1 .\" Copyright (c) 1993 Christopher G. Demetriou
2 .\" All rights reserved.
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26 .\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man4/kld.4,v 1.5.2.6 2001/08/17 13:08:38 ru Exp $
27 .\" $DragonFly: src/share/man/man4/kld.4,v 1.8 2008/09/02 11:50:46 matthias Exp $
34 .Nd dynamic kernel linker facility
36 The LKM (Loadable Kernel Modules) facility has been deprecated in
38 and above in favor of the
41 This interface, like its
42 predecessor, allows the system administrator to dynamically add and remove
43 functionality from a running system. This ability also helps software
44 developers to develop new parts of the kernel without constantly rebooting
45 to test their changes.
47 Various types of modules can be loaded into the system.
48 There are several defined module types, listed below, which can
49 be added to the system in a predefined way. In addition, there
50 is a generic type, for which the module itself handles loading and
55 system makes extensive use of loadable kernel modules, and provides loadable
56 versions of most filesystems, the
58 client and server, all the screen-savers, and the
62 modules are placed by default in the
68 interface is used through the
77 program can load either
79 or ELF formatted loadable modules.
82 program unloads any given loaded module, if no other module is dependent
83 upon the given module.
86 program is used to check the status of the modules currently loaded into the
90 .It Em "Device Driver modules"
91 New block and character device
92 drivers may be loaded into the system with
94 The major problem with loading
95 a device driver is that the driver's
96 device nodes must exist for the
97 devices to be accessed. They are usually
102 (if the device is not supported by the
104 script) or, by writing a
107 which should run the appropriate program to create the devices when the
108 driver has been successfully loaded.
111 .Bl -tag -width ".In sys/module.h" -compact
113 directory containing module binaries shipped with the system
115 file containing definitions required to compile a
118 .It Pa /usr/share/examples/kld
119 example source code implementing a sample kld module
136 and was designed as a replacement for the
138 facility, which was similar in functionality to the loadable kernel modules
145 facility was originally implemented by
146 .An Doug Rabson Aq dfr@FreeBSD.org .
148 If a module B, is dependent on another module A, but is not compiled with
149 module A as a dependency, then
151 fails to load module B, even if module A is already present in the system.
153 If multiple modules are dependent on module A, and are compiled with module
154 A as a dependency, then
156 loads an instance of module A when any of the modules are loaded.
158 If a custom entry point is used for a module, and the module is compiled as
163 fails to execute the entry point.
166 returns the cryptic message
167 .Sq Li "Exec format error"
168 for any error encountered while loading a module.
170 When system internal interfaces change, old modules often cannot
171 detect this, and such modules when loaded will often cause crashes or