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1 # <pre>
2 # @(#)europe 8.25
3 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
4 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
6 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
7 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
8 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
10 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
11 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
12 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
13 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
14 #
15 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
16 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
17 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
18 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
19 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
20 #
21 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
22 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
23 #
24 # Other sources occasionally used include:
25 #
26 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
27 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
28 # which I found in the UCLA library.
29 #
30 # <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
31 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
32 # </a> (1914-03)
33 #
34 # Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
35 # <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
36 # History of Summer Time
37 # </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
39 #
40 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
41 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
42 # Corrections are welcome!
43 # std dst 2dst
44 # LMT Local Mean Time
45 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
46 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
47 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
48 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
49 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
50 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
51 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
52 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
53 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
54 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
55 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
56 # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
57 #
58 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
59 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
61 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
62 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
63 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
64 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
65 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
66 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
67 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
68 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
69 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
70 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
71 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
72 # ...
73 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
74 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
75 # ...
76 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
77 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
78 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
79 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
80 # in the Directive.
83 ###############################################################################
85 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
87 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
88 #
89 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
90 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
91 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
92 # of the text said:
93 #
94 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
95 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
96 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
97 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
98 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
99 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
100 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
101 #
102 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
103 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
104 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
105 #
106 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
108 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
109 #
110 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
111 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
112 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
113 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
114 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
115 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
116 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
117 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
118 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
119 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
120 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
121 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
122 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
123 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
124 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
125 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
126 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
127 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
128 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
129 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
130 #
131 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
132 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
133 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
135 # From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
136 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
137 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
138 # who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
139 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
140 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
141 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
142 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
143 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
144 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
145 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
146 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
147 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
148 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
149 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
150 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
152 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
153 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
154 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
155 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
156 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
157 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
158 # -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
159 # "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
160 # </a>
162 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
163 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
164 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
165 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
166 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
168 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
169 #
170 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
171 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
173 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
174 # From: Jonathan Leffler
175 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
176 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
177 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
179 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
180 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
181 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
182 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
183 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
185 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
186 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
187 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
188 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
190 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
191 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
192 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
193 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
194 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
195 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
196 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
197 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
199 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
200 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
201 # which is to be introduced in May....
202 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
203 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
205 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
206 # Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
207 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
208 # so we use `BDST'.
210 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
211 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
212 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
213 # and extending this list, which can be found in
214 # <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">
215 # History of legal time in Britain
216 # </a>
218 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
219 #
220 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
221 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
222 # <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
223 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
224 # </a>.
226 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
227 #
228 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
229 #
230 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
231 # are incorrect:
232 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
233 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
234 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
235 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
236 # It actually just had one transition.
237 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
238 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
239 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
240 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
241 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
242 #
243 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
244 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
245 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
246 # conform with Great Britain.
247 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
248 #
249 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
250 # we'll ignore it for now.
251 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
252 #
253 #
254 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
255 # Shanks & Pottenger.
256 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
257 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
258 # to London. For example:
259 #
260 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
261 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
263 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
264 # Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
265 # various relating to legal time, for example:
266 #
267 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
268 #
269 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
270 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
271 #
272 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
273 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
274 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
275 #
276 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
277 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
278 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
279 #
280 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
281 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
282 #
283 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
284 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
285 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
286 #
287 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
288 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
289 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
290 # being GMT+1.)
292 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
293 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
294 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
295 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
296 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
297 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
298 # and Frethun run in CT.
299 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
300 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
301 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
302 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
303 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
304 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
306 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
307 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
308 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
309 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
310 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
311 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
312 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
314 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
315 # Summer Time Act, 1916
316 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
317 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
318 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
319 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
320 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
321 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
322 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
323 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
324 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
325 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
326 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
327 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
328 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
329 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
330 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
331 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
332 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
333 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
334 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
335 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
336 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
337 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
338 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
339 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
340 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
341 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
342 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
343 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
344 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
345 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
346 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
347 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
348 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
349 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
350 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
351 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
352 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
353 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
354 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
355 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
356 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
357 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
358 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
359 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
360 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
361 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
362 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
363 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
364 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
365 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
366 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
367 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
368 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
369 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
370 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
371 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
372 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
373 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
374 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
375 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
376 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
377 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
378 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
379 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
380 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
381 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
382 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
383 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
384 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
385 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
386 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
387 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
388 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
389 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
390 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
391 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
392 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
393 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
394 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
395 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
396 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
397 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
398 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
399 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
400 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
401 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
402 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
403 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
404 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
405 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
406 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
407 # (no summer time)
408 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
409 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
410 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
411 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
412 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
413 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
414 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
415 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
416 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
417 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
418 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
419 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
420 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
421 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
422 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
424 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
425 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
426 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
427 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
428 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
429 0:00 EU GMT/BST
430 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
431 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
432 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
433 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
434 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
435 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
436 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
437 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
438 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
439 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
440 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
441 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
442 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
443 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
444 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
445 0:00 EU GMT/IST
447 ###############################################################################
449 # Europe
451 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
452 # Common Market, etc.
454 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
455 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
456 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
457 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
458 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
459 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
460 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
461 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
462 # <a="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT">
463 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
464 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
465 # </a>
467 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
468 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
469 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
470 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
471 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
472 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
473 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
475 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
476 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
477 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
478 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
479 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
480 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
481 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
482 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
483 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
484 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
485 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
486 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
487 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
488 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
489 #
490 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
491 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
492 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
493 # tz database itself, as seen below:
494 #
495 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
496 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
497 #
498 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
499 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
500 #
501 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
502 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
503 #
504 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
505 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
506 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
507 #
508 # The rule line to be changed is:
509 #
510 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
511 #
512 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
513 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
514 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
515 # affected are apparently these ficticious zones that translates acronyms
516 # CET and MET:
517 #
518 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
519 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
520 #
521 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
522 #
523 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
524 #
525 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
526 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
527 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
528 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
529 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
530 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
531 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
532 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
534 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
535 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
536 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
537 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
538 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
539 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
540 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
542 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
543 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
544 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
545 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
546 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
547 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
548 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
549 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
550 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
551 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
552 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
553 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
554 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
555 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
556 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
557 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
558 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
559 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
560 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
561 #
562 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
563 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
564 Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
565 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
566 Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
568 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
570 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
571 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
572 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
573 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
574 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
576 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
577 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
579 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
580 # The official German names ... are
581 #
582 # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
583 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
584 #
585 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
586 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
587 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
588 #
589 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
590 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
591 # Postfach 3345
592 # D-38023 Braunschweig
593 # phone: +49 531 592-0
594 #
595 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
596 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
597 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
598 #
599 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
600 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
603 # Albania
604 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
605 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
606 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
607 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
608 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
609 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
610 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
611 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
612 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
613 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
614 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
615 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
616 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
617 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
618 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
619 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
620 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
621 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
622 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
623 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
624 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
625 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
626 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
627 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
628 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
629 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
630 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
631 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
632 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
633 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
634 1:00 EU CE%sT
636 # Andorra
637 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
638 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
639 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
640 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
641 1:00 EU CE%sT
643 # Austria
645 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
646 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
647 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
648 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
649 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
650 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
652 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
653 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
654 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
655 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
656 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
657 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
658 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
659 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
660 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
661 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
662 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
663 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
664 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
665 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
666 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
667 1:00 - CET 1946
668 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
669 1:00 EU CE%sT
671 # Belarus
672 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
673 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
674 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
675 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
676 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
677 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
678 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
679 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
680 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
681 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
682 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
683 2:00 Russia EE%sT
685 # Belgium
686 #
687 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
688 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
689 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
690 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
691 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
692 # pp 8-9.
693 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
694 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
695 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
696 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
697 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
698 #
699 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
700 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
701 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
702 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
703 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
704 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
705 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
706 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
707 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
708 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
709 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
710 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
711 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
712 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
713 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
714 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
715 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
716 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
717 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
718 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
719 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
720 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
721 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
722 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
723 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
724 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
725 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
726 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
727 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
728 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
729 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
730 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
731 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
732 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
733 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
734 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
735 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
736 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
737 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
738 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
739 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
740 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
741 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
742 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
743 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
744 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
745 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
746 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
747 1:00 EU CE%sT
749 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
750 # see Serbia
752 # Bulgaria
753 #
754 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
755 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
756 # EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
757 # EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
758 #
759 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
760 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
761 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
762 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
763 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
764 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
765 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
766 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
767 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
768 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
769 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
770 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
771 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
772 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
773 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
774 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
775 2:00 EU EE%sT
777 # Croatia
778 # see Serbia
780 # Cyprus
781 # Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
783 # Czech Republic
784 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
785 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
786 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
787 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
788 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
789 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
790 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
791 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
792 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
793 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
794 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
795 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
796 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
797 1:00 EU CE%sT
799 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
801 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
802 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
803 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
804 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
805 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
806 #
807 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
808 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
809 #
810 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
811 # in subsequenet decrees with the law
812 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
813 #
814 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
815 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
816 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
817 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
818 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
819 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
820 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
821 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
822 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
823 # was suspended on that night):
824 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
826 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
827 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
828 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
830 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
831 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
832 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
834 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
835 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
836 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
837 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
838 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
839 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
840 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
841 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
842 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
843 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
844 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
845 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
846 #
847 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
848 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
849 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
850 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
851 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
852 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
853 1:00 EU CE%sT
854 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
855 0:00 - WET 1981
856 0:00 EU WE%sT
857 #
858 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
859 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
860 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
861 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
862 #
863 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
864 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
865 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
866 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
867 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
868 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
870 # From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
871 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
872 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
873 #
874 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
875 # is according to the following time line:
876 #
877 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
878 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
879 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
880 # Danmarkshavn UTC
881 #
882 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
883 # introduced.
885 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
886 #
887 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
888 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
889 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
890 # info from earlier correspondence.]
891 #
892 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
893 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
894 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
895 #
896 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
897 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
898 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
899 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
900 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
901 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
902 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
903 #
904 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
905 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
906 #
907 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
908 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
909 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
910 #
911 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
912 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
913 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
914 # this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
915 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
917 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
918 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
919 # there at 2:00 AM.
921 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
922 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
923 # the 1995 map as like Godthab.
924 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
925 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
926 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
927 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
928 #
929 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
930 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
931 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
932 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
933 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
934 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
935 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
936 #
937 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
938 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
939 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
940 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
941 0:00 - GMT
942 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
943 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
944 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
945 -1:00 EU EG%sT
946 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
947 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
948 -3:00 EU WG%sT
949 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
950 -4:00 Thule A%sT
952 # Estonia
953 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
954 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
955 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
956 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
957 #
958 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
959 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
960 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
961 # ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
962 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
963 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
964 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
965 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
966 # summer time next spring.''
968 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
969 # <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
970 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
971 # </a>
972 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
973 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
974 #
975 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
976 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
977 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
979 # From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
980 # via Steffen Thorsen:
981 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
982 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
983 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
984 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
985 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
986 # after that.
988 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
989 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
990 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
991 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
993 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
994 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
995 # Now we are using again EU rules.
996 #
997 # From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
998 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1000 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1001 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1002 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1003 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1004 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1005 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1006 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1007 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1008 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1009 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1010 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1011 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
1012 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1013 2:00 EU EE%sT
1015 # Finland
1016 #
1017 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1018 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1019 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1020 #
1021 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1022 # Shanks & Pottenger say Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time
1023 # since 1981. Go with Strang instead.
1024 #
1025 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1026 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1027 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1028 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1029 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1030 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1031 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1032 2:00 EU EE%sT
1034 # Aaland Is
1035 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1038 # France
1040 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1041 #
1042 # Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
1043 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1044 #
1045 # Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
1046 # Paris, 1991
1047 #
1048 # Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
1049 # Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
1052 #
1053 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use `24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1054 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1055 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1056 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1057 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1058 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1059 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1060 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1061 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1062 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1063 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1064 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1065 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1066 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1067 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1068 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1069 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1070 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1071 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1072 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1073 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1074 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1075 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1076 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1077 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1078 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1079 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1080 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1081 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1082 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1083 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1084 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1085 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1086 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1087 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1088 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1089 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1090 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1091 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1092 # Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,
1093 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1094 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1095 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).
1096 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1097 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1098 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1099 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1100 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1101 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1102 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1103 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1104 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1105 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1106 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1107 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1108 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1109 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1110 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1111 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1112 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1113 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1114 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1115 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1116 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1117 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1118 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1119 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1120 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1121 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1122 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1123 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1124 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1125 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1126 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1127 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1128 1:00 EU CE%sT
1130 # Germany
1132 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1133 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1134 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1135 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1137 # From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1138 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1139 # <a href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1140 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1142 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1143 # <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1144 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1145 # </a>
1146 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1147 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1148 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1151 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1152 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1153 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1154 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1155 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1156 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1157 # Go with the PTB.
1158 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1159 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1160 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1161 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1162 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1164 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1165 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1166 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1168 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1169 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1170 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1171 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1172 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1173 1:00 EU CE%sT
1175 # Georgia
1176 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1177 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1178 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1180 # Gibraltar
1181 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1182 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1183 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1184 1:00 - CET 1982
1185 1:00 EU CE%sT
1187 # Greece
1188 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1189 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1190 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1191 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1192 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1193 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1194 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1195 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1196 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1197 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1198 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1199 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1200 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1201 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1202 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1203 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1204 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1205 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1206 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1207 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1208 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1209 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1210 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1211 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1212 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1213 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1214 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1215 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1216 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1217 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1218 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1219 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1220 2:00 EU EE%sT
1222 # Hungary
1223 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1224 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1225 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1226 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1227 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1228 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1229 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1230 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1231 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1232 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1233 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1234 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1235 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1236 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1237 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1238 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1239 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1240 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1241 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1242 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1243 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1244 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1245 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1246 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1247 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1248 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1249 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1250 1:00 EU CE%sT
1252 # Iceland
1253 #
1254 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1255 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1256 #
1257 # (1993-12-05):
1258 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1259 # Iceland Almanak.
1260 #
1261 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1262 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1263 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1264 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1265 #
1266 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1267 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1268 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1269 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1270 #
1271 # (1993-12-10):
1272 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1273 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1274 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1275 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1276 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1277 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1278 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1279 # might mean something else (???).
1280 #
1281 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1282 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
1283 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
1284 # that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1285 #
1286 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1287 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1288 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1289 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1290 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1291 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1292 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1293 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1294 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1295 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1296 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1297 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1298 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1299 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1300 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1301 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1302 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1303 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1304 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1305 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1306 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1307 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1308 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1309 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1310 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1311 0:00 - GMT
1313 # Italy
1314 #
1315 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1316 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1317 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1318 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1319 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1320 # so record only the time in Rome.
1321 #
1322 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1323 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1324 # F. Pollastri
1325 # <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1326 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1327 # </a>
1328 # (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1329 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1330 #
1331 # year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1332 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1333 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1334 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1335 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1336 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1337 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1338 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1339 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1340 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1341 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1342 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1343 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1344 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1345 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1346 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1347 #
1348 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1349 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1350 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1351 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1352 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1353 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1354 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1355 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1356 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1357 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1358 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1359 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1360 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1361 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1362 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1363 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1364 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1365 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1366 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1367 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1368 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1369 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1370 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1371 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1372 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1373 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1374 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1375 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1376 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1377 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1378 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1379 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1380 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1381 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1382 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1383 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1384 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1385 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1386 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1387 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1388 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1389 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1390 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1391 1:00 EU CE%sT
1393 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1394 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1396 # Latvia
1398 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1400 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1401 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1402 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1403 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1404 #
1405 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1406 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1407 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1408 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1409 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1410 #
1411 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1412 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1413 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1414 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1415 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1416 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1417 #
1418 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1419 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1420 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1421 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1422 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1423 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1424 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1425 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1426 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1427 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1428 #
1429 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1430 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1431 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1433 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1434 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1435 # <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1436 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1437 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1439 # <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1440 # From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1441 # </a>
1442 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1443 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1444 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1445 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1446 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1447 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1448 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1449 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1450 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1451 # appears that they will not do so....
1453 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1454 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1455 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1456 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1457 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1458 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1459 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1460 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1461 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1462 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1463 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1464 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1465 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1466 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1467 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1468 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1469 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1470 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1471 2:00 EU EE%sT
1473 # Liechtenstein
1474 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1475 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1476 1:00 - CET 1981
1477 1:00 EU CE%sT
1479 # Lithuania
1481 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1482 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1483 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1485 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1486 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1487 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1489 # From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1490 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1491 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1492 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1493 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1494 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1495 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1496 # already done by Estonia.
1498 # From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1499 # Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1500 # </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1502 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1503 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1504 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1505 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1506 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1507 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1508 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1511 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1512 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1513 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1514 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1515 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1516 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1517 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1518 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1519 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1520 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1521 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1522 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1523 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1524 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1525 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1526 2:00 EU EE%sT
1528 # Luxembourg
1529 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1530 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1531 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1532 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1533 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1534 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1535 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1536 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1537 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1538 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1539 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1540 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1541 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1542 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1543 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1544 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1545 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1546 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1547 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1548 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1549 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1550 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1551 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1552 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1553 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1554 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1555 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1556 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1557 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1558 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1559 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1560 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1561 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1562 1:00 EU CE%sT
1564 # Macedonia
1565 # see Serbia
1567 # Malta
1568 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1569 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1570 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1571 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1572 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1573 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1574 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1575 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1576 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1577 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1578 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1579 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1580 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1581 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1582 1:00 EU CE%sT
1584 # Moldova
1586 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1587 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1588 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1589 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1590 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1591 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1592 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1593 # But [two people] separately reported via
1594 # Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1595 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1597 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1598 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1599 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1600 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1601 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1602 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1603 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1604 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1605 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1606 2:00 - EET 1991
1607 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1608 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1609 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1610 2:00 EU EE%sT
1612 # Monaco
1613 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1614 # more precise 0:09:21.
1615 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1616 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1617 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1618 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1619 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1620 1:00 EU CE%sT
1622 # Montenegro
1623 # see Serbia
1625 # Netherlands
1627 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1628 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1630 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1631 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1632 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1633 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1634 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1635 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1636 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1637 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1638 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1639 #
1640 # (2001-04-08):
1641 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1642 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1643 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1644 #
1645 # (2001-04-09):
1646 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1647 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1648 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1649 # actually followed.
1650 #
1651 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1652 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1653 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1654 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1655 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1656 #
1657 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1658 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1659 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1660 # Amsterdam mean time.
1662 # The data before 1945 are taken from
1663 # <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1665 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1666 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1667 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1668 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1669 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1670 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1671 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1672 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1673 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1674 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1675 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1676 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1677 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1678 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1679 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1680 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1681 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1682 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1683 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1684 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1685 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1686 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1687 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1688 #
1689 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1690 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1691 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1692 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1693 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1694 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1695 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1696 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1697 1:00 EU CE%sT
1699 # Norway
1700 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1701 # Pottenger.
1702 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1703 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1704 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1705 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1706 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1707 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1708 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1709 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1710 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1711 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1712 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1713 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1714 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1715 1:00 EU CE%sT
1717 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1719 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1720 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1721 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1722 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1723 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1724 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1725 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1726 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1727 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1728 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1729 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1730 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1731 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1732 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1733 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1734 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1735 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1736 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1738 # From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
1739 #
1740 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1741 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1742 # keeping Berlin time.
1743 #
1744 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1745 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1746 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1747 # frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1748 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1749 # the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1750 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1751 #
1752 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1753 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1754 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1755 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1756 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1757 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1758 # <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1759 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1760 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1761 #
1762 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
1763 # come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
1764 # war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:
1765 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1767 # Poland
1768 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1769 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1770 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1771 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1772 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1773 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1774 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1775 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1776 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1777 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1778 # Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1779 # <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1780 # Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1781 # He also gives these further references:
1782 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1783 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1784 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1785 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1786 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1787 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1788 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1789 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1790 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1791 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1792 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1793 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1794 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1795 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1796 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1797 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1798 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1799 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1800 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1801 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1802 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1803 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1804 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1805 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1806 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1807 1:00 EU CE%sT
1809 # Portugal
1810 #
1811 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1812 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1813 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1814 #
1815 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1816 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1817 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1818 #
1819 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1820 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1821 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1822 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1823 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1824 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1825 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1826 #
1827 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1828 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1829 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1830 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1831 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1832 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1833 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1834 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1835 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1836 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1837 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1838 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1839 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1840 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1841 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1842 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1843 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1844 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1845 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1846 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1847 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1848 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1849 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1850 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1851 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1852 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1853 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1854 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1855 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1856 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1857 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1858 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1859 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1860 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1861 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1862 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1863 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1864 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1865 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1866 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1867 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1868 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1869 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1870 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1871 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1872 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1873 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1874 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1875 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1876 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1877 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1878 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1879 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1880 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1881 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1882 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1883 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1884 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1885 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1886 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1887 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1888 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1889 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1890 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1891 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
1892 # Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
1893 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1894 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
1895 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1896 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1897 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1898 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1899 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1900 0:00 EU WE%sT
1901 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1902 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1903 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1904 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1905 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1906 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1907 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
1908 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1909 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1910 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1911 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1912 0:00 EU WE%sT
1914 # Romania
1915 #
1916 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
1917 # <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
1918 # Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
1919 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
1920 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
1921 # the same year as Bulgaria.
1922 #
1923 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1924 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1925 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1926 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1927 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1928 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1929 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1930 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1931 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1932 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1933 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1934 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
1935 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1936 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
1937 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1938 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
1939 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1940 2:00 EU EE%sT
1942 # Russia
1944 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1945 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
1946 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
1947 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
1948 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
1949 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
1950 #
1951 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
1952 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
1953 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
1954 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
1955 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
1956 #
1957 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
1958 # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
1959 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
1960 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
1961 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
1962 #
1963 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
1964 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
1965 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
1966 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
1967 #
1968 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
1969 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
1970 # News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
1971 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
1972 # the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
1973 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
1974 #
1975 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
1976 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
1977 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
1978 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
1979 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
1980 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
1981 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
1982 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
1983 #
1984 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1985 #
1986 # Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
1987 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1988 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1989 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
1990 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1991 2:00 Russia EE%sT
1992 #
1993 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
1994 # Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
1995 # Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
1996 # Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
1997 # Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
1998 # Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
1999 # Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
2000 # Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
2001 # Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
2002 # Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
2003 # Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
2004 # Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2005 # Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
2006 # Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
2007 # Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
2008 # Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
2009 # Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
2010 # Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
2011 # Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
2012 # Yaroslavskaya oblast'
2013 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
2014 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2015 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2016 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2017 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2018 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2019 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2020 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD
2021 #
2022 # Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
2023 # Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
2024 # but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the
2025 # others? But we have no data.
2026 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2027 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2028 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2029 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
2030 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
2031 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2032 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2033 3:00 Russia VOL%sT
2034 #
2035 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2036 # Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
2037 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2038 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
2039 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
2040 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2041 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2042 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2043 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2044 4:00 Russia SAM%sT # Samara Time
2045 #
2046 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2047 # Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2048 # Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
2049 # Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
2050 # Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
2051 # Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2052 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2053 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2054 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2055 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2056 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
2057 #
2058 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2059 # Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
2060 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2061 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
2062 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2063 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2064 6:00 Russia OMS%sT
2065 #
2066 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2067 # not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2068 # Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
2069 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2070 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2071 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2072 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2073 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2074 6:00 Russia NOV%sT
2076 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2077 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2078 # March 28, 2010:
2079 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2080 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2081 #
2082 # This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
2083 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2084 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2085 #
2086 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2087 # <a href="http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archiv">
2088 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2089 # </a>
2090 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2091 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2092 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html">
2093 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2094 # </a>
2095 #
2096 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2097 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2098 #
2099 # As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
2100 # Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
2102 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - NMT 1920 Jan 6
2103 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2104 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2105 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2106 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2107 6:00 Russia NOV%sT # Novosibirsk/Novokuznetsk Time
2109 #
2110 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2111 # Krasnoyarskij kraj,
2112 # Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
2113 # Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2114 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2115 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2116 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2117 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2118 7:00 Russia KRA%sT
2119 #
2120 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2121 # Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
2122 # Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2123 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2124 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2125 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2126 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2127 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2128 8:00 Russia IRK%sT
2129 #
2130 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2131 # Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2132 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2134 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2135 # ...some regions of RUssia were merged with others since 2005...
2136 # Some names were changed, no big deal, except for one instance: a new name.
2137 # YAK/YAKST: UTC+9 Zabajkal'skij kraj.
2139 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2140 # The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2141 # Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2142 # Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2143 # Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenyokskij, Olyokminskij,
2144 # Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2145 # Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij Natsional'nij.
2147 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2148 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2149 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2150 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2151 9:00 Russia YAK%sT
2152 #
2153 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2154 # Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2155 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2157 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2158 # The Sakha districts are: Bulunskij, Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij,
2159 # Ust'-Yanskij.
2160 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2161 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2162 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2163 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2164 10:00 Russia VLA%sT
2165 #
2166 # Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2167 # The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2168 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2169 9:00 - CJT 1938
2170 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2171 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2172 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2173 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2174 10:00 Russia SAK%sT
2175 #
2176 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2177 # Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2178 # Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2180 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2181 # The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Verkhhhnekolymskij, Momskij,
2182 # Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij, Srednekolymskij.
2183 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2184 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2185 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2186 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2187 11:00 Russia MAG%sT
2188 #
2189 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2190 # Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2191 #
2192 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2193 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2194 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2195 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2196 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2197 12:00 Russia PET%sT
2198 #
2199 # Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2200 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2201 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2202 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2203 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2204 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2205 12:00 Russia ANA%sT
2207 # Serbia
2208 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2209 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2210 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2211 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2212 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
2213 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2214 # Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2215 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2216 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2217 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2218 1:00 EU CE%sT
2219 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2220 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
2221 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2222 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2223 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2225 # Slovakia
2226 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2228 # Slovenia
2229 # see Serbia
2231 # Spain
2232 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2233 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2234 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2235 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2236 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2237 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2238 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2239 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2240 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2241 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2242 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2243 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2244 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2245 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2246 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2247 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2248 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2249 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2250 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2251 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2252 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2253 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2254 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2255 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2256 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2257 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2258 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2259 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2260 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2261 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2262 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2263 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2264 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2265 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2266 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2267 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2268 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2269 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2270 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2271 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2272 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2273 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2274 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2275 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2276 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2277 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2278 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2279 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2280 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2281 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2282 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2283 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
2284 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2285 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2286 1:00 EU CE%sT
2287 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2288 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2289 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2290 0:00 - WET 1924
2291 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2292 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2293 1:00 - CET 1986
2294 1:00 EU CE%sT
2295 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2296 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2297 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2298 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2299 0:00 EU WE%sT
2300 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2301 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2303 # Sweden
2305 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2306 #
2307 # The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2308 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2309 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2310 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2311 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2312 #
2313 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2314 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2315 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2316 #
2317 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2318 # forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2319 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2320 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2321 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2322 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2323 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2324 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2325 #
2326 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2327 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2328 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2329 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2330 #
2331 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2332 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2333 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2334 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2335 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2336 # the Sok-button).
2337 #
2338 # (2001-05-13):
2339 #
2340 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2341 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2342 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2343 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2344 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2345 # hour before the event took place.
2346 #
2347 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2349 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2350 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2351 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2352 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2353 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2354 1:00 - CET 1980
2355 1:00 EU CE%sT
2357 # Switzerland
2358 # From Howse:
2359 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2360 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2361 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2362 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2363 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2364 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2365 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2366 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
2367 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2368 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2370 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
2371 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
2372 #
2373 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
2374 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
2375 #
2376 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
2377 # government, in 'Eidgen[o]ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
2378 # federal law collection)...
2379 #
2380 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
2381 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
2382 #
2383 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
2384 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
2385 #
2386 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
2387 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
2388 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
2389 # other years are made.
2390 #
2391 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
2392 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
2393 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
2394 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
2395 #
2396 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traite de
2397 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
2398 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
2399 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
2400 #
2401 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
2402 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2403 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2404 #
2405 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
2406 #
2407 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
2408 # most users of tzdata:
2409 # The zone file
2410 # Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2411 # 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun #Bern Mean Time
2412 # 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2413 # 1:00 EU CE%sT
2414 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
2415 # the Cantone Geneve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneve did not
2416 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
2417 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
2419 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2420 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2421 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2422 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2423 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2424 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2425 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2426 1:00 EU CE%sT
2428 # Turkey
2430 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
2431 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
2432 # ... The latest rules are available at -
2433 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
2434 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
2435 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
2436 # DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
2437 # what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
2438 # http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
2439 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
2440 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
2441 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
2442 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
2443 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
2444 # From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
2445 # Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
2447 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
2448 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
2449 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
2450 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
2451 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
2452 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
2453 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
2454 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
2455 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
2457 # From Sue Williams (2008-08-11):
2458 # I spotted this news article about a potential change in Turkey.
2459 #
2460 # <a href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/9626174.asp?scr=1">
2461 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/9626174.asp?scr=1
2462 # </a>
2464 # From Sue Williams (2008-08-20):
2465 # This article says that around the end of March 2011, Turkey wants to
2466 # adjust the clocks forward by 1/2 hour and stay that way permanently.
2467 # The article indicates that this is a change in timezone offset in addition
2468 # to stopping observance of DST.
2469 # This proposal has not yet been approved.
2470 #
2471 # Read more here...
2472 #
2473 # Turkey to abandon daylight saving time in 2011
2474 # <a href="http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=112989">
2475 # http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=112989
2476 # </a>
2478 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2479 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2480 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2481 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2482 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2483 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2484 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2485 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2486 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2487 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
2488 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2489 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2490 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2491 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2492 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2493 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2494 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2495 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2496 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2497 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
2498 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2499 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2500 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2501 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2502 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2503 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2504 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2505 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2506 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2507 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2508 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2509 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2510 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2511 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2512 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2513 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2514 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2515 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2516 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2517 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2518 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2519 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2520 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2521 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2522 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2523 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2524 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2525 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2526 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2527 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2528 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2529 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2530 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2531 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2532 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2533 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
2534 Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2535 Rule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2536 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2537 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2538 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2539 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2540 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2541 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2542 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
2543 2:00 EU EE%sT
2544 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2546 # Ukraine
2547 #
2548 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
2549 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2550 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
2551 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2552 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2553 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2554 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2556 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2557 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2558 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2559 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
2560 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2561 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2562 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2563 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2564 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2565 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2566 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2567 2:00 - EET 1992
2568 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2569 2:00 EU EE%sT
2570 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2571 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2572 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
2573 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2574 1:00 - CET 1940
2575 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2576 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2577 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2578 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2579 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2580 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2581 2:00 - EET 1992
2582 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2583 2:00 EU EE%sT
2584 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2585 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2586 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
2587 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
2588 # portable Posix file names.
2589 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2590 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2591 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2592 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2593 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2594 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2595 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2596 2:00 EU EE%sT
2597 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2598 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2599 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2600 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2601 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2602 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2603 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2604 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2605 2:00 - EET 1992
2606 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2607 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2608 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2609 # Shanks (1999) says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
2610 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2611 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2612 # changed in May.
2613 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2614 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2615 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2616 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2617 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2618 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2619 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2620 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2621 2:00 EU EE%sT
2623 ###############################################################################
2625 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2626 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2627 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2628 #
2629 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2630 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2631 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2632 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2633 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2634 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2636 # ...
2637 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2638 # From: Tom Hofmann
2639 # ...
2640 #
2641 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2642 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2643 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2644 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2645 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2646 # years...
2647 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2648 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2649 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2650 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2651 #
2652 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2653 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2654 #
2655 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2656 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2657 # ...
2659 # ...
2660 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2661 # From: Dik T. Winter
2662 # ...
2663 #
2664 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2665 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2666 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2667 #
2668 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2669 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2670 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2671 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2672 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2673 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2674 # dates...
2675 #
2676 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2677 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2678 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2679 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2680 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2681 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2682 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2683 # in advance of normal time.
2684 #
2685 # ...
2686 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2687 # ...
2689 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2690 # ...
2691 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2692 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2693 # ...
2694 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
2695 # ...