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35 .\" @(#)chmod.1 8.4 (Berkeley) 3/31/94
36 .\" $FreeBSD: src/bin/chmod/chmod.1,v 1.17.2.16 2003/02/24 03:01:00 trhodes Exp $
37 .\" $DragonFly: src/bin/chmod/chmod.1,v 1.3 2006/02/17 20:33:30 swildner Exp $
48 .Op Fl R Op Fl H | L | P
54 utility modifies the file mode bits of the listed files
59 The options are as follows:
60 .Bl -tag -width indent
62 Do not display a diagnostic message if
64 could not modify the mode for
66 nor modify the exit status to reflect such failures.
70 option is specified, symbolic links on the command line are followed.
71 (Symbolic links encountered in the tree traversal are not followed by
74 If the file is a symbolic link, change the mode of the link itself
75 rather than the file that the link points to.
79 option is specified, all symbolic links are followed.
83 option is specified, no symbolic links are followed.
86 Change the modes of the file hierarchies rooted in the files
87 instead of just the files themselves.
91 to be verbose, showing filenames as the mode is modified.
99 options are ignored unless the
102 In addition, these options override each other and the
103 command's actions are determined by the last one specified.
105 Only the owner of a file or the super-user is permitted to change
108 .Bl -tag -width "u=rwx,go=u-w" -compact
110 make a file readable by anyone and writable by the owner only.
113 deny write permission to group and others.
116 set the read and write permissions to the usual defaults, but
117 retain any execute permissions that are currently set.
120 make a directory or file searchable/executable by everyone if it is
121 already searchable/executable by anyone.
126 make a file readable/executable by everyone and writable by the owner only.
129 clear all mode bits for group and others.
132 set the group bits equal to the user bits, but clear the group write bit.
137 Modes may be absolute or symbolic.
138 An absolute mode is an octal number constructed from the sum of
139 one or more of the following values:
141 .Bl -tag -width 6n -compact -offset indent
144 Executable files with this bit set
145 will run with effective uid set to the uid of the file owner.
146 Directories with this bit set will force all files and
147 sub-directories created in them to be owned by the directory owner
148 and not by the uid of the creating process, if the underlying file
149 system supports this feature: see
157 Executable files with this bit set
158 will run with effective gid set to the gid of the file owner.
168 Allow write by owner.
170 For files, allow execution by owner.
171 For directories, allow the owner to
172 search in the directory.
174 Allow read by group members.
176 Allow write by group members.
178 For files, allow execution by group members.
179 For directories, allow
180 group members to search in the directory.
182 Allow read by others.
184 Allow write by others.
186 For files, allow execution by others.
187 For directories allow others to
188 search in the directory.
191 For example, the absolute mode that permits read, write and execute by
192 the owner, read and execute by group members, read and execute by
193 others, and no set-uid or set-gid behaviour is 755
194 (400+200+100+040+010+004+001).
196 The symbolic mode is described by the following grammar:
197 .Bd -literal -offset indent
198 mode ::= clause [, clause ...]
199 clause ::= [who ...] [action ...] action
200 action ::= op [perm ...]
201 who ::= a | u | g | o
203 perm ::= r | s | t | w | x | X | u | g | o
208 symbols ``u'', ``g'', and ``o'' specify the user, group, and other parts
209 of the mode bits, respectively.
212 symbol ``a'' is equivalent to ``ugo''.
216 symbols represent the portions of the mode bits as follows:
218 .Bl -tag -width Ds -compact -offset indent
222 The set-user-ID-on-execution and set-group-ID-on-execution bits.
228 The execute/search bits.
230 The execute/search bits if the file is a directory or any of the
231 execute/search bits are set in the original (unmodified) mode.
234 symbol ``X'' are only meaningful in conjunction with the
236 symbol ``+'', and are ignored in all other cases.
238 The user permission bits in the original mode of the file.
240 The group permission bits in the original mode of the file.
242 The other permission bits in the original mode of the file.
247 symbols represent the operation performed, as follows:
250 If no value is supplied for
252 the ``+'' operation has no effect.
253 If no value is supplied for
255 each permission bit specified in
257 for which the corresponding bit in the file mode creation mask
259 Otherwise, the mode bits represented by the specified
265 If no value is supplied for
267 the ``\-'' operation has no effect.
268 If no value is supplied for
270 each permission bit specified in
272 for which the corresponding bit in the file mode creation mask
273 is clear, is cleared.
274 Otherwise, the mode bits represented by the specified
280 The mode bits specified by the
282 value are cleared, or, if no who value is specified, the owner, group
283 and other mode bits are cleared.
284 Then, if no value is supplied for
286 each permission bit specified in
288 for which the corresponding bit in the file mode creation mask
290 Otherwise, the mode bits represented by the specified
299 specifies one or more operations to be performed on the mode
300 bits, and each operation is applied to the mode bits in the
303 Operations upon the other permissions only (specified by the symbol
304 ``o'' by itself), in combination with the
306 symbols ``s'' or ``t'', are ignored.
310 option is non-standard and its use in scripts is not recommended.
326 utility is expected to be
328 compatible with the exception of the
332 which is not included in that standard.
341 option for the naughty bits.