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31 .\" @(#)dd.1 8.2 (Berkeley) 1/13/94
32 .\" $FreeBSD: src/bin/dd/dd.1,v 1.15.2.5 2003/01/24 02:17:12 keramida Exp $
33 .\" $DragonFly: src/bin/dd/dd.1,v 1.3 2008/01/28 16:08:02 matthias Exp $
40 .Nd convert and copy a file
47 utility copies the standard input to the standard output.
48 Input data is read and written in 512-byte blocks.
49 If input reads are short, input from multiple reads are aggregated
50 to form the output block.
53 displays the number of complete and partial input and output blocks
54 and truncated input records to the standard error output.
56 The following operands are available:
57 .Bl -tag -width ".Cm of Ns = Ns Ar file"
58 .It Cm bs Ns = Ns Ar n
59 Set both input and output block size to
61 bytes, superseding the
66 If no conversion values other than
71 are specified, then each input block is copied to the output as a
72 single block without any aggregation of short blocks.
73 .It Cm cbs Ns = Ns Ar n
74 Set the conversion record size to
77 The conversion record size is required by the record oriented conversion
79 .It Cm count Ns = Ns Ar n
83 .It Cm files Ns = Ns Ar n
86 input files before terminating.
87 This operand is only applicable when the input device is a tape.
88 .It Cm ibs Ns = Ns Ar n
89 Set the input block size to
91 bytes instead of the default 512.
92 .It Cm if Ns = Ns Ar file
95 instead of the standard input.
96 .It Cm iseek Ns = Ns Ar n
97 Seek on the input file
100 This is synonymous with
101 .Cm skip Ns = Ns Ar n .
102 .It Cm obs Ns = Ns Ar n
103 Set the output block size to
105 bytes instead of the default 512.
106 .It Cm of Ns = Ns Ar file
109 instead of the standard output.
110 Any regular output file is truncated unless the
112 conversion value is specified.
113 If an initial portion of the output file is seeked past (see the
116 the output file is truncated at that point.
117 .It Cm oseek Ns = Ns Ar n
118 Seek on the output file
121 This is synonymous with
122 .Cm seek Ns = Ns Ar n .
123 .It Cm seek Ns = Ns Ar n
126 blocks from the beginning of the output before copying.
127 On non-tape devices, an
130 Otherwise, existing blocks are read and the data discarded.
131 If the user does not have read permission for the tape, it is positioned
135 If the seek operation is past the end of file, space from the current
136 end of file to the specified offset is filled with blocks of
139 .It Cm skip Ns = Ns Ar n
142 blocks from the beginning of the input before copying.
143 On input which supports seeks, an
146 Otherwise, input data is read and discarded.
147 For pipes, the correct number of bytes is read.
148 For all other devices, the correct number of blocks is read without
149 distinguishing between a partial or complete block being read.
150 .It Cm conv Ns = Ns Ar value Ns Op , Ns Ar value ...
153 is one of the symbols from the following list.
154 .Bl -tag -width ".Cm unblock"
155 .It Cm ascii , oldascii
158 value except that characters are translated from
163 records are converted.
169 There are two conversion maps for
173 specifies the recommended one which is compatible with
177 specifies the one used in historic
180 .No pre- Ns Bx 4.3 reno
183 Treats the input as a sequence of newline or end-of-file terminated variable
184 length records independent of input and output block boundaries.
185 Any trailing newline character is discarded.
186 Each input record is converted to a fixed length output record where the
187 length is specified by the
190 Input records shorter than the conversion record size are padded with spaces.
191 Input records longer than the conversion record size are truncated.
192 The number of truncated input records, if any, are reported to the standard
193 error output at the completion of the copy.
194 .It Cm ebcdic , ibm , oldebcdic , oldibm
197 value except that characters are translated from
202 records are converted.
208 There are four conversion maps for
212 specifies the recommended one which is compatible with
216 is a slightly different mapping, which is compatible with the
224 are maps used in historic
227 .No pre- Ns Bx 4.3 reno
230 Transform uppercase characters into lowercase characters.
232 Do not stop processing on an input error.
233 When an input error occurs, a diagnostic message followed by the current
234 input and output block counts will be written to the standard error output
235 in the same format as the standard completion message.
238 conversion is also specified, any missing input data will be replaced
241 bytes (or with spaces if a block oriented conversion value was
242 specified) and processed as a normal input buffer.
245 conversion is not specified, the input block is omitted from the output.
246 On input files which are not tapes or pipes, the file offset
247 will be positioned past the block in which the error occurred using
250 Do not truncate the output file.
251 This will preserve any blocks in the output file not explicitly written
256 value is not supported for tapes.
258 Pad the final output block to the full output block size.
259 If the input file is not a multiple of the output block size
260 after conversion, this conversion forces the final output block
261 to be the same size as preceding blocks for use on devices that require
262 regularly sized blocks to be written.
263 This option is incompatible with use of the
265 block size specification.
267 If one or more output blocks would consist solely of
269 bytes, try to seek the output file by the required space instead of
272 resulting in a sparse file.
274 Swap every pair of input bytes.
275 If an input buffer has an odd number of bytes, the last byte will be
276 ignored during swapping.
278 Pad every input block to the input buffer size.
279 Spaces are used for pad bytes if a block oriented conversion value is
284 Transform lowercase characters into uppercase characters.
286 Treats the input as a sequence of fixed length records independent of input
287 and output block boundaries.
288 The length of the input records is specified by the
291 Any trailing space characters are discarded and a newline character is
296 Where sizes are specified, a decimal, octal, or hexadecimal number of
298 If the number ends with a
310 number is multiplied by 512, 1024 (1K), 1048576 (1M), 1073741824 (1G)
311 or the number of bytes in an integer, respectively.
312 Two or more numbers may be separated by an
314 to indicate a product.
318 displays the number of complete and partial input and output blocks,
319 truncated input records and odd-length byte-swapping blocks to the
320 standard error output.
321 A partial input block is one where less than the input block size
323 A partial output block is one where less than the output block size
325 Partial output blocks to tape devices are considered fatal errors.
326 Otherwise, the rest of the block will be written.
327 Partial output blocks to character devices will produce a warning message.
328 A truncated input block is one where a variable length record oriented
329 conversion value was specified and the input line was too long to
330 fit in the conversion record or was not newline terminated.
332 Normally, data resulting from input or conversion or both are aggregated
333 into output blocks of the specified size.
334 After the end of input is reached, any remaining output is written as
336 This means that the final output block may be shorter than the output
347 signal, the current input and output block counts will
348 be written to the standard error output
349 in the same format as the standard completion message.
354 signal, the current input and output block counts will
355 be written to the standard error output
356 in the same format as the standard completion message and
368 utility is expected to be a superset of the
381 values are extensions to the