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33 .\" @(#)mount_null.8 8.6 (Berkeley) 5/1/95
34 .\" $FreeBSD: src/sbin/mount_null/mount_null.8,v 1.11.2.6 2001/12/20 16:40:00 ru Exp $
35 .\" $DragonFly: src/sbin/mount_null/mount_null.8,v 1.8 2008/10/26 00:05:24 swildner Exp $
37 .Dd September 28, 2008
42 .Nd "mount a loopback filesystem sub-tree; demonstrate the use of a null file system layer"
56 null layer, duplicating a sub-tree of the file system
57 name space under another part of the global file system namespace.
58 This allows existing files and directories to be accessed
59 using a different pathname.
61 The primary differences between a virtual copy of the filesystem
62 and a symbolic link are that the
64 functions work correctly in the virtual copy, and that other filesystems
65 may be mounted on the virtual copy without affecting the original.
66 A different device number for the virtual copy is returned by
68 but in other respects it is indistinguishable from the original.
72 filesystem differs from a traditional
73 loopback file system in two respects: it is implemented using
74 a stackable layers techniques, and its
77 all lower-layer vnodes, not just over directory vnodes.
79 The options are as follows:
80 .Bl -tag -width indent
82 Options are specified with a
84 flag followed by a comma separated string of options.
87 man page for possible options and their meanings.
89 Update the mount point.
90 This is typically used to upgrade a mount to
91 read-write or downgrade it to read-only.
94 The null layer has three purposes.
95 First, it serves as a demonstration of layering by providing a layer
97 (It actually does everything the loopback file system does,
98 which is slightly more than nothing.)
99 Second, it is used for NFS exporting
102 Third, the null layer can serve as a prototype layer.
103 Since it provides all necessary layer framework,
104 new file system layers can be created very easily by starting
107 The remainder of this man page examines the null layer as a basis
108 for constructing new layers.
111 .Sh INSTANTIATING NEW NULL LAYERS
112 New null layers are created with
115 takes two arguments, the pathname
116 of the lower vfs (target-pn) and the pathname where the null
117 layer will appear in the namespace (mount-point-pn). After
118 the null layer is put into place, the contents
119 of target-pn subtree will be aliased under mount-point-pn.
122 .Sh OPERATION OF A NULL LAYER
123 The null layer is the minimum file system layer,
124 simply bypassing all possible operations to the lower layer
125 for processing there. The majority of its activity centers
126 on the bypass routine, through which nearly all vnode operations
129 The bypass routine accepts arbitrary vnode operations for
130 handling by the lower layer. It begins by examining vnode
131 operation arguments and replacing any null-nodes by their
132 lower-layer equivalents. It then invokes the operation
133 on the lower layer. Finally, it replaces the null-nodes
134 in the arguments and, if a vnode is returned by the operation,
135 stacks a null-node on top of the returned vnode.
137 Although bypass handles most operations,
145 must change the fsid being returned.
149 are not bypassed so that
150 they can handle freeing null-layer specific data.
152 is not bypassed to avoid excessive debugging
156 .Sh INSTANTIATING VNODE STACKS
157 Mounting associates the null layer with a lower layer,
158 in effect stacking two VFSes. Vnode stacks are instead
159 created on demand as files are accessed.
161 The initial mount creates a single vnode stack for the
162 root of the new null layer. All other vnode stacks
163 are created as a result of vnode operations on
164 this or other null vnode stacks.
166 New vnode stacks come into existence as a result of
167 an operation which returns a vnode.
168 The bypass routine stacks a null-node above the new
169 vnode before returning it to the caller.
171 For example, imagine mounting a null layer with
172 .Bd -literal -offset indent
173 mount_null /usr/include /dev/layer/null
176 Changing directory to
179 the root null-node (which was created when the null layer was mounted).
185 done on the root null-node. This operation would bypass through
186 to the lower layer which would return a vnode representing
190 (assuming that the lower layer is an
193 Null_bypass then builds a null-node
197 and returns this to the caller.
198 Later operations on the null-node
201 process when constructing other vnode stacks.
204 .Sh CREATING OTHER FILE SYSTEM LAYERS
205 One of the easiest ways to construct new file system layers is to make
206 a copy of the null layer, rename all files and variables, and
207 then begin modifying the copy.
209 can be used to easily rename
213 .Sh INVOKING OPERATIONS ON LOWER LAYERS
214 There are two techniques to invoke operations on a lower layer
215 when the operation cannot be completely bypassed. Each method
216 is appropriate in different situations. In both cases,
217 it is the responsibility of the aliasing layer to make
218 the operation arguments "correct" for the lower layer
219 by mapping a vnode argument to the lower layer.
221 The first approach is to call the aliasing layer's bypass routine.
222 This method is most suitable when you wish to invoke the operation
223 currently being handled on the lower layer.
224 It has the advantage that
225 the bypass routine already must do argument mapping.
226 An example of this is
230 A second approach is to directly invoke vnode operations on
231 the lower layer with the
232 .Em VOP_OPERATIONNAME
234 The advantage of this method is that it is easy to invoke
235 arbitrary operations on the lower layer. The disadvantage
236 is that vnode arguments must be manually mapped.
243 UCLA Technical Report CSD-910056,
244 .Em "Stackable Layers: an Architecture for File System Development" .
248 utility first appeared in
255 after it had been broken for some time.