1 .\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1991, 1993
2 .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
4 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
5 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
7 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
8 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
9 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
10 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
11 .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
12 .\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
13 .\" must display the following acknowledgement:
14 .\" This product includes software developed by the University of
15 .\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
16 .\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
17 .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
18 .\" without specific prior written permission.
20 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
21 .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
22 .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
23 .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
24 .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
25 .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
26 .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
27 .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
28 .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
29 .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
32 .\" @(#)dir.5 8.3 (Berkeley) 4/19/94
33 .\" $FreeBSD: src/share/man/man5/dir.5,v 1.12.2.5 2001/12/17 11:30:13 ru Exp $
34 .\" $DragonFly: src/share/man/man5/dir.5,v 1.7 2006/05/26 19:39:40 swildner Exp $
42 .Nd directory file format
46 Directories provide a convenient hierarchical method of grouping
47 files while obscuring the underlying details of the storage medium.
48 A directory file is differentiated from a plain file
52 It consists of records (directory entries) each of which contains
53 information about a file and a pointer to the file itself.
54 Directory entries may contain other directories
55 as well as plain files; such nested directories are referred to as
57 A hierarchy of directories and files is formed in this manner
58 and is called a file system (or referred to as a file system tree).
59 .\" An entry in this tree,
60 .\" nested or not nested,
63 Each directory file contains two special directory entries; one is a pointer
64 to the directory itself
67 and the other a pointer to its parent directory called dot-dot
70 are valid pathnames, however,
71 the system root directory
73 has no parent and dot-dot points to itself like dot.
75 File system nodes are ordinary directory files on which has
76 been grafted a file system object, such as a physical disk or a
77 partitioned area of such a disk.
83 The directory entry format is defined in
85 This file should not be included directly by applications.
92 file format appeared in
95 The usage of the member d_type of struct dirent is unportable as it is
96 .Dx Ns / Ns Fx Ns -specific .
97 It also may fail on certain filesystems, for example the cd9660 filesystem.