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1 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
4 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
5 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
6 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
7 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
9 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
10 #
11 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
12 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
13 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
14 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
15 #
16 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
17 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
18 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
19 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
20 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
21 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
22 #
23 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
24 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
25 #
26 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
27 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
28 #
29 # Other sources occasionally used include:
30 #
31 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
32 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
33 # which I found in the UCLA library.
34 #
35 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
36 # <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
37 # [PDF] (1914-03)
38 #
39 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
40 # <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
41 # "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
42 # may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
43 # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
44 #
45 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
46 # This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
47 # http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
48 # The full Russian citation is:
49 # Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
50 # введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
51 # июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
52 # Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
53 # http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
54 #
55 # Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
56 # History of Summer Time
57 # <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
58 # (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
60 #
61 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
62 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
63 # Corrections are welcome!
64 # std dst 2dst
65 # LMT Local Mean Time
66 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
67 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
68 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
69 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
70 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
71 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
72 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
73 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
74 # 1:00 BST British Standard (1968-1971)
75 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
76 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
77 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
78 # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
80 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
81 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
82 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
83 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
84 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
85 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
86 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
87 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
88 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
89 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
90 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
91 # ...
92 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
93 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
94 # ...
95 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
96 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
97 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
98 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
99 # in the Directive.
102 ###############################################################################
104 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
106 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
107 #
108 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
109 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
110 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
111 # of the text said:
112 #
113 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
114 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
115 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
116 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
117 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
118 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
119 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
120 #
121 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
122 # position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should
123 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
124 #
125 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
127 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
128 #
129 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
130 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
131 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
132 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
133 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
134 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
135 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
136 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
137 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
138 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
139 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
140 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
141 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
142 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
143 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
144 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
145 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
146 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
147 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
148 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
149 #
150 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
151 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
152 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
154 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
155 # The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
156 # informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
157 # Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
158 # New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
159 # whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
160 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
161 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
162 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See:
163 # Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg.
164 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
165 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
166 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
167 # did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
168 #
169 # In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
170 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
171 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
172 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
173 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
174 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
175 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
176 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
177 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
178 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
179 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
180 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
181 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
182 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
183 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
185 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
186 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
187 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
188 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
189 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
190 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
191 # -- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
192 # republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
193 # http://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/finesthour/Vol.01%20No.114.pdf
195 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
196 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
197 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
198 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
199 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
200 # The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
201 # Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
202 # ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.
204 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
205 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
206 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
208 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
209 # From: Jonathan Leffler
210 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
211 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
212 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
214 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
215 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
216 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
217 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
218 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
220 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
221 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
222 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
223 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
225 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
226 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
227 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
228 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
229 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
230 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
231 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
232 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
234 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
235 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
236 # which is to be introduced in May....
237 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
238 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
240 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
241 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
242 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
243 # so we use 'BDST'.
245 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
246 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
247 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
248 # and extending this list, which can be found in
249 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
251 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
252 #
253 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
254 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
255 # http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
256 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
258 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
259 #
260 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
261 #
262 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
263 # are incorrect:
264 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
265 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
266 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
267 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
268 # It actually just had one transition.
269 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
270 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
271 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
272 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
273 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
274 #
275 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
276 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
277 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
278 # conform with Great Britain.
279 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
280 #
281 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
282 # we'll ignore it for now.
283 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
284 #
285 #
286 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
287 # Shanks & Pottenger.
288 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
289 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
290 # to London. For example:
291 #
292 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
293 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
295 # "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
296 # was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
297 # would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'. She claimed
298 # Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
299 # -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
300 # Irish Times 2014-10-27.
301 # http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
303 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
304 # Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
305 # These include various relating to legal time, for example:
306 #
307 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
308 #
309 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
310 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
311 #
312 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
313 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
314 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
315 #
316 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
317 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
318 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
319 #
320 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
321 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
322 #
323 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
324 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
325 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
326 #
327 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
328 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
329 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
330 # being GMT+1.)
332 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
333 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
334 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
335 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
336 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
337 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
338 # and Frethun run in CT.
339 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
340 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
341 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
342 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
343 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
344 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
346 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
347 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
348 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
349 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
350 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
351 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
352 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
354 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
355 # Summer Time Act, 1916
356 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
357 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
358 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
359 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
360 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
361 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
362 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
363 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
364 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
365 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
366 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
367 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
368 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
369 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
370 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
371 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
372 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
373 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
374 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
375 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
376 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
377 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
378 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
379 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
380 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
381 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
382 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
383 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
384 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
385 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
386 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
387 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
388 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
389 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
390 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
391 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
392 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
393 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
394 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
395 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
396 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
397 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
398 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
399 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
400 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
401 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
402 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
403 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
404 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
405 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
406 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
407 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
408 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
409 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
410 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
411 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
412 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
413 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
414 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
415 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
416 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
417 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
418 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
419 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
420 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
421 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
422 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
423 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
424 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
425 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
426 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
427 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
428 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
429 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
430 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
431 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
432 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
433 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
434 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
435 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
436 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
437 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
438 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
439 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
440 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
441 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
442 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
443 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
444 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
445 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
446 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
447 # (no summer time)
448 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
449 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
450 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
451 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
452 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
453 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
454 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
455 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
456 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
457 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
458 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
459 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
460 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
461 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
462 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
463 #
464 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
466 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
467 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
468 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
469 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
470 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
471 0:00 EU GMT/BST
472 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
473 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
474 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
476 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
477 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
478 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
479 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
480 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
481 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
482 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
483 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
484 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
485 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
486 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
487 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
488 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
489 0:00 EU GMT/IST
491 ###############################################################################
493 # Europe
495 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
496 # Common Market, etc.
498 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
499 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
500 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
501 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
502 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
503 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
504 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
505 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
506 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
507 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
508 # http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
510 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
511 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
512 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
513 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
514 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
515 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
516 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
518 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
519 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
520 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
521 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
522 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
523 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
524 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
525 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
526 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
527 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
528 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
529 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
530 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
531 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
532 #
533 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
534 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
535 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
536 # tz database itself, as seen below:
537 #
538 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
539 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
540 #
541 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
542 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
543 #
544 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
545 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
546 #
547 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
548 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
549 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
550 #
551 # The rule line to be changed is:
552 #
553 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
554 #
555 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
556 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
557 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
558 # affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
559 # CET and MET:
560 #
561 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
562 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
563 #
564 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
565 #
566 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
567 #
568 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
569 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
570 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
571 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
572 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
573 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
574 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
575 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
577 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
578 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
579 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
580 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
581 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
582 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
583 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
586 # Daylight saving time for Russia and the Soviet Union
587 #
588 # The 1917-1921 decree URLs are from Alexander Belopolsky (2016-08-23).
590 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
591 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
592 #
593 # Decree No. 142 (1917-12-22) http://istmat.info/node/28137
594 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
595 #
596 # Decree No. 497 (1918-05-30) http://istmat.info/node/30001
597 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
598 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
599 #
600 # Decree No. 258 (1919-05-29) http://istmat.info/node/37949
601 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
602 #
603 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 0:00u 1:00 MSD
604 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 MSK
605 #
606 # Decree No. 63 (1921-02-03) http://istmat.info/node/45840
607 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 MSD
608 #
609 # Decree No. 121 (1921-03-07) http://istmat.info/node/45949
610 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 +05
611 #
612 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 MSD
613 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
614 # Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
615 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
616 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
617 # Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
618 # Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
619 Rule Russia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
620 Rule Russia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
621 #
622 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
623 # As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
625 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
626 # Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
627 # Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
628 # Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
629 #
630 # I did not find full texts of these acts. For the 1989 one we have
631 # title at http://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
632 # "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
633 # Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
634 # Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
635 # And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
636 # contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
637 # of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
638 # oblasts. Since last Sunday of March 1989:
639 # a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
640 # second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
641 # b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
642 # rules (Moscow time)
643 # c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).
645 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
646 # Unamended version of the act of the
647 # Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
648 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
649 # says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
650 # of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
651 # at 3 hours. It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
653 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
654 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
655 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
656 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
657 #
658 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
659 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
660 #
661 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
662 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
664 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
665 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
666 # to be standard.
668 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
670 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
671 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
672 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
673 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
674 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
676 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
677 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
679 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
680 # The official German names ... are
681 #
682 # Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
683 # Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
684 #
685 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
686 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
687 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
688 #
689 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
690 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
691 # Postfach 3345
692 # D-38023 Braunschweig
693 # phone: +49 531 592-0
694 #
695 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
696 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
697 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
698 #
699 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
700 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
703 # Albania
704 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
705 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
706 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
707 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
708 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
709 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
710 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
711 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
712 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
713 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
714 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
715 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
716 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
717 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
718 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
719 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
720 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
721 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
722 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
723 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
724 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
725 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
726 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
727 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
728 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
729 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
730 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
731 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
732 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
733 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
734 1:00 EU CE%sT
736 # Andorra
737 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
738 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
739 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
740 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
741 1:00 EU CE%sT
743 # Austria
745 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
747 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
748 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
749 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
750 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
751 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
752 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
754 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
755 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
756 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
757 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
758 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
759 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
760 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
761 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
762 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
763 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
764 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
765 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
766 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
767 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
768 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
769 1:00 - CET 1946
770 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
771 1:00 EU CE%sT
773 # Belarus
774 #
775 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
776 # http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
777 # (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
778 # 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
779 # on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
780 # (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
781 #
782 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
783 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
784 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
785 #
786 # Sources (Russian language):
787 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
788 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
789 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
790 #
791 # From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
792 # Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
793 # http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
794 #
795 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
796 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
797 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
798 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
799 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
800 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
801 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
802 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
803 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
804 3:00 - +03
806 # Belgium
807 #
808 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
809 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
810 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
811 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
812 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
813 # pp 8-9.
814 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
815 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
816 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
817 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
818 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
819 #
820 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
821 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
822 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
823 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
824 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
825 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
826 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
827 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
828 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
829 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
830 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
831 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
832 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
833 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
834 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
835 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
836 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
837 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
838 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
839 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
840 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
841 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
842 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
843 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
844 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
845 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
846 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
847 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
848 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
849 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
850 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
851 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
852 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
853 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
854 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
855 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
856 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
857 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
858 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
859 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
860 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
861 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
862 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
863 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
864 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
865 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
866 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
867 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
868 1:00 EU CE%sT
870 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
871 # See Europe/Belgrade.
873 # Bulgaria
874 #
875 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
876 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
877 # EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
878 # EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
879 #
880 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
881 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
882 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
883 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
884 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
885 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
886 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
887 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
888 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
889 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
890 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
891 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
892 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
893 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 3:00
894 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
895 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
896 2:00 EU EE%sT
898 # Croatia
899 # See Europe/Belgrade.
901 # Cyprus
902 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
904 # Czech Republic
905 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
906 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
907 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
908 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
909 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
910 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
911 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
912 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
913 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
914 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
915 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
916 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
917 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
918 1:00 EU CE%sT
919 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
921 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
923 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
924 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
925 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
926 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
927 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
928 #
929 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
930 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
931 #
932 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
933 # in subsequent decrees with the law
934 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
935 #
936 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
937 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
938 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
939 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
940 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
941 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
942 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
943 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
944 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
945 # was suspended on that night):
946 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
948 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
949 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
950 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
952 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
953 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
954 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
956 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
957 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
958 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
959 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
960 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
961 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
962 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
963 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
964 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
965 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
966 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
967 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
968 #
969 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
970 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
971 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
972 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
973 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
974 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
975 1:00 EU CE%sT
976 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
977 0:00 - WET 1981
978 0:00 EU WE%sT
979 #
980 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
981 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
982 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
983 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
984 #
985 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
986 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
987 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
988 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
989 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
990 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
992 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
993 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
994 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
995 #
996 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
997 # is according to the following time line:
998 #
999 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
1000 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
1001 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
1002 # Danmarkshavn UTC
1003 #
1004 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
1005 # introduced.
1007 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
1008 #
1009 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
1010 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
1011 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
1012 # info from earlier correspondence.]
1013 #
1014 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
1015 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
1016 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
1017 #
1018 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
1019 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
1020 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
1021 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
1022 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
1023 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
1024 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
1025 #
1026 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
1027 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
1028 #
1029 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
1030 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
1031 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
1032 #
1033 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
1034 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
1035 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
1036 # this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time. This area might be
1037 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
1039 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
1040 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
1041 # there at 2:00 AM.
1043 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1044 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
1045 # the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
1046 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
1047 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
1048 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
1049 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
1051 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
1052 # "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
1053 # "National Park" by Executive Order:
1054 # http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
1055 # It is their only National Park.
1056 #
1057 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1058 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1059 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
1060 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1061 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1062 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
1063 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
1064 #
1065 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1066 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1067 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1068 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
1069 0:00 - GMT
1070 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1071 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1072 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
1073 -1:00 EU EG%sT
1074 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1075 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1076 -3:00 EU WG%sT
1077 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1078 -4:00 Thule A%sT
1080 # Estonia
1081 #
1082 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1083 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1084 #
1085 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1086 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1087 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1088 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1089 #
1090 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1091 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1092 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1093 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1094 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1095 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1096 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1097 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1098 # summer time next spring."
1100 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1101 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1102 # http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
1103 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1104 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
1105 #
1106 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1107 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1108 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1110 # From The Baltic Times <http://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
1111 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1112 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1113 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1114 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1115 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1116 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1117 # after that.
1119 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1120 # Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1121 # No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1122 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1124 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1125 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1126 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1127 #
1128 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1129 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1131 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1132 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1133 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1134 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1135 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1136 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1137 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1138 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1139 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1140 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1141 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1142 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Oct 31 4:00
1143 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1144 2:00 EU EE%sT
1146 # Finland
1148 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1149 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1150 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1152 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1153 #
1154 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1155 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1156 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1157 # according to the central European standards.
1158 #
1159 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1160 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1161 # Finnish) at
1162 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1163 #
1164 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1165 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1166 #
1167 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1168 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1169 #
1170 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1171 # exist tonight."
1173 # From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
1174 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1175 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1176 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1177 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1178 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1179 # mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1180 # On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1181 #
1182 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1183 # Go with Oja over Shanks.
1185 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1186 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S
1187 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 -
1188 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1189 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1191 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1192 # round to nearest.
1194 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1195 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
1196 1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1197 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1198 2:00 EU EE%sT
1200 # Åland Is
1201 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1204 # France
1206 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1207 #
1208 # Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
1209 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1210 #
1211 # Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
1212 # Paris, 1991
1213 #
1214 # Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
1215 # Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
1218 #
1219 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1220 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1221 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1222 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1223 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1224 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1225 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1226 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1227 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1228 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1229 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1230 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1231 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1232 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1233 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1234 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1235 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1236 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1237 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1238 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1239 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1240 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1241 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1242 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1243 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1244 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1245 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1246 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1247 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1248 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1249 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1250 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1251 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1252 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1253 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1254 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1255 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1256 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
1257 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
1258 # Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1259 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1260 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
1261 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1262 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1263 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1264 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1265 # who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1266 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1267 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1268 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1269 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1270 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1271 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1272 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1273 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1274 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1275 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1276 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1277 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1278 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1279 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1280 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1281 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1282 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1283 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1284 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1285 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1286 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1287 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1288 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1289 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1290 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1291 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1292 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1293 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1294 1:00 EU CE%sT
1296 # Germany
1298 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1299 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1300 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1301 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1303 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1304 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1305 # http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
1306 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
1308 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1309 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1310 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1311 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1312 # this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.
1315 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1316 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1317 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1318 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1319 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1320 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1321 # Go with the PTB.
1322 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1323 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1324 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1325 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1326 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1328 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1329 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1330 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1332 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1333 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1334 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1335 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1336 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1337 1:00 EU CE%sT
1339 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1340 # Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1341 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1342 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1343 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1344 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1345 #
1346 # Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
1347 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1349 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1350 # Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1352 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
1354 # Georgia
1355 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1356 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1357 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1359 # Gibraltar
1360 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1361 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1362 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1363 1:00 - CET 1982
1364 1:00 EU CE%sT
1366 # Greece
1367 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1368 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1369 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1370 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1371 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1372 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1373 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1374 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1375 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1376 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1377 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1378 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1379 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1380 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1381 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1382 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1383 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1384 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1385 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1386 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1387 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1388 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1389 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1390 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1391 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1392 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1393 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1394 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1395 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1396 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1397 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1398 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1399 2:00 EU EE%sT
1401 # Hungary
1402 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
1403 # Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
1404 # Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
1405 # National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
1406 # http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
1407 # This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
1408 # & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
1409 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1410 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1411 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1412 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1413 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Nov 24 3:00 0 -
1414 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1415 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1416 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1417 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1418 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1419 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1420 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1421 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1422 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1423 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1424 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1425 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1426 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1427 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1428 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1429 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1430 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1431 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 8
1432 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1433 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1434 1:00 EU CE%sT
1436 # Iceland
1437 #
1438 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1439 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1440 #
1441 # (1993-12-05):
1442 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1443 # Iceland Almanak.
1444 #
1445 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1446 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1447 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1448 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1449 #
1450 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1451 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1452 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1453 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1454 #
1455 # (1993-12-10):
1456 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1457 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1458 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1459 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1460 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1461 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1462 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1463 # might mean something else (???).
1464 #
1465 # From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
1466 # The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
1467 # http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
1468 #
1469 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1470 Rule Iceland 1917 1919 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1471 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1472 Rule Iceland 1918 1919 - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1473 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Mar 19 23:00 1:00 S
1474 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Jun 23 1:00 0 -
1475 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1476 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Oct 29 2:00 0 -
1477 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1478 Rule Iceland 1940 1941 - Nov Sun>=2 1:00s 0 -
1479 Rule Iceland 1941 1942 - Mar Sun>=2 1:00s 1:00 S
1480 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1481 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1482 Rule Iceland 1942 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1483 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1484 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1485 # 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
1486 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1487 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1488 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1489 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1490 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28 - LMT 1908
1491 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1492 0:00 - GMT
1494 # Italy
1495 #
1496 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1497 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1498 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1499 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1500 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1501 # so record only the time in Rome.
1502 #
1503 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1504 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1505 # F. Pollastri
1506 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1507 # http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html
1508 # ('FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1509 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1510 #
1511 # year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1512 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1513 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1514 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1515 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1516 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1517 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1518 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1519 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1520 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1521 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1522 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1523 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1524 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1525 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1526 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1527 #
1528 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1529 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1530 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1531 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1532 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1533 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1534 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1535 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1536 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1537 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1538 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1539 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1540 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1541 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1542 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1543 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1544 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1545 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1546 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1547 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1548 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1549 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1550 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1551 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1552 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1553 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1554 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1555 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1556 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1557 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1558 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1559 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1560 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1561 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1562 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1563 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1564 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1565 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1566 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1567 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1568 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1569 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1570 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1571 1:00 EU CE%sT
1573 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1574 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1576 # Latvia
1578 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1580 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1581 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1582 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1583 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1584 #
1585 # Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1586 # according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1587 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1588 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1589 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1590 #
1591 # Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1592 # according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1593 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1594 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1595 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1596 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1597 #
1598 # Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1599 # according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1600 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1601 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1602 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1603 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1604 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1605 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1606 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1607 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1608 #
1609 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1610 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1611 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1613 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1614 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1615 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1616 # 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
1617 # in Latvian for subscribers only).
1619 # From RFE/RL Newsline
1620 # http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
1621 # (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1622 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1623 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1624 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1625 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1626 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
1627 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1628 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1629 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1630 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1631 # appears that they will not do so....
1633 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1634 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1635 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1637 # Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
1638 # Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
1639 # Go with Byalokoz.
1641 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1642 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:34 - LMT 1880
1643 1:36:34 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 # Riga MT
1644 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 # Latvian ST
1645 1:36:34 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1646 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1647 1:36:34 - RMT 1926 May 11
1648 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1649 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1650 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1651 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1652 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1653 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1654 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1655 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1656 2:00 EU EE%sT
1658 # Liechtenstein
1660 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1661 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1663 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
1664 # http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
1665 # ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
1666 # I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
1667 # ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
1668 # introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland. From 1943 on
1669 # central European time was in force throughout the year.
1670 # From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
1671 # regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
1673 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1676 # Lithuania
1678 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1679 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1681 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1682 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1683 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1685 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1686 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1687 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1689 # From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
1690 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1691 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1692 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1693 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1694 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1695 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1696 # already done by Estonia.
1698 # From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1699 # <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
1700 # Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1702 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1703 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1704 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1705 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1706 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1707 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1708 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1711 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1712 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1713 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1714 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1715 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1716 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1717 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1718 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1719 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1720 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1721 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1722 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1723 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1724 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1725 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1726 2:00 EU EE%sT
1728 # Luxembourg
1729 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1730 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1731 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1732 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1733 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1734 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1735 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1736 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1737 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1738 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1739 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1740 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1741 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1742 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1743 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1744 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1745 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1746 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1747 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1748 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1749 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1750 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1751 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1752 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1753 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1754 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1755 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1756 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1757 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1758 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1759 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1760 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1761 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1762 1:00 EU CE%sT
1764 # Macedonia
1765 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1767 # Malta
1768 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1769 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1770 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1771 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1772 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1773 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1774 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1775 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1776 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1777 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1778 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1779 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1780 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1781 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1782 1:00 EU CE%sT
1784 # Moldova
1786 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
1787 # the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
1788 # http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
1789 # ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
1790 # time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
1791 # plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
1792 # adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
1793 # time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
1794 # reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.
1796 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1797 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1798 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1799 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1800 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1801 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1802 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1803 # But [two people] separately reported via
1804 # Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1805 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1806 #
1807 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1808 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1809 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1810 # to the Winter Time).
1811 #
1812 # News (in Russian):
1813 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1814 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1815 #
1816 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1817 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1818 #
1819 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1820 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1821 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1822 #
1823 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1824 #
1825 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1826 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1827 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1828 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1829 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1830 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1831 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1832 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1834 # From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
1835 # http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
1836 # From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
1837 # The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
1838 # 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time. Also,
1839 # http://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
1840 # says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
1841 # Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
1843 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1844 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1845 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Oct lastSun 3:00 0 -
1847 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1848 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1849 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1850 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1851 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1852 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1853 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1854 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 May 6 2:00
1855 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1856 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1857 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1858 2:00 Moldova EE%sT
1860 # Monaco
1861 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1862 # more precise 0:09:21.
1863 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1864 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1865 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1866 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1867 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1868 1:00 EU CE%sT
1870 # Montenegro
1871 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1873 # Netherlands
1875 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1876 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1878 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1879 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1880 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1881 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1882 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1883 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1884 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1885 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1886 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1887 #
1888 # (2001-04-08):
1889 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1890 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1891 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1892 #
1893 # (2001-04-09):
1894 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1895 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1896 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1897 # actually followed.
1898 #
1899 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1900 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1901 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1902 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1903 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1904 #
1905 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1906 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1907 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1908 # Amsterdam mean time.
1910 # The data entries before 1945 are taken from
1911 # http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm
1913 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1914 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1915 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1916 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1917 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1918 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1919 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1920 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1921 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1922 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1923 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1924 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1925 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1926 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1927 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1928 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1929 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1930 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1931 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1932 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1933 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1934 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1935 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1936 #
1937 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1938 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1939 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1940 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1941 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1942 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1943 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1944 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1945 1:00 EU CE%sT
1947 # Norway
1948 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1949 # Pottenger.
1950 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1951 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1952 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1953 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1954 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1955 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1956 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1957 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1958 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1959 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1960 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1961 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1962 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1963 1:00 EU CE%sT
1965 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1967 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1968 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1969 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1970 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1971 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1972 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1973 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
1974 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation
1975 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1976 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1977 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1978 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
1979 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1980 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
1981 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1982 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1983 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1984 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1986 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
1987 #
1988 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1989 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1990 # keeping Berlin time.
1991 #
1992 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1993 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1994 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1995 # frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1996 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1997 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1998 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1999 #
2000 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
2001 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
2002 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
2003 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
2004 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
2005 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
2006 # http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
2007 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
2008 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
2009 #
2010 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
2011 # for these regions.
2012 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
2014 # Poland
2016 # The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
2017 # <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
2019 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2020 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
2021 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
2022 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
2023 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2024 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
2025 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2026 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
2027 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2028 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
2029 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
2030 # http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
2031 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
2032 # He also gives these further references:
2033 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
2034 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
2035 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
2036 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
2037 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
2038 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2039 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
2040 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
2041 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
2042 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2043 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
2044 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
2045 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
2046 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
2047 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2048 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2049 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2050 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
2051 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
2052 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
2053 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
2054 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
2055 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2056 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
2057 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
2058 1:00 EU CE%sT
2060 # Portugal
2061 #
2062 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
2063 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
2064 # http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
2065 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
2066 # Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett but disagrees
2067 # with Shanks, who says the transition occurred on 1911-05-24 at 00:00 for
2068 # Europe/Lisbon, Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira.
2069 #
2070 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
2071 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
2072 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
2073 #
2074 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
2075 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
2076 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
2077 #
2078 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
2079 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
2080 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
2081 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
2082 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
2083 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
2084 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
2085 #
2086 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2087 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
2088 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
2089 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2090 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
2091 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2092 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
2093 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2094 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2095 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
2096 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2097 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
2098 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2099 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2100 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2101 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2102 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2103 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2104 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2105 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2106 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2107 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2108 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2109 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
2110 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
2111 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2112 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2113 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
2114 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
2115 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2116 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2117 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
2118 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
2119 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2120 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2121 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
2122 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
2123 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2124 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
2125 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2126 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
2127 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2128 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
2129 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
2130 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
2131 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
2132 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2133 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2134 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2135 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2136 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2137 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2138 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2139 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2140 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2141 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2142 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2143 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2144 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2145 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2146 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2147 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2148 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2149 #
2150 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2151 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884
2152 -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
2153 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2154 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2155 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2156 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2157 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2158 0:00 EU WE%sT
2159 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2160 -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 # Horta Mean Time
2161 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
2162 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2163 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2164 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2165 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
2166 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2167 -1:07:36 - FMT 1912 Jan 1 # Funchal Mean Time
2168 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
2169 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2170 0:00 EU WE%sT
2172 # Romania
2173 #
2174 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2175 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2176 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2177 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2178 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2179 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2180 #
2181 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2182 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2183 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2184 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2185 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2186 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2187 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2188 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2189 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2190 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2191 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2192 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2193 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2194 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2195 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2196 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2197 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2198 2:00 EU EE%sT
2201 # Russia
2203 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2204 # Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
2205 # (Government document
2206 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2207 # in Russian)
2208 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2209 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2210 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2211 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2213 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2214 # Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2215 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2216 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2218 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2219 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2220 # changed in September 2011:
2221 #
2222 # One source is
2223 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2224 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2225 # 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2226 #
2227 # Another source is
2228 # http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2229 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2230 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2231 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2232 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2233 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2234 #
2235 # Another source is
2236 # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2237 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
2238 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2239 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2240 #
2241 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2242 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2243 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2244 #
2245 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2246 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2247 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
2248 # get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
2249 # Conradi notes).
2250 #
2251 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2252 #
2253 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2255 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
2256 # According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
2257 # http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
2258 # the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
2259 # winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new
2260 # regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
2261 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
2262 # Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
2263 # 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
2264 # areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
2265 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
2266 #
2267 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
2268 # Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
2269 # http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
2270 # http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
2271 # http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
2272 # From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this:
2273 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
2275 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2276 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2277 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2278 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2279 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2280 #
2281 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2282 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2283 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2284 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2285 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2286 #
2287 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2288 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2289 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2290 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2291 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2292 #
2293 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2294 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2295 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2296 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2297 #
2298 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2299 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2300 # News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2301 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2302 # the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
2303 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2304 #
2305 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2306 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2307 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2308 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2309 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2310 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2311 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2312 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2314 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2315 # The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
2316 # with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
2317 # are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
2318 # listing. The region codes listed come from
2319 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
2320 # and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
2321 # future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
2322 # divisions where available.
2324 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2327 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2328 # Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
2329 # 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast
2331 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2332 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2334 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2335 # http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
2336 # confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
2337 # (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
2338 # summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
2339 # 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
2340 # ...
2341 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2342 # says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided
2343 # at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to
2344 # Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.
2346 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2347 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2348 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2349 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2350 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2351 3:00 - +03 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2352 2:00 - EET
2355 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
2356 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2357 # Europe/Moscow covers...
2358 # 01 RU-AD Adygea, Republic of
2359 # 05 RU-DA Dagestan, Republic of
2360 # 06 RU-IN Ingushetia, Republic of
2361 # 07 RU-KB Kabardino-Balkar Republic
2362 # 08 RU-KL Kalmykia, Republic of
2363 # 09 RU-KC Karachay-Cherkess Republic
2364 # 10 RU-KR Karelia, Republic of
2365 # 11 RU-KO Komi Republic
2366 # 12 RU-ME Mari El Republic
2367 # 13 RU-MO Mordovia, Republic of
2368 # 15 RU-SE North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
2369 # 16 RU-TA Tatarstan, Republic of
2370 # 20 RU-CE Chechen Republic
2371 # 21 RU-CU Chuvash Republic
2372 # 23 RU-KDA Krasnodar Krai
2373 # 26 RU-STA Stavropol Krai
2374 # 29 RU-ARK Arkhangelsk Oblast
2375 # 31 RU-BEL Belgorod Oblast
2376 # 32 RU-BRY Bryansk Oblast
2377 # 33 RU-VLA Vladimir Oblast
2378 # 35 RU-VLG Vologda Oblast
2379 # 36 RU-VOR Voronezh Oblast
2380 # 37 RU-IVA Ivanovo Oblast
2381 # 40 RU-KLU Kaluga Oblast
2382 # 44 RU-KOS Kostroma Oblast
2383 # 46 RU-KRS Kursk Oblast
2384 # 47 RU-LEN Leningrad Oblast
2385 # 48 RU-LIP Lipetsk Oblast
2386 # 50 RU-MOS Moscow Oblast
2387 # 51 RU-MUR Murmansk Oblast
2388 # 52 RU-NIZ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
2389 # 53 RU-NGR Novgorod Oblast
2390 # 57 RU-ORL Oryol Oblast
2391 # 58 RU-PNZ Penza Oblast
2392 # 60 RU-PSK Pskov Oblast
2393 # 61 RU-ROS Rostov Oblast
2394 # 62 RU-RYA Ryazan Oblast
2395 # 67 RU-SMO Smolensk Oblast
2396 # 68 RU-TAM Tambov Oblast
2397 # 69 RU-TVE Tver Oblast
2398 # 71 RU-TUL Tula Oblast
2399 # 76 RU-YAR Yaroslavl Oblast
2400 # 77 RU-MOW Moscow
2401 # 78 RU-SPE Saint Petersburg
2402 # 83 RU-NEN Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2404 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2405 # The Soviets switched to UT-based time in 1919. Decree No. 59
2406 # (1919-02-08) http://istmat.info/node/35567 established UT-based time
2407 # zones, and Decree No. 147 (1919-03-29) http://istmat.info/node/35854
2408 # specified a transition date of 1919-07-01, apparently at 00:00 UT.
2409 # No doubt only the Soviet-controlled regions switched on that date;
2410 # later transitions to UT-based time in other parts of Russia are
2411 # taken from what appear to be guesses by Shanks.
2412 # (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for pointers to the decrees.)
2414 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2415 # 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
2416 # Wikipedia refers to
2417 # http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
2418 # http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm
2419 #
2420 # The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn
2421 # magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to
2422 # the Trud newspaper from February 1982. The first link provides the
2423 # same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses
2424 # time belt changes map).
2425 #
2426 # The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to
2427 # introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt
2428 # border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous
2429 # Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka
2430 # according to the provided map (colored one). In addition to that
2431 # "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time
2432 # belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on
2433 # 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage. (Komi ASSR was
2434 # supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2
2435 # hour difference.) Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01
2436 # is also provided.
2437 #
2438 # The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems
2439 # and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not
2440 # moving to summer time on 1982-04-01. Namely: Dagestan,
2441 # Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian,
2442 # Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol
2443 # krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo,
2444 # Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and
2445 # Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky
2446 # district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. As a result Evenk Autonomous
2447 # Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end
2448 # up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow
2449 # time.
2450 #
2451 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2452 # attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
2453 # of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982. 1980-925.txt also adds
2454 # Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
2455 # district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. Probably erroneously.
2456 #
2457 # The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
2458 # Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.
2459 #
2460 # 12. Udmurtia
2461 # The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i
2462 # Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from
2463 # Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act.
2464 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2465 # implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
2466 # Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
2467 #
2468 # ...
2469 #
2470 # All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
2471 # 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
2472 # change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
2473 #
2474 # There were some exceptions, though.
2475 # Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
2476 # Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
2477 # change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
2478 # lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
2479 #
2480 # And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
2481 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2482 # says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
2483 # 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
2484 # http://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
2485 # says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
2486 # 2 days before the switch.
2487 #
2488 #
2489 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2490 # Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
2491 # chaotic early 1980s in Russia. It's not clear what these entries
2492 # should be. For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
2493 # time in Moscow.
2495 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2496 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2497 # Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
2498 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2499 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2500 # The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2501 # Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
2502 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2503 # coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
2504 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2505 # 2:31:19 ...
2506 #
2507 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2508 # Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2509 # Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2510 # Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2511 # Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2513 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880
2514 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2515 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2516 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct
2517 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2518 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2519 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2520 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2521 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2522 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2523 3:00 - MSK
2526 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2527 # Europe/Simferopol covers...
2528 # ** **** Crimea, Republic of
2529 # ** **** Sevastopol
2531 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2532 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2533 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2534 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2535 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2536 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2537 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2538 2:00 - EET 1992
2539 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2540 #
2541 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2542 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2543 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2544 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2545 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2546 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2547 # changed in May.
2548 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2549 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2550 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 0:00s
2551 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2552 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2553 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2554 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2555 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2556 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2557 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2558 # http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2559 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2560 # Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2561 # late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2562 # and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2563 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00
2564 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2565 3:00 - MSK
2568 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2569 # Europe/Astrakhan covers:
2570 # 30 RU-AST Astrakhan Oblast
2571 #
2572 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2574 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
2575 # On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
2576 # Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
2577 # This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
2578 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2579 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201602150056
2581 Zone Europe/Astrakhan 3:12:12 - LMT 1924 May
2582 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2583 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2584 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2585 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2586 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2587 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2588 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2589 4:00 - +04
2591 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2592 # Europe/Volgograd covers:
2593 # 34 RU-VGG Volgograd Oblast
2594 # 64 RU-SAR Saratov Oblast
2595 # The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).
2597 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2598 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2599 4:00 - +04 1961 Nov 11
2600 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27 2:00s
2601 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2602 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2603 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2604 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2605 3:00 - +03
2607 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2608 # Europe/Kirov covers:
2609 # 43 RU-KIR Kirov Oblast
2610 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2611 #
2612 Zone Europe/Kirov 3:18:48 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2613 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2614 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2615 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2616 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2617 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2618 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2619 3:00 - +03
2621 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2622 # Europe/Samara covers...
2623 # 18 RU-UD Udmurt Republic
2624 # 63 RU-SAM Samara Oblast
2626 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2627 # Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
2628 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2630 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:20 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2631 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2632 4:00 - +04 1935 Jan 27
2633 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2634 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2635 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2636 3:00 - +03 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2637 4:00 Russia +04/+05 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2638 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2639 4:00 - +04
2641 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2642 # Europe/Ulyanovsk covers:
2643 # 73 RU-ULY Ulyanovsk Oblast
2645 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2647 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2648 # Ulyanovsk ... on their way to change time zones by March 27, 2016 at 2am.
2649 # Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ...
2650 # 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading.
2651 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2652 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051
2654 Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk 3:13:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2655 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2656 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2657 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2658 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2659 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2660 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2661 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2662 4:00 - +04
2664 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2665 # Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
2666 # 02 RU-BA Bashkortostan, Republic of
2667 # 90 RU-PER Perm Krai
2668 # 45 RU-KGN Kurgan Oblast
2669 # 56 RU-ORE Orenburg Oblast
2670 # 66 RU-SVE Sverdlovsk Oblast
2671 # 72 RU-TYU Tyumen Oblast
2672 # 74 RU-CHE Chelyabinsk Oblast
2673 # 86 RU-KHM Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
2674 # 89 RU-YAN Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2675 #
2676 # Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
2677 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
2679 # Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
2680 # Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
2681 # Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
2682 # The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
2684 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:33 - LMT 1916 Jul 3
2685 3:45:05 - PMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2686 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2687 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2688 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2689 5:00 Russia +05/+06 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2690 6:00 - +06 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2691 5:00 - +05
2694 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2695 # Asia/Omsk covers...
2696 # 55 RU-OMS Omsk Oblast
2698 # Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
2700 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:30 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2701 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2702 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2703 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2704 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2705 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2706 6:00 - +06
2708 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
2709 # Asia/Barnaul covers:
2710 # 04 RU-AL Altai Republic
2711 # 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai
2713 # Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2715 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2716 # Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
2717 # http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
2718 # suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
2719 # 1995-05-28.
2720 #
2721 # http://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
2722 # has some historical data for Altai Krai:
2723 # before 1957: west part on UTC+6, east on UTC+7
2724 # after 1957: UTC+7
2725 # since 1995: UTC+6
2726 # http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
2727 # confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.
2729 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2730 # Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
2731 # by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
2732 # Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
2733 # Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
2734 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2735 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
2736 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038
2738 Zone Asia/Barnaul 5:35:00 - LMT 1919 Dec 10
2739 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2740 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2741 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2742 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1995 May 28
2743 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2744 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2745 6:00 - +06 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2746 7:00 - +07
2748 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2749 # Asia/Novosibirsk covers:
2750 # 54 RU-NVS Novosibirsk Oblast
2752 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30):
2753 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6
2754 # moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7.
2755 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04):
2756 # The law was signed yesterday and published today on
2757 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064
2759 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2760 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2761 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2762 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2763 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2764 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2765 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2766 6:00 - +06 2016 Jul 24 2:00s
2767 7:00 - +07
2769 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2770 # Asia/Tomsk covers:
2771 # 70 RU-TOM Tomsk Oblast
2773 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24):
2774 # Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51.
2776 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2777 # Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
2779 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19):
2780 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743
2781 # (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time)
2782 # / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ...
2783 # Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their
2784 # GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally
2785 # belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced
2786 # with time zones in 2011 with different numbering (there was a
2787 # 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014).
2789 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12):
2790 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6
2791 # This bill was approved in the first reading today. It moves Tomsk oblast
2792 # from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at
2793 # 2:00. The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by
2794 # the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President
2795 # and published to become a law. Minor changes in the text are to be expected
2796 # before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the
2797 # recent changes).
2798 #
2799 # Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws,
2800 # the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule
2801 # http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/
2802 # http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303
2803 # I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the
2804 # bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday,
2805 # approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and
2806 # published as a law around 2016-04-26.
2808 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26):
2809 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048
2811 Zone Asia/Tomsk 5:39:51 - LMT 1919 Dec 22
2812 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2813 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2814 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2815 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2002 May 1 3:00
2816 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2817 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2818 6:00 - +06 2016 May 29 2:00s
2819 7:00 - +07
2822 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2823 # Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
2824 # 42 RU-KEM Kemerovo Oblast
2826 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2827 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2828 # March 28, 2010:
2829 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2830 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2831 #
2832 # This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September
2833 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2834 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2835 #
2836 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2837 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2838 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2839 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2840 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2841 #
2842 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2843 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2845 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2846 # The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
2847 # realigning itself with KRAT.
2849 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - LMT 1924 May 1
2850 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2851 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2852 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2853 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2854 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2855 7:00 - +07
2857 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2858 # Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
2859 # 17 RU-TY Tuva Republic
2860 # 19 RU-KK Khakassia, Republic of
2861 # 24 RU-KYA Krasnoyarsk Krai
2862 #
2863 # Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
2864 # Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
2866 # Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
2868 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:26 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2869 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2870 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2871 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2872 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2873 8:00 - +08 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2874 7:00 - +07
2877 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2878 # Asia/Irkutsk covers...
2879 # 03 RU-BU Buryatia, Republic of
2880 # 38 RU-IRK Irkutsk Oblast
2881 #
2882 # Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
2883 # merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
2885 # Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
2886 # Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
2887 # Go with Byalokoz.
2889 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:05 - LMT 1880
2890 6:57:05 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2891 7:00 - +07 1930 Jun 21
2892 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2893 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2894 8:00 Russia +08/+09 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2895 9:00 - +09 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2896 8:00 - +08
2899 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2900 # Asia/Chita covers...
2901 # 92 RU-ZAB Zabaykalsky Krai
2902 #
2903 # Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
2904 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
2906 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-02):
2907 # [The] time zone in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai) -
2908 # Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9. Effective date will
2909 # be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am....
2910 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107
2912 Zone Asia/Chita 7:33:52 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2913 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
2914 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2915 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2916 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2917 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2918 8:00 - +08 2016 Mar 27 2:00
2919 9:00 - +09
2922 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2923 # Asia/Yakutsk covers...
2924 # 28 RU-AMU Amur Oblast
2925 #
2926 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2927 # 14-02 **** Aldansky District
2928 # 14-04 **** Amginsky District
2929 # 14-05 **** Anabarsky District
2930 # 14-06 **** Bulunsky District
2931 # 14-07 **** Verkhnevilyuysky District
2932 # 14-10 **** Vilyuysky District
2933 # 14-11 **** Gorny District
2934 # 14-12 **** Zhigansky District
2935 # 14-13 **** Kobyaysky District
2936 # 14-14 **** Lensky District
2937 # 14-15 **** Megino-Kangalassky District
2938 # 14-16 **** Mirninsky District
2939 # 14-18 **** Namsky District
2940 # 14-19 **** Neryungrinsky District
2941 # 14-21 **** Nyurbinsky District
2942 # 14-23 **** Olenyoksky District
2943 # 14-24 **** Olyokminsky District
2944 # 14-26 **** Suntarsky District
2945 # 14-27 **** Tattinsky District
2946 # 14-29 **** Ust-Aldansky District
2947 # 14-32 **** Khangalassky District
2948 # 14-33 **** Churapchinsky District
2949 # 14-34 **** Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
2951 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2952 # Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
2953 # Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
2954 # Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
2956 # Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
2958 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:58 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2959 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
2960 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2961 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2962 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2963 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2964 9:00 - +09
2967 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2968 # Asia/Vladivostok covers...
2969 # 25 RU-PRI Primorsky Krai
2970 # 27 RU-KHA Khabarovsk Krai
2971 # 79 RU-YEV Jewish Autonomous Oblast
2972 #
2973 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2974 # 14-09 **** Verkhoyansky District
2975 # 14-31 **** Ust-Yansky District
2977 # Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
2978 # Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
2979 # Go with Byalokoz.
2981 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:31 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2982 9:00 - +09 1930 Jun 21
2983 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2984 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2985 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2986 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2987 10:00 - +10
2990 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2991 # Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2992 # 14-28 **** Tomponsky District
2993 # 14-30 **** Ust-Maysky District
2995 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2996 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
2997 # in 2011.
2999 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
3000 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
3001 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
3002 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
3004 Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3005 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3006 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3007 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3008 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2004
3009 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3010 11:00 - +11 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
3011 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3012 9:00 - +09
3015 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3016 # Asia/Sakhalin covers...
3017 # 65 RU-SAK Sakhalin Oblast
3018 # ...with the exception of:
3019 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3021 # From Matt Johnson (2016-02-22):
3022 # Asia/Sakhalin is moving (in entirety) from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3023 # (2016-03-09):
3024 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044
3026 # The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
3027 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
3028 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 25
3029 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T
3030 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3031 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
3032 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3033 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3034 10:00 - +10 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
3035 11:00 - +11
3038 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3039 # Asia/Magadan covers...
3040 # 49 RU-MAG Magadan Oblast
3042 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3043 # Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
3044 # several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
3045 # the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
3046 # until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11. These regions will
3047 # need their own zone.
3049 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27):
3050 # ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3051 # will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock
3052 #
3053 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05):
3054 # ... signed by the President today ...
3055 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038
3057 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
3058 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
3059 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3060 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3061 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3062 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3063 10:00 - +10 2016 Apr 24 2:00s
3064 11:00 - +11
3067 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3068 # Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3069 # 14-01 **** Abyysky District
3070 # 14-03 **** Allaikhovsky District
3071 # 14-08 **** Verkhnekolymsky District
3072 # 14-17 **** Momsky District
3073 # 14-20 **** Nizhnekolymsky District
3074 # 14-25 **** Srednekolymsky District
3075 #
3076 # ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
3077 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3079 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
3080 # Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
3081 # most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
3082 # 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
3083 # of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
3084 # Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
3086 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3087 # Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
3088 # There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
3089 # Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
3090 #
3091 # Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
3092 # districts, but have very similar populations. In fact, Wikipedia currently
3093 # lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
3094 # each! (Yikes!)
3095 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
3096 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
3097 # Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
3098 #
3099 # Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
3100 # fluctuated recently. Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
3101 # 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
3102 # recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170. (See pages 195 and 197 of
3103 # http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
3104 # in Russian.) In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
3105 # settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
3106 # Go with Srednekolymsk.
3108 Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
3109 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21
3110 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3111 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3112 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3113 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3114 11:00 - +11
3117 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3118 # Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3119 # 14-22 **** Oymyakonsky District
3121 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
3122 # Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
3123 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
3124 #
3125 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3126 # It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
3127 # as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
3128 # Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
3129 # UTC+12 since at least then, too.
3131 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3132 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3133 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1981 Apr 1
3134 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3135 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3136 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3137 12:00 - +12 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
3138 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3139 10:00 - +10
3142 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3143 # Asia/Kamchatka covers...
3144 # 91 RU-KAM Kamchatka Krai
3145 #
3146 # Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
3147 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
3149 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
3150 # Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
3151 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
3152 11:00 - +11 1930 Jun 21
3153 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3154 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3155 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3156 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3157 12:00 - +12
3160 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3161 # Asia/Anadyr covers...
3162 # 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
3164 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
3165 12:00 - +12 1930 Jun 21
3166 13:00 Russia +13/+14 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
3167 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3168 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3169 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3170 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3171 12:00 - +12
3174 # San Marino
3175 # See Europe/Rome.
3177 # Serbia
3178 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3179 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
3180 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
3181 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
3182 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
3183 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
3184 # Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
3185 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
3186 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
3187 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
3188 1:00 EU CE%sT
3189 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
3190 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
3191 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
3192 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
3193 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
3195 # Slovakia
3196 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
3198 # Slovenia
3199 # See Europe/Belgrade.
3201 # Spain
3202 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3203 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
3204 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3205 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
3206 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
3207 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
3208 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
3209 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3210 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
3211 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3212 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
3213 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
3214 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3215 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
3216 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
3217 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
3218 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
3219 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
3220 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3221 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
3222 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
3223 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
3224 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
3225 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
3226 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3227 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
3228 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
3229 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
3230 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
3231 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
3232 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
3233 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
3234 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
3235 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
3236 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
3237 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
3238 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
3239 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
3240 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
3241 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
3242 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
3243 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
3244 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3245 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
3246 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
3247 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3248 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
3249 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3250 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3251 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
3252 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3253 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
3254 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
3255 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
3256 1:00 EU CE%sT
3257 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
3258 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
3259 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
3260 0:00 - WET 1924
3261 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
3262 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
3263 1:00 - CET 1986
3264 1:00 EU CE%sT
3265 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
3266 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries T
3267 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
3268 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 1:00u
3269 0:00 EU WE%sT
3270 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
3271 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
3273 # Sweden
3275 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
3276 #
3277 # The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
3278 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
3279 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
3280 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
3281 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
3282 #
3283 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
3284 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
3285 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
3286 #
3287 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
3288 # författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
3289 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
3290 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
3291 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
3292 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
3293 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
3294 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
3295 #
3296 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
3297 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
3298 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
3299 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
3300 #
3301 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
3302 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
3303 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
3304 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
3305 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
3306 # the Sök-button).
3307 #
3308 # (2001-05-13):
3309 #
3310 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
3311 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
3312 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
3313 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
3314 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
3315 # hour before the event took place.
3316 #
3317 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
3319 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3320 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
3321 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
3322 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
3323 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 1:00
3324 1:00 - CET 1980
3325 1:00 EU CE%sT
3327 # Switzerland
3328 # From Howse:
3329 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
3330 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
3331 # mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
3332 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3333 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
3334 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
3335 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
3336 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
3337 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
3338 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
3340 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
3341 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
3342 #
3343 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
3344 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
3345 #
3346 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
3347 # government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
3348 # federal law collection)...
3349 #
3350 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
3351 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
3352 #
3353 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
3354 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
3355 #
3356 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
3357 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
3358 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
3359 # other years are made.
3360 #
3361 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
3362 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
3363 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
3364 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
3365 #
3366 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
3367 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
3368 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
3369 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
3370 #
3371 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
3372 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3373 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3374 #
3375 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3376 #
3377 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3378 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3379 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3380 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3381 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3382 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3383 #
3384 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3385 # The Federal regulations say
3386 # http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3387 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
3388 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3390 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3391 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3392 # http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
3393 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3394 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3395 # hour before the beginning of service.
3397 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3398 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3399 #
3400 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3401 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
3402 #
3403 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3404 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3405 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3406 #
3407 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
3408 # agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
3409 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
3410 # "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3411 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3412 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3413 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3414 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3415 # (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
3416 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3417 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3419 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3420 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3421 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3422 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3423 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3424 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
3425 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
3426 1:00 EU CE%sT
3428 # Turkey
3430 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2016-09-25):
3431 # 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
3432 # no exceptions.
3433 # 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
3434 # Here are official papers:
3435 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf - page 2 for 1986
3436 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf - page 4 for 1987
3437 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf - page 15 for 1988
3438 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf - page 6 for 1989
3439 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf - page 1 for 1990 - 1992
3440 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf - page 15 for 1993 - 1995
3441 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf - page 1 for overriding 1994
3442 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf - page 1 for 1996, 1997
3443 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf - page 10 for 1998 - 2000
3444 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2 - for 2001
3445 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2 - for 2002-2006
3446 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
3447 # Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1985.
3449 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3450 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3451 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3452 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3453 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3454 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3455 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3456 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3457 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3459 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3460 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3461 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3462 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3463 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3464 # Turkish:
3465 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
3467 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
3468 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
3469 # Turkish Local election....
3470 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
3471 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
3472 # From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
3473 # Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
3474 # I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
3475 # change delay. Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
3476 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
3477 # The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
3478 # change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not. See:
3479 # Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
3480 # http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
3481 # I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
3483 # From Fatih (2015-09-29):
3484 # It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
3485 # Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
3486 # http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217
3487 #
3488 # From BBC News (2015-10-25):
3489 # Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a
3490 # government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan
3491 # Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan.
3492 # http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326
3494 # From Burak AYDIN (2016-09-08):
3495 # Turkey will stay in Daylight Saving Time even in winter....
3496 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/09/20160908-2.pdf
3497 #
3498 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-07):
3499 # The change is permanent, so this is the new standard time in Turkey.
3500 # It takes effect today, which is not much notice.
3502 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3503 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3504 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3505 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
3506 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
3507 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
3508 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
3509 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3510 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3511 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
3512 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3513 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
3514 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3515 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3516 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
3517 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
3518 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
3519 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
3520 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3521 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
3522 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3523 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
3524 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
3525 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3526 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3527 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3528 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
3529 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3530 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
3531 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
3532 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
3533 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3534 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
3535 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3536 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
3537 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3538 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
3539 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3540 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
3541 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
3542 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
3543 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
3544 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
3545 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
3546 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3547 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3548 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
3549 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
3550 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
3551 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
3552 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
3553 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
3554 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
3555 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3556 Rule Turkey 1986 1993 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3557 Rule Turkey 1986 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3558 Rule Turkey 1994 only - Mar 20 1:00s 1:00 S
3559 Rule Turkey 1995 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3560 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3561 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3562 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
3563 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
3564 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
3565 3:00 Turkey +03/+04 1985 Apr 20
3566 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
3567 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
3568 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
3569 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 1:00u
3570 2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31 1:00u
3571 2:00 EU EE%sT 2015 Oct 25 1:00u
3572 2:00 1:00 EEST 2015 Nov 8 1:00u
3573 2:00 EU EE%sT 2016 Sep 7
3574 3:00 - +03
3575 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
3577 # Ukraine
3578 #
3579 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
3580 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
3581 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
3582 # regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
3583 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
3584 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
3585 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
3587 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
3588 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
3589 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
3590 #
3591 # Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
3592 # approval from 266 deputies.
3593 #
3594 # Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
3595 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
3596 #
3597 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
3598 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
3599 #
3600 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
3601 # http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
3602 #
3603 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
3604 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
3605 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
3606 # time this year after all.
3607 #
3608 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
3609 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
3610 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
3611 # to Russia) was reverted today:
3612 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
3613 #
3614 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
3615 # The law documents themselves are at
3616 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
3618 # From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
3619 # First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
3620 # 03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1 Time Zone 3 with DST
3621 # 07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3622 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
3623 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
3624 #
3625 # They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
3626 # "summer time" was still in action):
3627 # 09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3628 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
3629 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
3630 #
3631 # Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
3632 # 03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3633 #
3634 # DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
3635 # 09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0 Time Zone 2, no DST
3636 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
3637 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
3638 # This is an answer.
3639 #
3640 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
3641 # 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started
3642 # 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended
3643 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
3644 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
3646 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3647 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
3648 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3649 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
3650 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
3651 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
3652 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3653 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
3654 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
3655 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3656 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00
3657 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3658 2:00 EU EE%sT
3659 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
3660 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
3661 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
3662 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
3663 1:00 - CET 1940
3664 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
3665 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
3666 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
3667 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
3668 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3669 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
3670 2:00 - EET 1992
3671 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3672 2:00 EU EE%sT
3673 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
3674 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3675 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
3676 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
3677 # portable Posix file names.
3678 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
3679 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
3680 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3681 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
3682 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
3683 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3684 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3685 2:00 EU EE%sT
3687 # Vatican City
3688 # See Europe/Rome.
3690 ###############################################################################
3692 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
3693 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
3694 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
3695 #
3696 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
3697 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
3698 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
3699 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
3700 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
3701 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
3703 # ...
3704 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
3705 # From: Tom Hofmann
3706 # ...
3707 #
3708 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
3709 # most European countries started DST. Before that year, only
3710 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
3711 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
3712 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
3713 # years...
3714 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
3715 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
3716 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
3717 # lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
3718 #
3719 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
3720 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
3721 #
3722 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
3723 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
3724 # ...
3726 # ...
3727 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
3728 # From: Dik T. Winter
3729 # ...
3730 #
3731 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
3732 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
3733 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
3734 #
3735 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
3736 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
3737 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
3738 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
3739 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
3740 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
3741 # dates...
3742 #
3743 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
3744 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
3745 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
3746 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
3747 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
3748 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
3749 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
3750 # in advance of normal time.
3751 #
3752 # ...
3753 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
3754 # ...
3756 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
3757 # ...
3758 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
3759 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
3760 # ...
3761 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
3762 # ...