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28 .\" @(#)tunefs.8 8.2 (Berkeley) 12/11/93
29 .\" $FreeBSD: src/sbin/tunefs/tunefs.8,v 1.11.2.6 2003/01/23 11:14:02 maxim Exp $
30 .\" $DragonFly: src/sbin/tunefs/tunefs.8,v 1.3 2006/02/17 19:33:33 swildner Exp $
37 .Nd tune up an existing UFS filesystem
44 .Op Fl f Ar avgfilesize
47 .Op Fl n Cm enable | disable
48 .Op Fl o Cm space | time
51 .Brq Ar special | filesystem
54 is designed to change the dynamic parameters of a filesystem
55 which affect the layout policies.
56 The parameters which are to be changed are indicated by the flags
58 .Bl -tag -width indent
60 The filesystem has several backups of the super-block.
62 this option will cause all backups to be modified as well as the
64 This is potentially dangerous - use with caution.
66 Specify the maximum number of contiguous blocks that will
67 be laid out before forcing a rotational delay (see
70 The default value is one, since most device drivers require
71 an interrupt per disk transfer.
72 Device drivers that can chain several buffers together in a single
73 transfer should set this to the maximum chain length.
75 Specify the expected time (in milliseconds)
76 to service a transfer completion
77 interrupt and initiate a new transfer on the same disk.
78 It is used to decide how much rotational spacing to place between
79 successive blocks in a file.
81 Indicate the maximum number of blocks any single file can
82 allocate out of a cylinder group before it is forced to begin
83 allocating blocks from another cylinder group.
84 Typically this value is set to about one quarter of the total blocks
86 The intent is to prevent any single file from using up all the
87 blocks in a single cylinder group,
88 thus degrading access times for all files subsequently allocated
89 in that cylinder group.
90 The effect of this limit is to cause big files to do long seeks
91 more frequently than if they were allowed to allocate all the blocks
92 in a cylinder group before seeking elsewhere.
93 For filesystems with exclusively large files,
94 this parameter should be set higher.
95 .It Fl f Ar avgfilezsize
96 Specify the expected average file size.
98 Specify the percentage of space held back
99 from normal users; the minimum free space threshold.
100 The default value used is 8%.
101 This value can be set to zero, however up to a factor of three
102 in throughput will be lost over the performance obtained at a 10%
104 Settings of 5% and less force space optimization to
105 always be used which will greatly increase the overhead for file
107 Note that if the value is raised above the current usage level,
108 users will be unable to allocate files until enough files have
109 been deleted to get under the higher threshold.
110 .It Fl n Cm enable | disable
111 Turn on/off soft updates.
112 .It Fl o Cm space | time
113 The filesystem can either try to minimize the time spent
114 allocating blocks, or it can attempt to minimize the space
115 fragmentation on the disk.
116 Optimization for space has much
117 higher overhead for file writes.
118 The kernel normally changes the preference automatically as
119 the percent fragmentation changes on the filesystem.
121 Show a summary of what the current tunable settings
122 are on the selected filesystem.
123 More detailed information can be
128 Specify the expected number of files per directory.
131 .Bl -tag -width /etc/fstab -compact
133 read this to determine the device file for a
134 specified mount point.
146 .%T "A Fast File System for UNIX"
147 .%J "ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2"
151 .%O "(reprinted in the BSD System Manager's Manual, SMM:5)"
159 This program should work on mounted and active filesystems.
160 Because the super-block is not kept in the buffer cache,
161 the changes will only take effect if the program
162 is run on dismounted filesystems.
163 To change the root filesystem, the system must be rebooted
164 after the filesystem is tuned.
165 .\" Take this out and a Unix Demon will dog your steps from now until
166 .\" the time_t's wrap around.
168 You can tune a filesystem, but you can't tune a fish.