1 This describes the protocol used by OpenSSH's ssh-agent.
3 OpenSSH's agent supports managing keys for the standard SSH protocol
4 2 as well as the legacy SSH protocol 1. Support for these key types
5 is almost completely disjoint - in all but a few cases, operations on
6 protocol 2 keys cannot see or affect protocol 1 keys and vice-versa.
8 Protocol 1 and protocol 2 keys are separated because of the differing
9 cryptographic usage: protocol 1 private RSA keys are used to decrypt
10 challenges that were encrypted with the corresponding public key,
11 whereas protocol 2 RSA private keys are used to sign challenges with
12 a private key for verification with the corresponding public key. It
13 is considered unsound practice to use the same key for signing and
16 With a couple of exceptions, the protocol message names used in this
17 document indicate which type of key the message relates to. SSH_*
18 messages refer to protocol 1 keys only. SSH2_* messages refer to
19 protocol 2 keys. Furthermore, the names also indicate whether the
20 message is a request to the agent (*_AGENTC_*) or a reply from the
21 agent (*_AGENT_*). Section 3 below contains the mapping of the
22 protocol message names to their integer values.
26 Because of support for legacy SSH protocol 1 keys, OpenSSH's agent
27 protocol makes use of some data types not defined in RFC 4251.
31 The "uint16" data type is a simple MSB-first 16 bit unsigned integer
36 The "mpint1" type represents an arbitrary precision integer (bignum).
37 Its format is as follows:
40 byte[(bits + 7) / 8] bignum
42 "bignum" contains an unsigned arbitrary precision integer encoded as
43 eight bits per byte in big-endian (MSB first) format.
45 Note the difference between the "mpint1" encoding and the "mpint"
46 encoding defined in RFC 4251. Also note that the length of the encoded
47 integer is specified in bits, not bytes and that the byte length of
48 the integer must be calculated by rounding up the number of bits to the
53 All protocol messages are prefixed with their length in bytes, encoded
54 as a 32 bit unsigned integer. Specifically:
57 byte[message_length] message
59 The following message descriptions refer only to the content the
62 2.1 Generic server responses
64 The following generic messages may be sent by the server in response to
65 requests from the client. On success the agent may reply either with:
67 byte SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS
69 or a request-specific success message.
71 On failure, the agent may reply with:
73 byte SSH_AGENT_FAILURE
75 SSH_AGENT_FAILURE messages are also sent in reply to unknown request
78 2.2 Adding keys to the agent
80 Keys are added to the agent using the SSH_AGENTC_ADD_RSA_IDENTITY and
81 SSH2_AGENTC_ADD_IDENTITY requests for protocol 1 and protocol 2 keys
84 Two variants of these requests are SSH_AGENTC_ADD_RSA_ID_CONSTRAINED
85 and SSH2_AGENTC_ADD_ID_CONSTRAINED - these add keys with optional
86 "constraints" on their usage.
88 OpenSSH may be built with support for keys hosted on a smartcard
89 or other hardware security module. These keys may be added
90 to the agent using the SSH_AGENTC_ADD_SMARTCARD_KEY and
91 SSH_AGENTC_ADD_SMARTCARD_KEY_CONSTRAINED requests.
95 The OpenSSH agent supports some basic optional constraints on key usage.
96 At present there are two constraints defined.
98 The first constraint limits the validity duration of a key. It is
101 byte SSH_AGENT_CONSTRAIN_LIFETIME
104 Where "seconds" contains the number of seconds that the key shall remain
105 valid measured from the moment that the agent receives it. After the
106 validity period has expired, OpenSSH's agent will erase these keys from
109 The second constraint requires the agent to seek explicit user
110 confirmation before performing private key operations with the loaded
111 key. This constraint is encoded as:
113 byte SSH_AGENT_CONSTRAIN_CONFIRM
115 Zero or more constraints may be specified when adding a key with one
116 of the *_CONSTRAINED requests. Multiple constraints are appended
117 consecutively to the end of the request:
119 byte constraint1_type
120 .... constraint1_data
121 byte constraint2_type
122 .... constraint2_data
124 byte constraintN_type
125 .... constraintN_data
127 Such a sequence of zero or more constraints will be referred to below
128 as "constraint[]". Agents may determine whether there are constraints
129 by checking whether additional data exists in the "add key" request
130 after the key data itself. OpenSSH will refuse to add a key if it
131 contains unknown constraints.
133 2.2.2 Add protocol 1 key
135 A client may add a protocol 1 key to an agent with the following
138 byte SSH_AGENTC_ADD_RSA_IDENTITY or
139 SSH_AGENTC_ADD_RSA_ID_CONSTRAINED
148 constraint[] key_constraints
150 Note that there is some redundancy in the key parameters; a key could be
151 fully specified using just rsa_q, rsa_p and rsa_e at the cost of extra
154 "key_constraints" may only be present if the request type is
155 SSH_AGENTC_ADD_RSA_IDENTITY.
157 The agent will reply with a SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS if the key has been
158 successfully added or a SSH_AGENT_FAILURE if an error occurred.
160 2.2.3 Add protocol 2 key
162 The OpenSSH agent supports DSA and RSA keys for protocol 2. DSA keys may
163 be added using the following request
165 byte SSH2_AGENTC_ADD_IDENTITY or
166 SSH2_AGENTC_ADD_ID_CONSTRAINED
172 mpint dsa_private_key
174 constraint[] key_constraints
176 RSA keys may be added with this request:
178 byte SSH2_AGENTC_ADD_IDENTITY or
179 SSH2_AGENTC_ADD_ID_CONSTRAINED
188 constraint[] key_constraints
190 Note that the 'rsa_p' and 'rsa_q' parameters are sent in the reverse
191 order to the protocol 1 add keys message. As with the corresponding
192 protocol 1 "add key" request, the private key is overspecified to avoid
193 redundant processing.
195 For both DSA and RSA key add requests, "key_constraints" may only be
196 present if the request type is SSH2_AGENTC_ADD_ID_CONSTRAINED.
198 The agent will reply with a SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS if the key has been
199 successfully added or a SSH_AGENT_FAILURE if an error occurred.
201 2.2.4 Loading keys from a smartcard
203 The OpenSSH agent may have optional smartcard support built in to it. If
204 so, it supports an operation to load keys from a smartcard. Technically,
205 only the public components of the keys are loaded into the agent so
206 this operation really arranges for future private key operations to be
207 delegated to the smartcard.
209 byte SSH_AGENTC_ADD_SMARTCARD_KEY or
210 SSH_AGENTC_ADD_SMARTCARD_KEY_CONSTRAINED
213 constraint[] key_constraints
215 "reader_id" is an identifier to a smartcard reader and "pin"
216 is a PIN or passphrase used to unlock the private key(s) on the
217 device. "key_constraints" may only be present if the request type is
218 SSH_AGENTC_ADD_SMARTCARD_KEY_CONSTRAINED.
220 This operation may load all SSH keys that are unlocked using the
221 "pin" on the specified reader. The type of key loaded (protocol 1
222 or protocol 2) will be specified by the smartcard itself, it is not
225 The agent will reply with a SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS if one or more keys have
226 been successfully loaded or a SSH_AGENT_FAILURE if an error occurred.
227 The agent will also return SSH_AGENT_FAILURE if it does not support
230 2.3 Removing multiple keys
232 A client may request that an agent delete all protocol 1 keys using the
235 byte SSH_AGENTC_REMOVE_ALL_RSA_IDENTITIES
237 This message requests the deletion of all protocol 2 keys:
239 byte SSH2_AGENTC_REMOVE_ALL_IDENTITIES
241 On success, the agent will delete all keys of the requested type and
242 reply with a SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS message. If an error occurred, the agent
243 will reply with SSH_AGENT_FAILURE.
245 Note that, to delete all keys (both protocol 1 and 2), a client
246 must send both a SSH_AGENTC_REMOVE_ALL_RSA_IDENTITIES and a
247 SSH2_AGENTC_REMOVE_ALL_IDENTITIES request.
249 2.4 Removing specific keys
251 2.4.1 Removing a protocol 1 key
253 Removal of a protocol 1 key may be requested with the following message:
255 byte SSH_AGENTC_REMOVE_RSA_IDENTITY
260 Note that key_bits is strictly redundant, as it may be inferred by the
263 The agent will delete any private key matching the specified public key
264 and return SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS. If no such key was found, the agent will
265 return SSH_AGENT_FAILURE.
267 2.4.2 Removing a protocol 2 key
269 Protocol 2 keys may be removed with the following request:
271 byte SSH2_AGENTC_REMOVE_IDENTITY
274 Where "key_blob" is encoded as per RFC 4253 section 6.6 "Public Key
275 Algorithms" for either of the supported key types: "ssh-dss" or
278 The agent will delete any private key matching the specified public key
279 and return SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS. If no such key was found, the agent will
280 return SSH_AGENT_FAILURE.
282 2.4.3 Removing keys loaded from a smartcard
284 A client may request that a server remove one or more smartcard-hosted
285 keys using this message:
287 byte SSH_AGENTC_REMOVE_SMARTCARD_KEY
291 "reader_id" the an identifier to a smartcard reader and "pin" is a PIN
292 or passphrase used to unlock the private key(s) on the device.
294 When this message is received, and if the agent supports
295 smartcard-hosted keys, it will delete all keys that are hosted on the
296 specified smartcard that may be accessed with the given "pin".
298 The agent will reply with a SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS if one or more keys have
299 been successfully removed or a SSH_AGENT_FAILURE if an error occurred.
300 The agent will also return SSH_AGENT_FAILURE if it does not support
303 2.5 Requesting a list of known keys
305 An agent may be requested to list which keys it holds. Different
306 requests exist for protocol 1 and protocol 2 keys.
308 2.5.1 Requesting a list of protocol 1 keys
310 To request a list of protocol 1 keys that are held in the agent, a
311 client may send the following message:
313 byte SSH_AGENTC_REQUEST_RSA_IDENTITIES
315 The agent will reply with the following message:
317 byte SSH_AGENT_RSA_IDENTITIES_ANSWER
320 Followed by zero or more consecutive keys, encoded as:
327 2.5.2 Requesting a list of protocol 2 keys
329 A client may send the following message to request a list of
330 protocol 2 keys that are stored in the agent:
332 byte SSH2_AGENTC_REQUEST_IDENTITIES
334 The agent will reply with the following message header:
336 byte SSH2_AGENT_IDENTITIES_ANSWER
339 Followed by zero or more consecutive keys, encoded as:
344 Where "key_blob" is encoded as per RFC 4253 section 6.6 "Public Key
345 Algorithms" for either of the supported key types: "ssh-dss" or
348 2.6 Private key operations
350 The purpose of the agent is to perform private key operations, such as
351 signing and encryption without requiring a passphrase to unlock the
352 key and without allowing the private key itself to be exposed. There
353 are separate requests for the protocol 1 and protocol 2 private key
356 2.6.1 Protocol 1 private key challenge
358 The private key operation used in version 1 of the SSH protocol is
359 decrypting a challenge that has been encrypted with a public key.
360 It may be requested using this message:
362 byte SSH_AGENTC_RSA_CHALLENGE
366 mpint1 encrypted_challenge
368 uint32 response_type /* must be 1 */
370 "rsa_e" and "rsa_n" are used to identify which private key to use.
371 "encrypted_challenge" is a challenge blob that has (presumably)
372 been encrypted with the public key and must be in the range
373 1 <= encrypted_challenge < 2^256. "session_id" is the SSH protocol 1
374 session ID (computed from the server host key, the server semi-ephemeral
375 key and the session cookie).
377 "ignored" and "response_type" exist for compatibility with legacy
378 implementations. "response_type" must be equal to 1; other response
379 types are not supported.
381 On receiving this request, the server decrypts the "encrypted_challenge"
382 using the private key matching the supplied (rsa_e, rsa_n) values. For
383 the response derivation, the decrypted challenge is represented as an
384 unsigned, big-endian integer encoded in a 32 byte buffer (i.e. values
385 smaller than 2^248 will have leading 0 bytes).
387 The response value is then calculated as:
389 response = MD5(decrypted_challenge || session_id)
391 and returned in the following message
393 byte SSH_AGENT_RSA_RESPONSE
396 If the agent cannot find the key specified by the supplied (rsa_e,
397 rsa_n) then it will return SSH_AGENT_FAILURE.
399 2.6.2 Protocol 2 private key signature request
401 A client may use the following message to request signing of data using
404 byte SSH2_AGENTC_SIGN_REQUEST
409 Where "key_blob" is encoded as per RFC 4253 section 6.6 "Public Key
410 Algorithms" for either of the supported key types: "ssh-dss" or
411 "ssh-rsa". "flags" is a bit-mask, but at present only one possible value
412 is defined (see below for its meaning):
414 SSH_AGENT_OLD_SIGNATURE 1
416 Upon receiving this request, the agent will look up the private key that
417 corresponds to the public key contained in key_blob. It will use this
418 private key to sign the "data" and produce a signature blob using the
419 key type-specific method described in RFC 4253 section 6.6 "Public Key
422 An exception to this is for "ssh-dss" keys where the "flags" word
423 contains the value SSH_AGENT_OLD_SIGNATURE. In this case, a legacy
424 signature encoding is used in lieu of the standard one. In this case,
425 the DSA signature blob is encoded as:
429 The signature will be returned in the response message:
431 byte SSH2_AGENT_SIGN_RESPONSE
432 string signature_blob
434 If the agent cannot find the key specified by the supplied key_blob then
435 it will return SSH_AGENT_FAILURE.
437 2.7 Locking or unlocking an agent
439 The agent supports temporary locking with a passphrase to suspend
440 processing of sensitive operations until it has been unlocked with the
441 same passphrase. To lock an agent, a client send the following request:
446 Upon receipt of this message and if the agent is not already locked,
447 it will suspend processing requests and return a SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS
448 reply. If the agent is already locked, it will return SSH_AGENT_FAILURE.
450 While locked, the agent will refuse all requests except
451 SSH_AGENTC_UNLOCK, SSH_AGENTC_REQUEST_RSA_IDENTITIES and
452 SSH2_AGENTC_REQUEST_IDENTITIES. The "request identities" requests are
453 treated specially by a locked agent: it will always return an empty list
456 To unlock an agent, a client may request:
458 byte SSH_AGENTC_UNLOCK
461 If the passphrase matches and the agent is locked, then it will resume
462 processing all requests and return SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS. If the agent
463 is not locked or the passphrase does not match then it will return
466 Locking and unlocking affects both protocol 1 and protocol 2 keys.
468 3. Protocol message numbers
470 3.1 Requests from client to agent for protocol 1 key operations
472 SSH_AGENTC_REQUEST_RSA_IDENTITIES 1
473 SSH_AGENTC_RSA_CHALLENGE 3
474 SSH_AGENTC_ADD_RSA_IDENTITY 7
475 SSH_AGENTC_REMOVE_RSA_IDENTITY 8
476 SSH_AGENTC_REMOVE_ALL_RSA_IDENTITIES 9
477 SSH_AGENTC_ADD_RSA_ID_CONSTRAINED 24
479 3.2 Requests from client to agent for protocol 2 key operations
481 SSH2_AGENTC_REQUEST_IDENTITIES 11
482 SSH2_AGENTC_SIGN_REQUEST 13
483 SSH2_AGENTC_ADD_IDENTITY 17
484 SSH2_AGENTC_REMOVE_IDENTITY 18
485 SSH2_AGENTC_REMOVE_ALL_IDENTITIES 19
486 SSH2_AGENTC_ADD_ID_CONSTRAINED 25
488 3.3 Key-type independent requests from client to agent
490 SSH_AGENTC_ADD_SMARTCARD_KEY 20
491 SSH_AGENTC_REMOVE_SMARTCARD_KEY 21
494 SSH_AGENTC_ADD_SMARTCARD_KEY_CONSTRAINED 26
496 3.4 Generic replies from agent to client
501 3.5 Replies from agent to client for protocol 1 key operations
503 SSH_AGENT_RSA_IDENTITIES_ANSWER 2
504 SSH_AGENT_RSA_RESPONSE 4
506 3.6 Replies from agent to client for protocol 2 key operations
508 SSH2_AGENT_IDENTITIES_ANSWER 12
509 SSH2_AGENT_SIGN_RESPONSE 14
511 3.7 Key constraint identifiers
513 SSH_AGENT_CONSTRAIN_LIFETIME 1
514 SSH_AGENT_CONSTRAIN_CONFIRM 2
516 $OpenBSD: PROTOCOL.agent,v 1.4 2008/07/01 23:12:47 stevesk Exp $