1 This document describes the chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com authenticated
2 encryption cipher supported by OpenSSH.
7 ChaCha20 is a stream cipher designed by Daniel Bernstein and described
8 in [1]. It operates by permuting 128 fixed bits, 128 or 256 bits of key,
9 a 64 bit nonce and a 64 bit counter into 64 bytes of output. This output
10 is used as a keystream, with any unused bytes simply discarded.
12 Poly1305[2], also by Daniel Bernstein, is a one-time Carter-Wegman MAC
13 that computes a 128 bit integrity tag given a message and a single-use
16 The chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com combines these two primitives into an
17 authenticated encryption mode. The construction used is based on that
18 proposed for TLS by Adam Langley in [3], but differs in the layout of
19 data passed to the MAC and in the addition of encyption of the packet
25 The chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com offers both encryption and
26 authentication. As such, no separate MAC is required. If the
27 chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com cipher is selected in key exchange,
28 the offered MAC algorithms are ignored and no MAC is required to be
34 The chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com cipher requires 512 bits of key
35 material as output from the SSH key exchange. This forms two 256 bit
36 keys (K_1 and K_2), used by two separate instances of chacha20.
38 The instance keyed by K_1 is a stream cipher that is used only
39 to encrypt the 4 byte packet length field. The second instance,
40 keyed by K_2, is used in conjunction with poly1305 to build an AEAD
41 (Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data) that is used to encrypt
42 and authenticate the entire packet.
44 Two separate cipher instances are used here so as to keep the packet
45 lengths confidential but not create an oracle for the packet payload
46 cipher by decrypting and using the packet length prior to checking
47 the MAC. By using an independently-keyed cipher instance to encrypt the
48 length, an active attacker seeking to exploit the packet input handling
49 as a decryption oracle can learn nothing about the payload contents or
50 its MAC (assuming key derivation, ChaCha20 and Poly1305 are secure).
52 The AEAD is constructed as follows: for each packet, generate a Poly1305
53 key by taking the first 256 bits of ChaCha20 stream output generated
54 using K_2, an IV consisting of the packet sequence number encoded as an
55 uint64 under the SSH wire encoding rules and a ChaCha20 block counter of
56 zero. The K_2 ChaCha20 block counter is then set to the little-endian
57 encoding of 1 (i.e. {1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}) and this instance is used
58 for encryption of the packet payload.
63 When receiving a packet, the length must be decrypted first. When 4
64 bytes of ciphertext length have been received, they may be decrypted
65 using the K_1 key, a nonce consisting of the packet sequence number
66 encoded as a uint64 under the usual SSH wire encoding and a zero block
67 counter to obtain the plaintext length.
69 Once the entire packet has been received, the MAC MUST be checked
70 before decryption. A per-packet Poly1305 key is generated as described
71 above and the MAC tag calculated using Poly1305 with this key over the
72 ciphertext of the packet length and the payload together. The calculated
73 MAC is then compared in constant time with the one appended to the
74 packet and the packet decrypted using ChaCha20 as described above (with
75 K_2, the packet sequence number as nonce and a starting block counter of
78 To send a packet, first encode the 4 byte length and encrypt it using
79 K_1. Encrypt the packet payload (using K_2) and append it to the
80 encrypted length. Finally, calculate a MAC tag and append it.
85 ChaCha20 must never reuse a {key, nonce} for encryption nor may it be
86 used to encrypt more than 2^70 bytes under the same {key, nonce}. The
87 SSH Transport protocol (RFC4253) recommends a far more conservative
88 rekeying every 1GB of data sent or received. If this recommendation
89 is followed, then chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com requires no special
90 handling in this area.
95 [1] "ChaCha, a variant of Salsa20", Daniel Bernstein
96 http://cr.yp.to/chacha/chacha-20080128.pdf
98 [2] "The Poly1305-AES message-authentication code", Daniel Bernstein
99 http://cr.yp.to/mac/poly1305-20050329.pdf
101 [3] "ChaCha20 and Poly1305 based Cipher Suites for TLS", Adam Langley
102 http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-agl-tls-chacha20poly1305-03
104 $OpenBSD: PROTOCOL.chacha20poly1305,v 1.2 2013/12/02 02:50:27 djm Exp $