:: Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords.
735 * ForIndent Commands:: Commands for indenting and filling Fortran.
736 * ForIndent Cont:: How continuation lines indent.
737 * ForIndent Num:: How line numbers auto-indent.
738 * ForIndent Conv:: Conventions you must obey to avoid trouble.
739 * ForIndent Vars:: Variables controlling Fortran indent style.
742 Compiling and Testing Programs
744 * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other
745 than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.).
746 * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors.
747 * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly
748 for use in the compilation buffer.
749 * Grep Searching:: Searching with grep.
750 * Flymake:: Finding syntax errors on the fly.
751 * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs.
752 * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs,
753 with different facilities for running
755 * Lisp Libraries:: How Lisp programs are loaded into Emacs.
756 * Lisp Eval:: Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs.
757 * Lisp Interaction:: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer.
758 * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp.
760 Running Debuggers Under Emacs
762 * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess.
763 * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers.
764 * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands.
765 * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD.
766 * GDB Graphical Interface:: An enhanced mode that uses GDB features to
767 implement a graphical debugging environment.
769 GDB Graphical Interface
771 * GDB User Interface Layout:: Control the number of displayed buffers.
772 * Source Buffers:: Use the mouse in the fringe/margin to
773 control your program.
774 * Breakpoints Buffer:: A breakpoint control panel.
775 * Threads Buffer:: Displays your threads.
776 * Stack Buffer:: Select a frame from the call stack.
777 * Other GDB Buffers:: Other buffers for controlling the GDB state.
778 * Watch Expressions:: Monitor variable values in the speedbar.
779 * Multithreaded Debugging:: Debugging programs with several threads.
781 Maintaining Large Programs
783 * Version Control:: Using version control systems.
784 * Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program.
785 * Tags:: Go directly to any function in your program in one
786 command. Tags remembers which file it is in.
787 * EDE:: An integrated development environment for Emacs.
789 * Emerge:: A convenient way of merging two versions of a program.
794 * Introduction to VC:: How version control works in general.
795 * VC Mode Line:: How the mode line shows version control status.
796 * Basic VC Editing:: How to edit a file under version control.
797 * Log Buffer:: Features available in log entry buffers.
798 * Registering:: Putting a file under version control.
799 * Old Revisions:: Examining and comparing old versions.
800 * VC Change Log:: Viewing the VC Change Log.
801 * VC Undo:: Canceling changes before or after committing.
802 * VC Ignore:: Ignore files under version control system.
803 * VC Directory Mode:: Listing files managed by version control.
804 * Branches:: Multiple lines of development.
806 * Miscellaneous VC:: Various other commands and features of VC.
807 * Customizing VC:: Variables that change VC's behavior.
810 Introduction to Version Control
812 * Why Version Control?:: Understanding the problems it addresses.
813 * Version Control Systems:: Supported version control back-end systems.
814 * VCS Concepts:: Words and concepts related to version control.
815 * VCS Merging:: How file conflicts are handled.
816 * VCS Changesets:: How changes are grouped.
817 * VCS Repositories:: Where version control repositories are stored.
818 * Types of Log File:: The VCS log in contrast to the ChangeLog.
820 Basic Editing under Version Control
822 * VC With A Merging VCS:: Without locking: default mode for CVS.
823 * VC With A Locking VCS:: RCS in its default mode, SCCS, and optionally CVS.
824 * Advanced C-x v v:: Advanced features available with a prefix argument.
828 * VC Directory Buffer:: What the buffer looks like and means.
829 * VC Directory Commands:: Commands to use in a VC directory buffer.
831 Version Control Branches
833 * Switching Branches:: How to get to another existing branch.
834 * Pulling / Pushing:: Receiving/sending changes from/to elsewhere.
835 * Merging:: Transferring changes between branches.
836 * Creating Branches:: How to start a new branch.
839 Miscellaneous Commands and Features of VC
841 * Change Logs and VC:: Generating a change log file from log entries.
842 * VC Delete/Rename:: Deleting and renaming version-controlled files.
843 * Revision Tags:: Symbolic names for revisions.
844 * Version Headers:: Inserting version control headers into working files.
848 * General VC Options:: Options that apply to multiple back ends.
849 * RCS and SCCS:: Options for RCS and SCCS.
850 * CVS Options:: Options for CVS.
855 * Change Log Commands:: Commands for editing change log files.
856 * Format of ChangeLog:: What the change log file looks like.
860 * Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files.
861 * Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with @command{etags}.
862 * Etags Regexps:: Create arbitrary tags using regular expressions.
863 * Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table.
864 * Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag.
865 * Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing.
866 * List Tags:: Using tags for completion, and listing them.
869 Merging Files with Emerge
871 * Overview of Emerge:: How to start Emerge. Basic concepts.
872 * Submodes of Emerge:: Fast mode vs. Edit mode.
873 Skip Prefers mode and Auto Advance mode.
874 * State of Difference:: You do the merge by specifying state A or B
876 * Merge Commands:: Commands for selecting a difference,
877 changing states of differences, etc.
878 * Exiting Emerge:: What to do when you've finished the merge.
879 * Combining in Emerge:: How to keep both alternatives for a difference.
880 * Fine Points of Emerge:: Miscellaneous issues.
885 * Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs.
886 * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed.
887 * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion.
888 * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs.
889 * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session.
890 * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer.
891 * Dabbrev Customization:: What is a word, for dynamic abbrevs. Case handling.
896 * Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode.
897 * Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion
898 after "self-inserting" characters.
899 * Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation.
900 * Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles.
903 Dired, the Directory Editor
905 * Dired Enter:: How to invoke Dired.
906 * Dired Navigation:: Special motion commands in the Dired buffer.
907 * Dired Deletion:: Deleting files with Dired.
908 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names.
909 * Dired Visiting:: Other file operations through Dired.
910 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking.
911 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc.
912 either one file or several files.
913 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files.
914 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files.
915 * Comparison in Dired:: Running @code{diff} by way of Dired.
916 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer.
918 * Subdir Switches:: Subdirectory switches in Dired.
920 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down.
921 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible.
922 * Dired Updating:: Discarding lines for files of no interest.
923 * Dired and Find:: Using @code{find} to choose the files for Dired.
924 * Wdired:: Operating on files by editing the Dired buffer.
925 * Image-Dired:: Viewing image thumbnails in Dired.
926 * Misc Dired Features:: Various other features.
928 The Calendar and the Diary
930 * Calendar Motion:: Moving through the calendar; selecting a date.
931 * Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen.
932 * Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates?
933 * General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar.
934 * Writing Calendar Files:: Writing calendars to files of various formats.
935 * Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays.
936 * Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset.
937 * Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon.
938 * Other Calendars:: Converting dates to other calendar systems.
939 * Diary:: Displaying events from your diary.
940 * Appointments:: Reminders when it's time to do something.
941 * Importing Diary:: Converting diary events to/from other formats.
942 * Daylight Saving:: How to specify when daylight saving time is active.
943 * Time Intervals:: Keeping track of time intervals.
945 * Advanced Calendar/Diary Usage:: Advanced Calendar/Diary customization.
948 Movement in the Calendar
950 * Calendar Unit Motion:: Moving by days, weeks, months, and years.
951 * Move to Beginning or End:: Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years.
952 * Specified Dates:: Moving to the current date or another
955 Conversion To and From Other Calendars
957 * Calendar Systems:: The calendars Emacs understands
958 (aside from Gregorian).
959 * To Other Calendar:: Converting the selected date to various calendars.
960 * From Other Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in another calendar.
964 * Format of Diary File:: Entering events in your diary.
965 * Displaying the Diary:: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates.
966 * Date Formats:: Various ways you can specify dates.
967 * Adding to Diary:: Commands to create diary entries.
968 * Special Diary Entries:: Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc.
971 More advanced features of the Calendar and Diary
973 * Calendar Customizing:: Calendar layout and hooks.
974 * Holiday Customizing:: Defining your own holidays.
975 * Mayan Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar.
976 * Date Display Format:: Changing the format.
977 * Time Display Format:: Changing the format.
978 * Diary Customizing:: Defaults you can set.
979 * Non-Gregorian Diary:: Diary entries based on other calendars.
980 * Diary Display:: A choice of ways to display the diary.
981 * Fancy Diary Display:: Sorting diary entries, using included diary files.
982 * Sexp Diary Entries:: More flexible diary entries.
987 * Mail Format:: Format of a mail message.
988 * Mail Headers:: Details of some standard mail header fields.
989 * Mail Aliases:: Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses.
990 * Mail Commands:: Special commands for editing mail being composed.
991 * Mail Signature:: Adding a signature to every message.
992 * Mail Amusements:: Distracting the NSA; adding fortune messages.
993 * Mail Methods:: Using alternative mail-composition methods.
997 * Mail Sending:: Commands to send the message.
998 * Header Editing:: Commands to move to header fields and edit them.
999 * Citing Mail:: Quoting a message you are replying to.
1000 * Mail Misc:: Attachments, spell checking, etc.
1002 Reading Mail with Rmail
1004 * Rmail Basics:: Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use.
1005 * Rmail Scrolling:: Scrolling through a message.
1006 * Rmail Motion:: Moving to another message.
1007 * Rmail Deletion:: Deleting and expunging messages.
1008 * Rmail Inbox:: How mail gets into the Rmail file.
1009 * Rmail Files:: Using multiple Rmail files.
1010 * Rmail Output:: Copying message out to files.
1011 * Rmail Labels:: Classifying messages by labeling them.
1012 * Rmail Attributes:: Certain standard labels, called attributes.
1013 * Rmail Reply:: Sending replies to messages you are viewing.
1014 * Rmail Summary:: Summaries show brief info on many messages.
1015 * Rmail Sorting:: Sorting messages in Rmail.
1016 * Rmail Display:: How Rmail displays a message; customization.
1017 * Rmail Coding:: How Rmail handles decoding character sets.
1018 * Rmail Editing:: Editing message text and headers in Rmail.
1019 * Rmail Digest:: Extracting the messages from a digest message.
1020 * Rmail Rot13:: Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code.
1021 * Movemail:: More details of fetching new mail.
1022 * Remote Mailboxes:: Retrieving mail from remote mailboxes.
1023 * Other Mailbox Formats:: Retrieving mail from local mailboxes in
1028 * Rmail Make Summary:: Making various sorts of summaries.
1029 * Rmail Summary Edit:: Manipulating messages from the summary.
1033 * Buffers of Gnus:: The group, summary, and article buffers.
1034 * Gnus Startup:: What you should know about starting Gnus.
1035 * Gnus Group Buffer:: A short description of Gnus group commands.
1036 * Gnus Summary Buffer:: A short description of Gnus summary commands.
1040 * DocView Navigation:: Navigating DocView buffers.
1041 * DocView Searching:: Searching inside documents.
1042 * DocView Slicing:: Specifying which part of a page is displayed.
1043 * DocView Conversion:: Influencing and triggering conversion.
1045 Running Shell Commands from Emacs
1047 * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return.
1048 * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs.
1049 * Shell Mode:: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell.
1050 * Shell Prompts:: Two ways to recognize shell prompts.
1051 * Shell History:: Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer.
1052 * Directory Tracking:: Keeping track when the subshell changes directory.
1053 * Shell Options:: Options for customizing Shell mode.
1054 * Terminal emulator:: An Emacs window as a terminal emulator.
1055 * Term Mode:: Special Emacs commands used in Term mode.
1056 * Remote Host:: Connecting to another computer.
1057 * Serial Terminal:: Connecting to a serial port.
1059 Shell Command History
1061 * Shell Ring:: Fetching commands from the history list.
1062 * Shell History Copying::Moving to a command and then copying it.
1063 * History References:: Expanding @samp{!}-style history references.
1065 Using Emacs as a Server
1067 * Invoking emacsclient:: Connecting to the Emacs server.
1068 * emacsclient Options:: Emacs client startup options.
1070 Printing Hard Copies
1072 * PostScript:: Printing buffers or regions as PostScript.
1073 * PostScript Variables:: Customizing the PostScript printing commands.
1074 * Printing Package:: An optional advanced printing interface.
1076 Hyperlinking and Navigation Features
1078 * Browse-URL:: Following URLs.
1079 * Goto Address mode:: Activating URLs.
1080 * FFAP:: Finding files etc. at point.
1084 * Package Menu:: Buffer for viewing and managing packages.
1085 * Package Installation:: Options for package installation.
1086 * Package Files:: Where packages are installed.
1090 * Easy Customization:: Convenient way to browse and change settings.
1091 * Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables
1092 to decide what to do; by setting variables,
1093 you can control their functioning.
1094 * Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs.
1095 By changing them, you can "redefine" keys.
1096 * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the
1097 initialization file.
1099 Easy Customization Interface
1101 * Customization Groups:: How settings are classified.
1102 * Browsing Custom:: Browsing and searching for settings.
1103 * Changing a Variable:: How to edit an option's value and set the option.
1104 * Saving Customizations:: Saving customizations for future Emacs sessions.
1105 * Face Customization:: How to edit the attributes of a face.
1106 * Specific Customization:: Customizing specific settings or groups.
1107 * Custom Themes:: Collections of customization settings.
1108 * Creating Custom Themes:: How to create a new custom theme.
1112 * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value.
1113 * Hooks:: Hook variables let you specify programs for parts
1114 of Emacs to run on particular occasions.
1115 * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables.
1116 * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values.
1117 * Directory Variables:: How variable values can be specified by directory.
1119 Local Variables in Files
1121 * Specifying File Variables:: Specifying file local variables.
1122 * Safe File Variables:: Making sure file local variables are safe.
1124 Customizing Key Bindings
1126 * Keymaps:: Generalities. The global keymap.
1127 * Prefix Keymaps:: Keymaps for prefix keys.
1128 * Local Keymaps:: Major and minor modes have their own keymaps.
1129 * Minibuffer Maps:: The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps.
1130 * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently.
1131 * Init Rebinding:: Rebinding keys with your initialization file.
1132 * Modifier Keys:: Using modifier keys in key bindings.
1133 * Function Keys:: Rebinding terminal function keys.
1134 * Named ASCII Chars:: Distinguishing @key{TAB} from @kbd{C-i}, and so on.
1135 * Mouse Buttons:: Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs.
1136 * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required
1137 before it can be executed. This is done to protect
1138 beginners from surprises.
1140 The Emacs Initialization File
1142 * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp.
1143 * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file.
1144 * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file.
1145 * Find Init:: How Emacs finds the init file.
1146 * Init Non-ASCII:: Using non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in an init file.
1148 Dealing with Emacs Trouble
1150 * DEL Does Not Delete:: What to do if @key{DEL} doesn't delete.
1151 * Stuck Recursive:: '[...]' in mode line around the parentheses.
1152 * Screen Garbled:: Garbage on the screen.
1153 * Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text.
1154 * Memory Full:: How to cope when you run out of memory.
1155 * Crashing:: What Emacs does when it crashes.
1156 * After a Crash:: Recovering editing in an Emacs session that crashed.
1157 * Emergency Escape:: What to do if Emacs stops responding.
1161 * Known Problems:: How to read about known problems and bugs.
1162 * Bug Criteria:: Have you really found a bug?
1163 * Understanding Bug Reporting:: How to report a bug effectively.
1164 * Checklist:: Steps to follow for a good bug report.
1165 * Sending Patches:: How to send a patch for GNU Emacs.
1167 Command Line Arguments for Emacs Invocation
1169 * Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries,
1171 * Initial Options:: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs.
1172 * Command Example:: Examples of using command line arguments.
1173 * Environment:: Environment variables that Emacs uses.
1174 * Display X:: Changing the default display and using remote login.
1175 * Font X:: Choosing a font for text, under X.
1176 * Colors X:: Choosing display colors.
1177 * Window Size X:: Start-up window size, under X.
1178 * Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X.
1179 * Title X:: Specifying the initial frame's title.
1180 * Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X.
1181 * Misc X:: Other display options.
1183 Environment Variables
1185 * General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use.
1186 * Misc Variables:: Certain system-specific variables.
1187 * MS-Windows Registry:: An alternative to the environment on MS-Windows.
1189 X Options and Resources
1191 * Resources:: Using X resources with Emacs (in general).
1192 * Table of Resources:: Table of specific X resources that affect Emacs.
1193 * Lucid Resources:: X resources for Lucid menus.
1194 * Motif Resources:: X resources for Motif and LessTif menus.
1195 * GTK resources:: Resources for GTK widgets.
1199 * GTK Resource Basics:: Basic usage of GTK+ resources.
1200 * GTK Widget Names:: How GTK+ widgets are named.
1201 * GTK Names in Emacs:: GTK widgets used by Emacs.
1202 * GTK styles:: What can be customized in a GTK widget.
1204 Emacs and Mac OS / GNUstep
1206 * Mac / GNUstep Basics:: Basic Emacs usage under GNUstep or Mac OS.
1207 * Mac / GNUstep Customization:: Customizations under GNUstep or Mac OS.
1208 * Mac / GNUstep Events:: How window system events are handled.
1209 * GNUstep Support:: Details on status of GNUstep support.
1211 Emacs and Microsoft Windows/MS-DOS
1213 * Windows Startup:: How to start Emacs on Windows.
1214 * Text and Binary:: Text files use CRLF to terminate lines.
1215 * Windows Files:: File-name conventions on Windows.
1216 * ls in Lisp:: Emulation of @code{ls} for Dired.
1217 * Windows HOME:: Where Emacs looks for your @file{.emacs} and
1219 * Windows Keyboard:: Windows-specific keyboard features.
1220 * Windows Mouse:: Windows-specific mouse features.
1221 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows.
1222 * Windows Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-Windows.
1223 * Windows Fonts:: Specifying fonts on MS-Windows.
1224 * Windows Misc:: Miscellaneous Windows features.
1226 * MS-DOS:: Using Emacs on MS-DOS.
1230 * MS-DOS Keyboard:: Keyboard conventions on MS-DOS.
1231 * MS-DOS Mouse:: Mouse conventions on MS-DOS.
1232 * MS-DOS Display:: Fonts, frames and display size on MS-DOS.
1233 * MS-DOS File Names:: File name conventions on MS-DOS.
1234 * MS-DOS Printing:: Printing specifics on MS-DOS.
1235 * MS-DOS and MULE:: Support for internationalization on MS-DOS.
1236 * MS-DOS Processes:: Running subprocesses on MS-DOS.
1245 This manual documents the use and simple customization of the Emacs
1246 editor. Simple Emacs customizations do not require you to be a
1247 programmer, but if you are not interested in customizing, you can
1248 ignore the customization hints.
1250 This is primarily a reference manual, but can also be used as a
1251 primer. If you are new to Emacs, we recommend you start with
1252 the integrated, learn-by-doing tutorial, before reading the manual. To
1253 run the tutorial, start Emacs and type @kbd{C-h t}. The tutorial
1254 describes commands, tells you when to try them, and explains the
1255 results. The tutorial is available in several languages.
1257 On first reading, just skim chapters 1 and 2, which describe the
1258 notational conventions of the manual and the general appearance of the
1259 Emacs display screen. Note which questions are answered in these
1260 chapters, so you can refer back later. After reading chapter 4, you
1261 should practice the commands shown there. The next few chapters
1262 describe fundamental techniques and concepts that are used constantly.
1263 You need to understand them thoroughly, so experiment with them
1264 until you are fluent.
1266 Chapters 14 through 19 describe intermediate-level features that are
1267 useful for many kinds of editing. Chapter 20 and following chapters
1268 describe optional but useful features; read those chapters when you
1271 Read the Common Problems chapter if Emacs does not seem to be
1272 working properly. It explains how to cope with several common
1273 problems (@pxref{Lossage,, Dealing with Emacs Trouble}), as well as
1274 when and how to report Emacs bugs (@pxref{Bugs}).
1276 To find the documentation of a particular command, look in the index.
1277 Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes.
1278 There is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term.
1280 This manual is available as a printed book and also as an Info file.
1281 The Info file is for reading from Emacs itself, or with the Info program.
1282 Info is the principal format for documentation in the GNU system.
1283 The Info file and the printed book contain substantially the same text
1284 and are generated from the same source files, which are also
1285 distributed with GNU Emacs.
1287 GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family. There are many
1288 Emacs editors, all sharing common principles of organization. For
1289 information on the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons
1290 learned from its development, see @cite{Emacs, the Extensible,
1291 Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor}, available from
1292 @url{ftp://publications.ai.mit.edu/ai-publications/pdf/AIM-519A.pdf}.
1294 This version of the manual is mainly intended for use with GNU Emacs
1295 installed on GNU and Unix systems. GNU Emacs can also be used on
1296 MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows, and Macintosh systems. The Info file
1297 version of this manual contains some more information about using
1298 Emacs on those systems. Those systems use different file name syntax;
1299 in addition MS-DOS does not support all GNU Emacs features.
1300 @xref{Microsoft Windows}, for information about using Emacs on
1301 Windows. @xref{Mac OS / GNUstep}, for information about using Emacs
1302 on Macintosh (and GNUstep).
1306 @unnumbered Distribution
1308 GNU Emacs is @dfn{free software}; this means that everyone is free to
1309 use it and free to redistribute it under certain conditions. GNU Emacs
1310 is not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are
1311 restrictions on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed
1312 to permit everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do.
1313 What is not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing
1314 any version of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise
1315 conditions are found in the GNU General Public License that comes with
1316 Emacs and also appears in this manual@footnote{This manual is itself
1317 covered by the GNU Free Documentation License. This license is
1318 similar in spirit to the General Public License, but is more suitable
1319 for documentation. @xref{GNU Free Documentation License}.}.
1322 One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it.
1323 You need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else;
1324 just copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the
1325 latest distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see
1326 @url{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs} on our website for more
1329 You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer. Computer
1330 manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to
1331 everyone else. These terms require them to give you the full sources,
1332 including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit you to
1333 redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual terms of the
1334 General Public License. In other words, the program must be free for you
1335 when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer.
1337 If you find GNU Emacs useful, please @strong{send a donation} to the
1338 Free Software Foundation to support our work. Donations to the Free
1339 Software Foundation are tax deductible in the US@. If you use GNU Emacs
1340 at your workplace, please suggest that the company make a donation.
1341 To donate, see @url{https://my.fsf.org/donate/}.
1342 For other ways in which you can help, see
1343 @url{http://www.gnu.org/help/help.html}.
1345 @c The command view-order-manuals uses this anchor.
1346 @anchor{Printed Books}
1347 We also sell hardcopy versions of this manual and @cite{An
1348 Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp}, by Robert J. Chassell.
1349 You can visit our online store at @url{http://shop.fsf.org/}.
1350 The income from sales goes to support the foundation's purpose: the
1351 development of new free software, and improvements to our existing
1352 programs including GNU Emacs.
1354 If you need to contact the Free Software Foundation, see
1355 @url{http://www.fsf.org/about/contact/}, or write to
1358 Free Software Foundation
1359 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor
1360 Boston, MA 02110-1301
1365 @node Acknowledgments
1366 @unnumberedsec Acknowledgments
1368 @c It's hard to update this fairly.
1369 @c I wonder if it would be better to drop it in favor of AUTHORS?
1370 Contributors to GNU Emacs include Jari Aalto, Per Abrahamsen, Tomas
1371 Abrahamsson, Jay K. Adams, Alon Albert, Michael Albinus, Nagy
1372 Andras, Benjamin Andresen, Ralf Angeli, Dmitry Antipov, Joe Arceneaux, Emil Åström,
1373 Miles Bader, David Bakhash, Juanma Barranquero, Eli Barzilay, Thomas
1374 Baumann, Steven L. Baur, Jay Belanger, Alexander L. Belikoff,
1375 Thomas Bellman, Scott Bender, Boaz Ben-Zvi, Sergey Berezin, Stephen Berman, Karl
1376 Berry, Anna M. Bigatti, Ray Blaak, Martin Blais, Jim Blandy, Johan
1377 Bockgård, Jan Böcker, Joel Boehland, Lennart Borgman, Per Bothner,
1378 Terrence Brannon, Frank Bresz, Peter Breton, Emmanuel Briot, Kevin
1379 Broadey, Vincent Broman, Michael Brouwer, David M. Brown, Stefan Bruda,
1380 Georges Brun-Cottan, Joe Buehler, Scott Byer, Włodek Bzyl,
1381 Bill Carpenter, Per Cederqvist, Hans Chalupsky, Chris Chase, Bob
1382 Chassell, Andrew Choi, Chong Yidong, Sacha Chua, Stewart Clamen, James
1383 Clark, Mike Clarkson, Glynn Clements, Andrew Cohen, Daniel Colascione,
1384 Christoph Conrad, Ludovic Courtès, Andrew Csillag,
1385 Toby Cubitt, Baoqiu Cui, Doug Cutting, Mathias Dahl, Julien Danjou, Satyaki
1386 Das, Vivek Dasmohapatra, Dan Davison, Michael DeCorte, Gary Delp, Nachum
1387 Dershowitz, Dave Detlefs, Matthieu Devin, Christophe de Dinechin, Eri
1388 Ding, Jan Djärv, Lawrence R. Dodd, Carsten Dominik, Scott Draves,
1389 Benjamin Drieu, Viktor Dukhovni, Jacques Duthen, Dmitry Dzhus, John
1390 Eaton, Rolf Ebert, Carl Edman, David Edmondson, Paul Eggert, Stephen
1391 Eglen, Christian Egli, Torbjörn Einarsson, Tsugutomo Enami, David
1392 Engster, Hans Henrik Eriksen, Michael Ernst, Ata Etemadi, Frederick
1393 Farnbach, Oscar Figueiredo, Fred Fish, Steve Fisk, Karl Fogel, Gary
1394 Foster, Eric S. Fraga, Romain Francoise, Noah Friedman, Andreas
1395 Fuchs, Shigeru Fukaya, Xue Fuqiao, Hallvard Furuseth, Keith Gabryelski, Peter S.
1396 Galbraith, Kevin Gallagher, Fabián E. Gallina, Kevin Gallo, Juan León Lahoz García,
1397 Howard Gayle, Daniel German, Stephen Gildea, Julien Gilles, David
1398 Gillespie, Bob Glickstein, Deepak Goel, David De La Harpe Golden, Boris
1399 Goldowsky, David Goodger, Chris Gray, Kevin Greiner, Michelangelo Grigni, Odd
1400 Gripenstam, Kai Großjohann, Michael Gschwind, Bastien Guerry, Henry
1401 Guillaume, Dmitry Gutov, Doug Gwyn, Bruno Haible, Ken'ichi Handa, Lars Hansen, Chris
1402 Hanson, Jesper Harder, Alexandru Harsanyi, K. Shane Hartman, John
1403 Heidemann, Jon K. Hellan, Magnus Henoch, Markus Heritsch, Dirk
1404 Herrmann, Karl Heuer, Manabu Higashida, Konrad Hinsen, Anders Holst,
1405 Jeffrey C. Honig, Tassilo Horn, Kurt Hornik, Tom Houlder, Joakim
1406 Hove, Denis Howe, Lars Ingebrigtsen, Andrew Innes, Seiichiro Inoue,
1407 Philip Jackson, Martyn Jago, Pavel Janik, Paul Jarc, Ulf Jasper,
1408 Thorsten Jolitz, Michael K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Terry Jones, Simon
1409 Josefsson, Alexandre Julliard, Arne Jørgensen, Tomoji Kagatani,
1410 Brewster Kahle, Tokuya Kameshima, Lute Kamstra, Ivan Kanis, David
1411 Kastrup, David Kaufman, Henry Kautz, Taichi Kawabata, Taro Kawagishi,
1412 Howard Kaye, Michael Kifer, Richard King, Peter Kleiweg, Karel
1413 Klíč, Shuhei Kobayashi, Pavel Kobyakov, Larry K. Kolodney, David
1414 M. Koppelman, Koseki Yoshinori, Robert Krawitz, Sebastian Kremer,
1415 Ryszard Kubiak, Igor Kuzmin, David Kågedal, Daniel LaLiberte, Karl
1416 Landstrom, Mario Lang, Aaron Larson, James R. Larus, Vinicius Jose
1417 Latorre, Werner Lemberg, Frederic Lepied, Peter Liljenberg, Christian
1418 Limpach, Lars Lindberg, Chris Lindblad, Anders Lindgren, Thomas Link,
1419 Juri Linkov, Francis Litterio, Sergey Litvinov, Leo Liu, Emilio C. Lopes,
1420 Martin Lorentzon, Dave Love, Eric Ludlam, Károly Lőrentey, Sascha
1421 Lüdecke, Greg McGary, Roland McGrath, Michael McNamara, Alan Mackenzie,
1422 Christopher J. Madsen, Neil M. Mager, Ken Manheimer, Bill Mann,
1423 Brian Marick, Simon Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie Martin,
1424 Yukihiro Matsumoto, Tomohiro Matsuyama, David Maus, Thomas May, Will Mengarini, David
1425 Megginson, Stefan Merten, Ben A. Mesander, Wayne Mesard, Brad
1426 Miller, Lawrence Mitchell, Richard Mlynarik, Gerd Möllmann, Dani Moncayo, Stefan
1427 Monnier, Keith Moore, Jan Moringen, Morioka Tomohiko, Glenn Morris,
1428 Don Morrison, Diane Murray, Riccardo Murri, Sen Nagata, Erik Naggum,
1429 Gergely Nagy, Nobuyoshi Nakada, Thomas Neumann, Mike Newton, Thien-Thi Nguyen,
1430 Jurgen Nickelsen, Dan Nicolaescu, Hrvoje Nikšić, Jeff Norden,
1431 Andrew Norman, Edward O'Connor, Kentaro Ohkouchi, Christian Ohler,
1432 Kenichi Okada, Alexandre Oliva, Bob Olson, Michael Olson, Takaaki Ota,
1433 Pieter E. J. Pareit, Ross Patterson, David Pearson, Juan Pechiar,
1434 Jeff Peck, Damon Anton Permezel, Tom Perrine, William M. Perry, Per
1435 Persson, Jens Petersen, Daniel Pfeiffer, Justus Piater, Richard L.
1436 Pieri, Fred Pierresteguy, François Pinard, Daniel Pittman, Christian
1437 Plaunt, Alexander Pohoyda, David Ponce, Francesco A. Potortì,
1438 Michael D. Prange, Mukesh Prasad, Ken Raeburn, Marko Rahamaa, Ashwin
1439 Ram, Eric S. Raymond, Paul Reilly, Edward M. Reingold, David
1440 Reitter, Alex Rezinsky, Rob Riepel, Lara Rios, Adrian Robert, Nick
1441 Roberts, Roland B. Roberts, John Robinson, Denis B. Roegel, Danny
1442 Roozendaal, Sebastian Rose, William Rosenblatt, Markus Rost, Guillermo
1443 J. Rozas, Martin Rudalics, Ivar Rummelhoff, Jason Rumney, Wolfgang
1444 Rupprecht, Benjamin Rutt, Kevin Ryde, James B. Salem, Masahiko Sato,
1445 Timo Savola, Jorgen Schäfer, Holger Schauer, William Schelter, Ralph
1446 Schleicher, Gregor Schmid, Michael Schmidt, Ronald S. Schnell,
1447 Philippe Schnoebelen, Jan Schormann, Alex Schroeder, Stefan Schoef,
1448 Rainer Schöpf, Raymond Scholz, Eric Schulte, Andreas Schwab, Randal
1449 Schwartz, Oliver Seidel, Manuel Serrano, Paul Sexton, Hovav Shacham,
1450 Stanislav Shalunov, Marc Shapiro, Richard Sharman, Olin Shivers, Tibor
1451 Šimko, Espen Skoglund, Rick Sladkey, Lynn Slater, Chris Smith,
1452 David Smith, Paul D. Smith, Wilson Snyder, William Sommerfeld, Simon
1453 South, Andre Spiegel, Michael Staats, Thomas Steffen, Ulf Stegemann,
1454 Reiner Steib, Sam Steingold, Ake Stenhoff, Peter Stephenson, Ken
1455 Stevens, Andy Stewart, Jonathan Stigelman, Martin Stjernholm, Kim F.
1456 Storm, Steve Strassmann, Christopher Suckling, Olaf Sylvester, Naoto
1457 Takahashi, Steven Tamm, Jan Tatarik, Luc Teirlinck, Jean-Philippe Theberge, Jens
1458 T. Berger Thielemann, Spencer Thomas, Jim Thompson, Toru Tomabechi,
1459 David O'Toole, Markus Triska, Tom Tromey, Enami Tsugutomo, Eli
1460 Tziperman, Daiki Ueno, Masanobu Umeda, Rajesh Vaidheeswarran, Neil
1461 W. Van Dyke, Didier Verna, Joakim Verona, Ulrik Vieth, Geoffrey
1462 Voelker, Johan Vromans, Inge Wallin, John Paul Wallington, Colin
1463 Walters, Barry Warsaw, Christoph Wedler, Ilja Weis, Zhang Weize,
1464 Morten Welinder, Joseph Brian Wells, Rodney Whitby, John Wiegley,
1465 Sascha Wilde, Ed Wilkinson, Mike Williams, Roland Winkler, Bill
1466 Wohler, Steven A. Wood, Dale R. Worley, Francis J. Wright, Felix
1467 S. T. Wu, Tom Wurgler, Yamamoto Mitsuharu, Katsumi Yamaoka,
1468 Masatake Yamato, Jonathan Yavner, Ryan Yeske, Ilya Zakharevich, Milan
1469 Zamazal, Victor Zandy, Eli Zaretskii, Jamie Zawinski, Andrew Zhilin,
1470 Shenghuo Zhu, Piotr Zieliński, Ian T. Zimmermann, Reto Zimmermann,
1471 Neal Ziring, Teodor Zlatanov, and Detlev Zundel.
1475 @unnumbered Introduction
1477 You are reading about GNU Emacs, the GNU incarnation of the
1478 advanced, self-documenting, customizable, extensible editor Emacs.
1480 @c Workaround makeinfo 4 bug.
1481 @c http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-texinfo/2004-08/msg00009.html
1483 @acronym{GNU, @acronym{GNU}'s Not Unix}
1486 @acronym{GNU, GNU's Not Unix}
1490 We call Emacs @dfn{advanced} because it can do much more than simple
1491 insertion and deletion of text. It can control subprocesses, indent
1492 programs automatically, show multiple files at once, and more.
1493 Emacs editing commands operate in terms of characters, words, lines,
1494 sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as expressions and comments
1495 in various programming languages.
1497 @dfn{Self-documenting} means that at any time you can use special
1498 commands, known as @dfn{help commands}, to find out what your options
1499 are, or to find out what any command does, or to find all the
1500 commands that pertain to a given topic. @xref{Help}.
1502 @dfn{Customizable} means that you can easily alter the behavior of
1503 Emacs commands in simple ways. For instance, if you use a programming
1504 language in which comments start with @samp{<**} and end with
1505 @samp{**>}, you can tell the Emacs comment manipulation commands to
1506 use those strings (@pxref{Comments}). To take another example, you
1507 can rebind the basic cursor motion commands (up, down, left and right)
1508 to any keys on the keyboard that you find comfortable.
1509 @xref{Customization}.
1511 @dfn{Extensible} means that you can go beyond simple customization
1512 and create entirely new commands. New commands are simply programs
1513 written in the Lisp language, which are run by Emacs's own Lisp
1514 interpreter. Existing commands can even be redefined in the middle of
1515 an editing session, without having to restart Emacs. Most of the
1516 editing commands in Emacs are written in Lisp; the few exceptions
1517 could have been written in Lisp but use C instead for efficiency.
1518 Writing an extension is programming, but non-programmers can use it
1519 afterwards. @xref{Top, Emacs Lisp Intro, Preface, eintr, An
1520 Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp}, if you want to learn Emacs
1523 @include screen.texi
1524 @include commands.texi
1525 @include entering.texi
1531 @include killing.texi
1533 @include display.texi
1534 @include search.texi
1536 @include kmacro.texi
1537 @c Includes arevert-xtra.
1539 @include buffers.texi
1540 @include windows.texi
1541 @include frames.texi
1544 @include indent.texi
1546 @c Includes fortran-xtra.
1547 @include programs.texi
1548 @include building.texi
1549 @c Includes vc1-xtra, emerge-xtra.
1550 @include maintaining.texi
1551 @include abbrevs.texi
1552 @c Includes dired-xtra.
1554 @c Includes cal-xtra.
1555 @include calendar.texi
1556 @include sending.texi
1558 @c Includes picture-xtra.texi
1560 @include package.texi
1561 @include custom.texi
1562 @include trouble.texi
1565 @appendix GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
1568 @node GNU Free Documentation License
1569 @appendix GNU Free Documentation License
1570 @include doclicense.texi
1572 @include cmdargs.texi
1573 @include xresources.texi
1577 @c Includes msdos-xtra.
1580 @include glossary.texi
1585 @c The Option Index is produced only in the on-line version,
1586 @c because the index entries related to command-line options
1587 @c tend to point to the same pages and all begin with a dash.
1590 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index
1595 @unnumbered Command-Line Options Index
1600 @unnumbered Command and Function Index
1603 @node Variable Index
1604 @unnumbered Variable Index
1608 @unnumbered Concept Index