Pre-2.0 release, MFC firewire disk changes to properly detach SIMs.

[dragonfly.git] / crypto / heimdal-0.6.3 / doc / heimdal.info-2

This is Info file heimdal.info, produced by Makeinfo version 1.68 from
the input file heimdal.texi.

INFO-DIR-SECTION Heimdal
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Heimdal: (heimdal).           The Kerberos 5 distribution from KTH
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

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File: heimdal.info,  Node: kaserver,  Prev: Converting a version 4 database,  Up: Kerberos 4 issues

kaserver
========

kaserver emulation
------------------

The Heimdal kdc can emulate a kaserver. The kaserver is a Kerberos 4
server with pre-authentication using Rx as the on-wire protocol. The kdc
contains a minimalistic Rx implementation.

There are three parts of the kaserver; KAA (Authentication), KAT (Ticket
Granting), and KAM (Maintenance). The KAA interface and KAT interface
both passes over DES encrypted data-blobs (just like the
Kerberos-protocol) and thus do not need any other protection.  The KAM
interface uses `rxkad' (Kerberos authentication layer for Rx) for
security and data protection, and is used for example for changing
passwords.  This part is not implemented in the kdc.

Another difference between the ka-protocol and the Kerberos 4 protocol
is that the pass-phrase is salted with the cellname in the `string to
key' function in the ka-protocol, while in the Kerberos 4 protocol there
is no salting of the password at all. To make sure AFS-compatible keys
are added to each principals when they are created or their password are
changed, `afs3-salt' should be added to `[kadmin]default_keys'.

Transarc AFS Windows client
---------------------------

The Transarc Windows client uses Kerberos 4 to obtain tokens, and thus
does not need a kaserver. The Windows client assumes that the Kerberos
server is on the same machine as the AFS-database server. If you do not
like to do that you can add a small program that runs on the database
servers that forward all kerberos requests to the real kerberos server.
A program that does this is `krb-forward'
(`ftp://ftp.stacken.kth.se/pub/projekts/krb-forward').

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File: heimdal.info,  Node: Windows 2000 compatability,  Next: Programming with Kerberos,  Prev: Kerberos 4 issues,  Up: Top

Windows 2000 compatability
**************************

Windows 2000 (formerly known as Windows NT 5) from Microsoft implements
Kerberos 5.  Their implementation, however, has some quirks,
peculiarities, and bugs.  This chapter is a short summary of the things
that we have found out while trying to test Heimdal against Windows
2000.  Another big problem with the Kerberos implementation in Windows
2000 is that the available documentation is more focused on getting
things to work rather than how they work and not that useful in figuring
out how things really work.

This information should apply to Heimdal 0.3a and Windows 2000
Professional.  It's of course subject all the time and mostly consists
of our not so inspired guesses.  Hopefully it's still somewhat useful.

* Menu:

* Configuring Windows 2000 to use a Heimdal KDC::
* Inter-Realm keys (trust) between Windows 2000 and a Heimdal KDC::
* Create account mappings::
* Encryption types::
* Authorization data::
* Quirks of Windows 2000 KDC::
* Useful links when reading about the Windows 2000::

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File: heimdal.info,  Node: Configuring Windows 2000 to use a Heimdal KDC,  Next: Inter-Realm keys (trust) between Windows 2000 and a Heimdal KDC,  Prev: Windows 2000 compatability,  Up: Windows 2000 compatability

Configuring Windows 2000 to use a Heimdal KDC
=============================================

You need the command line program called `ksetup.exe' which is available
in the file `SUPPORT/TOOLS/SUPPORT.CAB' on the Windows 2000 Professional
CD-ROM. This program is used to configure the Kerberos settings on a
Workstation.

`Ksetup' store the domain information under the registry key:
`HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\LSA\Kerberos\Domains'.

Use the kadmin program in Heimdal to create a host principal in the
Kerberos realm.

     unix% kadmin
     kadmin> ank -pw password host/datan.my.domain

You must configure the Workstation as a member of a workgroup, as
opposed to a member in an NT domain, and specify the KDC server of the
realm as follows:
     C:> ksetup /setdomain MY.REALM
     C:> ksetup /addkdc MY.REALM kdc.my.domain

Set the machine password, i.e. create the local keytab:
     C:> ksetup /setmachpassword password

The workstation must now be rebooted.

A mapping between local NT users and Kerberos principals must be
specified, you have two choices:

     C:> ksetup /mapuser user@MY.REALM nt_user

This will map a user to a specific principal, this allows you to have
other usernames in the realm than in your NT user database. (Don't ask
me why on earth you would want that...)

You can also say:
     C:> ksetup /mapuser * *
The Windows machine will now map any user to the corresponding
principal, for example `nisse' to the principal `nisse@MY.REALM'.
(This is most likely what you want.)

\x1f
File: heimdal.info,  Node: Inter-Realm keys (trust) between Windows 2000 and a Heimdal KDC,  Next: Create account mappings,  Prev: Configuring Windows 2000 to use a Heimdal KDC,  Up: Windows 2000 compatability

Inter-Realm keys (trust) between Windows 2000 and a Heimdal KDC
===============================================================

See also the Step-by-Step guide from Microsoft, referenced below.

Install Windows 2000, and create a new controller (Active Directory
Server) for the domain.

By default the trust will be non-transitive. This means that only users
directly from the trusted domain may authenticate. This can be changed
to transitive by using the `netdom.exe' tool.

You need to tell Windows 2000 on what hosts to find the KDCs for the
non-Windows realm with `ksetup', see *Note Configuring Windows 2000 to
use a Heimdal KDC::.

This need to be done on all computers that want enable cross-realm
login with `Mapped Names'.

Then you need to add the inter-realm keys on the Windows kdc. Start the
Domain Tree Management tool. (Found in Programs, Administrative tools,
Active Directory Domains and Trusts).

Right click on Properties of your domain, select the Trust tab.  Press
Add on the appropriate trust windows and enter domain name and
password. When prompted if this is a non-Windows Kerberos realm, press
OK.

Do not forget to add trusts in both directions.

You also need to add the inter-realm keys to the Heimdal KDC. There are
some tweaks that you need to do to `krb5.conf' beforehand.

     [libdefaults]
        default_etypes = des-cbc-crc
        default_etypes_des = des-cbc-crc

since otherwise checksum types that are not understood by Windows 2000
will be generated (*Note Quirks of Windows 2000 KDC::.).

Another issue is salting.  Since Windows 2000 does not seem to
understand Kerberos 4 salted hashes you might need to turn off anything
similar to the following if you have it, at least while adding the
principals that are going to share keys with Windows 2000.

        [kadmin]default_keys = v5 v4

You must also set:

Once that is also done, you can add the required inter-realm keys:

     kadmin add krbtgt/NT.REALM.EXAMPLE.COM@EXAMPLE.COM
     kadmin add krbtgt/REALM.EXAMPLE.COM@NT.EXAMPLE.COM

Use the same passwords for both keys.

Do not forget to reboot before trying the new realm-trust (after running
`ksetup'). It looks like it might work, but packets are never sent to
the non-Windows KDC.

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File: heimdal.info,  Node: Create account mappings,  Next: Encryption types,  Prev: Inter-Realm keys (trust) between Windows 2000 and a Heimdal KDC,  Up: Windows 2000 compatability

Create account mappings
=======================

Start the `Active Directory Users and Computers' tool. Select the View
menu, that is in the left corner just below the real menu (or press
Alt-V), and select Advanced Features. Right click on the user that you
are going to do a name mapping for and choose Name mapping.

Click on the Kerberos Names tab and add a new principal from the
non-Windows domain.

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File: heimdal.info,  Node: Encryption types,  Next: Authorization data,  Prev: Create account mappings,  Up: Windows 2000 compatability

Encryption types
================

Windows 2000 supports both the standard DES encryptions (des-cbc-crc and
des-cbc-md5) and its own proprietary encryption that is based on MD4 and
rc4 that is documented in and is supposed to be described in
`draft-brezak-win2k-krb-rc4-hmac-03.txt'.  New users will get both MD4
and DES keys.  Users that are converted from a NT4 database, will only
have MD4 passwords and will need a password change to get a DES key.

Heimdal implements both of these encryption types, but since DES is the
standard and the hmac-code is somewhat newer, it is likely to work
better.

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File: heimdal.info,  Node: Authorization data,  Next: Quirks of Windows 2000 KDC,  Prev: Encryption types,  Up: Windows 2000 compatability

Authorization data
==================

The Windows 2000 KDC also adds extra authorization data in tickets.  It
is at this point unclear what triggers it to do this.  The format of
this data is only available under a "secret" license from Microsoft,
which prohibits you implementing it.

A simple way of getting hold of the data to be able to understand it
better is described here.

  1. Find the client example on using the SSPI in the SDK documentation.

  2. Change "AuthSamp" in the source code to lowercase.

  3. Build the program.

  4. Add the "authsamp" principal with a known password to the
     database.  Make sure it has a DES key.

  5. Run `ktutil add' to add the key for that principal to a keytab.

  6. Run `appl/test/nt_gss_server -p 2000 -s authsamp --dump-auth=file'
     where file is an appropriate file.

  7. It should authenticate and dump for you the authorization data in
     the file.

  8. The tool `lib/asn1/asn1_print' is somewhat useful for analyzing
     the data.

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File: heimdal.info,  Node: Quirks of Windows 2000 KDC,  Next: Useful links when reading about the Windows 2000,  Prev: Authorization data,  Up: Windows 2000 compatability

Quirks of Windows 2000 KDC
==========================

There are some issues with salts and Windows 2000.  Using an empty salt,
which is the only one that Kerberos 4 supported and is therefore known
as a Kerberos 4 compatible salt does not work, as far as we can tell
from out experiments and users reports.  Therefore, you have to make
sure you keep around keys with all the different types of salts that are
required.

Microsoft seems also to have forgotten to implement the checksum
algorithms `rsa-md4-des' and `rsa-md5-des'. This can make Name mapping
(*note Create account mappings::.) fail if a `des-cbc-md5' key is used.
To make the KDC return only `des-cbc-crc' you must delete the
`des-cbc-md5' key from the kdc using the `kadmin del_enctype' command.

     kadmin del_enctype lha des-cbc-md5

You should also add the following entries to the `krb5.conf' file:

     [libdefaults]
        default_etypes = des-cbc-crc
        default_etypes_des = des-cbc-crc

These configuration options will make sure that no checksums of the
unsupported types are generated.

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File: heimdal.info,  Node: Useful links when reading about the Windows 2000,  Prev: Quirks of Windows 2000 KDC,  Up: Windows 2000 compatability

Useful links when reading about the Windows 2000
================================================

See also our paper presented at the 2001 usenix Annual Technical
Conference, available in the proceedings or at
`http://www.usenix.org/publications/library/proceedings/usenix01/freenix01/westerlund.html'.

There are lots of text about Kerberos on Microsoft's web site, here is a
short list of the interesting documents that we have managed to find.

   * Step-by-Step Guide to Kerberos 5 (krb5 1.0) Interoperability -











     `http://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/library/planning/security/kerbsteps.asp'
     Kerberos GSS-API (in Windows-ize SSPI), Windows as a client in a
     non-Windows KDC realm, adding unix clients to a Windows 2000 KDC,
     and adding cross-realm trust (*Note Inter-Realm keys (trust)
     between Windows 2000 and a Heimdal KDC::.).

   * Windows 2000 Kerberos Authentication -






     `http://www.microsoft.com/TechNet/win2000/win2ksrv/technote/kerberos.asp'
     White paper that describes how Kerberos is used in Windows 2000.

   * Overview of kerberos -
     `http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q248/7/58.ASP'
     Links to useful other links.

   * Klist for windows -



     `http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/periodic/period00/security0500.htm'
     Describes where to get a klist for Windows 2000.

   * Event logging for kerberos -
     `http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q262/1/77.ASP'.
     Basicly it say that you can add a registry key



















     `HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Lsa\Kerberos\Parameters\LogLevel'
     with value DWORD equal to 1, and then you'll get logging in the
     Event Logger.

   * Access to the active directory through LDAP
     `http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/techart/kerberossamp.htm'

Other useful programs include these:

   * pwdump2 `http://www.webspan.net/~tas/pwdump2/'

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File: heimdal.info,  Node: Programming with Kerberos,  Next: Migration,  Prev: Windows 2000 compatability,  Up: Top

Programming with Kerberos
*************************

First you need to know how the Kerberos model works, go read the
introduction text (*note What is Kerberos?::.).

* Menu:

* Kerberos 5 API Overview::
* Walkthru a sample Kerberos 5 client::
* Validating a password in a server application::

\x1f
File: heimdal.info,  Node: Kerberos 5 API Overview,  Next: Walkthru a sample Kerberos 5 client,  Prev: Programming with Kerberos,  Up: Programming with Kerberos

Kerberos 5 API Overview
=======================

Most functions are documenteded in manual pages.  This overview only
tries to point to where to look for a specific function.

Kerberos context
----------------

A kerberos context (`krb5_context') holds all per thread state. All
global variables that are context specific are stored in this struture,
including default encryption types, credential-cache (ticket file), and
default realms.

See the manual pages for `krb5_context(3)' and `krb5_init_context(3)'.

Kerberos authenication context
------------------------------

Kerberos authentication context (`krb5_auth_context') holds all context
related to an authenticated connection, in a similar way to the
kerberos context that holds the context for the thread or process.

The `krb5_auth_context' is used by various functions that are directly
related to authentication between the server/client. Example of data
that this structure contains are various flags, addresses of client and
server, port numbers, keyblocks (and subkeys), sequence numbers, replay
cache, and checksum types.

See the manual page for `krb5_auth_context(3)'.

Keytab management
-----------------

A keytab is a storage for locally stored keys. Heimdal includes keytab
support for Kerberos 5 keytabs, Kerberos 4 srvtab, AFS-KeyFile's, and
for storing keys in memory.

See also manual page for `krb5_keytab(3)'

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File: heimdal.info,  Node: Walkthru a sample Kerberos 5 client,  Next: Validating a password in a server application,  Prev: Kerberos 5 API Overview,  Up: Programming with Kerberos

Walkthru a sample Kerberos 5 client
===================================

This example contains parts of a sample TCP Kerberos 5 clients, if you
want a real working client, please look in `appl/test' directory in the
Heimdal distribution.

All Kerberos error-codes that are returned from kerberos functions in
this program are passed to `krb5_err', that will print a descriptive
text of the error code and exit. Graphical programs can convert
error-code to a humal readable error-string with the
`krb5_get_err_text(3)' function.

Note that you should not use any Kerberos function before
`krb5_init_context()' have completed successfully. That is the reson
`err()' is used when `krb5_init_context()' fails.

First the client needs to call `krb5_init_context' to initialize the
Kerberos 5 library. This is only needed once per thread in the program.
If the function returns a non-zero value it indicates that either the
Kerberos implemtation is failing or its disabled on this host.

     #include <krb5.h>
     
     int
     main(int argc, char **argv)
     {
             krb5_context context;
     
             if (krb5_context(&context))
                     errx (1, "krb5_context");

Now the client wants to connect to the host at the other end. The
preferred way of doing this is using `getaddrinfo(3)' (for operating
system that have this function implemented), since getaddrinfo is
neutral to the address type and can use any protocol that is available.

             struct addrinfo *ai, *a;
             struct addrinfo hints;
             int error;
     
             memset (&hints, 0, sizeof(hints));
             hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;
             hints.ai_protocol = IPPROTO_TCP;
     
             error = getaddrinfo (hostname, "pop3", &hints, &ai);
             if (error)
                     errx (1, "%s: %s", hostname, gai_strerror(error));
     
             for (a = ai; a != NULL; a = a->ai_next) {
                     int s;
     
                     s = socket (a->ai_family, a->ai_socktype, a->ai_protocol);
                     if (s < 0)
                             continue;
                     if (connect (s, a->ai_addr, a->ai_addrlen) < 0) {
                             warn ("connect(%s)", hostname);
                                 close (s);
                                 continue;
                     }
                     freeaddrinfo (ai);
                     ai = NULL;
             }
             if (ai) {
                         freeaddrinfo (ai);
                         errx ("failed to contact %s", hostname);
             }

Before authenticating, an authentication context needs to be created.
This context keeps all information for one (to be) authenticated
connection (see `krb5_auth_context(3)').

             status = krb5_auth_con_init (context, &auth_context);
             if (status)
                     krb5_err (context, 1, status, "krb5_auth_con_init");

For setting the address in the authentication there is a help function
`krb5_auth_con_setaddrs_from_fd' that does everthing that is needed
when given a connected file descriptor to the socket.

             status = krb5_auth_con_setaddrs_from_fd (context,
                                                      auth_context,
                                                      &sock);
             if (status)
                     krb5_err (context, 1, status,
                               "krb5_auth_con_setaddrs_from_fd");

The next step is to build a server principal for the service we want to
connect to. (See also `krb5_sname_to_principal(3)'.)

             status = krb5_sname_to_principal (context,
                                               hostname,
                                               service,
                                               KRB5_NT_SRV_HST,
                                               &server);
             if (status)
                     krb5_err (context, 1, status, "krb5_sname_to_principal");

The client principal is not passed to `krb5_sendauth(3)' function, this
causes the `krb5_sendauth' function to try to figure it out itself.

The server program is using the function `krb5_recvauth(3)' to receive
the Kerberos 5 authenticator.

In this case, mutual authenication will be tried. That means that the
server will authenticate to the client. Using mutual authenication is
good since it enables the user to verify that they are talking to the
right server (a server that knows the key).

If you are using a non-blocking socket you will need to do all work of
`krb5_sendauth' yourself. Basically you need to send over the
authenticator from `krb5_mk_req(3)' and, in case of mutual
authentication, verifying the result from the server with
`krb5_rd_rep(3)'.

             status = krb5_sendauth (context,
                                     &auth_context,
                                     &sock,
                                     VERSION,
                                     NULL,
                                     server,
                                     AP_OPTS_MUTUAL_REQUIRED,
                                     NULL,
                                     NULL,
                                     NULL,
                                     NULL,
                                     NULL,
                                     NULL);
             if (status)
                     krb5_err (context, 1, status, "krb5_sendauth");

Once authentication has been performed, it is time to send some data.
First we create a krb5_data structure, then we sign it with
`krb5_mk_safe(3)' using the `auth_context' that contains the
session-key that was exchanged in the
`krb5_sendauth(3)'/`krb5_recvauth(3)' authentication sequence.

             data.data   = "hej";
             data.length = 3;
     
             krb5_data_zero (&packet);
     
             status = krb5_mk_safe (context,
                                    auth_context,
                                    &data,
                                    &packet,
                                    NULL);
             if (status)
                     krb5_err (context, 1, status, "krb5_mk_safe");

And send it over the network.

             len = packet.length;
             net_len = htonl(len);
     
             if (krb5_net_write (context, &sock, &net_len, 4) != 4)
                     err (1, "krb5_net_write");
             if (krb5_net_write (context, &sock, packet.data, len) != len)
                     err (1, "krb5_net_write");

To send encrypted (and signed) data `krb5_mk_priv(3)' should be used
instead. `krb5_mk_priv(3)' works the same way as `krb5_mk_safe(3)',
with the exception that it encrypts the data in addition to signing it.

             data.data   = "hemligt";
             data.length = 7;
     
             krb5_data_free (&packet);
     
             status = krb5_mk_priv (context,
                                    auth_context,
                                    &data,
                                    &packet,
                                    NULL);
             if (status)
                     krb5_err (context, 1, status, "krb5_mk_priv");

And send it over the network.

             len = packet.length;
             net_len = htonl(len);
     
             if (krb5_net_write (context, &sock, &net_len, 4) != 4)
                     err (1, "krb5_net_write");
             if (krb5_net_write (context, &sock, packet.data, len) != len)
                     err (1, "krb5_net_write");

The server is using `krb5_rd_safe(3)' and `krb5_rd_priv(3)' to verify
the signature and decrypt the packet.

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File: heimdal.info,  Node: Validating a password in a server application,  Prev: Walkthru a sample Kerberos 5 client,  Up: Programming with Kerberos

Validating a password in an application
=======================================

See the manual page for `krb5_verify_user(3)'.

\x1f
File: heimdal.info,  Node: Migration,  Next: Acknowledgments,  Prev: Programming with Kerberos,  Up: Top

Migration
*********

General issues
==============

When migrating from a Kerberos 4 KDC.

Order in what to do things:
===========================

   * Convert the database, check all principals that hprop complains
     about.

     `hprop -n --source=<NNN>| hpropd -n'

     Replace <NNN> with whatever source you have, like krb4-db or
     krb4-dump.

   * Run a Kerberos 5 slave for a while.

   * Figure out if it does everything you want it to.

     Make sure that all things that you use works for you.

   * Let a small number of controlled users use Kerberos 5 tools.

     Find a sample population of your users and check what programs
     they use, you can also check the kdc-log to check what ticket are
     checked out.

   * Burn the bridge and change the master.

   * Let all users use the Kerberos 5 tools by default.

   * Turn off services that do not need Kerberos 4 authentication.

     Things that might be hard to get away is old programs with support
     for Kerberos 4. Example applications are old Eudora installations
     using KPOP, and Zephyr. Eudora can use the Kerberos 4 kerberos in
     the Heimdal kdc.

\x1f
File: heimdal.info,  Node: Acknowledgments,  Prev: Migration,  Up: Top

Acknowledgments
***************

Eric Young wrote "libdes".

The University of California at Berkeley initially wrote `telnet', and
`telnetd'.  The authentication and encryption code of `telnet' and
`telnetd' was added by David Borman (then of Cray Research, Inc).  The
encryption code was removed when this was exported and then added back
by Juha Eskelinen, <esc@magic.fi>.

The `popper' was also a Berkeley program initially.

Some of the functions in `libroken' also come from Berkeley by way of
NetBSD/FreeBSD.

`editline' was written by Simmule Turner and Rich Salz.

The `getifaddrs' implementation for Linux was written by Hideaki
YOSHIFUJI for the Usagi project.

Bugfixes, documentation, encouragement, and code has been contributed
by:
Derrick J Brashear
     <shadow@dementia.org>

Ken Hornstein
     <kenh@cmf.nrl.navy.mil>

Johan Ihrén
     <johani@pdc.kth.se>

Love Hörnquist-Åstrand
     <lha@stacken.kth.se>

Magnus Ahltorp
     <map@stacken.kth.se>

Mark Eichin
     <eichin@cygnus.com>

Marc Horowitz
     <marc@cygnus.com>

Luke Howard
     <lukeh@PADL.COM>

Brandon S. Allbery KF8NH
     <allbery@kf8nh.apk.net>

Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino
     <itojun@kame.net>

Daniel Kouril
     <kouril@informatics.muni.cz>

Åke Sandgren
     <ake@cs.umu.se>

Michal Vocu
     <michal@karlin.mff.cuni.cz>

Miroslav Ruda
     <ruda@ics.muni.cz>

Brian A May
     <bmay@snoopy.apana.org.au>

Chaskiel M Grundman
     <cg2v@andrew.cmu.edu>

Richard Nyberg
     <rnyberg@it.su.se>

Frank van der Linden
     <fvdl@netbsd.org>

Cizzi Storm
     <cizzi@it.su.se>

and we hope that those not mentioned here will forgive us.
All bugs were introduced by ourselves.