1 .\" $OpenBSD: pf.os.5,v 1.4 2003/08/28 09:41:23 jmc Exp $
2 .\" $DragonFly: src/usr.sbin/pfctl/pf.os.5,v 1.3 2005/08/05 17:35:52 swildner Exp $
4 .\" Copyright (c) 2003 Mike Frantzen <frantzen@w4g.org>
6 .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
7 .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
8 .\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
10 .\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
11 .\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
12 .\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
13 .\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
14 .\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
15 .\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
16 .\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
22 .Nd format of the operating system fingerprints file
28 program can both fingerprint the operating system of hosts that
29 originate an IPv4 TCP connection.
30 The file consists of newline-separated records, one per fingerprint,
34 These fields are as follows:
36 .Bl -tag -width Description -offset indent -compact
42 The presence of the IPv4 don't fragment bit.
44 The size of the initial TCP packet.
46 An ordered list of the TCP options.
48 The class of operating system.
50 The version of the operating system.
52 The subtype of patchlevel of the operating system.
54 The overall textual description of the operating system, version and subtype.
59 field corresponds to the th->th_win field in the TCP header and is the
60 source host's advertised TCP window size.
61 It may be between zero and 65,535 inclusive.
62 The window size may be given as a multiple of a constant by prepending
63 the size with a percent sign
65 and the value will be used as a modulus.
66 Three special values may be used for the window size:
68 .Bl -tag -width xxx -offset indent -compact
70 An asterisk will wildcard the value so any window size will match.
72 Allow any window size which is a multiple of the maximum segment size (MSS).
74 Allow any window size which is a multiple of the maximum transmission unit
80 value is the initial time to live in the IP header.
81 The fingerprint code will account for the volatility of the packet's TTL
82 as it traverses a network.
86 bit corresponds to the Don't Fragment bit in an IPv4 header.
87 It tells intermediate routers not to fragment the packet and is used for
89 It may be either a zero or a one.
93 is the literal size of the full IP packet and is a function of all of
94 the IP and TCP options.
98 field is an ordered list of the individual TCP options that appear in the
100 Each option is described by a single character separated by a comma and
101 certain ones may include a value.
104 .Bl -tag -width Description -offset indent -compact
106 maximum segment size (MSS) option.
107 The value is the maximum packet size of the network link which may
110 modulus or match all MSSes with the
114 the NOP option (NO Operation).
116 the timestamp option.
117 Certain operating systems always start with a zero timestamp in which
118 case a zero value is added to the option; otherwise no value is appended.
120 the Selective ACKnowledgement OK (SACKOK) option.
122 window scaling option.
123 The value is the size of the window scaling which may include the
125 modulus or match all window scalings with the
130 No TCP options in the fingerprint may be given with a single dot
133 An example of OpenBSD's TCP options are:
135 .Dl M*,N,N,S,N,W0,N,N,T
139 is the MSS option and will match all values.
140 The second and third options
145 will match the SACKOK option.
148 will match another NOP.
151 will match a window scaling option with a zero scaling size.
152 The seventh and eighth
154 options will match two NOPs.
155 And the ninth and final option
157 will match the timestamp option with any time value.
159 The TCP options in a fingerprint will only match packets with the
160 exact same TCP options in the same order.
164 field is the class, genre or vendor of the operating system.
168 is the version of the operating system.
169 It is used to distinguish between different fingerprints of operating
170 systems of the same class but different versions.
174 is the subtype or patch level of the operating system version.
175 It is used to distinguish between different fingerprints of operating
176 systems of the same class and same version but slightly different
181 is a general description of the operating system, its version,
182 patchlevel and any further useful details.
184 The fingerprint of a plain
188 16384:64:1:64:M*,N,N,S,N,W0,N,N,T:OpenBSD:3.3::OpenBSD 3.3
191 The fingerprint of an
193 host behind a PF scrubbing firewall with a no-df rule would be:
195 16384:64:0:64:M*,N,N,S,N,W0,N,N,T:OpenBSD:3.3:!df:OpenBSD 3.3 scrub no-df
198 An absolutely braindead embedded operating system fingerprint could be:
200 65535:255:0:40:.:DUMMY:1.1:p3:Dummy embedded OS v1.1p3
207 # tcpdump -s128 -c1 -nv 'tcp[13] == 2'
208 03:13:48.118526 10.0.0.1.3377 > 10.0.0.0.2: S [tcp sum ok] \e
209 534596083:534596083(0) win 57344 <mss 1460> (DF) [tos 0x10] \e
213 almost translates into the following fingerprint
215 57344:64:1:44:M1460: exampleOS:1.0::exampleOS 1.0
219 does not explicitly give the packet length.
220 But it can usually be derived by adding the size of the IPv4 header to
221 the size of the TCP header to the size of the TCP options.
222 The size of both headers is typically twenty each and the usual
223 sizes of the TCP options are:
225 .Bl -tag -width timestamp -offset indent -compact
238 In the above example, the packet size comes out to 44 bytes.