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28 .\" @(#)route.8 8.3 (Berkeley) 3/19/94
29 .\" $FreeBSD: src/sbin/route/route.8,v 1.17.2.9 2003/02/24 00:56:43 trhodes Exp $
36 .Nd manually manipulate the routing tables
49 utility is used to manually manipulate the network
50 routing tables. It normally is not needed, as a
51 system routing table management daemon such as
53 should tend to this task.
57 utility supports a limited number of general options,
58 but a rich command language, enabling the user to specify
59 any arbitrary request that could be delivered via the
60 programmatic interface discussed in
63 The following options are available:
64 .Bl -tag -width indent
66 On SMP systems the route table is replicated. This option allows the
67 route table for a specific cpu to be accessed and exists primarily
68 for debugging purposes.
70 (debug) Print additional details for monitor and rtmsg commands.
72 Bypass attempts to print host and network names symbolically
73 when reporting actions. (The process of translating between symbolic
74 names and numerical equivalents can be quite time consuming, and
75 may require correct operation of the network; thus it may be expedient
76 to forget this, especially when attempting to repair networking operations).
78 (verbose) Print additional details.
80 Suppress all output from the
86 Print the full width of the data being represented even if it would overflow
92 utility provides six commands:
94 .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact
100 Delete a specific route.
102 Change aspects of a route (such as its gateway).
104 Lookup and display the route for a destination.
106 Print out the route table similar to "netstat \-r" (see
109 Continuously report any changes to the routing information base,
110 routing lookup misses, or suspected network partitionings.
113 The monitor command has the syntax:
115 .Bd -ragged -offset indent -compact
121 The flush command has the syntax:
123 .Bd -ragged -offset indent -compact
132 command is specified,
134 will ``flush'' the routing tables of all gateway entries.
135 When the address family may is specified by any of the
139 modifiers, only routes having destinations with addresses in the
140 delineated family will be deleted.
142 The other commands have the following syntax:
144 .Bd -ragged -offset indent -compact
148 .Op Fl net No \&| Fl host
149 .Ar destination gateway
155 is the destination host or network,
157 is the next-hop intermediary via which packets should be routed.
158 Routes to a particular host may be distinguished from those to
159 a network by interpreting the Internet address specified as the
162 The optional modifiers
166 force the destination to be interpreted as a network or a host, respectively.
170 .Dq local address part
176 is the symbolic name of a network, then the route is
177 assumed to be to a network; otherwise, it is presumed to be a
181 could also be specified in the
182 .Ar net Ns / Ns Ar bits
188 .Fl host Li 128.0.0.32 ;
191 .Fl host Li 128.32.0.130 ;
195 .Fl net Li 128.32.130
201 .Fl net Li 192.168.64 Fl netmask Li 255.255.240.0 .
209 which is the default route.
211 If the destination is directly reachable
212 via an interface requiring
213 no intermediary system to act as a gateway, the
215 modifier should be specified;
216 the gateway given is the address of this host on the common network,
217 indicating the interface to be used for transmission.
218 Alternately, if the interface is point to point the name of the interface
219 itself may be given, in which case the route remains valid even
220 if the local or remote addresses change.
222 The optional modifiers
226 specify that all subsequent addresses are in the
229 or are specified as link-level addresses,
230 and the names must be numeric specifications rather than
235 modifier is intended to manually add subnet routes with
236 netmasks different from that of the implied network interface.
237 One specifies an additional ensuing address parameter
238 (to be interpreted as a network mask).
239 The implicit network mask generated in the AF_INET case
240 can be overridden by making sure this option follows the destination parameter.
247 is available instead of the
249 qualifier because non-continuous masks are not allowed in IPv6.
252 specifies network mask of
253 .Li ffff:ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
255 The default value of prefixlen is 64 to get along with
256 the aggregatable address.
260 Note that the qualifier works only for
264 Routes have associated flags which influence operation of the protocols
265 when sending to destinations matched by the routes.
266 These flags may be set (or sometimes cleared)
267 by indicating the following corresponding modifiers:
269 -cloning RTF_CLONING - generates a new route on use
270 -xresolve RTF_XRESOLVE - emit mesg on use (for external lookup)
271 -iface ~RTF_GATEWAY - destination is directly reachable
272 -static RTF_STATIC - manually added route
273 -nostatic ~RTF_STATIC - pretend route added by kernel or daemon
274 -reject RTF_REJECT - emit an ICMP unreachable when matched
275 -blackhole RTF_BLACKHOLE - silently discard pkts (during updates)
276 -proto1 RTF_PROTO1 - set protocol specific routing flag #1
277 -proto2 RTF_PROTO2 - set protocol specific routing flag #2
278 -llinfo RTF_LLINFO - validly translates proto addr to link addr
281 The optional modifiers
294 provide initial values to quantities maintained in the routing entry
295 by transport level protocols, such as TCP or TP4.
296 These may be individually locked by preceding each such modifier to
300 meta-modifier, or one can
301 specify that all ensuing metrics may be locked by the
309 command where the destination and gateway are not sufficient to specify
312 case where several interfaces may have the
317 modifiers may be used to determine the interface or interface address.
321 modifier specifies that the
323 routing table entry is the
324 .Dq published (proxy-only)
326 entry, as reported by
329 All symbolic names specified for a
333 are looked up first as a host name using
334 .Xr gethostbyname 3 .
335 If this lookup fails,
337 is then used to interpret the name as that of a network.
344 modifiers may be used to specify the desired mpls label
345 operations for the route. Each route may have up to 3
346 label operations assigned to it. The label operations
347 may be combined between them, but specifically the
351 operations may be repeated if the intent is to push or pop
352 more than one label at once. The
354 operation always swaps the outer label and may not be
356 Here are some MPLS route examples:
358 Add an normal inet route, but push an mpls
362 .Bd -ragged -offset indent -compact
365 .Ar destination gateway
370 Add an normal inet route, but double-push an mpls
376 .Bd -ragged -offset indent -compact
379 .Ar destination gateway
386 Add an mpls route for an
390 and swap that label with
393 .Bd -ragged -offset indent -compact
406 utility uses a routing socket and the new message types
407 .Dv RTM_ADD , RTM_DELETE , RTM_GET ,
410 As such, only the super-user may modify
416 .It "add [host \&| network ] %s: gateway %s flags %x"
417 The specified route is being added to the tables. The
418 values printed are from the routing table entry supplied
422 If the gateway address used was not the primary address of the gateway
423 (the first one returned by
424 .Xr gethostbyname 3 ) ,
425 the gateway address is printed numerically as well as symbolically.
426 .It "delete [ host \&| network ] %s: gateway %s flags %x"
427 As above, but when deleting an entry.
431 command is specified, each routing table entry deleted
432 is indicated with a message of this form.
433 .It "Network is unreachable"
434 An attempt to add a route failed because the gateway listed was not
435 on a directly-connected network.
436 The next-hop gateway must be given.
438 A delete operation was attempted for an entry which
439 wasn't present in the tables.
440 .It "routing table overflow"
441 An add operation was attempted, but the system was
442 low on resources and was unable to allocate memory
443 to create the new entry.
444 .It "gateway uses the same route"
447 operation resulted in a route whose gateway uses the
448 same route as the one being changed.
449 The next-hop gateway should be reachable through a different route.
463 The first paragraph may have slightly exaggerated