1 # tzdb data for Asia and environs
3 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
4 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
6 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
7 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
8 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
9 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
11 # From Paul Eggert (2019-07-11):
13 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
14 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
15 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
16 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
18 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
19 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
20 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
21 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
22 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
23 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
25 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
26 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
27 # I found in the UCLA library.
29 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
30 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
31 # https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
33 # For Russian data circa 1919, a source is:
34 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
35 # (See the 'europe' file for a fuller citation.)
37 # The following alphabetic abbreviations appear in these tables
38 # (corrections are welcome):
41 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern European Time
44 # 7:00 WIB west Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Barat)
45 # 8:00 WITA central Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Tengah)
47 # 8:00 HKT HKST Hong Kong (HKWT* for Winter Time in late 1941)
48 # 8:00 PST PDT* Philippines
49 # 8:30 KST KDT Korea when at +0830
50 # 9:00 WIT east Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Timur)
52 # 9:00 KST KDT Korea when at +09
53 # *I invented the abbreviations HKWT and PDT; see below.
54 # Otherwise, these tables typically use numeric abbreviations like +03
55 # and +0330 for integer hour and minute UT offsets. Although earlier
56 # editions invented alphabetic time zone abbreviations for every
57 # offset, this did not reflect common practice.
59 # See the 'europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
62 # Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
63 # additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental
64 # Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide -
67 ###############################################################################
69 # These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file.
70 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
71 Rule EUAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
72 Rule EUAsia 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
73 Rule EUAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
74 Rule E-EurAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 -
75 Rule E-EurAsia 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
76 Rule E-EurAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
77 Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 -
78 Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
79 Rule RussiaAsia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
80 Rule RussiaAsia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
81 Rule RussiaAsia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
84 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
85 Zone Asia/Kabul 4:36:48 - LMT 1890
90 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
91 # Shanks & Pottenger have Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST)
92 # in spring 1991, then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then
93 # readopting Russian DST in 1997. Go with Shanks & Pottenger, even
94 # when they disagree with others. Edgar Der-Danieliantz
95 # reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
96 # in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995. IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
97 # Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
98 # but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.
100 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
101 # While Russia abandoned DST in 2011, Armenia may choose to
102 # follow Russia's "old" rules.
104 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-02-10):
105 # According to News Armenia, on Feb 9, 2012,
106 # http://newsarmenia.ru/society/20120209/42609695.html
108 # The Armenia National Assembly adopted final reading of Amendments to the
109 # Law "On procedure of calculation time on the territory of the Republic of
110 # Armenia" according to which Armenia [is] abolishing Daylight Saving Time.
113 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html
114 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
115 Rule Armenia 2011 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
116 Rule Armenia 2011 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
117 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
118 Zone Asia/Yerevan 2:58:00 - LMT 1924 May 2
120 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
121 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1995 Sep 24 2:00s
123 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2011
128 # From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
129 # According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
130 # From Paul Eggert (2015-09-17): It was Resolution No. 21 (1997-03-17).
131 # http://code.az/files/daylight_res.pdf
133 # From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-17):
134 # ... the Azerbaijani Cabinet of Ministers has cancelled switching to
135 # daylight saving time....
136 # https://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/94137.html
137 # http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Azerbaijani-Cabinet-of-Ministers-cancels-daylight-saving-time.html
138 # http://en.apa.az/xeber_azerbaijan_abolishes_daylight_savings_ti_240862.html
140 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
141 Rule Azer 1997 2015 - Mar lastSun 4:00 1:00 -
142 Rule Azer 1997 2015 - Oct lastSun 5:00 0 -
143 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
144 Zone Asia/Baku 3:19:24 - LMT 1924 May 2
146 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
147 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992 Sep lastSun 2:00s
149 4:00 EUAsia +04/+05 1997
156 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
157 # According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce
158 # Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30
160 # Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16
161 # http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288
162 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html
164 # "... Bangladesh government has decided to switch daylight saving time from
166 # 16 till September 30 in a bid to ensure maximum use of daylight to cope with
167 # crippling power crisis. "
169 # The switch will remain in effect from June 16 to Sept 30 (2009) but if
170 # implemented the next year, it will come in force from April 1, 2010
172 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-02):
173 # They have finally decided now, but changed the start date to midnight between
174 # the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet.
177 # https://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
178 # http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2
181 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
183 # From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15):
184 # Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start
185 # time is mentioned as Jun 19 2009, 23:00 from BTRC (Bangladesh
186 # Telecommunication Regulatory Commission).
188 # No DST end date has been announced yet.
190 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-25):
191 # Bangladesh won't go back to Standard Time from October 1, 2009,
192 # instead it will continue DST measure till the cabinet makes a fresh decision.
194 # Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday":
195 # "DST change awaits cabinet decision-Clock won't go back by 1-hr from Oct 1"
196 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021
197 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html
199 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13):
200 # IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports:
201 # Bangladesh has decided that the clock advanced by an hour to make
202 # maximum use of daylight hours as an energy saving measure would
203 # "continue for an indefinite period."
205 # One of many places where it is published:
206 # http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html
208 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):
209 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
210 # Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.
212 # Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.
213 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228
214 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html
216 # "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour
217 # on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,
218 # 2010 midnight. The decision came at a cabinet meeting at the Prime
219 # Minister's Office last night..."
221 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):
222 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
223 # Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time
224 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
225 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html
227 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
228 Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Jun 19 23:00 1:00 -
229 Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Dec 31 24:00 0 -
231 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
232 Zone Asia/Dhaka 6:01:40 - LMT 1890
233 5:53:20 - HMT 1941 Oct # Howrah Mean Time?
234 6:30 - +0630 1942 May 15
235 5:30 - +0530 1942 Sep
236 6:30 - +0630 1951 Sep 30
241 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
242 Zone Asia/Thimphu 5:58:36 - LMT 1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
243 5:30 - +0530 1987 Oct
246 # British Indian Ocean Territory
247 # Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
248 # 1997 and later maps say 6:00. Assume the switch occurred in 1996.
249 # We have no information as to when standard time was introduced;
250 # assume it occurred in 1907, the same year as Mauritius (which
251 # then contained the Chagos Archipelago).
252 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
253 Zone Indian/Chagos 4:49:40 - LMT 1907
258 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
259 Zone Asia/Brunei 7:39:40 - LMT 1926 Mar # Bandar Seri Begawan
265 # Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon.
267 # From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
268 # Page 27 of Reed & Low (cited for Asia/Kolkata) says "Rangoon local time is
269 # used upon the railways and telegraphs of Burma, and is 6h. 24m. 47s. ahead
270 # of Greenwich." This refers to the period before Burma's transition to +0630,
271 # a transition for which Shanks is the only source.
273 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
274 Zone Asia/Yangon 6:24:47 - LMT 1880 # or Rangoon
275 6:24:47 - RMT 1920 # Rangoon local time
276 6:30 - +0630 1942 May
277 9:00 - +09 1945 May 3
286 # From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
287 # According to this news report:
288 # http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2004-09-01/19524201403.shtml
289 # on April 11, 1919, newspaper in Shanghai said clocks in Shanghai will spring
290 # forward for an hour starting from midnight of that Saturday. The report did
291 # not mention what happened in Shanghai thereafter, but it mentioned that a
292 # similar trial in Tianjin which ended at October 1st as citizens are told to
293 # recede the clock on September 30 from 12:00pm to 11:00pm. The trial at
294 # Tianjin got terminated in 1920.
296 # From Paul Eggert (2020-04-15):
297 # The Returns of Trade and Trade Reports, page 711, says "Daylight saving was
298 # given a trial during the year, and from the 12th April to the 1st October
299 # the clocks were all set one hour ahead of sun time. Though the scheme was
300 # generally esteemed a success, it was announced early in 1920 that it would
303 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
304 Rule Shang 1919 only - Apr 12 24:00 1:00 D
305 Rule Shang 1919 only - Sep 30 24:00 0 S
307 # From Paul Eggert (2018-10-02):
308 # The following comes from Table 1 of:
309 # Li Yu. Research on the daylight saving movement in 1940s Shanghai.
310 # Nanjing Journal of Social Sciences. 2014;(2):144-50.
311 # http://oversea.cnki.net/kns55/detail.aspx?dbname=CJFD2014&filename=NJSH201402020
312 # The table lists dates only; I am guessing 00:00 and 24:00 transition times.
313 # Also, the table lists the planned end of DST in 1949, but the corresponding
314 # zone line cuts this off on May 28, when the Communists took power.
316 # From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
318 # For the history of time in Shanghai between 1940-1942, the situation is
319 # actually slightly more complex than the table [below].... At the time,
320 # there were three different authorities in Shanghai, including Shanghai
321 # International Settlement, a settlement established by western countries with
322 # its own westernized form of government, Shanghai French Concession, similar
323 # to the international settlement but is controlled by French, and then the
324 # rest of the city of Shanghai, which have already been controlled by Japanese
325 # force through a puppet local government (Wang Jingwei regime). It was
326 # additionally complicated by the circumstances that, according to the 1940s
327 # Shanghai summer time essay cited in the database, some
328 # departments/businesses/people in the Shanghai city itself during that time
329 # period, refused to change their clock and instead only changed their opening
332 # For example, as quoted in the article, in 1940, other than the authority
333 # itself, power, tram, bus companies, cinema, department stores, and other
334 # public service organizations have all decided to follow the summer time and
335 # spring forward the clock. On the other hand, the custom office refused to
336 # spring forward the clock because of worry on mechanical wear to the physical
337 # clock, postal office refused to spring forward because of disruption to
338 # business and log-keeping, although they did changed their office hour to
339 # match rest of the city. So is travel agents, and also weather
340 # observatory. It is said both time standards had their own supporters in the
341 # city at the time, those who prefer new time standard would have moved their
342 # clock while those who prefer the old time standard would keep their clock
343 # unchange, and there were different clocks that use different time standard
344 # in the city at the time for people who use different time standard to adjust
345 # their clock to their preferred time.
347 # a. For the 1940 May 31 spring forward, the essay claim that it was
348 # coordinared between the international settlement authority and the French
349 # concession authority and have gathered support from Hong Kong and Xiamen,
350 # that it would spring forward an hour from May 31 "midnight", and the essay
351 # claim "Hong Kong government implemented the spring forward in the same time
352 # on the same date as Shanghai".
354 # b. For the 1940 fall back, it was said that they initially intended to do
355 # so on September 30 00:59 at night, however they postponed it to October 12
356 # after discussion with relevant parties. However schools restored to the
357 # original schedule ten days earlier.
359 # c. For the 1941 spring forward, it is said to start from March 15
360 # "following the previous year's method", and in addition to that the essay
361 # cited an announcement in 1941 from the Wang regime which said the Special
362 # City of Shanghai under Wang regime control will follow the DST rule set by
363 # the Settlements, irrespective of the original DST plan announced by the Wang
364 # regime for other area under its control(April 1 to September 30). (no idea
365 # to situation before that announcement)
367 # d. For the 1941 fall back, it was said that the fall back would occurs at
368 # the end of September (A newspaper headline cited by the essay, published on
369 # October 1, 1941, have the headlines which said "French Concession would
370 # rewind to the old clock this morning), but it ultimately didn't happen due
371 # to disagreement between the international settlement authority and the
372 # French concession authority, and the fall back ultimately occurred on
375 # e. In 1941 December, Japan have officially started war with the United
376 # States and the United Kingdom, and in Shanghai they have marched into the
377 # international settlement, taken over its control
379 # f. For the 1942 spring forward, the essay said that the spring forward
380 # started on January 31. It said this time the custom office and postal
381 # department will also change their clocks, unlike before.
383 # g. The essay itself didn't cover any specific changes thereafter until the
384 # end of the war, it quoted a November 1942 command from the government of the
385 # Wang regime, which claim the daylight saving time applies year round during
386 # the war. However, the essay ambiguously said the period is "February 1 to
387 # September 30", which I don't really understand what is the meaning of such
388 # period in the context of year round implementation here.. More researches
389 # might be needed to show exactly what happened during that period of time.
391 # From Phake Nick (2020-04-15):
392 # According to a Japanese tour bus pamphlet in Nanjing area believed to be
393 # from around year 1941: http://www.tt-museum.jp/tairiku_0280_nan1941.html ,
394 # the schedule listed was in the format of Japanese time. Which indicate some
395 # use of the Japanese time (instead of syncing by DST) might have occurred in
396 # the Yangtze river delta area during that period of time although the scope
397 # of such use will need to be investigated to determine.
399 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
400 Rule Shang 1940 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
401 Rule Shang 1940 only - Oct 12 24:00 0 S
402 Rule Shang 1941 only - Mar 15 0:00 1:00 D
403 Rule Shang 1941 only - Nov 1 24:00 0 S
404 Rule Shang 1942 only - Jan 31 0:00 1:00 D
405 Rule Shang 1945 only - Sep 1 24:00 0 S
406 Rule Shang 1946 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 D
407 Rule Shang 1946 only - Sep 30 24:00 0 S
408 Rule Shang 1947 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
409 Rule Shang 1947 only - Oct 31 24:00 0 S
410 Rule Shang 1948 1949 - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
411 Rule Shang 1948 1949 - Sep 30 24:00 0 S #plan
414 # People's Republic of China. Yes, they really have only one time zone.
416 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
417 # No they don't. See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52. Even though
418 # China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
419 # Peking (Beijing) time zone was recognized. Since that date, China
420 # has two of 'em - Peking's and Ürümqi (named after the capital of
421 # the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region). I don't know about DST for it.
423 # . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
424 # painful to suck in another copy. So, here is what I have for
425 # DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP):
427 # 1986 May 4 - Sept 14
428 # 1987 mid-April - ??
430 # From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
431 # CHINA 8 H AHEAD OF UTC ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN
432 # CHINA 9 H AHEAD OF UTC APR 17 - SEP 10
434 # From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
435 # Jim Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
436 # time - sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05 ... [says] that China began
437 # observing daylight saving time in 1986.
439 # From P Chan (2018-05-07):
440 # The start and end time of DST in China [from 1986 on] should be 2:00
441 # (i.e. 2:00 to 3:00 at the start and 2:00 to 1:00 at the end)....
442 # Government notices about summer time:
444 # 1986-04-12 http://www.zj.gov.cn/attach/zfgb/198608.pdf p.21-22
445 # (To establish summer time from 1986. On 4 May, set the clocks ahead one hour
446 # at 2 am. On 14 September, set the clocks backward one hour at 2 am.)
448 # 1987-02-15 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198703.pdf p.114
449 # (Summer time in 1987 to start from 12 April until 13 September)
451 # 1987-09-09 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1987/gwyb198721.pdf p.709
452 # (From 1988, summer time to start from 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-April
453 # until 2 am of the first Sunday of mid-September)
455 # 1992-03-03 http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/shuju/1992/gwyb199205.pdf p.152
456 # (To suspend summer time from 1992)
458 # The first page of People's Daily on 12 April 1988 stating that summer time
459 # to begin on 17 April.
460 # http://data.people.com.cn/pic/101p/1988/04/1988041201.jpg
462 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
463 Rule PRC 1986 only - May 4 2:00 1:00 D
464 Rule PRC 1986 1991 - Sep Sun>=11 2:00 0 S
465 Rule PRC 1987 1991 - Apr Sun>=11 2:00 1:00 D
467 # From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):
468 # BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five
469 # historic timezones from some Taiwan websites. And yes, there are official
470 # Chinese names for these locales (before 1949).
472 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
473 # I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the
474 # https://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
475 # boundaries summarized below].... A few other exceptions were two
476 # counties on the Sichuan side of the Xizang-Sichuan border,
477 # counties Dege and Baiyu which lies on the Sichuan side and are
478 # therefore supposed to be GMT+7, Xizang region being GMT+6, but Dege
479 # county is GMT+8 according to astro.com while Baiyu county is GMT+6
480 # (could be true), for the moment I am assuming that those two
481 # counties are mistakes in the astro.com data.
483 # From Paul Eggert (2017-01-05):
484 # Alois Treindl kindly sent me translations of the following two sources:
487 # Guo Qing-sheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
488 # Beijing Time at the Beginning of the PRC
489 # China Historical Materials of Science and Technology
490 # (Zhongguo ke ji shi liao, 中国科技史料). 2003;24(1):5-9.
491 # http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?filename=ZGKS200301000&dbname=CJFD2003
492 # It gives evidence that at the beginning of the PRC, Beijing time was
493 # officially apparent solar time! However, Guo also says that the
494 # evidence is dubious, as the relevant institute of astronomy had not
495 # been taken over by the PRC yet. It's plausible that apparent solar
496 # time was announced but never implemented, and that people continued
497 # to use UT+8. As the Shanghai radio station (and I presume the
498 # observatory) was still under control of French missionaries, it
499 # could well have ignored any such mandate.
502 # Guo Qing-sheng (Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
503 # A Study on the Standard Time Changes for the Past 100 Years in China
504 # [undated and unknown publication location]
505 # It says several things:
506 # * The Qing dynasty used local apparent solar time throughout China.
507 # * The Republic of China instituted Beijing mean solar time effective
508 # the official calendar book of 1914.
509 # * The French Concession in Shanghai set up signal stations in
510 # French docks in the 1890s, controlled by Xujiahui (Zikawei)
511 # Observatory and set to local mean time.
512 # * "From the end of the 19th century" it changed to UT+8.
513 # * Chinese Customs (by then reduced to a tool of foreign powers)
514 # eventually standardized on this time for all ports, and it
515 # became used by railways as well.
516 # * In 1918 the Central Observatory proposed dividing China into
517 # five time zones (see below for details). This caught on
518 # at first only in coastal areas observing UT+8.
519 # * During WWII all of China was in theory was at UT+7. In practice
520 # this was ignored in the west, and I presume was ignored in
521 # Japanese-occupied territory.
522 # * Japanese-occupied Manchuria was at UT+9, i.e., Japan time.
523 # * The five-zone plan was resurrected after WWII and officially put into
524 # place (with some modifications) in March 1948. It's not clear
525 # how well it was observed in areas under Nationalist control.
526 # * The People's Liberation Army used UT+8 during the civil war.
528 # An AP article "Shanghai Internat'l Area Little Changed" in the
529 # Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun (1939-05-29), p 17, said "Even the time is
530 # different - the occupied districts going by Tokyo time, an hour
531 # ahead of that prevailing in the rest of Shanghai." Guess that the
532 # Xujiahui Observatory was under French control and stuck with UT +08.
534 # In earlier versions of this file, China had many separate Zone entries, but
535 # this was based on what were apparently incorrect data in Shanks & Pottenger.
536 # This has now been simplified to the two entries Asia/Shanghai and
537 # Asia/Urumqi, with the others being links for backward compatibility.
538 # Proposed in 1918 and theoretically in effect until 1949 (although in practice
539 # mainly observed in coastal areas), the five zones were:
541 # Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) UT +08:30
542 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
543 # Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
545 # Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT +08
546 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai.
548 # Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time; round to nearest.
549 # Guo says Shanghai switched to UT +08 "from the end of the 19th century".
551 # Long-shu Time (probably as Long and Shu were two names of the area) UT +07
552 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
553 # Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
554 # most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; east Qinghai; and the Guangdong
555 # counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
556 # Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
558 # Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") UT +06
559 # This region is now part of either Asia/Urumqi or Asia/Shanghai with
560 # current boundaries uncertain; times before 1970 for areas that
561 # disagree with Ürümqi or Shanghai are not recorded here.
562 # The Gansu counties Aksay, Anxi, Dunhuang, Subei; west Qinghai;
563 # the Guangdong counties Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi, Lianjiang,
564 # Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Maoming, Dianbai, and Xinyi;
565 # east Tibet, including Lhasa, Chamdo, Shigaise, Jimsar, Shawan and Hutubi;
566 # east Xinjiang, including Ürümqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
567 # Wusu, Qiemo, Xinyan, Wulanwusu, Jinghe, Yumin, Tacheng, Tuoli, Emin,
568 # Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami,
569 # Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan.
571 # Kunlun Time UT +05:30
572 # This region is now in the same status as Xin-zang Time (see above).
573 # West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule;
574 # West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke,
575 # Zhaosu, Tekesi, Gongliu, Chabuchaer, Huocheng, Bole, Pishan, Suiding,
578 # From Luther Ma (2009-10-17):
579 # Almost all (>99.9%) ethnic Chinese (properly ethnic Han) living in
580 # Xinjiang use Chinese Standard Time. Some are aware of Xinjiang time,
581 # but have no need of it. All planes, trains, and schools function on
582 # what is called "Beijing time." When Han make an appointment in Chinese
583 # they implicitly use Beijing time.
585 # On the other hand, ethnic Uyghurs, who make up about half the
586 # population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two
587 # hours behind Beijing time, or UT +06. The government of the Xinjiang
588 # Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as
589 # local governments such as the Ürümqi city government use both times in
590 # publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as
591 # "Ürümqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
592 # they almost invariably use Xinjiang time.
594 # (Their ethnic Han compatriots would typically have no clue of its
595 # widespread use, however, because so extremely few of them are fluent in
596 # Uyghur, comparable to the number of Anglo-Americans fluent in Navajo.)
598 # (...As with the rest of China there was a brief interval ending in 1990
599 # or 1991 when summer time was in use. The confusion was severe, with
600 # the province not having dual times but four times in use at the same
601 # time. Some areas remained on standard Xinjiang time or Beijing time and
602 # others moving their clocks ahead.)
604 # From Luther Ma (2009-11-19):
605 # With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common
606 # English "transliterations" (w/o using non-English symbols):
613 # 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Ürümqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
614 # 1960's. I know of one Han, now over 50, who grew up in the surrounding
615 # countryside and used Xinjiang time as a child.
617 # 6. Likewise for Kashgar and the rest of south Xinjiang I don't know of any
618 # start date for Xinjiang time.
620 # Without having access to local historical records, nor the ability to legally
621 # publish them, I would go with October 1, 1949, when Xinjiang became the Uyghur
622 # Autonomous Region under the PRC. (Before that Uyghurs, of course, would also
623 # not be using Beijing time, but some local time.)
625 # From David Cochrane (2014-03-26):
626 # Just a confirmation that Ürümqi time was implemented in Ürümqi on 1 Feb 1986:
627 # https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html
629 # From Luther Ma (2014-04-22):
630 # I have interviewed numerous people of various nationalities and from
631 # different localities in Xinjiang and can confirm the information in Guo's
632 # report regarding Xinjiang, as well as the Time article reference by David
633 # Cochrane. Whether officially recognized or not (and both are officially
634 # recognized), two separate times have been in use in Xinjiang since at least
635 # the Cultural Revolution: Xinjiang Time (XJT), aka Ürümqi Time or local time;
636 # and Beijing Time. There is no confusion in Xinjiang as to which name refers
637 # to which time. Both are widely used in the province, although in some
638 # population groups might be use one to the exclusion of the other. The only
639 # problem is that computers and smart phones list Ürümqi (or Kashgar) as
640 # having the same time as Beijing.
642 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
643 # In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (UT +06)
644 # but this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Khétsun,
645 # Memories of life in Lhasa under Chinese Rule, Columbia U Press, ISBN
646 # 978-0231142861 (2008), translator's introduction by Matthew Akester, p x.
647 # As this is before our 1970 cutoff, Tibet doesn't need a separate zone.
649 # Xinjiang Time is well-documented as being officially recognized. E.g., see
650 # "The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government"
651 # <http://www.sinkiang.gov.cn/service/ourworking/> (2014-04-22).
652 # Unfortunately, we have no good records of time in Xinjiang before 1986.
653 # During the 20th century parts of Xinjiang were ruled by the Qing dynasty,
654 # the Republic of China, various warlords, the First and Second East Turkestan
655 # Republics, the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang, and the People's Republic of
656 # China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be
657 # quite a trick. Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to
658 # UT +06 at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
659 # which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a
660 # guess) as the transition from LMT. Ignore the usage of +08 before
661 # 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to +08 is unknown and
662 # that the sort of users who prefer Asia/Urumqi now typically ignored the
663 # +08 mandate back then.
665 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
666 # Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
667 Zone Asia/Shanghai 8:05:43 - LMT 1901
668 8:00 Shang C%sT 1949 May 28
670 # Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
671 # / Wulumuqi. (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
672 Zone Asia/Urumqi 5:50:20 - LMT 1928
678 # Milne gives 7:36:41.7; round this.
680 # From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
681 # I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
682 # Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
683 # it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
684 # and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
685 # and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
686 # think 3:30 is correct.
688 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
689 # According to Singaporean newspaper
690 # http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepresswk19041102-1.2.37
691 # the day that Hong Kong start using GMT+8 should be Oct 30, 1904.
693 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-17):
694 # Hong Kong had a time ball near the Marine Police Station, Tsim Sha Tsui.
695 # "The ball was raised manually each day and dropped at exactly 1pm
696 # (except on Sundays and Government holidays)."
697 # Dyson AD. From Time Ball to Atomic Clock. Hong Kong Government. 1983.
698 # <https://www.hko.gov.hk/publica/gen_pub/timeball_atomic_clock.pdf>
699 # "From 1904 October 30 the time-ball at Hong Kong has been dropped by order
700 # of the Governor of the Colony at 17h 0m 0s G.M.T., which is 23m 18s.14 in
701 # advance of 1h 0m 0s of Hong Kong mean time."
702 # Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
703 # 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
705 # From Joseph Myers (2018-11-18):
706 # An astronomer before 1925 referring to GMT would have been using the old
707 # astronomical convention where the day started at noon, not midnight.
709 # From Steve Allen (2018-11-17):
710 # Meteorological Observations made at the Hongkong Observatory in the year 1904
711 # page 4 <https://books.google.com/books?id=kgw5AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA4>
712 # ... the log of drop times in Table II shows that on Sunday 1904-10-30 the
713 # ball was dropped. So that looks like a special case drop for the sake
714 # of broadcasting the new local time.
716 # From Phake Nick (2018-11-18):
717 # According to The Hong Kong Weekly Press, 1904-10-29, p.324, the
718 # governor of Hong Kong at the time stated that "We are further desired to
719 # make it known that the change will be effected by firing the gun and by the
720 # dropping of the Ball at 23min. 18sec. before one."
721 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
722 # See <https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk> for this; unfortunately Flash is required.
724 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-26):
725 # I went to check microfilm records stored at Hong Kong Public Library....
726 # on September 30 1941, according to Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong edition), it was
727 # stated that fallback would occur on the next day (the 1st)'s "03:00 am (Hong
728 # Kong Time 04:00 am)" and the clock will fall back for a half hour. (03:00
729 # probably refer to the time commonly used in mainland China at the time given
730 # the paper's background) ... the sunrise/sunset time given by South China
731 # Morning Post for October 1st was indeed moved by half an hour compares to
732 # before. After that, in December, the battle to capture Hong Kong started and
733 # the library doesn't seems to have any record stored about press during that
734 # period of time. Some media resumed publication soon after that within the
735 # same month, but there were not much information about time there. Later they
736 # started including a radio program guide when they restored radio service,
737 # explicitly mentioning it use Tokyo standard time, and later added a note
738 # saying it's half an hour ahead of the old Hong Kong standard time, and it
739 # also seems to indicate that Hong Kong was not using GMT+8 when it was
742 # Image of related sections on newspaper:
743 # * 1941-09-30, Ta Kung Pao (Hong Kong), "Winter Time start tomorrow".
744 # https://i.imgur.com/6waY51Z.jpg (Chinese)
745 # * 1941-09-29, South China Morning Post, Information on sunrise/sunset
746 # time and other things for September 30 and October 1.
747 # https://i.imgur.com/kCiUR78.jpg
748 # * 1942-02-05. The Hong Kong News, Radio Program Guide.
749 # https://i.imgur.com/eVvDMzS.jpg
750 # * 1941-06-14. Hong Kong Daily Press, Daylight Saving from 3am Tomorrow.
751 # https://i.imgur.com/05KkvtC.png
752 # * 1941-09-30, Hong Kong Daily Press, Winter Time Warning.
753 # https://i.imgur.com/dge4kFJ.png
755 # From Paul Eggert (2019-07-11):
756 # "Hong Kong winter time" is considered to be daylight saving.
757 # "Hong Kong had adopted daylight saving on June 15 as a wartime measure,
758 # clocks moving forward one hour until October 1, when they would be put back
759 # by just half an hour for 'Hong Kong Winter time', so that daylight saving
760 # operated year round." -- Low Z. The longest day: when wartime Hong Kong
761 # introduced daylight saving. South China Morning Post. 2019-06-28.
762 # https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/short-reads/article/3016281/longest-day-when-wartime-hong-kong-introduced
764 # From P Chan (2018-12-31):
765 # * According to the Hong Kong Daylight-Saving Regulations, 1941, the
766 # 1941 spring-forward transition was at 03:00.
767 # http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/view/g1941/304271.pdf
768 # http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/view/g1941/305516.pdf
769 # * According to some articles from South China Morning Post, +08 was
770 # resumed on 1945-11-18 at 02:00.
771 # https://i.imgur.com/M2IsZ3c.png
772 # https://i.imgur.com/iOPqrVo.png
773 # https://i.imgur.com/fffcGDs.png
774 # * Some newspapers ... said the 1946 spring-forward transition was on
775 # 04-21 at 00:00. The Kung Sheung Evening News 1946-04-20 (Chinese)
776 # https://i.imgur.com/ZSzent0.png
777 # https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk///c/portal/cover?c=QF757YsWv5%2FH7zGe%2FKF%2BFLYsuqGhRBfe p.4
778 # The Kung Sheung Daily News 1946-04-21 (Chinese)
779 # https://i.imgur.com/7ecmRlcm.png
780 # https://mmis.hkpl.gov.hk///c/portal/cover?c=QF757YsWv5%2BQBGt1%2BwUj5qG2GqtwR3Wh p.4
781 # * According to the Summer Time Ordinance (1946), the fallback
782 # transitions between 1946 and 1952 were at 03:30 Standard Time (+08)
783 # http://oelawhk.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/bb74b06a74d5294620a15de560ab33c6.pdf
784 # * Some other laws and regulations related to DST from 1953 to 1979
785 # Summer Time Ordinance 1953
786 # https://i.imgur.com/IOlJMav.jpg
787 # Summer Time (Amendment) Ordinance 1965
788 # https://i.imgur.com/8rofeLa.jpg
789 # Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance (1966)
790 # https://i.imgur.com/joy3msj.jpg
791 # Emergency (Summer Time) Regulation 1973 <https://i.imgur.com/OpRWrKz.jpg>
792 # Interpretation and General Clauses (Amendment) Ordinance 1977
793 # https://i.imgur.com/RaNqnc4.jpg
794 # Resolution of the Legislative Council passed on 9 May 1979
795 # https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr78-79/english/lc_sitg/hansard/h790509.pdf#page=39
797 # From Paul Eggert (2020-04-15):
798 # Here are the dates given at
799 # https://www.hko.gov.hk/en/gts/time/Summertime.htm
802 # 1941 15 Jun to 30 Sep
807 # 1946 20 Apr to 1 Dec
808 # 1947 13 Apr to 30 Nov
809 # 1948 2 May to 31 Oct
810 # 1949 3 Apr to 30 Oct
811 # 1950 2 Apr to 29 Oct
812 # 1951 1 Apr to 28 Oct
813 # 1952 6 Apr to 2 Nov
814 # 1953 5 Apr to 1 Nov
815 # 1954 21 Mar to 31 Oct
816 # 1955 20 Mar to 6 Nov
817 # 1956 18 Mar to 4 Nov
818 # 1957 24 Mar to 3 Nov
819 # 1958 23 Mar to 2 Nov
820 # 1959 22 Mar to 1 Nov
821 # 1960 20 Mar to 6 Nov
822 # 1961 19 Mar to 5 Nov
823 # 1962 18 Mar to 4 Nov
824 # 1963 24 Mar to 3 Nov
825 # 1964 22 Mar to 1 Nov
826 # 1965 18 Apr to 17 Oct
827 # 1966 17 Apr to 16 Oct
828 # 1967 16 Apr to 22 Oct
829 # 1968 21 Apr to 20 Oct
830 # 1969 20 Apr to 19 Oct
831 # 1970 19 Apr to 18 Oct
832 # 1971 18 Apr to 17 Oct
833 # 1972 16 Apr to 22 Oct
834 # 1973 22 Apr to 21 Oct
835 # 1973/74 30 Dec 73 to 20 Oct 74
836 # 1975 20 Apr to 19 Oct
837 # 1976 18 Apr to 17 Oct
840 # 1979 13 May to 21 Oct
842 # The page does not give times of day for transitions,
843 # or dates for the 1942 and 1945 transitions.
844 # The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began 1941-12-25.
846 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
847 Rule HK 1946 only - Apr 21 0:00 1:00 S
848 Rule HK 1946 only - Dec 1 3:30s 0 -
849 Rule HK 1947 only - Apr 13 3:30s 1:00 S
850 Rule HK 1947 only - Nov 30 3:30s 0 -
851 Rule HK 1948 only - May 2 3:30s 1:00 S
852 Rule HK 1948 1952 - Oct Sun>=28 3:30s 0 -
853 Rule HK 1949 1953 - Apr Sun>=1 3:30 1:00 S
854 Rule HK 1953 1964 - Oct Sun>=31 3:30 0 -
855 Rule HK 1954 1964 - Mar Sun>=18 3:30 1:00 S
856 Rule HK 1965 1976 - Apr Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
857 Rule HK 1965 1976 - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
858 Rule HK 1973 only - Dec 30 3:30 1:00 S
859 Rule HK 1979 only - May 13 3:30 1:00 S
860 Rule HK 1979 only - Oct 21 3:30 0 -
861 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
862 Zone Asia/Hong_Kong 7:36:42 - LMT 1904 Oct 30 0:36:42
863 8:00 - HKT 1941 Jun 15 3:00
864 8:00 1:00 HKST 1941 Oct 1 4:00
865 8:00 0:30 HKWT 1941 Dec 25
866 9:00 - JST 1945 Nov 18 2:00
869 ###############################################################################
873 # From smallufo (2010-04-03):
874 # According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
875 # http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
876 # Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
878 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
879 # On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of
880 # Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that
881 # Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands
882 # (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
883 # 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
884 # found on Wikisource:
885 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
886 # ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
887 # during the Qing Dynasty, it seems that there was no time zone
888 # declared officially.
890 # Later, in the beginning of World War II, on Sep 25, 1937, the Showa
891 # Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 "The clause of
892 # revision in the ordinance No. 167 of Meiji year 28 about standard
893 # time", in which abolished the adoption of Western Standard Time in
894 # western islands (listed above), which means the whole Japan
895 # territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan Central Time
896 # (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937. The original text can
897 # be found on Wikisource:
898 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
900 # That is, the time zone of Taipei switched to UT+9 on Oct 1, 1937.
902 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
903 # I've found more evidence about when the time zone was switched from UT+9
904 # back to UT+8 after WW2. I believe it was on Sep 21, 1945. In a document
905 # during Japanese era [1] in which the officer told the staff to change time
906 # zone back to Western Standard Time (UT+8) on Sep 21. And in another
907 # history page of National Cheng Kung University [2], on Sep 21 there is a
908 # note "from today, switch back to Western Standard Time". From these two
909 # materials, I believe that the time zone change happened on Sep 21. And
910 # today I have found another monthly journal called "The Astronomical Herald"
911 # from The Astronomical Society of Japan [3] in which it mentioned the fact
914 # 1. Standard Time of the Country (Japan) was adopted on Jan 1, 1888, using
915 # the time at 135E (GMT+9)
917 # 2. Standard Time of the Country was renamed to Central Standard Time, on Jan
918 # 1, 1898, and on the same day, the new territories Taiwan and Penghu islands,
919 # as well as Yaeyama and Miyako islands, adopted a new time zone called
920 # Western Standard Time, which is in GMT+8.
922 # 3. Western Standard Time was deprecated on Sep 30, 1937. From then all the
923 # territories of Japan adopted the same time zone, which is Central Standard
926 # [1] Academica Historica, Taiwan:
927 # http://163.29.208.22:8080/govsaleShowImage/connect_img.php?s=00101738900090036&e=00101738900090037
928 # [2] Nat'l Cheng Kung University 70th Anniversary Special Site:
929 # http://www.ncku.edu.tw/~ncku70/menu/001/01_01.htm
930 # [3] Yukio Niimi, The Standard Time in Japan (1997), p.475:
931 # http://www.asj.or.jp/geppou/archive_open/1997/pdf/19971001c.pdf
933 # Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-03):
934 # I finally have found the real official gazette about changing back to
935 # Western Standard Time on Sep 21 in Taiwan. It's Taiwan Governor-General
936 # Bulletin No. 386 in Showa 20 years (1945), published on Sep 19, 1945. [1] ...
937 # [It] abolishes Bulletin No. 207 in Showa 12 years (1937), which is a local
938 # bulletin in Taiwan for that Ordinance No. 529. It also mentioned that 1am on
939 # Sep 21, 1945 will be 12am on Sep 21. I think this bulletin is much more
940 # official than the one I mentioned in my first mail, because it's from the
941 # top-level government in Taiwan. If you're going to quote any resource, this
942 # would be a good one.
943 # [1] Taiwan Governor-General Gazette, No. 1018, Sep 19, 1945:
944 # http://db2.th.gov.tw/db2/view/viewImg.php?imgcode=0072031018a&num=19&bgn=019&end=019&otherImg=&type=gener
946 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
947 # In 1946, DST in Taiwan was from May 15 and ended on Sep 30. The info from
948 # Central Weather Bureau website was not correct.
951 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=03502F0AKM1AF
952 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0350300AKM1B0 (cont.)
954 # In 1947, DST in Taiwan was expanded to Oct 31. There is a backup of that
955 # telegram announcement from Taiwan Province Government:
957 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0360310AKZ431
959 # Here is a brief translation:
961 # The Summer Time this year is adopted from midnight Apr 15 until Sep 20
962 # midnight. To save (energy?) consumption, we're expanding Summer Time
963 # adoption till Oct 31 midnight.
965 # The Central Weather Bureau website didn't mention that, however it can
966 # be found from historical government announcement database.
968 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-03):
969 # As per Yu-Cheng Chuang, say that Taiwan was at UT +09 from 1937-10-01
970 # until 1945-09-21 at 01:00, overriding Shanks & Pottenger.
971 # Likewise, use Yu-Cheng Chuang's data for DST in Taiwan.
973 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
974 Rule Taiwan 1946 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 D
975 Rule Taiwan 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
976 Rule Taiwan 1947 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
977 Rule Taiwan 1947 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
978 Rule Taiwan 1948 1951 - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
979 Rule Taiwan 1948 1951 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
980 Rule Taiwan 1952 only - Mar 1 0:00 1:00 D
981 Rule Taiwan 1952 1954 - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
982 Rule Taiwan 1953 1959 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
983 Rule Taiwan 1955 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
984 Rule Taiwan 1960 1961 - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
985 Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
986 Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
987 Rule Taiwan 1979 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 D
988 Rule Taiwan 1979 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
990 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
991 # Taipei or Taibei or T'ai-pei
992 Zone Asia/Taipei 8:06:00 - LMT 1896 Jan 1
993 8:00 - CST 1937 Oct 1
994 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 21 1:00
997 # Macau (Macao, Aomen)
999 # From P Chan (2018-05-10):
1001 # http://legismac.safp.gov.mo/legismac/descqry/Descqry.jsf?lang=pt
1002 # A database for searching titles of legal documents of Macau in
1003 # Chinese and Portuguese. The term "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" can be used for
1004 # searching decrees about summer time.
1005 # * Archives of Macao
1006 # http://www.archives.gov.mo/en/bo/
1007 # It contains images of old official gazettes.
1008 # * The Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau have a page listing the
1009 # summer time history. But it is not complete and has some mistakes.
1010 # http://www.smg.gov.mo/smg/geophysics/e_t_Summer%20Time.htm
1011 # Macau adopted GMT+8 on 30 Oct 1904 to follow Hong Kong. Clocks were
1012 # advanced by 25 minutes and 50 seconds. Which means the LMT used was
1013 # +7:34:10. As stated in the "Portaria No. 204" dated 21 October 1904
1014 # and published in the Official Gazette on 29 October 1904.
1015 # http://igallery.icm.gov.mo/Images/Archives/BO/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10/MO_AH_PUB_BO_1904_10_00025_Grey.JPG
1017 # Therefore the 1911 decree of Portugal did not change time in Macau.
1019 # From LegisMac, here is a list of decrees that changed the time ...
1020 # [Decree Gazette-no. date; titles omitted in this quotation]
1021 # DIL 732 BOCM 51 1941.12.20
1022 # DIL 764 BOCM 9S 1942.04.30
1023 # DIL 781 BOCM 21 1942.10.10
1024 # PT 3434 BOCM 8S 1943.04.17
1025 # PT 3504 BOCM 20 1943.09.25
1026 # PT 3843 BOCM 39 1945.09.29
1027 # PT 3961 BOCM 17 1946.04.27
1028 # PT 4026 BOCM 39 1946.09.28
1029 # PT 4153 BOCM 16 1947.04.10
1030 # PT 4271 BOCM 48 1947.11.29
1031 # PT 4374 BOCM 18 1948.05.01
1032 # PT 4465 BOCM 44 1948.10.30
1033 # PT 4590 BOCM 14 1949.04.02
1034 # PT 4666 BOCM 44 1949.10.29
1035 # PT 4771 BOCM 12 1950.03.25
1036 # PT 4838 BOCM 43 1950.10.28
1037 # PT 4946 BOCM 12 1951.03.24
1038 # PT 5025 BO 43 1951.10.27
1039 # PT 5149 BO 14 1952.04.05
1040 # PT 5251 BO 43 1952.10.25
1041 # PT 5366 BO 13 1953.03.28
1042 # PT 5444 BO 44 1953.10.31
1043 # PT 5540 BO 12 1954.03.20
1044 # PT 5589 BO 44 1954.10.30
1045 # PT 5676 BO 12 1955.03.19
1046 # PT 5739 BO 45 1955.11.05
1047 # PT 5823 BO 11 1956.03.17
1048 # PT 5891 BO 44 1956.11.03
1049 # PT 5981 BO 12 1957.03.23
1050 # PT 6064 BO 43 1957.10.26
1051 # PT 6172 BO 12 1958.03.22
1052 # PT 6243 BO 43 1958.10.25
1053 # PT 6341 BO 12 1959.03.21
1054 # PT 6411 BO 43 1959.10.24
1055 # PT 6514 BO 11 1960.03.12
1056 # PT 6584 BO 44 1960.10.29
1057 # PT 6721 BO 10 1961.03.11
1058 # PT 6815 BO 43 1961.10.28
1059 # PT 6947 BO 10 1962.03.10
1060 # PT 7080 BO 43 1962.10.27
1061 # PT 7218 BO 12 1963.03.23
1062 # PT 7340 BO 43 1963.10.26
1063 # PT 7491 BO 11 1964.03.14
1064 # PT 7664 BO 43 1964.10.24
1065 # PT 7846 BO 15 1965.04.10
1066 # PT 7979 BO 42 1965.10.16
1067 # PT 8146 BO 15 1966.04.09
1068 # PT 8252 BO 41 1966.10.08
1069 # PT 8429 BO 15 1967.04.15
1070 # PT 8540 BO 41 1967.10.14
1071 # PT 8735 BO 15 1968.04.13
1072 # PT 8860 BO 41 1968.10.12
1073 # PT 9035 BO 16 1969.04.19
1074 # PT 9156 BO 42 1969.10.18
1075 # PT 9328 BO 15 1970.04.11
1076 # PT 9418 BO 41 1970.10.10
1077 # PT 9587 BO 14 1971.04.03
1078 # PT 9702 BO 41 1971.10.09
1079 # PT 38-A/72 BO 14 1972.04.01
1080 # PT 126-A/72 BO 41 1972.10.07
1081 # PT 61/73 BO 14 1973.04.07
1082 # PT 182/73 BO 40 1973.10.06
1083 # PT 282/73 BO 51 1973.12.22
1084 # PT 177/74 BO 41 1974.10.12
1085 # PT 51/75 BO 15 1975.04.12
1086 # PT 173/75 BO 41 1975.10.11
1087 # PT 67/76/M BO 14 1976.04.03
1088 # PT 169/76/M BO 41 1976.10.09
1089 # PT 78/79/M BO 19 1979.05.12
1090 # PT 166/79/M BO 42 1979.10.20
1091 # Note that DIL 732 does not belong to "HORÁRIO DE VERÃO" according to
1092 # LegisMac.... Note that between 1942 and 1945, the time switched
1093 # between GMT+9 and GMT+10. Also in 1965 and 1965 the DST ended at 2:30am.
1095 # From Paul Eggert (2018-05-10):
1096 # The 1904 decree says that Macau changed from the meridian of
1097 # Fortaleza do Monte, presumably the basis for the 7:34:10 for LMT.
1099 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1100 Rule Macau 1942 1943 - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 -
1101 Rule Macau 1942 only - Nov 17 23:00 0 -
1102 Rule Macau 1943 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 S
1103 Rule Macau 1946 only - Apr 30 23:00s 1:00 D
1104 Rule Macau 1946 only - Sep 30 23:00s 0 S
1105 Rule Macau 1947 only - Apr 19 23:00s 1:00 D
1106 Rule Macau 1947 only - Nov 30 23:00s 0 S
1107 Rule Macau 1948 only - May 2 23:00s 1:00 D
1108 Rule Macau 1948 only - Oct 31 23:00s 0 S
1109 Rule Macau 1949 1950 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 D
1110 Rule Macau 1949 1950 - Oct lastSat 23:00s 0 S
1111 Rule Macau 1951 only - Mar 31 23:00s 1:00 D
1112 Rule Macau 1951 only - Oct 28 23:00s 0 S
1113 Rule Macau 1952 1953 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 D
1114 Rule Macau 1952 only - Nov 1 23:00s 0 S
1115 Rule Macau 1953 1954 - Oct lastSat 23:00s 0 S
1116 Rule Macau 1954 1956 - Mar Sat>=17 23:00s 1:00 D
1117 Rule Macau 1955 only - Nov 5 23:00s 0 S
1118 Rule Macau 1956 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 03:30 0 S
1119 Rule Macau 1957 1964 - Mar Sun>=18 03:30 1:00 D
1120 Rule Macau 1965 1973 - Apr Sun>=16 03:30 1:00 D
1121 Rule Macau 1965 1966 - Oct Sun>=16 02:30 0 S
1122 Rule Macau 1967 1976 - Oct Sun>=16 03:30 0 S
1123 Rule Macau 1973 only - Dec 30 03:30 1:00 D
1124 Rule Macau 1975 1976 - Apr Sun>=16 03:30 1:00 D
1125 Rule Macau 1979 only - May 13 03:30 1:00 D
1126 Rule Macau 1979 only - Oct Sun>=16 03:30 0 S
1128 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1129 Zone Asia/Macau 7:34:10 - LMT 1904 Oct 30
1130 8:00 - CST 1941 Dec 21 23:00
1131 9:00 Macau +09/+10 1945 Sep 30 24:00
1135 ###############################################################################
1139 # Milne says the Eastern Telegraph Company used 2:14:00. Stick with LMT.
1140 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
1142 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-09):
1143 # Yesterday's Cyprus Mail reports that Northern Cyprus followed Turkey's
1144 # lead and switched from +02/+03 to +03 year-round.
1145 # http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/09/08/two-time-zones-cyprus-turkey-will-not-turn-clocks-back-next-month/
1147 # From Even Scharning (2016-10-31):
1148 # Looks like the time zone split in Cyprus went through last night.
1149 # http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/10/30/cyprus-new-division-two-time-zones-now-reality/
1151 # From Paul Eggert (2017-10-18):
1152 # Northern Cyprus will reinstate winter time on October 29, thus
1153 # staying in sync with the rest of Cyprus. See: Anastasiou A.
1154 # Cyprus to remain united in time. Cyprus Mail 2017-10-17.
1155 # https://cyprus-mail.com/2017/10/17/cyprus-remain-united-time/
1157 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1158 Rule Cyprus 1975 only - Apr 13 0:00 1:00 S
1159 Rule Cyprus 1975 only - Oct 12 0:00 0 -
1160 Rule Cyprus 1976 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
1161 Rule Cyprus 1976 only - Oct 11 0:00 0 -
1162 Rule Cyprus 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1163 Rule Cyprus 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 -
1164 Rule Cyprus 1978 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
1165 Rule Cyprus 1979 1997 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1166 Rule Cyprus 1981 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
1167 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1168 Zone Asia/Nicosia 2:13:28 - LMT 1921 Nov 14
1169 2:00 Cyprus EE%sT 1998 Sep
1171 Zone Asia/Famagusta 2:15:48 - LMT 1921 Nov 14
1172 2:00 Cyprus EE%sT 1998 Sep
1173 2:00 EUAsia EE%sT 2016 Sep 8
1174 3:00 - +03 2017 Oct 29 1:00u
1177 # Classically, Cyprus belongs to Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
1178 # However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
1179 Link Asia/Nicosia Europe/Nicosia
1182 # From Paul Eggert (1994-11-19):
1183 # Today's _Economist_ (p 60) reports that Georgia moved its clocks forward
1184 # an hour recently, due to a law proposed by Zurab Murvanidze,
1185 # an MP who went on a hunger strike for 11 days to force discussion about it!
1186 # We have no details, but we'll guess they didn't move the clocks back in fall.
1188 # From Mathew Englander, quoting AP (1996-10-23 13:05-04):
1189 # Instead of putting back clocks at the end of October, Georgia
1190 # will stay on daylight savings time this winter to save energy,
1191 # President Eduard Shevardnadze decreed Wednesday.
1193 # From the BBC via Joseph S. Myers (2004-06-27):
1195 # Georgia moved closer to Western Europe on Sunday... The former Soviet
1196 # republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow. As a result it
1197 # is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
1198 # ahead. The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
1199 # Mikheil Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
1200 # of integration into Europe.
1202 # From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07):
1203 # Government of Georgia ... decided to NOT CHANGE daylight savings time on
1204 # [Oct.] 30, as it was done before during last more than 10 years.
1205 # Currently, we are in fact GMT +4:00, as before 30 October it was GMT
1206 # +3:00.... The problem is, there is NO FORMAL LAW or governmental document
1207 # about it. As far as I can find, I was told, that there is no document,
1208 # because we just DIDN'T ISSUE document about switching to winter time....
1209 # I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our
1210 # DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month.
1212 # Milne 1899 says Tbilisi (Tiflis) time was 2:59:05.7.
1213 # Byalokoz 1919 says Georgia was 2:59:11.
1216 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1217 Zone Asia/Tbilisi 2:59:11 - LMT 1880
1218 2:59:11 - TBMT 1924 May 2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
1220 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1221 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992
1222 3:00 E-EurAsia +03/+04 1994 Sep lastSun
1223 4:00 E-EurAsia +04/+05 1996 Oct lastSun
1224 4:00 1:00 +05 1997 Mar lastSun
1225 4:00 E-EurAsia +04/+05 2004 Jun 27
1226 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 2005 Mar lastSun 2:00
1231 # See Indonesia for the 1945 transition.
1233 # From João Carrascalão, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
1234 # East Timor may be late for its millennium
1235 # <https://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm> (1999-12-26/31):
1236 # Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
1237 # rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
1238 # Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
1239 # conflicts with their way of life.
1241 # From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
1242 # We don't have any record of the above attempt.
1243 # Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
1245 # From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
1246 # http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html
1248 # The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
1249 # today to advance East Timor's time by one hour. The time change,
1250 # which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
1251 # midnight on Saturday, September 16.
1253 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1254 Zone Asia/Dili 8:22:20 - LMT 1912 Jan 1
1255 8:00 - +08 1942 Feb 21 23:00
1256 9:00 - +09 1976 May 3
1257 8:00 - +08 2000 Sep 17 0:00
1262 # British astronomer Henry Park Hollis disliked India Standard Time's offset:
1263 # "A new time system has been proposed for India, Further India, and Burmah.
1264 # The scheme suggested is that the times of the meridians 5½ and 6½ hours
1265 # east of Greenwich should be adopted in these territories. No reason is
1266 # given why hourly meridians five hours and six hours east should not be
1267 # chosen; a plan which would bring the time of India into harmony with
1268 # that of almost the whole of the civilised world."
1269 # Hollis HP. Universal Time, Longitudes, and Geodesy. Mon Not R Astron Soc.
1270 # 1905-02-10;65(4):405-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/65.4.382
1272 # From Ian P. Beacock, in "A brief history of (modern) time", The Atlantic
1273 # https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/the-creation-of-modern-time/421419/
1275 # In January 1906, several thousand cotton-mill workers rioted on the
1276 # outskirts of Bombay.... They were protesting the proposed abolition of
1277 # local time in favor of Indian Standard Time.... Journalists called this
1278 # dispute the "Battle of the Clocks." It lasted nearly half a century.
1280 # From Paul Eggert (2017-04-20):
1281 # Good luck trying to nail down old timekeeping records in India.
1282 # "... in the nineteenth century ... Madras Observatory took its magnetic
1283 # measurements on Göttingen time, its meteorological measurements on Madras
1284 # (local) time, dropped its time ball on Greenwich (ocean navigator's) time,
1285 # and distributed civil (local time)." -- Bartky IR. Selling the true time:
1286 # 19th-century timekeeping in america. Stanford U Press (2000), 247 note 19.
1287 # "A more potent cause of resistance to the general adoption of the present
1288 # standard time lies in the fact that it is Madras time. The citizen of
1289 # Bombay, proud of being 'primus in Indis' and of Calcutta, equally proud of
1290 # his city being the Capital of India, and - for a part of the year - the Seat
1291 # of the Supreme Government, alike look down on Madras, and refuse to change
1292 # the time they are using, for that of what they regard as a benighted
1293 # Presidency; while Madras, having for long given the standard time to the
1294 # rest of India, would resist the adoption of any other Indian standard in its
1295 # place." -- Oldham RD. On Time in India: a suggestion for its improvement.
1296 # Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (April 1899), 49-55.
1298 # "In 1870 ... Madras time - 'now used by the telegraph and regulated from the
1299 # only government observatory' - was suggested as a standard railway time,
1300 # first to be adopted on the Great Indian Peninsular Railway (GIPR)....
1301 # Calcutta, Bombay, and Karachi, were to be allowed to continue with their
1302 # local time for civil purposes." - Prasad R. Tracks of Change: Railways and
1303 # Everyday Life in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press (2016), 145.
1305 # Reed S, Low F. The Indian Year Book 1936-37. Bennett, Coleman, pp 27-8.
1306 # https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282212
1307 # This lists +052110 as Madras local time used in railways, and says that on
1308 # 1906-01-01 railways and telegraphs in India switched to +0530. Some
1309 # municipalities retained their former time, and the time in Calcutta
1310 # continued to depend on whether you were at the railway station or at
1311 # government offices. Government time was at +055320 (according to Shanks) or
1312 # at +0554 (according to the Indian Year Book). Railway time is more
1313 # appropriate for our purposes, as it was better documented, it is what we do
1314 # elsewhere (e.g., Europe/London before 1880), and after 1906 it was
1315 # consistent in the region now identified by Asia/Kolkata. So, use railway
1316 # time for 1870-1941. Shanks is our only (and dubious) source for the
1319 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1320 Zone Asia/Kolkata 5:53:28 - LMT 1854 Jun 28 # Kolkata
1321 5:53:20 - HMT 1870 # Howrah Mean Time?
1322 5:21:10 - MMT 1906 Jan 1 # Madras local time
1324 5:30 1:00 +0630 1942 May 15
1326 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 15
1328 # Since 1970 the following are like Asia/Kolkata:
1330 # Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is)
1335 # From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
1336 # The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 306 says that Batavia
1337 # civil time was 7:07:12.5; round to even for Jakarta.
1339 # From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks & Pottenger:
1340 # http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime
1341 # says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01. Looking at some
1342 # time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
1343 # and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
1345 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-10):
1346 # Here is another correction to Shanks & Pottenger.
1347 # JohnTWB writes that Japanese forces did not surrender control in
1348 # Indonesia until 1945-09-01 00:00 at the earliest (in Jakarta) and
1349 # other formal surrender ceremonies were September 9, 11, and 13, plus
1350 # September 12 for the regional surrender to Mountbatten in Singapore.
1351 # These would be the earliest possible times for a change.
1352 # Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Éditions
1353 # Traditionnelles, 1987, Paris) says that Java and Madura switched
1354 # from UT +09 to +07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
1355 # (Hollandia). For now, assume all Indonesian locations other than Jayapura
1356 # switched on 1945-09-23.
1358 # From Paul Eggert (2013-08-11):
1359 # Normally the tz database uses English-language abbreviations, but in
1360 # Indonesia it's typical to use Indonesian-language abbreviations even
1361 # when writing in English. For example, see the English-language
1362 # summary published by the Time and Frequency Laboratory of the
1363 # Research Center for Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology,
1364 # Indonesia, <http://time.kim.lipi.go.id/time-eng.php> (2006-09-29).
1365 # The time zone abbreviations and UT offsets are:
1367 # WIB - +07 - Waktu Indonesia Barat (Indonesia western time)
1368 # WITA - +08 - Waktu Indonesia Tengah (Indonesia central time)
1369 # WIT - +09 - Waktu Indonesia Timur (Indonesia eastern time)
1371 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1373 Zone Asia/Jakarta 7:07:12 - LMT 1867 Aug 10
1374 # Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
1375 # but this must be a typo.
1376 7:07:12 - BMT 1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Batavia
1377 7:20 - +0720 1932 Nov
1378 7:30 - +0730 1942 Mar 23
1379 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
1380 7:30 - +0730 1948 May
1384 # west and central Borneo
1385 Zone Asia/Pontianak 7:17:20 - LMT 1908 May
1386 7:17:20 - PMT 1932 Nov # Pontianak MT
1387 7:30 - +0730 1942 Jan 29
1388 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
1389 7:30 - +0730 1948 May
1392 8:00 - WITA 1988 Jan 1
1394 # Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, east and south Borneo
1395 Zone Asia/Makassar 7:57:36 - LMT 1920
1396 7:57:36 - MMT 1932 Nov # Macassar MT
1397 8:00 - +08 1942 Feb 9
1398 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
1400 # Maluku Islands, West Papua, Papua
1401 Zone Asia/Jayapura 9:22:48 - LMT 1932 Nov
1402 9:00 - +09 1944 Sep 1
1408 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
1409 # This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian).
1410 # The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine:
1412 # Official Newspaper No. 13548-1370/6/25 [1991-09-16]
1413 # No. 16760/T233 H 1370/6/10 [1991-09-01]
1415 # The Rule About Change of the Official Time of the Country
1417 # The Board of Ministers, in the meeting dated 1370/5/23 [1991-08-14],
1418 # based on the suggestion number 2221/D dated 1370/4/22 [1991-07-13]
1419 # of the Country's Organization for Official and Employment Affairs,
1420 # and referring to the law for equating the working hours of workers
1421 # and officers in the whole country dated 1359/4/23 [1980-07-14], and
1422 # for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
1424 # The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
1425 # at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
1426 # to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
1429 # First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
1431 # From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
1432 # for at least the last 5 years. Before that, for a few years, the
1433 # date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
1434 # Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
1436 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
1437 # The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
1438 # that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
1439 # leap year calculation involved. There has never been any serious
1440 # plan to change that law....
1442 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-30):
1443 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger before Sept. 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
1444 # I used the following code in GNU Emacs 26.1 to generate the "Rule Iran"
1445 # lines from 2008 through 2087. Emacs 26.1 uses Ed Reingold's
1446 # cal-persia implementation of Birashk's approximation, which in the
1447 # 2008-2087 range disagrees with the astronomical Persian calendar
1448 # for Persian years 1404 (Gregorian 2025) and 1437 (Gregorian 2058), so
1449 # the following code special-cases those years. See Table 15.1, page 264, of:
1450 # Edward M. Reingold and Nachum Dershowitz, Calendrical Calculations:
1451 # The Ultimate Edition, Cambridge University Press (2018).
1452 # https://www.cambridge.org/fr/academic/subjects/computer-science/computing-general-interest/calendrical-calculations-ultimate-edition-4th-edition
1453 # Page 258, footnote 2, of this book says there is some dispute over what will
1454 # happen in 2091 (and some other years after that), so this code
1455 # stops in 2087, as 2088 and 2089 agree with the "max" rule below.
1457 # initially (require 'cal-persia)
1458 # with first-persian-year = 1387
1459 # with last-persian-year = 1466
1460 # ;; Exceptional years in the above range,
1461 # ;; from Reingold & Dershowitz Table 15.1, page 264:
1462 # with exceptional-persian-years = '(1404 1437)
1463 # with range-start = nil
1464 # for persian-year from first-persian-year to last-persian-year
1467 # ((exceptional-year-offset
1468 # (if (member persian-year exceptional-persian-years) 1 0))
1470 # (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 1 1 persian-year))
1471 # exceptional-year-offset))
1473 # (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 6 30 persian-year))
1474 # exceptional-year-offset))
1475 # (next-year-beg-dst-absolute
1476 # (+ (calendar-persian-to-absolute (list 1 1 (1+ persian-year)))
1477 # (if (member (1+ persian-year) exceptional-persian-years) 1 0)))
1478 # (beg-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute beg-dst-absolute))
1479 # (end-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute end-dst-absolute))
1480 # (next-year-beg-dst (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute
1481 # next-year-beg-dst-absolute))
1482 # (year (calendar-extract-year beg-dst))
1483 # (range-end (if range-start year "only")))
1484 # (setq range-start (or range-start year))
1485 # (when (or (/= (calendar-extract-day beg-dst)
1486 # (calendar-extract-day next-year-beg-dst))
1487 # (= persian-year last-persian-year))
1490 # "Rule\tIran\t%d\t%s\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t1:00\t-\n"
1491 # range-start range-end
1492 # (calendar-month-name (calendar-extract-month beg-dst) t)
1493 # (calendar-extract-day beg-dst)))
1496 # "Rule\tIran\t%d\t%s\t-\t%s\t%2d\t24:00\t0\t-\n"
1497 # range-start range-end
1498 # (calendar-month-name (calendar-extract-month end-dst) t)
1499 # (calendar-extract-day end-dst)))
1500 # (setq range-start nil))))
1502 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
1503 # discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
1504 # For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
1505 # the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
1506 # Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
1507 # known exactly, amongst other factors. 2157 is even closer:
1508 # 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT. But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
1509 # no interpretation problem whatsoever. By the way, another instant
1510 # in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
1511 # arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
1512 # vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT. The Java version of
1513 # Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
1514 # 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
1516 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22):
1517 # Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
1518 # http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
1520 # From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
1521 # ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
1522 # daylight saving time ...
1523 # https://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
1525 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
1526 # This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
1527 # Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
1528 # [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
1529 # The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
1530 # on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
1531 # be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
1532 # thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
1534 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1535 Rule Iran 1978 1980 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1536 Rule Iran 1978 only - Oct 20 24:00 0 -
1537 Rule Iran 1979 only - Sep 18 24:00 0 -
1538 Rule Iran 1980 only - Sep 22 24:00 0 -
1539 Rule Iran 1991 only - May 2 24:00 1:00 -
1540 Rule Iran 1992 1995 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1541 Rule Iran 1991 1995 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1542 Rule Iran 1996 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1543 Rule Iran 1996 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1544 Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1545 Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1546 Rule Iran 2000 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1547 Rule Iran 2000 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1548 Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1549 Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1550 Rule Iran 2004 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1551 Rule Iran 2004 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1552 Rule Iran 2005 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1553 Rule Iran 2005 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1554 Rule Iran 2008 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1555 Rule Iran 2008 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1556 Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1557 Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1558 Rule Iran 2012 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1559 Rule Iran 2012 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1560 Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1561 Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1562 Rule Iran 2016 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1563 Rule Iran 2016 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1564 Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1565 Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1566 Rule Iran 2020 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1567 Rule Iran 2020 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1568 Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1569 Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1570 Rule Iran 2024 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1571 Rule Iran 2024 only - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1572 Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1573 Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1574 Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1575 Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1576 Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1577 Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1578 Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1579 Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1580 Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1581 Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1582 Rule Iran 2036 2037 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1583 Rule Iran 2036 2037 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1584 Rule Iran 2038 2039 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1585 Rule Iran 2038 2039 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1586 Rule Iran 2040 2041 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1587 Rule Iran 2040 2041 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1588 Rule Iran 2042 2043 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1589 Rule Iran 2042 2043 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1590 Rule Iran 2044 2045 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1591 Rule Iran 2044 2045 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1592 Rule Iran 2046 2047 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1593 Rule Iran 2046 2047 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1594 Rule Iran 2048 2049 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1595 Rule Iran 2048 2049 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1596 Rule Iran 2050 2051 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1597 Rule Iran 2050 2051 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1598 Rule Iran 2052 2053 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1599 Rule Iran 2052 2053 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1600 Rule Iran 2054 2055 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1601 Rule Iran 2054 2055 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1602 Rule Iran 2056 2057 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1603 Rule Iran 2056 2057 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1604 Rule Iran 2058 2059 - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1605 Rule Iran 2058 2059 - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1606 Rule Iran 2060 2062 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1607 Rule Iran 2060 2062 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1608 Rule Iran 2063 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1609 Rule Iran 2063 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1610 Rule Iran 2064 2066 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1611 Rule Iran 2064 2066 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1612 Rule Iran 2067 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1613 Rule Iran 2067 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1614 Rule Iran 2068 2070 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1615 Rule Iran 2068 2070 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1616 Rule Iran 2071 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1617 Rule Iran 2071 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1618 Rule Iran 2072 2074 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1619 Rule Iran 2072 2074 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1620 Rule Iran 2075 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1621 Rule Iran 2075 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1622 Rule Iran 2076 2078 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1623 Rule Iran 2076 2078 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1624 Rule Iran 2079 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1625 Rule Iran 2079 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1626 Rule Iran 2080 2082 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1627 Rule Iran 2080 2082 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1628 Rule Iran 2083 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1629 Rule Iran 2083 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1630 Rule Iran 2084 2086 - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1631 Rule Iran 2084 2086 - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1632 Rule Iran 2087 only - Mar 21 24:00 1:00 -
1633 Rule Iran 2087 only - Sep 21 24:00 0 -
1635 # The following rules are approximations starting in the year 2088.
1636 # These are the best post-2088 approximations available, given the
1637 # restrictions of a single rule using ordinary Gregorian dates.
1638 # At some point this table will need to be extended, though quite
1639 # possibly Iran will change the rules first.
1640 Rule Iran 2088 max - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 -
1641 Rule Iran 2088 max - Sep 20 24:00 0 -
1643 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1644 Zone Asia/Tehran 3:25:44 - LMT 1916
1645 3:25:44 - TMT 1946 # Tehran Mean Time
1646 3:30 - +0330 1977 Nov
1647 4:00 Iran +04/+05 1979
1648 3:30 Iran +0330/+0430
1653 # From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
1654 # An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
1655 # the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
1656 # "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
1657 # are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
1659 # But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
1660 # In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
1661 # Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time. They referred
1662 # to daylight saving as Saddam time. But, as of today, the time zone
1663 # in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq.
1665 # So we'll ignore the Economist's claim.
1667 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10):
1668 # The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following
1669 # news sources (in Arabic):
1670 # http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html
1671 # http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
1673 # We have published a short article in English about the change:
1674 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
1676 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1677 Rule Iraq 1982 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 -
1678 Rule Iraq 1982 1984 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1679 Rule Iraq 1983 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 -
1680 Rule Iraq 1984 1985 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 -
1681 Rule Iraq 1985 1990 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1682 Rule Iraq 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 -
1683 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the ':01' is a typo.
1684 # Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
1686 Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Apr 1 3:00s 1:00 -
1687 Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Oct 1 3:00s 0 -
1688 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1689 Zone Asia/Baghdad 2:57:40 - LMT 1890
1690 2:57:36 - BMT 1918 # Baghdad Mean Time?
1695 ###############################################################################
1699 # For more info about the motivation for DST in Israel, see:
1700 # Barak Y. Israel's Daylight Saving Time controversy. Israel Affairs.
1701 # 2020-08-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2020.1806564
1703 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
1705 # I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988. Until then there were three
1706 # different abbreviations in use:
1708 # JST Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University]
1709 # IZT Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion]
1710 # EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else]
1712 # Since timezones should be called by country and not capital cities,
1713 # I ruled out JST. As Israel is in Asia Minor and not Eastern Europe,
1714 # EEST was equally unacceptable. Since "zonal" was not compatible with
1715 # any other timezone abbreviation, I felt that 'IST' was the way to go
1716 # and, indeed, it has received almost universal acceptance in timezone
1717 # settings in Israeli computers.
1719 # In any case, I am happy to share timezone abbreviations with India,
1720 # high on my favorite-country list (and not only because my wife's
1721 # family is from India).
1723 # From P Chan (2020-10-27), with corrections:
1725 # 1940-1946 Supplement No. 2 to the Palestine Gazette
1726 # # issue page Order No. dated start end note
1727 # 1 1010 729 67 of 1940 1940-05-22 1940-05-31* 1940-09-30* revoked by #2
1728 # 2 1013 758 73 of 1940 1940-05-31 1940-05-31 1940-09-30
1729 # 3 1055 1574 196 of 1940 1940-11-06 1940-11-16 1940-12-31
1730 # 4 1066 1811 208 of 1940 1940-12-17 1940-12-31 1941-12-31
1731 # 5 1156 1967 116 of 1941 1941-12-16 1941-12-31 1942-12-31* amended by #6
1732 # 6 1228 1608 86 of 1942 1942-10-14 1941-12-31 1942-10-31
1733 # 7 1256 279 21 of 1943 1943-03-18 1943-03-31 1943-10-31
1734 # 8 1323 249 19 of 1944 1944-03-13 1944-03-31 1944-10-31
1735 # 9 1402 328 20 of 1945 1945-04-05 1945-04-15 1945-10-31
1736 #10 1487 596 14 of 1946 1946-04-04 1946-04-15 1946-10-31
1738 # 1948 Iton Rishmi (Official Gazette of the Provisional Government)
1739 # # issue page dated start end
1740 #11 2 7 1948-05-20 1948-05-22 1948-10-31*
1741 # ^This moved timezone to +04, replaced by #12 from 1948-08-31 24:00 GMT.
1742 #12 17 (Annex B) 84 1948-08-22 1948-08-31 1948-10-31
1744 # 1949-2000 Kovetz HaTakanot (Collection of Regulations)
1745 # # issue page dated start end note
1746 #13 6 133 1949-03-23 1949-04-30 1949-10-31
1747 #14 80 755 1950-03-17 1950-04-15 1950-09-14
1748 #15 164 782 1951-03-22 1951-03-31 1951-09-29* amended by #16
1749 #16 206 1940 1951-09-23 ---------- 1951-10-22* amended by #17
1750 #17 212 78 1951-10-19 ---------- 1951-11-10
1751 #18 254 652 1952-03-03 1952-04-19 1952-09-27* amended by #19
1752 #19 300 11 1952-09-15 ---------- 1952-10-18
1753 #20 348 817 1953-03-03 1953-04-11 1953-09-12
1754 #21 420 385 1954-02-17 1954-06-12 1954-09-11
1755 #22 497 548 1955-01-14 1955-06-11 1955-09-10
1756 #23 591 608 1956-03-12 1956-06-02 1956-09-29
1757 #24 680 957 1957-02-08 1957-04-27 1957-09-21
1758 #25 3192 1418 1974-06-28 1974-07-06 1974-10-12
1759 #26 3322 1389 1975-04-03 1975-04-19 1975-08-30
1760 #27 4146 2089 1980-07-15 1980-08-02 1980-09-13
1761 #28 4604 1081 1984-02-22 1984-05-05* 1984-08-25* revoked by #29
1762 #29 4619 1312 1984-04-06 1984-05-05 1984-08-25
1763 #30 4744 475 1984-12-23 1985-04-13 1985-09-14* amended by #31
1764 #31 4851 1848 1985-08-18 ---------- 1985-08-31
1765 #32 4932 899 1986-04-22 1986-05-17 1986-09-06
1766 #33 5013 580 1987-02-15 1987-04-18* 1987-08-22* revoked by #34
1767 #34 5021 744 1987-03-30 1987-04-14 1987-09-12
1768 #35 5096 659 1988-02-14 1988-04-09 1988-09-03
1769 #36 5167 514 1989-02-03 1989-04-29 1989-09-02
1770 #37 5248 375 1990-01-23 1990-03-24 1990-08-25
1771 #38 5335 612 1991-02-10 1991-03-09* 1991-08-31 amended by #39
1772 # 1992-03-28 1992-09-05
1773 #39 5339 709 1991-03-04 1991-03-23 ----------
1774 #40 5506 503 1993-02-18 1993-04-02 1993-09-05
1775 # 1994-04-01 1994-08-28
1776 # 1995-03-31 1995-09-03
1777 #41 5731 438 1996-01-01 1996-03-14 1996-09-15
1778 # 1997-03-13* 1997-09-18* overridden by 1997 Temp Prov
1779 # 1998-03-19* 1998-09-17* revoked by #42
1780 #42 5853 1243 1997-09-18 1998-03-19 1998-09-05
1781 #43 5937 77 1998-10-18 1999-04-02 1999-09-03
1782 # 2000-04-14* 2000-09-15* revoked by #44
1783 # 2001-04-13* 2001-09-14* revoked by #44
1784 #44 6024 39 2000-03-14 2000-04-14 2000-10-22* overridden by 2000 Temp Prov
1785 # 2001-04-06* 2001-10-10* overridden by 2000 Temp Prov
1786 # 2002-03-29* 2002-10-29* overridden by 2000 Temp Prov
1788 # These are laws enacted by the Knesset since the Minister could only alter the
1789 # transition dates at least six months in advanced under the 1992 Law.
1791 # 1997 Temporary Provisions 1997-03-06 1997-03-20 1997-09-13
1792 # 2000 Temporary Provisions 2000-07-28 ---------- 2000-10-06
1793 # 2001-04-09 2001-09-24
1794 # 2002-03-29 2002-10-07
1795 # 2003-03-28 2003-10-03
1796 # 2004-04-07 2004-09-22
1798 # Transition times in 1940-1957 (#1-#24) were midnight GMT,
1799 # in 1974-1998 (#25-#42 and the 1997 Temporary Provisions) were midnight,
1800 # in 1999-April 2000 (#43,#44) were 02:00,
1801 # in the 2000 Temporary Provisions were 01:00.
1803 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1805 # 1 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537490&increment=687
1806 # 2 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537490&increment=716
1807 # 3 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537491&increment=721
1808 # 4 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537491&increment=958
1809 # 5 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537502&increment=558
1810 # 6 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537511&increment=105
1811 # 7 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537516&increment=278
1812 # 8 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537522&increment=248
1813 # 9 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537530&increment=329
1814 #10 https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15537537&increment=601
1815 #11 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law12/er-002.pdf#page=3
1816 #12 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law12/er-017-t2.pdf#page=4
1817 #13 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0006.pdf#page=3
1818 #14 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0080.pdf#page=7
1819 #15 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0164.pdf#page=10
1820 #16 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0206.pdf#page=4
1821 #17 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0212.pdf#page=2
1822 #18 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0254.pdf#page=4
1823 #19 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0300.pdf#page=5
1824 #20 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0348.pdf#page=3
1825 #21 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0420.pdf#page=5
1826 #22 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0497.pdf#page=10
1827 #23 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0591.pdf#page=6
1828 #24 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-0680.pdf#page=3
1829 #25 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-3192.pdf#page=2
1830 #26 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-3322.pdf#page=5
1831 #27 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4146.pdf#page=2
1832 #28 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4604.pdf#page=7
1833 #29 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4619.pdf#page=2
1834 #30 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4744.pdf#page=11
1835 #31 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4851.pdf#page=2
1836 #32 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-4932.pdf#page=19
1837 #33 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5013.pdf#page=8
1838 #34 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5021.pdf#page=8
1839 #35 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5096.pdf#page=3
1840 #36 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5167.pdf#page=2
1841 #37 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5248.pdf#page=7
1842 #38 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5335.pdf#page=6
1843 #39 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5339.pdf#page=7
1844 #40 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5506.pdf#page=19
1845 #41 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5731.pdf#page=2
1846 #42 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5853.pdf#page=3
1847 #43 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-5937.pdf#page=9
1848 #44 https://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-6024.pdf#page=4
1850 # Time Determination (Temporary Provisions) Law, 1997
1851 # https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law19/p201_003.htm
1853 # Time Determination (Temporary Provisions) Law, 2000
1854 # https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law19/p201_004.htm
1856 # Time Determination Law, 1992 and amendments
1857 # https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/p201_002.htm
1858 # https://main.knesset.gov.il/Activity/Legislation/Laws/Pages/LawPrimary.aspx?lawitemid=2001174
1860 # From Paul Eggert (2020-10-27):
1861 # Several of the midnight transitions mentioned above are ambiguous;
1862 # are they 00:00, 00:00s, 24:00, or 24:00s? When resolving these ambiguities,
1863 # try to minimize changes from previous tzdb versions, for lack of better info.
1864 # Commentary from previous versions is included below, to help explain this.
1866 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1867 Rule Zion 1940 only - May 31 24:00u 1:00 D
1868 Rule Zion 1940 only - Sep 30 24:00u 0 S
1869 Rule Zion 1940 only - Nov 16 24:00u 1:00 D
1870 Rule Zion 1942 1946 - Oct 31 24:00u 0 S
1871 Rule Zion 1943 1944 - Mar 31 24:00u 1:00 D
1872 Rule Zion 1945 1946 - Apr 15 24:00u 1:00 D
1873 Rule Zion 1948 only - May 22 24:00u 2:00 DD
1874 Rule Zion 1948 only - Aug 31 24:00u 1:00 D
1875 Rule Zion 1948 1949 - Oct 31 24:00u 0 S
1876 Rule Zion 1949 only - Apr 30 24:00u 1:00 D
1877 Rule Zion 1950 only - Apr 15 24:00u 1:00 D
1878 Rule Zion 1950 only - Sep 14 24:00u 0 S
1879 Rule Zion 1951 only - Mar 31 24:00u 1:00 D
1880 Rule Zion 1951 only - Nov 10 24:00u 0 S
1881 Rule Zion 1952 only - Apr 19 24:00u 1:00 D
1882 Rule Zion 1952 only - Oct 18 24:00u 0 S
1883 Rule Zion 1953 only - Apr 11 24:00u 1:00 D
1884 Rule Zion 1953 only - Sep 12 24:00u 0 S
1885 Rule Zion 1954 only - Jun 12 24:00u 1:00 D
1886 Rule Zion 1954 only - Sep 11 24:00u 0 S
1887 Rule Zion 1955 only - Jun 11 24:00u 1:00 D
1888 Rule Zion 1955 only - Sep 10 24:00u 0 S
1889 Rule Zion 1956 only - Jun 2 24:00u 1:00 D
1890 Rule Zion 1956 only - Sep 29 24:00u 0 S
1891 Rule Zion 1957 only - Apr 27 24:00u 1:00 D
1892 Rule Zion 1957 only - Sep 21 24:00u 0 S
1893 Rule Zion 1974 only - Jul 6 24:00 1:00 D
1894 Rule Zion 1974 only - Oct 12 24:00 0 S
1895 Rule Zion 1975 only - Apr 19 24:00 1:00 D
1896 Rule Zion 1975 only - Aug 30 24:00 0 S
1898 # From Alois Treindl (2019-03-06):
1899 # http://www.moin.gov.il/Documents/שעון%20קיץ/clock-50-years-7-2014.pdf
1900 # From Isaac Starkman (2019-03-06):
1901 # Summer time was in that period in 1980 and 1984, see
1902 # https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3951073,00.html
1903 # You can of course read it in translation.
1904 # I checked the local newspapers for that years.
1905 # It started on midnight and end at 01.00 am.
1906 # From Paul Eggert (2019-03-06):
1907 # Also see this thread about the moin.gov.il URL:
1908 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-November/027194.html
1909 Rule Zion 1980 only - Aug 2 24:00s 1:00 D
1910 Rule Zion 1980 only - Sep 13 24:00s 0 S
1911 Rule Zion 1984 only - May 5 24:00s 1:00 D
1912 Rule Zion 1984 only - Aug 25 24:00s 0 S
1914 Rule Zion 1985 only - Apr 13 24:00 1:00 D
1915 Rule Zion 1985 only - Aug 31 24:00 0 S
1916 Rule Zion 1986 only - May 17 24:00 1:00 D
1917 Rule Zion 1986 only - Sep 6 24:00 0 S
1918 Rule Zion 1987 only - Apr 14 24:00 1:00 D
1919 Rule Zion 1987 only - Sep 12 24:00 0 S
1921 # From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
1922 # I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
1923 # [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
1924 # ends and changes to Sunday.
1925 Rule Zion 1988 only - Apr 9 24:00 1:00 D
1926 Rule Zion 1988 only - Sep 3 24:00 0 S
1928 # From Ephraim Silverberg
1929 # (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
1932 # According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
1933 # Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
1934 # One thing is entrenched in law, however: that there must be at least 150
1935 # days of daylight savings time annually. From 1993-1998, the change to
1936 # daylight savings time was on a Friday morning from midnight IST to
1937 # 1 a.m IDT; up until 1998, the change back to standard time was on a
1938 # Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time to 11 p.m. standard
1939 # time. 1996 is an exception to this rule where the change back to standard
1940 # time took place on Sunday night instead of Saturday night to avoid
1941 # conflicts with the Jewish New Year. In 1999, the change to
1942 # daylight savings time was still on a Friday morning but from
1943 # 2 a.m. IST to 3 a.m. IDT; furthermore, the change back to standard time
1944 # was also on a Friday morning from 2 a.m. IDT to 1 a.m. IST for
1945 # 1999 only. In the year 2000, the change to daylight savings time was
1946 # similar to 1999, but although the change back will be on a Friday, it
1947 # will take place from 1 a.m. IDT to midnight IST. Starting in 2001, all
1948 # changes to/from will take place at 1 a.m. old time, but now there is no
1949 # rule as to what day of the week it will take place in as the start date
1950 # (except in 2003) is the night after the Passover Seder (i.e. the eve
1951 # of the 16th of Nisan in the lunar Hebrew calendar) and the end date
1952 # (except in 2002) is three nights before Yom Kippur [Day of Atonement]
1953 # (the eve of the 7th of Tishrei in the lunar Hebrew calendar).
1955 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1956 Rule Zion 1989 only - Apr 29 24:00 1:00 D
1957 Rule Zion 1989 only - Sep 2 24:00 0 S
1958 Rule Zion 1990 only - Mar 24 24:00 1:00 D
1959 Rule Zion 1990 only - Aug 25 24:00 0 S
1960 Rule Zion 1991 only - Mar 23 24:00 1:00 D
1961 Rule Zion 1991 only - Aug 31 24:00 0 S
1962 Rule Zion 1992 only - Mar 28 24:00 1:00 D
1963 Rule Zion 1992 only - Sep 5 24:00 0 S
1964 Rule Zion 1993 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 D
1965 Rule Zion 1993 only - Sep 5 0:00 0 S
1967 # The dates for 1994-1995 were obtained from Office of the Spokeswoman for the
1968 # Ministry of Interior, Jerusalem, Israel. The spokeswoman can be reached by
1969 # calling the office directly at 972-2-6701447 or 972-2-6701448.
1971 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1972 Rule Zion 1994 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1973 Rule Zion 1994 only - Aug 28 0:00 0 S
1974 Rule Zion 1995 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 D
1975 Rule Zion 1995 only - Sep 3 0:00 0 S
1977 # The dates for 1996 were determined by the Minister of Interior of the
1978 # time, Haim Ramon. The official announcement regarding 1996-1998
1979 # (with the dates for 1997-1998 no longer being relevant) can be viewed at:
1981 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1996-1998.ramon.ps.gz
1983 # The dates for 1997-1998 were altered by his successor, Rabbi Eli Suissa.
1985 # The official announcements for the years 1997-1999 can be viewed at:
1987 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/YYYY.ps.gz
1989 # where YYYY is the relevant year.
1991 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1992 Rule Zion 1996 only - Mar 14 24:00 1:00 D
1993 Rule Zion 1996 only - Sep 15 24:00 0 S
1994 Rule Zion 1997 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 D
1995 Rule Zion 1997 only - Sep 13 24:00 0 S
1996 Rule Zion 1998 only - Mar 20 0:00 1:00 D
1997 Rule Zion 1998 only - Sep 6 0:00 0 S
1998 Rule Zion 1999 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 D
1999 Rule Zion 1999 only - Sep 3 2:00 0 S
2001 # The Knesset Interior Committee has changed the dates for 2000 for
2002 # the third time in just over a year and have set new dates for the
2003 # years 2001-2004 as well.
2005 # The official announcement for the start date of 2000 can be viewed at:
2007 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-start.ps.gz
2009 # The official announcement for the end date of 2000 and the dates
2010 # for the years 2001-2004 can be viewed at:
2012 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-2004.ps.gz
2014 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2015 Rule Zion 2000 only - Apr 14 2:00 1:00 D
2016 Rule Zion 2000 only - Oct 6 1:00 0 S
2017 Rule Zion 2001 only - Apr 9 1:00 1:00 D
2018 Rule Zion 2001 only - Sep 24 1:00 0 S
2019 Rule Zion 2002 only - Mar 29 1:00 1:00 D
2020 Rule Zion 2002 only - Oct 7 1:00 0 S
2021 Rule Zion 2003 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 D
2022 Rule Zion 2003 only - Oct 3 1:00 0 S
2023 Rule Zion 2004 only - Apr 7 1:00 1:00 D
2024 Rule Zion 2004 only - Sep 22 1:00 0 S
2026 # The proposed law agreed upon by the Knesset Interior Committee on
2027 # 2005-02-14 is that, for 2005 and beyond, DST starts at 02:00 the
2028 # last Friday before April 2nd (i.e. the last Friday in March or April
2029 # 1st itself if it falls on a Friday) and ends at 02:00 on the Saturday
2030 # night _before_ the fast of Yom Kippur.
2032 # Those who can read Hebrew can view the announcement at:
2034 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2005+beyond.ps
2036 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2037 Rule Zion 2005 2012 - Apr Fri<=1 2:00 1:00 D
2038 Rule Zion 2005 only - Oct 9 2:00 0 S
2039 Rule Zion 2006 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 S
2040 Rule Zion 2007 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 S
2041 Rule Zion 2008 only - Oct 5 2:00 0 S
2042 Rule Zion 2009 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 S
2043 Rule Zion 2010 only - Sep 12 2:00 0 S
2044 Rule Zion 2011 only - Oct 2 2:00 0 S
2045 Rule Zion 2012 only - Sep 23 2:00 0 S
2047 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2020-10-26):
2048 # The current time law (2013) from the State of Israel can be viewed
2050 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/israel/announcements/2013+law.pdf
2052 # Every year, in the period from the Friday before the last Sunday in
2053 # the month of March at 02:00 a.m. until the last Sunday of the month
2054 # of October at 02:00 a.m., Israel Time will be advanced an additional
2055 # hour such that it will be UTC+3.
2057 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2058 Rule Zion 2013 max - Mar Fri>=23 2:00 1:00 D
2059 Rule Zion 2013 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
2061 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2062 Zone Asia/Jerusalem 2:20:54 - LMT 1880
2063 2:20:40 - JMT 1918 # Jerusalem Mean Time?
2068 ###############################################################################
2072 # '9:00' and 'JST' is from Guy Harris.
2074 # From Paul Eggert (2020-01-19):
2075 # Starting in the 7th century, Japan generally followed an ancient Chinese
2076 # timekeeping system that divided night and day into six hours each,
2077 # with hour length depending on season. In 1873 the government
2078 # started requiring the use of a Western style 24-hour clock. See:
2079 # Yulia Frumer, "Making Time: Astronomical Time Measurement in Tokugawa Japan"
2080 # <https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1043907065>. As the tzdb code and
2081 # data support only 24-hour clocks, its tables model timestamps before
2082 # 1873 using Western-style local mean time.
2084 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
2085 # 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
2086 # Observatory: 139° 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s), 35° 39' 16.0" N.
2087 # This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
2088 # edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
2089 # JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
2090 # The law is enacted on 1886-07-07.
2092 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
2093 # The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
2094 # which stands for the time on 135° E.
2095 # In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
2096 # standard time". And the same ordinance also established "western standard
2097 # time", which stands for the time on 120° E.... But "western standard
2098 # time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937). In the ordinance No.
2099 # 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
2102 # I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
2103 # In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
2105 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
2106 # ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
2107 # about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
2108 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
2110 # ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
2111 # means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
2112 # Central Time (UT+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
2113 # https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
2115 # From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
2116 # Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
2117 # daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but "the system was discontinued
2118 # because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours."
2120 # From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times:
2121 # http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm
2122 # Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on
2123 # [1948-05-01].... But lack of prior debate and the execution of
2124 # daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated
2125 # deep hatred of the concept.... The Diet unceremoniously passed a bill to
2126 # dump the unpopular system in October 1951, less than a month after the San
2127 # Francisco Peace Treaty was signed. (A government poll in 1951 showed 53%
2128 # of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
2129 # wanted to keep it.)
2131 # From Takayuki Nikai (2018-01-19):
2132 # The source of information is Japanese law.
2133 # http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00219480428029.htm
2134 # http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_housei.nsf/html/houritsu/00719500331039.htm
2135 # ... In summary, it is written as follows. From 24:00 on the first Saturday
2136 # in May, until 0:00 on the day after the second Saturday in September.
2138 # From Phake Nick (2018-09-27):
2139 # [T]he webpage authored by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
2140 # https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EF.html
2141 # ... mentioned that using Showa 23 (year 1948) as example, 13pm of September
2142 # 11 in summer time will equal to 0am of September 12 in standard time.
2143 # It cited a document issued by the Liaison Office which briefly existed
2144 # during the postwar period of Japan, where the detail on implementation
2145 # of the summer time is described in the document.
2146 # https://eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/koyomi/wiki/BBFEB9EF2FB2C6BBFEB9EFB2C6BBFEB9EFA4CEBCC2BBDCA4CBA4C4A4A4A4C6.pdf
2147 # The text in the document do instruct a fall back to occur at
2148 # September 11, 13pm in summer time, while ordinary citizens can
2149 # change the clock before they sleep.
2151 # From Paul Eggert (2018-09-27):
2152 # This instruction is equivalent to "Sat>=8 25:00", so use that. zic treats
2153 # it like "Sun>=9 01:00", which is not quite the same but is the best we can
2154 # do in any POSIX or C platform. The "25:00" assumes zic from 2007 or later,
2155 # which should be safe now.
2157 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2158 Rule Japan 1948 only - May Sat>=1 24:00 1:00 D
2159 Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sat>=8 25:00 0 S
2160 Rule Japan 1949 only - Apr Sat>=1 24:00 1:00 D
2161 Rule Japan 1950 1951 - May Sat>=1 24:00 1:00 D
2163 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2164 Zone Asia/Tokyo 9:18:59 - LMT 1887 Dec 31 15:00u
2166 # Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo,
2167 # except that Truk (Chuuk), Ponape (Pohnpei), and Jaluit (Kosrae) did not
2168 # switch from +10 to +09 until 1941-04-01; see the 'australasia' file.
2172 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html>
2173 # Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
2174 # Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
2175 # in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
2178 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html>
2179 # Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
2180 # Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
2181 # by one hour. This is the latest government decision and it's final!
2182 # The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
2183 # government's departments from six to seven hours.
2185 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
2186 # Starting 2003 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
2188 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
2189 # For Jordan I have received multiple independent user reports every year
2190 # about DST end dates, as the end-rule is different every year.
2192 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-10-01), after a heads-up from Hilal Malawi:
2193 # http://www.petranews.gov.jo/nepras/2006/Sep/05/4000.htm
2194 # "Jordan will switch to winter time on Friday, October 27".
2197 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-02):
2198 # This single one might be good enough, (2009-03-24, Arabic):
2199 # http://petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=2&Section=8&Artical=95279
2201 # Google's translation:
2203 # > The Council of Ministers decided in 2002 to adopt the principle of timely
2204 # > submission of the summer at 60 minutes as of midnight on the last Thursday
2205 # > of the month of March of each year.
2207 # So - this means the midnight between Thursday and Friday since 2002.
2209 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-06):
2210 # We still have Jordan switching to DST on Thursdays in 2000 and 2001.
2212 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-10-25):
2213 # Yesterday the government in Jordan announced that they will not
2214 # switch back to standard time this winter, so the will stay on DST
2215 # until about the same time next year (at least).
2216 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=88950
2218 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-12-11):
2219 # Jordan Times and other sources say that Jordan is going back to
2220 # UTC+2 on 2013-12-19 at midnight:
2221 # http://jordantimes.com/govt-decides-to-switch-back-to-wintertime
2222 # Official, in Arabic:
2223 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/public_news/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Menu_ID=&Site_Id=2&lang=1&NewsID=133230&CatID=14
2224 # ... Our background/permalink about it
2225 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/jordan-reverses-dst-decision.html
2227 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?lang=2&site_id=1&NewsID=133313&Type=P
2228 # ... says midnight for the coming one and 1:00 for the ones in the future
2229 # (and they will use DST again next year, using the normal schedule).
2231 # From Paul Eggert (2013-12-11):
2232 # As Steffen suggested, consider the past 21-month experiment to be DST.
2234 # From Steffen Thorsen (2021-09-24):
2235 # The Jordanian Government announced yesterday that they will start DST
2236 # in February instead of March:
2237 # https://petra.gov.jo/Include/InnerPage.jsp?ID=37683&lang=en&name=en_news (English)
2238 # https://petra.gov.jo/Include/InnerPage.jsp?ID=189969&lang=ar&name=news (Arabic)
2239 # From the Arabic version, it seems to say it would be at midnight
2240 # (assume 24:00) on the last Thursday in February, starting from 2022.
2242 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2243 Rule Jordan 1973 only - Jun 6 0:00 1:00 S
2244 Rule Jordan 1973 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2245 Rule Jordan 1974 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2246 Rule Jordan 1976 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2247 Rule Jordan 1977 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2248 Rule Jordan 1978 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
2249 Rule Jordan 1978 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2250 Rule Jordan 1985 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2251 Rule Jordan 1985 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2252 Rule Jordan 1986 1988 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2253 Rule Jordan 1986 1990 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
2254 Rule Jordan 1989 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
2255 Rule Jordan 1990 only - Apr 27 0:00 1:00 S
2256 Rule Jordan 1991 only - Apr 17 0:00 1:00 S
2257 Rule Jordan 1991 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
2258 Rule Jordan 1992 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2259 Rule Jordan 1992 1993 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
2260 Rule Jordan 1993 1998 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2261 Rule Jordan 1994 only - Sep Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
2262 Rule Jordan 1995 1998 - Sep Fri>=15 0:00s 0 -
2263 Rule Jordan 1999 only - Jul 1 0:00s 1:00 S
2264 Rule Jordan 1999 2002 - Sep lastFri 0:00s 0 -
2265 Rule Jordan 2000 2001 - Mar lastThu 0:00s 1:00 S
2266 Rule Jordan 2002 2012 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
2267 Rule Jordan 2003 only - Oct 24 0:00s 0 -
2268 Rule Jordan 2004 only - Oct 15 0:00s 0 -
2269 Rule Jordan 2005 only - Sep lastFri 0:00s 0 -
2270 Rule Jordan 2006 2011 - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 -
2271 Rule Jordan 2013 only - Dec 20 0:00 0 -
2272 Rule Jordan 2014 2021 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
2273 Rule Jordan 2014 max - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 -
2274 Rule Jordan 2022 max - Feb lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
2275 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2276 Zone Asia/Amman 2:23:44 - LMT 1931
2282 # From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin No. 11
2283 # <http://www.kazsociety.org.uk/news/2005/03/30.htm> (2005-03-21):
2284 # The Government of Kazakhstan passed a resolution March 15 abolishing
2285 # daylight saving time citing lack of economic benefits and health
2286 # complications coupled with a decrease in productivity.
2288 # From Branislav Kojic (in Astana) via Gwillim Law (2005-06-28):
2289 # ... what happened was that the former Kazakhstan Eastern time zone
2290 # was "blended" with the Central zone. Therefore, Kazakhstan now has
2291 # two time zones, and difference between them is one hour. The zone
2292 # closer to UTC is the former Western zone (probably still called the
2293 # same), encompassing four provinces in the west: Aqtöbe, Atyraū,
2294 # Mangghystaū, and West Kazakhstan. The other zone encompasses
2295 # everything else.... I guess that would make Kazakhstan time zones
2296 # de jure UTC+5 and UTC+6 respectively.
2298 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
2299 # Review of the linked documents from http://adilet.zan.kz/
2300 # produced the following data for post-1991 Kazakhstan:
2302 # 0. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR
2303 # from 1991-02-04 No. 20
2304 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102010545
2305 # removed the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of the USSR
2306 # starting with the last Sunday of March 1991.
2307 # It also allowed (but not mandated) Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Tajik SSR,
2308 # Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR to not have "summer" time.
2310 # The 1992-01-13 act also refers to the act of the Cabinet of Ministers
2311 # of the Kazakh SSR from 1991-03-20 No. 170 "About the act of the Cabinet
2312 # of Ministers of the USSR from 1991-02-04 No. 20" but I didn't found its
2315 # According to Izvestia newspaper No. 68 (23334) from 1991-03-20
2316 # -- page 6; available at http://libinfo.org/newsr/newsr2574.djvu via
2317 # http://libinfo.org/index.php?id=58564 -- on 1991-03-31 at 2:00 during
2318 # transition to "summer" time:
2319 # Republic of Georgia, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, SSR Moldova,
2320 # Estonian SSR; Komi ASSR; Kaliningrad oblast; Nenets autonomous okrug
2321 # were to move clocks 1 hour forward.
2322 # Kazakh SSR (excluding Uralsk oblast); Republic of Kyrgyzstan, Tajik
2323 # SSR; Andijan, Jizzakh, Namangan, Sirdarya, Tashkent, Fergana oblasts
2324 # of the Uzbek SSR were to move clocks 1 hour backwards.
2325 # Other territories were to not move clocks.
2326 # When the "summer" time would end on 1991-09-29, clocks were to be
2327 # moved 1 hour backwards on the territory of the USSR excluding
2328 # Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenia, Tajikistan.
2330 # Apparently there were last minute changes. Apparently Kazakh act No. 170
2331 # was one of such changes.
2333 # https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декретное_время
2334 # claims that Sovetskaya Rossiya newspaper on 1991-03-29 published that
2335 # Nenets autonomous okrug, Komi and Kazakhstan (excluding Uralsk oblast)
2336 # were to not move clocks and Uralsk oblast was to move clocks
2337 # forward; on 1991-09-29 Kazakhstan was to move clocks backwards.
2338 # (Probably there were changes even after that publication. There is an
2339 # article claiming that Kaliningrad oblast decided on 1991-03-29 to not
2342 # This implies that on 1991-03-31 Asia/Oral remained on +04/+05 while
2343 # the rest of Kazakhstan switched from +06/+07 to +05/06 or from +05/06
2344 # to +04/+05. It's unclear how Qyzylorda oblast moved into the fifth
2345 # time belt. (By switching from +04/+05 to +05/+06 on 1991-09-29?) ...
2347 # 1. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2348 # from 1992-01-13 No. 28
2349 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000028_
2350 # (text includes modification from the 1996 act)
2351 # introduced new rules for calculation of time, mirroring Russian
2352 # 1992-01-08 act. It specified that time would be calculated
2353 # according to time belts plus extra hour ("decree time"), moved clocks
2354 # on the whole territory of Kazakhstan 1 hour forward on 1992-01-19 at
2355 # 2:00, specified DST rules. It acknowledged that Kazakhstan was
2356 # located in the fourth and the fifth time belts and specified the
2357 # border between them to be located east of Qostanay and Aktyubinsk
2358 # oblasts (notably including Turgai and Qyzylorda oblasts into the fifth
2361 # This means switch on 1992-01-19 at 2:00 from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for
2362 # Asia/Aqtau, Asia/Aqtobe, Asia/Oral, Atyraū and Qostanay oblasts; from
2363 # +05/+06 to +06/+07 for Asia/Almaty and Asia/Qyzylorda (and Arkalyk)....
2365 # 2. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2366 # from 1992-03-27 No. 284
2367 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000284_
2368 # cancels extra hour ("decree time") for Uralsk and Qyzylorda oblasts
2369 # since the last Sunday of March 1992, while keeping them in the fourth
2370 # and the fifth time belts respectively.
2372 # 3. Order of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2373 # from 1994-09-23 No. 384
2374 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/R940000384_
2375 # cancels the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of Mangghystaū
2376 # oblast since the last Sunday of September 1994 (saying that time on
2377 # the territory would correspond to the third time belt as a
2380 # 4. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2381 # from 1996-05-08 No. 575
2382 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P960000575_
2383 # amends the 1992-01-13 act to end summer time in October instead
2384 # of September, mirroring identical Russian change from 1996-04-23 act.
2386 # 5. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2387 # from 1999-03-26 No. 305
2388 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P990000305_
2389 # cancels the extra hour ("decree time") for Atyraū oblast since the
2390 # last Sunday of March 1999 while retaining the oblast in the fourth
2393 # This means change from +05/+06 to +04/+05....
2395 # 6. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2396 # from 2000-11-23 No. 1749
2397 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P000001749_/23.11.2000
2398 # replaces the previous five documents.
2400 # The only changes I noticed are in definition of the border between the
2401 # fourth and the fifth time belts. They account for changes in spelling
2402 # and administrative division (splitting of Turgai oblast in 1997
2403 # probably changed time in territories incorporated into Qostanay oblast
2404 # (including Arkalyk) from +06/+07 to +05/+06) and move Qyzylorda oblast
2405 # from being in the fifth time belt and not using decree time into the
2406 # fourth time belt (no change in practice).
2408 # 7. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2409 # from 2003-12-29 No. 1342
2410 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P030001342_
2411 # modified the 2000-11-23 act. No relevant changes, apparently.
2413 # 8. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2414 # from 2004-07-20 No. 775
2415 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P040000775_/20.07.2004
2416 # modified the 2000-11-23 act to move Qostanay and Qyzylorda oblasts into
2417 # the fifth time belt and add Aktobe oblast to the list of regions not
2418 # using extra hour ("decree time"), leaving Kazakhstan with only 2 time
2419 # zones (+04/+05 and +06/+07). The changes were to be implemented
2420 # during DST transitions in 2004 and 2005 but the acts got radically
2421 # amended before implementation happened.
2423 # 9. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2424 # from 2004-09-15 No. 1059
2425 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P040001059_
2426 # modified the 2000-11-23 act to remove exceptions from the "decree time"
2427 # (leaving Kazakhstan in +05/+06 and +06/+07 zones), amended the
2428 # 2004-07-20 act to implement changes for Atyraū, West Kazakhstan,
2429 # Qostanay, Qyzylorda and Mangghystaū oblasts by not moving clocks
2430 # during the 2004 transition to "winter" time.
2432 # This means transition from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for Atyraū oblast (no
2433 # zone currently), Asia/Oral, Asia/Aqtau and transition from +05/+06 to
2434 # +06/+07 for Qostanay oblast (Qostanay and Arkalyk, no zones currently)
2435 # and Asia/Qyzylorda on 2004-10-31 at 3:00....
2437 # 10. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
2438 # from 2005-03-15 No. 231
2439 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P050000231_
2440 # removes DST provisions from the 2000-11-23 act, removes most of the
2441 # (already implemented) provisions from the 2004-07-20 and 2004-09-15
2442 # acts, comes into effect 10 days after official publication.
2443 # The only practical effect seems to be the abolition of the summer
2446 # Unamended version of the act of the Government of the Russian Federation
2447 # No. 23 from 1992-01-08 [See 'europe' file for details].
2448 # Kazakh 1992-01-13 act appears to provide the same rules and 1992-03-27
2449 # act was to be enacted on the last Sunday of March 1992.
2451 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-08):
2452 # Turgai reorganization should affect only southern part of Qostanay
2453 # oblast. Which should probably be separated into Asia/Arkalyk zone.
2454 # (There were also 1970, 1988 and 1990 Turgai oblast reorganizations
2455 # according to wikipedia.)
2457 # [For Qostanay] http://www.ng.kz/gazeta/195/hranit/
2458 # suggests that clocks were to be moved 40 minutes backwards on
2459 # 1920-01-01 to the fourth time belt. But I do not understand
2460 # how that could happen....
2462 # [For Atyrau and Oral] 1919 decree
2463 # (http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-1919-02-08.html
2464 # and in Byalokoz) lists Ural river (plus 10 versts on its left bank) in
2465 # the third time belt (before 1930 this means +03).
2467 # From Alexander Konzurovski (2018-12-20):
2468 # Qyzyolrda Region (Asia/Qyzylorda) is changing its time zone from
2469 # UTC+6 to UTC+5 effective December 21st, 2018. The legal document is
2470 # located here: http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P1800000817 (russian language).
2472 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2474 # Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
2475 # This includes KZ-AKM, KZ-ALA, KZ-ALM, KZ-AST, KZ-BAY, KZ-VOS, KZ-ZHA,
2476 # KZ-KAR, KZ-SEV, KZ-PAV, and KZ-YUZ.
2477 Zone Asia/Almaty 5:07:48 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Alma-Ata
2478 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2479 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2480 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2481 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2483 # Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.) (KZ-KZY)
2484 Zone Asia/Qyzylorda 4:21:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
2485 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2486 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2487 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2488 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2489 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2490 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2491 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2492 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2493 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2494 6:00 - +06 2018 Dec 21 0:00
2497 # Qostanay (aka Kostanay, Kustanay) (KZ-KUS)
2498 # The 1991/2 rules are unclear partly because of the 1997 Turgai
2500 Zone Asia/Qostanay 4:14:28 - LMT 1924 May 2
2501 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2502 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2503 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2504 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2505 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2506 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2507 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2510 # Aqtöbe (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk) (KZ-AKT)
2511 Zone Asia/Aqtobe 3:48:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
2512 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2513 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2514 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2515 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2516 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2517 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2518 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2520 # Mangghystaū (KZ-MAN)
2521 # Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
2522 # so include timestamps before 1963.
2523 Zone Asia/Aqtau 3:21:04 - LMT 1924 May 2
2524 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2525 5:00 - +05 1981 Oct 1
2526 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2527 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2528 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2529 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
2530 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2532 # Atyraū (KZ-ATY) is like Mangghystaū except it switched from
2533 # +04/+05 to +05/+06 in spring 1999, not fall 1994.
2534 Zone Asia/Atyrau 3:27:44 - LMT 1924 May 2
2535 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2536 5:00 - +05 1981 Oct 1
2537 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2538 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2539 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2540 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1999 Mar 28 2:00s
2541 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2543 # West Kazakhstan (KZ-ZAP)
2544 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2545 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2546 Zone Asia/Oral 3:25:24 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ural'sk
2547 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2548 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
2549 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
2550 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
2551 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2552 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2553 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2554 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
2557 # Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan)
2558 # Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2560 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15):
2561 # According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway
2562 # http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml
2563 # Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system. I take the article
2564 # to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC.
2565 # From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21):
2566 # Our government cancels daylight saving time 6th of August 2005.
2567 # From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.
2569 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2570 Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Apr Sun>=7 0:00s 1:00 -
2571 Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2572 Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:30 1:00 -
2573 Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2004 - Oct lastSun 2:30 0 -
2574 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2575 Zone Asia/Bishkek 4:58:24 - LMT 1924 May 2
2576 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2577 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2578 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Aug 31 2:00
2579 5:00 Kyrgyz +05/+06 2005 Aug 12
2582 ###############################################################################
2584 # Korea (North and South)
2586 # From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
2587 # http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012
2588 # Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it
2589 # during the 1950-53 Korean War. The system was temporarily enforced
2590 # between 1987 and 1988 ...
2592 # From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):
2593 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html
2594 # According to the Korean Wikipedia
2595 # https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/한국_표준시
2596 # [oldid=12896437 2014-09-04 08:03 UTC]
2597 # DST in Republic of Korea was as follows.... And I checked old
2598 # newspapers in Korean, all articles correspond with data in Wikipedia.
2599 # For example, the article in 1948 (Korean Language) proved that DST
2600 # started at June 1 in that year. For another example, the article in
2601 # 1988 said that DST started at 2:00 AM in that year.
2603 # From Phake Nick (2018-10-27):
2604 # 1. According to official announcement from Korean government, the DST end
2605 # date in South Korea should be
2606 # 1955-09-08 without specifying time
2607 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027977557
2608 # 1956-09-29 without specifying time
2609 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027978341
2610 # 1957-09-21 24 o'clock
2611 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027979690#3
2612 # 1958-09-20 24 o'clock
2613 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027981189
2614 # 1959-09-19 24 o'clock
2615 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0027982974#2
2616 # 1960-09-17 24 o'clock
2617 # http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0028044104
2619 # 2.... https://namu.wiki/w/대한민국%20표준시 ... [says]
2620 # when Korea was using GMT+8:30 as standard time, the international
2621 # aviation/marine/meteorological industry in the country refused to
2622 # follow and continued to use GMT+9:00 for interoperability.
2625 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2626 Rule ROK 1948 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
2627 Rule ROK 1948 only - Sep 12 24:00 0 S
2628 Rule ROK 1949 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 D
2629 Rule ROK 1949 1951 - Sep Sat>=7 24:00 0 S
2630 Rule ROK 1950 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
2631 Rule ROK 1951 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 D
2632 Rule ROK 1955 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 D
2633 Rule ROK 1955 only - Sep 8 24:00 0 S
2634 Rule ROK 1956 only - May 20 0:00 1:00 D
2635 Rule ROK 1956 only - Sep 29 24:00 0 S
2636 Rule ROK 1957 1960 - May Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 D
2637 Rule ROK 1957 1960 - Sep Sat>=17 24:00 0 S
2638 Rule ROK 1987 1988 - May Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
2639 Rule ROK 1987 1988 - Oct Sun>=8 3:00 0 S
2641 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2642 # The Korean Wikipedia entry gives the following sources for UT offsets:
2644 # 1908: Official Journal Article No. 3994 (decree No. 5)
2645 # 1912: Governor-General of Korea Official Gazette Issue No. 367
2646 # (Announcement No. 338)
2647 # 1954: Presidential Decree No. 876 (1954-03-17)
2648 # 1961: Law No. 676 (1961-08-07)
2650 # (Another source "1987: Law No. 3919 (1986-12-31)" was in the 2014-10-30
2651 # edition of the Korean Wikipedia entry.)
2653 # I guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same
2654 # rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST
2655 # when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII.
2657 # For Pyongyang, guess no changes from World War II until 2015, as we
2658 # have no information otherwise.
2660 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-08-07):
2661 # According to many news sources, North Korea is going to change to
2662 # the 8:30 time zone on August 15, one example:
2663 # http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33815049
2665 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-15):
2666 # Bells rang out midnight (00:00) Friday as part of the celebrations. See:
2667 # Talmadge E. North Korea celebrates new time zone, 'Pyongyang Time'
2668 # http://news.yahoo.com/north-korea-celebrates-time-zone-pyongyang-time-164038128.html
2669 # There is no common English-language abbreviation for this time zone.
2670 # Use KST, as that's what we already use for 1954-1961 in ROK.
2672 # From Kang Seonghoon (2018-04-29):
2673 # North Korea will revert its time zone from UTC+8:30 (PYT; Pyongyang
2674 # Time) back to UTC+9 (KST; Korea Standard Time).
2676 # From Seo Sanghyeon (2018-04-30):
2677 # Rodong Sinmun 2018-04-30 announced Pyongyang Time transition plan.
2678 # https://www.nknews.org/kcna/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/04/rodong-2018-04-30.pdf
2679 # ... the transition date is 2018-05-05 ... Citation should be Decree
2680 # No. 2232 of April 30, 2018, of the Presidium of the Supreme People's
2681 # Assembly, as published in Rodong Sinmun.
2682 # From Tim Parenti (2018-04-29):
2683 # It appears to be the front page story at the top in the right-most column.
2685 # From Paul Eggert (2018-05-04):
2686 # The BBC reported that the transition was from 23:30 to 24:00 today.
2687 # https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44010705
2689 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2690 Zone Asia/Seoul 8:27:52 - LMT 1908 Apr 1
2691 8:30 - KST 1912 Jan 1
2692 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 8
2693 9:00 ROK K%sT 1954 Mar 21
2694 8:30 ROK K%sT 1961 Aug 10
2696 Zone Asia/Pyongyang 8:23:00 - LMT 1908 Apr 1
2697 8:30 - KST 1912 Jan 1
2698 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 24
2699 9:00 - KST 2015 Aug 15 00:00
2700 8:30 - KST 2018 May 4 23:30
2703 ###############################################################################
2713 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2714 Rule Lebanon 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2715 Rule Lebanon 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2716 Rule Lebanon 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2717 Rule Lebanon 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2718 Rule Lebanon 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2719 Rule Lebanon 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2720 Rule Lebanon 1923 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2721 Rule Lebanon 1923 only - Sep 16 0:00 0 -
2722 Rule Lebanon 1957 1961 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2723 Rule Lebanon 1957 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2724 Rule Lebanon 1972 only - Jun 22 0:00 1:00 S
2725 Rule Lebanon 1972 1977 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2726 Rule Lebanon 1973 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2727 Rule Lebanon 1978 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
2728 Rule Lebanon 1978 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2729 Rule Lebanon 1984 1987 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2730 Rule Lebanon 1984 1991 - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2731 Rule Lebanon 1988 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2732 Rule Lebanon 1989 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
2733 Rule Lebanon 1990 1992 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2734 Rule Lebanon 1992 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
2735 Rule Lebanon 1993 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
2736 Rule Lebanon 1993 1998 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2737 Rule Lebanon 1999 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2738 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2739 Zone Asia/Beirut 2:22:00 - LMT 1880
2743 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2744 Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Sep 14 0:00 0:20 -
2745 Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Dec 14 0:00 0 -
2747 # peninsular Malaysia
2748 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
2749 # https://web.archive.org/web/20190822231045/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/~mathelmr/teaching/timezone.html
2750 # This agrees with Singapore since 1905-06-01.
2751 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2752 Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur 6:46:46 - LMT 1901 Jan 1
2753 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T.
2754 7:00 - +07 1933 Jan 1
2755 7:00 0:20 +0720 1936 Jan 1
2756 7:20 - +0720 1941 Sep 1
2757 7:30 - +0730 1942 Feb 16
2758 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
2759 7:30 - +0730 1982 Jan 1
2762 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
2763 # The data entries here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945
2764 # and 1982 transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
2765 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2766 Zone Asia/Kuching 7:21:20 - LMT 1926 Mar
2768 8:00 NBorneo +08/+0820 1942 Feb 16
2769 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
2773 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2774 Zone Indian/Maldives 4:54:00 - LMT 1880 # Malé
2775 4:54:00 - MMT 1960 # Malé Mean Time
2780 # Shanks & Pottenger say that Mongolia has three time zones, but
2781 # The USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World
2782 # (2005-03) both say that it has just one.
2784 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11):
2785 # General Information Mongolia
2786 # <http://www.mongoliatourism.gov.mn/general.htm> (1999-09)
2787 # "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of
2788 # Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
2789 # the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus
2792 # From Rives McDow (1999-12-13):
2793 # Mongolia discontinued the use of daylight savings time in 1999; 1998
2794 # being the last year it was implemented. The dates of implementation I am
2795 # unsure of, but most probably it was similar to Russia, except for the time
2796 # of implementation may have been different....
2797 # Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time
2798 # zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod,
2799 # Sükhbaatar, and possibly Khentii.
2801 # From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15):
2802 # Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia.
2803 # We'll use Hovd (also spelled Chovd and Khovd) to represent the west zone;
2804 # the capital of the Hovd province is sometimes called Hovd, sometimes Dund-Us,
2805 # and sometimes Jirgalanta (with variant spellings), but the name Hovd
2806 # is good enough for our purposes.
2808 # From Rives McDow (2001-05-13):
2809 # In addition to Mongolia starting daylight savings as reported earlier
2810 # (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28),
2811 # there are three time zones.
2813 # Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
2814 # Provinces [at 8:00]: Khövsgöl, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Töv,
2815 # Bayankhongor, Övörkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Ömnögovi
2816 # Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sükhbaatar
2818 # [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.]
2820 # From Ganbold Ts., Ulaanbaatar (2004-04-17):
2821 # Daylight saving occurs at 02:00 local time last Saturday of March.
2822 # It will change back to normal at 02:00 local time last Saturday of
2823 # September.... As I remember this rule was changed in 2001.
2825 # From Paul Eggert (2004-04-17):
2826 # For now, assume Rives McDow's informant got confused about Friday vs
2827 # Saturday, and that his 2001 dates should have 1 added to them.
2829 # From Paul Eggert (2005-07-26):
2830 # We have wildly conflicting information about Mongolia's time zones.
2831 # Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says
2832 # there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft
2833 # Windows XP as the source. Risto Nykänen (2005-05-16) reports that
2834 # travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UT +07, +08) with no DST.
2835 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in
2836 # Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed.
2838 # http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1111634894&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&
2839 # which also says that there is DST, and which has a comment by "Toddius"
2840 # (2005-03-31 06:05 +0700) saying "Mongolia actually has 3.5 time zones.
2841 # The West (OLGII) is +7 GMT, most of the country is ULAT is +8 GMT
2842 # and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sükhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
2843 # The SUKH timezone is new this year, it is one of the few things the
2844 # parliament passed during the tumultuous winter session."
2845 # For now, let's ignore this information, until we have more confirmation.
2847 # From Ganbold Ts. (2007-02-26):
2848 # Parliament of Mongolia has just changed the daylight-saving rule in February.
2849 # They decided not to adopt daylight-saving time....
2850 # http://www.mongolnews.mn/index.php?module=unuudur&sec=view&id=15742
2852 # From Deborah Goldsmith (2008-03-30):
2853 # We received a bug report claiming that the tz database UTC offset for
2854 # Asia/Choibalsan (GMT+09:00) is incorrect, and that it should be GMT
2855 # +08:00 instead. Different sources appear to disagree with the tz
2856 # database on this, e.g.:
2858 # https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
2859 # http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MN.aspx
2861 # both say GMT+08:00.
2863 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-31):
2864 # eznis airways, which operates several domestic flights, has a flight
2866 # http://www.eznis.com/Container.jsp?id=112
2867 # (click the English flag for English)
2869 # There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbaatar arrive
2870 # about 1:35 - 1:50 hours later in local clock time, no matter the
2871 # direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khovd takes 2 hours in the Eastern
2872 # direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbaatar and Khovd are
2873 # in different time zones (like we know about), while Choibalsan and
2874 # Ulaanbaatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
2876 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
2877 # Assume that Choibalsan is indeed offset by 8:00.
2878 # XXX--in the absence of better information, assume that transition
2879 # was at the start of 2008-03-31 (the day of Steffen Thorsen's report);
2880 # this is almost surely wrong.
2882 # From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2015-03-10):
2883 # It seems like yesterday Mongolian Government meeting has concluded to use
2884 # daylight saving time in Mongolia.... Starting at 2:00AM of last Saturday of
2885 # March 2015, daylight saving time starts. And 00:00AM of last Saturday of
2886 # September daylight saving time ends. Source:
2887 # http://zasag.mn/news/view/8969
2889 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2890 Rule Mongol 1983 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 -
2891 Rule Mongol 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2892 # Shanks & Pottenger and IATA SSIM say 1990s switches occurred at 00:00,
2893 # but McDow says the 2001 switches occurred at 02:00. Also, IATA SSIM
2894 # (1996-09) says 1996-10-25. Go with Shanks & Pottenger through 1998.
2896 # Shanks & Pottenger say that the Sept. 1984 through Sept. 1990 switches
2897 # in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sükhbaatar) took place
2898 # at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00 local time as in the rest of
2899 # the country. That would be odd, and possibly is a result of their
2900 # correction of 02:00 (in the previous edition) not being done correctly
2901 # in the latest edition; so ignore it for now.
2903 # From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2017-02-09):
2904 # Mongolian Government meeting has concluded today to cancel daylight
2905 # saving time adoption in Mongolia. Source: http://zasag.mn/news/view/16192
2907 Rule Mongol 1985 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 -
2908 Rule Mongol 1984 1998 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2909 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.
2910 Rule Mongol 2001 only - Apr lastSat 2:00 1:00 -
2911 Rule Mongol 2001 2006 - Sep lastSat 2:00 0 -
2912 Rule Mongol 2002 2006 - Mar lastSat 2:00 1:00 -
2913 Rule Mongol 2015 2016 - Mar lastSat 2:00 1:00 -
2914 Rule Mongol 2015 2016 - Sep lastSat 0:00 0 -
2916 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2917 # Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
2918 Zone Asia/Hovd 6:06:36 - LMT 1905 Aug
2921 # Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
2922 Zone Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 - LMT 1905 Aug
2925 # Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tümen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
2926 # Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
2927 Zone Asia/Choibalsan 7:38:00 - LMT 1905 Aug
2930 9:00 Mongol +09/+10 2008 Mar 31
2934 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2935 Zone Asia/Kathmandu 5:41:16 - LMT 1920
2944 # From Rives McDow (2002-03-13):
2945 # I have been advised that Pakistan has decided to adopt dst on a
2946 # TRIAL basis for one year, starting 00:01 local time on April 7, 2002
2947 # and ending at 00:01 local time October 6, 2002. This is what I was
2948 # told, but I believe that the actual time of change may be 00:00; the
2949 # 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on.
2951 # From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15):
2952 # Jesper Nørgaard found this URL:
2953 # http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm
2954 # (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to
2955 # advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first
2956 # Saturday and Sunday of April and revert to the original position on
2957 # 15th October each year". This agrees with McDow's 04-07 at 00:00,
2958 # but disagrees about the October transition, and makes it sound like
2959 # it's not on a trial basis. Also, the "between the first Saturday
2960 # and Sunday of April" phrase, if taken literally, means that the
2961 # transition takes place at 00:00 on the first Sunday on or after 04-02.
2963 # From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09):
2964 # DAWN <http://www.dawn.com/2002/10/06/top13.htm> reported on 2002-10-05
2965 # that 2002 DST ended that day at midnight. Go with McDow for now.
2967 # From Steffen Thorsen (2003-03-14):
2968 # According to http://www.dawn.com/2003/03/07/top15.htm
2969 # there will be no DST in Pakistan this year:
2971 # ISLAMABAD, March 6: Information and Media Development Minister Sheikh
2972 # Rashid Ahmed on Thursday said the cabinet had reversed a previous
2973 # decision to advance clocks by one hour in summer and put them back by
2974 # one hour in winter with the aim of saving light hours and energy.
2976 # The minister told a news conference that the experiment had rather
2977 # shown 8 per cent higher consumption of electricity.
2979 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-15):
2981 # Here is an article that Pakistan plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time
2982 # on June 1, 2008 for 3 months.
2984 # "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to
2985 # help reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at
2986 # 9pm and moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months. ...."
2988 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
2989 # http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C05%5C15%5Cstory_15-5-2008_pg1_4
2991 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
2992 # XXX--midnight transitions is a guess; 2008 only is a guess.
2994 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
2995 # Pakistan government has decided to keep the watches one-hour advanced
2996 # for another 2 months - plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
2997 # instead of August 31.
2999 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan02.html
3000 # http://dailymailnews.com/200808/28/news/dmbrn03.html
3002 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-04-08):
3003 # Based on previous media reports that "... proposed plan to
3004 # advance clocks by one hour from May 1 will cause disturbance
3005 # to the working schedules rather than bringing discipline in
3006 # official working."
3007 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=171280
3009 # recent news that instead of May 2009 - Pakistan plan to
3010 # introduce DST from April 15, 2009
3012 # FYI: Associated Press Of Pakistan
3014 # Cabinet okays proposal to advance clocks by one hour from April 15
3015 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73043&Itemid=1
3016 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan05.html
3019 # The Federal Cabinet on Wednesday approved the proposal to
3020 # advance clocks in the country by one hour from April 15 to
3023 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-17):
3024 # "The News International," Pakistan reports that: "The Federal
3025 # Government has decided to restore the previous time by moving the
3026 # clocks backward by one hour from October 1. A formal announcement to
3027 # this effect will be made after the Prime Minister grants approval in
3029 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87168
3031 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-28):
3032 # According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
3033 # Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from
3036 # "Clocks to go back one hour from 1 Oct"
3037 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86715&Itemid=2
3038 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan07.htm
3040 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29):
3041 # Now they seem to have changed their mind, November 1 is the new date:
3042 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24742
3043 # "The country's clocks will be reversed by one hour on November 1.
3044 # Officials of Federal Ministry for Interior told this to Geo News on
3047 # And more importantly, it seems that these dates will be kept every year:
3048 # "It has now been decided that clocks will be wound forward by one hour
3049 # on April 15 and reversed by an hour on November 1 every year without
3050 # obtaining prior approval, the officials added."
3052 # We have confirmed this year's end date with both with the Ministry of
3053 # Water and Power and the Pakistan Electric Power Company:
3054 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html
3056 # From Christoph Göhre (2009-10-01):
3057 # [T]he German Consulate General in Karachi reported me today that Pakistan
3058 # will go back to standard time on 1st of November.
3060 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-26):
3061 # Steffen Thorsen wrote:
3062 # > On Thursday (2010-03-25) it was announced that DST would start in
3063 # > Pakistan on 2010-04-01.
3065 # > Then today, the president said that they might have to revert the
3066 # > decision if it is not supported by the parliament. So at the time
3067 # > being, it seems unclear if DST will be actually observed or not - but
3068 # > April 1 could be a more likely date than April 15.
3069 # Now, it seems that the decision to not observe DST in final:
3071 # "Govt Withdraws Plan To Advance Clocks"
3072 # http://www.apakistannews.com/govt-withdraws-plan-to-advance-clocks-172041
3074 # "People laud PM's announcement to end DST"
3075 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99374&Itemid=2
3077 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3078 Rule Pakistan 2002 only - Apr Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
3079 Rule Pakistan 2002 only - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3080 Rule Pakistan 2008 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3081 Rule Pakistan 2008 2009 - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
3082 Rule Pakistan 2009 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 S
3084 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3085 Zone Asia/Karachi 4:28:12 - LMT 1907
3086 5:30 - +0530 1942 Sep
3087 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 15
3088 5:30 - +0530 1951 Sep 30
3089 5:00 - +05 1971 Mar 26
3090 5:00 Pakistan PK%sT # Pakistan Time
3094 # From Amos Shapir (1998-02-15):
3096 # From 1917 until 1948-05-15, all of Palestine, including the parts now
3097 # known as the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, was under British rule.
3098 # Therefore the rules given for Israel for that period, apply there too...
3100 # The Gaza Strip was under Egyptian rule between 1948-05-15 until 1967-06-05
3101 # (except a short occupation by Israel from 1956-11 till 1957-03, but no
3102 # time zone was affected then). It was never formally annexed to Egypt,
3105 # The rest of Palestine was under Jordanian rule at that time, formally
3106 # annexed in 1950 as the West Bank (and the word "Trans" was dropped from
3107 # the country's previous name of "the Hashemite Kingdom of the
3108 # Trans-Jordan"). So the rules for Jordan for that time apply. Major
3109 # towns in that area are Nablus (Shchem), El-Halil (Hebron), Ramallah, and
3112 # Both areas were occupied by Israel in June 1967, but not annexed (except
3113 # for East Jerusalem). They were on Israel time since then; there might
3114 # have been a Military Governor's order about time zones, but I'm not aware
3115 # of any (such orders may have been issued semi-annually whenever summer
3116 # time was in effect, but maybe the legal aspect of time was just neglected).
3118 # The Palestinian Authority was established in 1993, and got hold of most
3119 # towns in the West Bank and Gaza by 1995. I know that in order to
3120 # demonstrate...independence, they have been switching to
3121 # summer time and back on a different schedule than Israel's, but I don't
3122 # know when this was started, or what algorithm is used (most likely the
3125 # To summarize, the table should probably look something like that:
3127 # Area \ when | 1918-1947 | 1948-1967 | 1967-1995 | 1996-
3128 # ------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
3129 # Israel | Zion | Zion | Zion | Zion
3130 # West bank | Zion | Jordan | Zion | Jordan
3131 # Gaza | Zion | Egypt | Zion | Jordan
3133 # I guess more info may be available from the PA's web page (if/when they
3136 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
3137 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Gaza did not observe DST until 1957, but go
3138 # with Shapir and assume that it observed DST from 1940 through 1947,
3139 # and that it used Jordanian rules starting in 1996.
3140 # We don't yet need a separate entry for the West Bank, since
3141 # the only differences between it and Gaza that we know about
3142 # occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
3143 # However, as we get more information, we may need to add entries
3144 # for parts of the West Bank as they transitioned from Israel's rules
3145 # to Palestine's rules.
3147 # From IINS News Service - Israel - 1998-03-23 10:38:07 Israel time,
3148 # forwarded by Ephraim Silverberg:
3150 # Despite the fact that Israel changed over to daylight savings time
3151 # last week, the PLO Authority (PA) has decided not to turn its clocks
3152 # one-hour forward at this time. As a sign of independence from Israeli rule,
3153 # the PA has decided to implement DST in April.
3155 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
3156 # Daoud Kuttab writes in Holiday havoc
3157 # http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/22.Apr.1999/Opinion/Article-2.html
3158 # (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
3159 # the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15.
3160 # I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source).
3161 # For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00,
3162 # and that they switch at 0:00 on the 3rd Fridays of April and October.
3164 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
3165 # Starting 2004 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
3167 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
3168 # A user from Gaza reported that Gaza made the change early because of
3169 # the Ramadan. Next year Ramadan will be even earlier, so I think
3170 # there is a good chance next year's end date will be around two weeks
3171 # earlier - the same goes for Jordan.
3173 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
3174 # I was informed by a user in Bethlehem that in Bethlehem it started the
3175 # same day as Israel, and after checking with other users in the area, I
3176 # was informed that they started DST one day after Israel. I was not
3177 # able to find any authoritative sources at the time, nor details if
3178 # Gaza changed as well, but presumed Gaza to follow the same rules as
3181 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-26):
3182 # according to the Palestine News Network (2006-09-19):
3183 # http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=596&Itemid=5
3184 # > The Council of Ministers announced that this year its winter schedule
3185 # > will begin early, as of midnight Thursday. It is also time to turn
3186 # > back the clocks for winter. Friday will begin an hour late this week.
3187 # I guess it is likely that next year's date will be moved as well,
3188 # because of the Ramadan.
3190 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
3191 # According to Steffen Thorsen's web site the Gaza Strip and the rest of the
3192 # Palestinian territories left DST early on 13.th. of September at 2:00.
3194 # From Paul Eggert (2007-09-20):
3195 # My understanding is that Gaza and the West Bank disagree even over when
3196 # the weekend is (Thursday+Friday versus Friday+Saturday), so I'd be a bit
3197 # surprised if they agreed about DST. But for now, assume they agree.
3198 # For lack of better information, predict that future changes will be
3199 # the 2nd Thursday of September at 02:00.
3201 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
3202 # Here is an article, that Mideast running on different clocks at Ramadan.
3204 # Gaza Strip (as Egypt) ended DST at midnight Thursday (Aug 28, 2008), while
3205 # the West Bank will end Daylight Saving Time at midnight Sunday (Aug 31, 2008).
3207 # http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7759001
3208 # http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5676087
3209 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip01.html
3211 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-26):
3212 # According to the Palestine News Network (arabic.pnn.ps), Palestinian
3213 # government decided to start Daylight Time on Thursday night March
3214 # 26 and continue until the night of 27 September 2009.
3217 # http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50850
3219 # (English translation)
3220 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank01.html
3222 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-31):
3223 # Palestine's Council of Ministers announced that they will revert back to
3224 # winter time on Friday, 2009-09-04.
3227 # http://www.safa.ps/ara/?action=showdetail&seid=4158
3228 # (Palestinian press agency, Arabic),
3229 # Google translate: "Decided that the Palestinian government in Ramallah
3230 # headed by Salam Fayyad, the start of work in time for the winter of
3231 # 2009, starting on Friday approved the fourth delay Sept. clock sixty
3232 # minutes per hour as of Friday morning."
3234 # We are not sure if Gaza will do the same, last year they had a different
3235 # end date, we will keep this page updated:
3236 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html
3238 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-02):
3239 # Seems that Gaza Strip will go back to Winter Time same date as West Bank.
3241 # According to Palestinian Ministry Of Interior, West Bank and Gaza Strip plan
3242 # to change time back to Standard time on September 4, 2009.
3244 # "Winter time unite the West Bank and Gaza"
3245 # (from Palestinian National Authority):
3246 # http://www.moi.gov.ps/en/?page=633167343250594025&nid=11505
3247 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip02.html
3249 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-19):
3250 # According to Voice of Palestine DST will last for 191 days, from March
3251 # 26, 2010 till "the last Sunday before the tenth day of Tishri
3252 # (October), each year" (October 03, 2010?)
3254 # http://palvoice.org/forums/showthread.php?t=245697
3256 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank03.html
3258 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-24):
3259 # ...Ma'an News Agency reports that Hamas cabinet has decided it will
3260 # start one day later, at 12:01am. Not sure if they really mean 12:01am or
3263 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=271178
3264 # (Ma'an News Agency)
3265 # "At 12:01am Friday, clocks in Israel and the West Bank will change to
3266 # 1:01am, while Gaza clocks will change at 12:01am Saturday morning."
3268 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-08-11):
3269 # According to several sources, including
3270 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=306795
3271 # the clocks were set back one hour at 2010-08-11 00:00:00 local time in
3272 # Gaza and the West Bank.
3273 # Some more background info:
3274 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html
3276 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-08-26):
3277 # Gaza and the West Bank did go back to standard time in the beginning of
3278 # August, and will now enter daylight saving time again on 2011-08-30
3279 # 00:00 (so two periods of DST in 2011). The pause was because of
3282 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=416217
3284 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html
3286 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-08-27):
3287 # According to the article in The Jerusalem Post:
3288 # "...Earlier this month, the Palestinian government in the West Bank decided to
3289 # move to standard time for 30 days, during Ramadan. The Palestinians in the
3290 # Gaza Strip accepted the change and also moved their clocks one hour back.
3291 # The Hamas government said on Saturday that it won't observe summertime after
3292 # the Muslim feast of Id al-Fitr, which begins on Tuesday..."
3294 # https://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
3295 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip05.html
3296 # The rules for Egypt are stolen from the 'africa' file.
3298 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-09-30):
3299 # West Bank did end Daylight Saving Time this morning/midnight (2011-09-30
3301 # So West Bank and Gaza now have the same time again.
3303 # Many sources, including:
3304 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=424808
3306 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
3307 # Palestinian news sources tell that both Gaza and West Bank will start DST
3308 # on Friday (Thursday midnight, 2012-03-29 24:00).
3309 # Some of many sources in Arabic:
3310 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=122638
3312 # http://safa.ps/details/news/74352/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9.html
3314 # Our brief summary:
3315 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html
3317 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-26):
3318 # The following news sources tells that Palestine will "start daylight saving
3319 # time from midnight on Friday, March 29, 2013" (translated).
3320 # [These are in Arabic and are for Gaza and for Ramallah, respectively.]
3321 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=154120
3322 # http://safa.ps/details/news/99844/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-29-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.html
3324 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-24):
3325 # The Gaza and West Bank are ending DST Thursday at midnight
3326 # (2013-09-27 00:00:00) (one hour earlier than last year...).
3327 # This source in English, says "that winter time will go into effect
3328 # at midnight on Thursday in the West Bank and Gaza Strip":
3329 # http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=23246
3330 # official source...:
3331 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/ar/Views/ViewDetails.aspx?pid=1252
3333 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-03-03):
3334 # Sources such as http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/548257
3335 # and https://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will
3336 # start DST on 2015-03-28 00:00 which is one day later than expected.
3338 # From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
3339 # https://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014
3340 # says that the fall 2014 transition was Oct 23 at 24:00.
3342 # From Hannah Kreitem (2016-03-09):
3343 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/ar/ViewDetails?ID=31728
3344 # [Google translation]: "The Council also decided to start daylight
3345 # saving in Palestine as of one o'clock on Saturday morning,
3346 # 2016-03-26, to provide the clock 60 minutes ahead."
3348 # From Sharef Mustafa (2016-10-19):
3349 # [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on
3350 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/Upload/Decree/GOV_17/16032016134830.pdf
3351 # states that summer time will end on Oct 29th at 01:00.
3353 # From Sharef Mustafa (2018-03-16):
3354 # Palestine summer time will start on Mar 24th 2018 ...
3355 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e7a42ab7-ee23-435a-b9c8-a4f7e81f3817
3357 # From Even Scharning (2019-03-23):
3358 # http://pnn.ps/news/401130
3359 # http://palweather.ps/ar/node/50136.html
3361 # From Sharif Mustafa (2019-03-26):
3362 # The Palestinian cabinet announced today that the switch to DST will
3363 # be on Fri Mar 29th 2019 by advancing the clock by 60 minutes.
3364 # http://palestinecabinet.gov.ps/Website/AR/NDecrees/ViewFile.ashx?ID=e54e9ea1-50ee-4137-84df-0d6c78da259b
3366 # From Even Scharning (2019-04-10):
3367 # Our source in Palestine said it happened Friday 29 at 00:00 local time....
3369 # From Sharef Mustafa (2019-10-18):
3370 # Palestine summer time will end on midnight Oct 26th 2019 ...
3372 # From Steffen Thorsen (2020-10-20):
3373 # Some sources such as these say, and display on clocks, that DST ended at
3374 # midnight last year...
3375 # https://www.amad.ps/ar/post/320006
3377 # From Tim Parenti (2020-10-20):
3378 # The report of the Palestinian Cabinet meeting of 2019-10-14 confirms
3379 # a decision on (translated): "The start of the winter time in Palestine, by
3380 # delaying the clock by sixty minutes, starting from midnight on Friday /
3381 # Saturday corresponding to 26/10/2019."
3382 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/43948
3384 # From Sharef Mustafa (2020-10-20):
3385 # As per the palestinian cabinet announcement yesterday , the day light saving
3386 # shall [end] on Oct 24th 2020 at 01:00AM by delaying the clock by 60 minutes.
3387 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/Meeting/Details/51584
3389 # From Pierre Cashon (2020-10-20):
3390 # The summer time this year started on March 28 at 00:00.
3391 # https://wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=GveQNZa872839351758aGveQNZ
3392 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/50284
3393 # The winter time in 2015 started on October 23 at 01:00.
3394 # https://wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=CgpCdYa670694628582aCgpCdY
3395 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/27583
3397 # From Paul Eggert (2019-04-10):
3398 # For now, guess spring-ahead transitions are at 00:00 on the Saturday
3399 # preceding March's last Sunday (i.e., Sat>=24).
3401 # From P Chan (2021-10-18):
3402 # http://wafa.ps/Pages/Details/34701
3403 # Palestine winter time will start from midnight 2021-10-29 (Thursday-Friday).
3405 # From Heba Hemad, Palestine Ministry of Telecom & IT (2021-10-20):
3406 # ... winter time will begin in Palestine from Friday 10-29, 01:00 AM
3407 # by 60 minutes backwards.
3409 # From Tim Parenti (2021-10-25), per Paul Eggert (2021-10-24):
3410 # Guess future fall transitions at 01:00 on the Friday preceding October's
3411 # last Sunday (i.e., Fri>=23), as this is more consistent with recent practice.
3413 # From Heba Hamad (2022-03-10):
3414 # summer time will begin in Palestine from Sunday 03-27-2022, 00:00 AM.
3416 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3417 Rule EgyptAsia 1957 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
3418 Rule EgyptAsia 1957 1958 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3419 Rule EgyptAsia 1958 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3420 Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1967 - May 1 1:00 1:00 S
3421 Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1965 - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
3422 Rule EgyptAsia 1966 only - Oct 1 3:00 0 -
3424 Rule Palestine 1999 2005 - Apr Fri>=15 0:00 1:00 S
3425 Rule Palestine 1999 2003 - Oct Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
3426 Rule Palestine 2004 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
3427 Rule Palestine 2005 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
3428 Rule Palestine 2006 2007 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3429 Rule Palestine 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
3430 Rule Palestine 2007 only - Sep 13 2:00 0 -
3431 Rule Palestine 2008 2009 - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3432 Rule Palestine 2008 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
3433 Rule Palestine 2009 only - Sep 4 1:00 0 -
3434 Rule Palestine 2010 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3435 Rule Palestine 2010 only - Aug 11 0:00 0 -
3436 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Apr 1 0:01 1:00 S
3437 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
3438 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 30 0:00 1:00 S
3439 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
3440 Rule Palestine 2012 2014 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
3441 Rule Palestine 2012 only - Sep 21 1:00 0 -
3442 Rule Palestine 2013 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
3443 Rule Palestine 2014 only - Oct 24 0:00 0 -
3444 Rule Palestine 2015 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
3445 Rule Palestine 2015 only - Oct 23 1:00 0 -
3446 Rule Palestine 2016 2018 - Mar Sat>=24 1:00 1:00 S
3447 Rule Palestine 2016 2018 - Oct Sat>=24 1:00 0 -
3448 Rule Palestine 2019 only - Mar 29 0:00 1:00 S
3449 Rule Palestine 2019 only - Oct Sat>=24 0:00 0 -
3450 Rule Palestine 2020 2021 - Mar Sat>=24 0:00 1:00 S
3451 Rule Palestine 2020 only - Oct 24 1:00 0 -
3452 Rule Palestine 2021 max - Oct Fri>=23 1:00 0 -
3453 Rule Palestine 2022 max - Mar Sun>=25 0:00 1:00 S
3455 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3456 Zone Asia/Gaza 2:17:52 - LMT 1900 Oct
3457 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15
3458 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
3460 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
3461 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2008 Aug 29 0:00
3463 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2010
3464 2:00 - EET 2010 Mar 27 0:01
3465 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2011 Aug 1
3467 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
3469 Zone Asia/Hebron 2:20:23 - LMT 1900 Oct
3470 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15
3471 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
3473 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
3474 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
3481 # From Paul Eggert (2018-11-18):
3482 # The Spanish initially used American (west-of-Greenwich) time.
3483 # It is unknown what time Manila kept when the British occupied it from
3484 # 1762-10-06 through 1764-04; for now assume it kept American time.
3485 # On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the
3486 # Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
3487 # be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
3488 # History of the International Date Line
3489 # https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
3490 # The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
3492 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
3493 # ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
3494 # http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
3495 # [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
3498 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
3499 # The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
3500 # March-June, but this is not definite. It also says DST was last proclaimed
3501 # during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
3502 # Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
3503 # Philippine Star 2014-08-05
3504 # http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
3506 # From Paul Goyette (2018-06-15):
3507 # In the Philippines, there is a national law, Republic Act No. 10535
3508 # which declares the official time here as "Philippine Standard Time".
3509 # The act [1] even specifies use of PST as the abbreviation, although
3510 # the FAQ provided by PAGASA [2] uses the "acronym PhST to distinguish
3511 # it from the Pacific Standard Time (PST)."
3512 # [1] http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10535/
3513 # [2] https://www1.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/astronomy/philippine-standard-time#republic-act-10535
3515 # From Paul Eggert (2018-06-19):
3516 # I surveyed recent news reports, and my impression is that "PST" is
3517 # more popular among reliable English-language news sources. This is
3518 # not just a measure of Google hit counts: it's also the sizes and
3519 # influence of the sources. There is no current abbreviation for DST,
3520 # so use "PDT", the usual American style.
3522 # From P Chan (2021-05-10):
3523 # Here's a fairly comprehensive article in Japanese:
3524 # https://wiki.suikawiki.org/n/Philippine%20Time
3525 # From Paul Eggert (2021-05-10):
3526 # The info in the Japanese table has not been absorbed (yet) below.
3528 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3529 Rule Phil 1936 only - Nov 1 0:00 1:00 D
3530 Rule Phil 1937 only - Feb 1 0:00 0 S
3531 Rule Phil 1954 only - Apr 12 0:00 1:00 D
3532 Rule Phil 1954 only - Jul 1 0:00 0 S
3533 Rule Phil 1978 only - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
3534 Rule Phil 1978 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
3535 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3536 Zone Asia/Manila -15:56:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
3537 8:04:00 - LMT 1899 May 11
3538 8:00 Phil P%sT 1942 May
3543 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3544 Zone Asia/Qatar 3:26:08 - LMT 1920 # Al Dawhah / Doha
3547 Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
3551 # From Paul Eggert (2018-08-29):
3552 # Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
3553 # standardized until 1968 or so; we don't know exactly when, and possibly it
3554 # has never been made official. Richard P Hunt, in "Islam city yielding to
3555 # modern times", New York Times (1961-04-09), p 20, wrote that only airlines
3556 # observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
3557 # time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
3558 # o'clock for "Arab" time).
3560 # Timekeeping differed depending on who you were and which part of Saudi
3561 # Arabia you were in. In 1969, Elias Antar wrote that although a common
3562 # practice had been to set one's watch to 12:00 (i.e., midnight) at sunset -
3563 # which meant that the time on one side of a mountain could differ greatly from
3564 # the time on the other side - many foreigners set their watches to 6pm
3565 # instead, while airlines instead used UTC +03 (except in Dhahran, where they
3566 # used UTC +04), Aramco used UTC +03 with DST, and the Trans-Arabian Pipe Line
3567 # Company used Aramco time in eastern Saudi Arabia and airline time in western.
3568 # (The American Military Aid Advisory Group used plain UTC.) Antar writes,
3569 # "A man named Higgins, so the story goes, used to run a local power
3570 # station. One day, the whole thing became too much for Higgins and he
3571 # assembled his staff and laid down the law. 'I've had enough of this,' he
3572 # shrieked. 'It is now 12 o'clock Higgins Time, and from now on this station is
3573 # going to run on Higgins Time.' And so, until last year, it did." See:
3574 # Antar E. Dinner at When? Saudi Aramco World, 1969 March/April. 2-3.
3575 # http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/196902/dinner.at.when.htm
3576 # Also see: Antar EN. Arabian flying is confusing.
3577 # Port Angeles (WA) Evening News. 1965-03-10. page 3.
3579 # The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
3580 # we can do. The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
3581 # Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
3582 # a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
3583 # Jidda, on March 14, 1947". Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
3586 # Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
3587 # time zones; the other zone, at UT +04, was in the far eastern part of
3588 # the country. Presumably this is documenting airline time. Ignore this,
3589 # as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
3591 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3592 Zone Asia/Riyadh 3:06:52 - LMT 1947 Mar 14
3594 Link Asia/Riyadh Antarctica/Syowa
3595 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden # Yemen
3596 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait
3599 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
3600 # https://web.archive.org/web/20190822231045/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/~mathelmr/teaching/timezone.html
3601 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3602 Zone Asia/Singapore 6:55:25 - LMT 1901 Jan 1
3603 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T.
3604 7:00 - +07 1933 Jan 1
3605 7:00 0:20 +0720 1936 Jan 1
3606 7:20 - +0720 1941 Sep 1
3607 7:30 - +0730 1942 Feb 16
3608 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
3609 7:30 - +0730 1982 Jan 1
3617 # From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
3618 # Milne says "Madras mean time use from May 1, 1898. Prior to this Colombo
3619 # mean time, 5h. 4m. 21.9s. F., was used." But 5:04:21.9 differs considerably
3620 # from Colombo's meridian 5:19:24, so for now ignore Milne and stick with
3621 # Shanks and Pottenger.
3623 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
3624 # "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout"
3625 # (<http://www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html>, 1996-05-24,
3626 # no longer available as of 1999-08-17)
3627 # reported "the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
3628 # midnight Friday (1830 GMT) 'in the light of the present power crisis'."
3630 # From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
3631 # by Shamindra in Daily News - Hot News Section
3632 # <news:54rka5$m5h@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net> (1996-10-26):
3633 # With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996
3634 # Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT.
3636 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
3637 # <http://news.sinhalaya.com/wmview.php?ArtID=11002> (2006-04-13):
3638 # 0030 hrs on April 15, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006 +30 minutes)
3639 # at present, become 2400 hours of April 14, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006).
3641 # From Peter Apps and Ranga Sirila of Reuters (2006-04-12) in:
3642 # http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=scienceNews&storyID=2006-04-12T172228Z_01_COL295762_RTRIDST_0_SCIENCE-SRILANKA-TIME-DC.XML
3643 # [The Tamil Tigers] never accepted the original 1996 time change and simply
3644 # kept their clocks set five and a half hours ahead of Greenwich Mean
3645 # Time (GMT), in line with neighbor India.
3646 # From Paul Eggert (2006-04-18):
3647 # People who live in regions under Tamil control can use [TZ='Asia/Kolkata'],
3648 # as that zone has agreed with the Tamil areas since our cutoff date of 1970.
3650 # From Sadika Sumanapala (2016-10-19):
3651 # According to http://www.sltime.org (maintained by Measurement Units,
3652 # Standards & Services Department, Sri Lanka) abbreviation for Sri Lanka
3653 # standard time is SLST.
3655 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-18):
3656 # "SLST" seems to be reasonably recent and rarely-used outside time
3657 # zone nerd sources. I searched Google News and found three uses of
3658 # it in the International Business Times of India in February and
3659 # March of this year when discussing cricket match times, but nothing
3660 # since then (though there has been a lot of cricket) and nothing in
3661 # other English-language news sources. Our old abbreviation "LKT" is
3662 # even worse. For now, let's use a numeric abbreviation; we can
3663 # switch to "SLST" if it catches on.
3665 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3666 Zone Asia/Colombo 5:19:24 - LMT 1880
3667 5:19:32 - MMT 1906 # Moratuwa Mean Time
3668 5:30 - +0530 1942 Jan 5
3669 5:30 0:30 +06 1942 Sep
3670 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 16 2:00
3671 5:30 - +0530 1996 May 25 0:00
3672 6:30 - +0630 1996 Oct 26 0:30
3673 6:00 - +06 2006 Apr 15 0:30
3677 # Rule NAME FROM TO - IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3678 Rule Syria 1920 1923 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
3679 Rule Syria 1920 1923 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
3680 Rule Syria 1962 only - Apr 29 2:00 1:00 S
3681 Rule Syria 1962 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3682 Rule Syria 1963 1965 - May 1 2:00 1:00 S
3683 Rule Syria 1963 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
3684 Rule Syria 1964 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3685 Rule Syria 1965 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
3686 Rule Syria 1966 only - Apr 24 2:00 1:00 S
3687 Rule Syria 1966 1976 - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3688 Rule Syria 1967 1978 - May 1 2:00 1:00 S
3689 Rule Syria 1977 1978 - Sep 1 2:00 0 -
3690 Rule Syria 1983 1984 - Apr 9 2:00 1:00 S
3691 Rule Syria 1983 1984 - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3692 Rule Syria 1986 only - Feb 16 2:00 1:00 S
3693 Rule Syria 1986 only - Oct 9 2:00 0 -
3694 Rule Syria 1987 only - Mar 1 2:00 1:00 S
3695 Rule Syria 1987 1988 - Oct 31 2:00 0 -
3696 Rule Syria 1988 only - Mar 15 2:00 1:00 S
3697 Rule Syria 1989 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
3698 Rule Syria 1989 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
3699 Rule Syria 1990 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 S
3700 Rule Syria 1990 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
3701 Rule Syria 1991 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3702 Rule Syria 1991 1992 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3703 Rule Syria 1992 only - Apr 8 0:00 1:00 S
3704 Rule Syria 1993 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3705 Rule Syria 1993 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 -
3706 # IATA SSIM (1998-02) says 1998-04-02;
3707 # (1998-09) says 1999-03-29 and 1999-09-29; (1999-02) says 1999-04-02,
3708 # 2000-04-02, and 2001-04-02; (1999-09) says 2000-03-31 and 2001-03-31;
3709 # (2006) says 2006-03-31 and 2006-09-22;
3710 # for now ignore all these claims and go with Shanks & Pottenger,
3711 # except for the 2006-09-22 claim (which seems right for Ramadan).
3712 Rule Syria 1994 1996 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3713 Rule Syria 1994 2005 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3714 Rule Syria 1997 1998 - Mar lastMon 0:00 1:00 S
3715 Rule Syria 1999 2006 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3716 # From Stephen Colebourne (2006-09-18):
3717 # According to IATA data, Syria will change DST on 21st September [21:00 UTC]
3718 # this year [only].... This is probably related to Ramadan, like Egypt.
3719 Rule Syria 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
3720 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-29):
3721 # Today the AP reported "Syria will switch to summertime at midnight Thursday."
3722 # http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/29/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Time-Change.php
3723 Rule Syria 2007 only - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3724 # From Jesper Nørgaard (2007-10-27):
3725 # The sister center ICARDA of my work CIMMYT is confirming that Syria DST will
3726 # not take place 1st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1st November at 24:00 or
3727 # rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sense than
3728 # having it between Wednesday and Thursday (two workdays in Syria) since the
3729 # weekend in Syria is not Saturday and Sunday, but Friday and Saturday. So now
3730 # it is implemented at midnight of the last workday before weekend...
3732 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-27):
3733 # Jesper Nørgaard Welen wrote:
3735 # > "Winter local time in Syria will be observed at midnight of Thursday 1
3736 # > November 2007, and the clock will be put back 1 hour."
3738 # I found confirmation on this in this gov.sy-article (Arabic):
3739 # http://wehda.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=12521710520070926111247
3741 # which using Google's translate tools says:
3742 # Council of Ministers also approved the commencement of work on
3743 # identifying the winter time as of Friday, 2/11/2007 where the 60th
3744 # minute delay at midnight Thursday 1/11/2007.
3745 Rule Syria 2007 only - Nov Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
3747 # From Stephen Colebourne (2008-03-17):
3748 # For everyone's info, I saw an IATA time zone change for [Syria] for
3749 # this month (March 2008) in the last day or so....
3750 # Country Time Standard --- DST Start --- --- DST End --- DST
3751 # Name Zone Variation Time Date Time Date
3754 # Republic SY +0200 2200 03APR08 2100 30SEP08 +0300
3755 # 2200 02APR09 2100 30SEP09 +0300
3756 # 2200 01APR10 2100 30SEP10 +0300
3758 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-17):
3759 # Here's a link to English-language coverage by the Syrian Arab News
3761 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2008/03/11/165173.htm
3762 # ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
3763 # Ministry of Electricity to begin daylight savings time on Friday April
3764 # 4th, advancing clocks one hour ahead on midnight of Thursday April 3rd."
3765 # Since Syria is two hours east of UTC, the 2200 and 2100 transition times
3766 # shown above match up with midnight in Syria.
3768 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
3769 # My best guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
3770 # coding that involves either using a "Mar Fri>=29" construct that old time zone
3771 # compilers can't handle or having multiple Rules (a la Israel).
3772 # For now, use "Apr Fri>=1", and go with IATA on a uniform Sep 30 end.
3774 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-10-07):
3775 # Syria has now officially decided to end DST on 2008-11-01 this year,
3776 # according to the following article in the Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA).
3778 # The article is in Arabic, and seems to tell that they will go back to
3779 # winter time on 2008-11-01 at 00:00 local daylight time (delaying/setting
3780 # clocks back 60 minutes).
3782 # http://sana.sy/ara/2/2008/10/07/195459.htm
3784 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-19):
3785 # Syria will start DST on 2009-03-27 00:00 this year according to many sources,
3788 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2009/03/17/217563.htm
3789 # (English, Syrian Arab News # Agency)
3790 # http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_View_news2.asp?FileName=94459258720090318012209
3791 # (Arabic, gov-site)
3793 # We have not found any sources saying anything about when DST ends this year.
3796 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html
3798 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-27):
3799 # The Syrian Arab News Network on 2009-09-29 reported that Syria will
3800 # revert back to winter (standard) time on midnight between Thursday
3801 # 2009-10-29 and Friday 2009-10-30:
3802 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2009/09/29/247012.htm (Arabic)
3804 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
3805 # We'll see if future DST switching times turn out to be end of the last
3806 # Thursday of the month or the start of the last Friday of the month or
3807 # something else. For now, use the start of the last Friday.
3809 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-17):
3810 # The "Syrian News Station" reported on 2010-03-16 that the Council of
3811 # Ministers has decided that Syria will start DST on midnight Thursday
3812 # 2010-04-01: (midnight between Thursday and Friday):
3813 # http://sns.sy/sns/?path=news/read/11421 (Arabic)
3815 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
3816 # Today, Syria's government announced that they will start DST early on Friday
3817 # (00:00). This is a bit earlier than the past two years.
3819 # From Syrian Arab News Agency, in Arabic:
3820 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/03/26/408215.htm
3822 # Our brief summary:
3823 # https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
3825 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-27):
3826 # Assume last Friday in March going forward XXX.
3828 Rule Syria 2008 only - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3829 Rule Syria 2008 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
3830 Rule Syria 2009 only - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3831 Rule Syria 2010 2011 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3832 Rule Syria 2012 max - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
3833 Rule Syria 2009 max - Oct lastFri 0:00 0 -
3835 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3836 Zone Asia/Damascus 2:25:12 - LMT 1920 # Dimashq
3840 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
3841 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3842 Zone Asia/Dushanbe 4:35:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
3843 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
3844 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3845 5:00 1:00 +05/+06 1991 Sep 9 2:00s
3849 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3850 Zone Asia/Bangkok 6:42:04 - LMT 1880
3851 6:42:04 - BMT 1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time
3853 Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Phnom_Penh # Cambodia
3854 Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Vientiane # Laos
3857 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
3858 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3859 Zone Asia/Ashgabat 3:53:32 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ashkhabad
3860 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
3861 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3862 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00
3865 # United Arab Emirates
3866 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3867 Zone Asia/Dubai 3:41:12 - LMT 1920
3869 Link Asia/Dubai Asia/Muscat # Oman
3872 # Byalokoz 1919 says Uzbekistan was 4:27:53.
3873 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3874 Zone Asia/Samarkand 4:27:53 - LMT 1924 May 2
3875 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
3876 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
3877 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
3878 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
3879 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992
3881 # Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8; round to nearest.
3882 Zone Asia/Tashkent 4:37:11 - LMT 1924 May 2
3883 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
3884 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3885 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992
3890 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-04):
3891 # Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
3892 # used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam. But this is quite a ways
3893 # from Saigon's location. For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
3894 # and Pottenger for LMT before 1906.
3896 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
3897 # The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
3898 # City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
3900 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-21) after a heads-up from Trần Ngọc Quân:
3901 # Trần Tiến Bình's authoritative book "Lịch Việt Nam: thế kỷ XX-XXI (1901-2100)"
3902 # (Nhà xuất bản Văn Hoá - Thông Tin, Hanoi, 2005), pp 49-50,
3903 # is quoted verbatim in:
3904 # http://www.thoigian.com.vn/?mPage=P80D01
3905 # is translated by Brian Inglis in:
3906 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021654.html
3907 # and is the basis for the information below.
3909 # The 1906 transition was effective July 1 and standardized Indochina to
3910 # Phù Liễn Observatory, legally 104° 17' 17" east of Paris.
3911 # It's unclear whether this meant legal Paris Mean Time (00:09:21) or
3912 # the Paris Meridian (2° 20' 14.03" E); the former yields 07:06:30.1333...
3913 # and the latter 07:06:29.333... so either way it rounds to 07:06:30,
3914 # which is used below even though the modern-day Phù Liễn Observatory
3915 # is closer to 07:06:31. Abbreviate Phù Liễn Mean Time as PLMT.
3917 # The following transitions occurred in Indochina in general (before 1954)
3918 # and in South Vietnam in particular (after 1954):
3919 # To 07:00 on 1911-05-01.
3920 # To 08:00 on 1942-12-31 at 23:00.
3921 # To 09:00 on 1945-03-14 at 23:00.
3922 # To 07:00 on 1945-09-02 in Vietnam.
3923 # To 08:00 on 1947-04-01 in French-controlled Indochina.
3924 # To 07:00 on 1955-07-01 in South Vietnam.
3925 # To 08:00 on 1959-12-31 at 23:00 in South Vietnam.
3926 # To 07:00 on 1975-06-13 in South Vietnam.
3928 # Trần cites the following sources; it's unclear which supplied the info above.
3930 # Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội,
3931 # No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
3933 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch và niên biểu lịch sử hai mươi thế kỷ (0001-2010)",
3934 # NXB Thống kê, Hanoi, 2000.
3936 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch hai thế kỷ (1802-2010) và các lịch vĩnh cửu",
3937 # NXB Thuận Hoá, Huế, 1995.
3939 # Zone NAME STDOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3940 Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh 7:06:40 - LMT 1906 Jul 1
3941 7:06:30 - PLMT 1911 May 1 # Phù Liễn MT
3942 7:00 - +07 1942 Dec 31 23:00
3943 8:00 - +08 1945 Mar 14 23:00
3944 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 2
3945 7:00 - +07 1947 Apr 1
3946 8:00 - +08 1955 Jul 1
3947 7:00 - +07 1959 Dec 31 23:00
3948 8:00 - +08 1975 Jun 13
3951 # From Paul Eggert (2019-02-19):
3953 # The Ho Chi Minh entry suffices for most purposes as it agrees with all of
3954 # Vietnam since 1975-06-13. Presumably clocks often changed in south Vietnam
3955 # in the early 1970s as locations changed hands during the war; however the
3956 # details are unknown and would likely be too voluminous for this database.
3958 # For timestamps in north Vietnam back to 1970 (the tzdb cutoff),
3959 # use Asia/Bangkok; see the VN entries in the file zone1970.tab.
3960 # For timestamps before 1970, see Asia/Hanoi in the file 'backzone'.