2 * Copyright (c) 1983, 1989, 1993, 1994
3 * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
5 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
6 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
8 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
9 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
10 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
11 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
12 * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
13 * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
14 * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
15 * without specific prior written permission.
17 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
18 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
19 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
20 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
21 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
22 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
23 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
24 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
25 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
26 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
29 * @(#) Copyright (c) 1983, 1989, 1993, 1994 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
30 * @(#)newfs.c 8.13 (Berkeley) 5/1/95
31 * $FreeBSD: src/sbin/newfs/newfs.c,v 1.30.2.9 2003/05/13 12:03:55 joerg Exp $
35 * newfs: friendly front end to mkfs
37 #include <sys/param.h>
39 #include <sys/diskslice.h>
40 #include <sys/mount.h>
41 #include <sys/sysctl.h>
43 #include <vfs/ufs/dir.h>
44 #include <vfs/ufs/dinode.h>
45 #include <vfs/ufs/fs.h>
46 #include <vfs/ufs/ufsmount.h>
63 #include <sys/types.h>
71 struct mntopt mopts
[] = {
77 void fatal(const char *fmt
, ...) __dead2
__printflike(1, 2);
79 #define COMPAT /* allow non-labeled disks */
82 * The following two constants set the default block and fragment sizes.
83 * Both constants must be a power of 2 and meet the following constraints:
84 * MINBSIZE <= DESBLKSIZE <= MAXBSIZE
85 * sectorsize <= DESFRAGSIZE <= DESBLKSIZE
86 * DESBLKSIZE / DESFRAGSIZE <= 8
88 #define DFL_FRAGSIZE 2048
89 #define DFL_BLKSIZE 16384
92 * Cylinder groups may have up to many cylinders. The actual
93 * number used depends upon how much information can be stored
94 * on a single cylinder. The default is to use as many as possible
95 * cylinders per group.
97 #define DESCPG 65536 /* desired fs_cpg ("infinity") */
100 * Once upon a time...
101 * ROTDELAY gives the minimum number of milliseconds to initiate
102 * another disk transfer on the same cylinder. It is used in
103 * determining the rotationally optimal layout for disk blocks
104 * within a file; the default of fs_rotdelay is 4ms.
106 * ...but now we make this 0 to disable the rotdelay delay because
107 * modern drives with read/write-behind achieve higher performance
113 * MAXBLKPG determines the maximum number of data blocks which are
114 * placed in a single cylinder group. The default is one indirect
115 * block worth of data blocks.
117 #define MAXBLKPG(bsize) ((bsize) / sizeof(daddr_t))
120 * Each file system has a number of inodes statically allocated.
121 * We allocate one inode slot per NFPI fragments, expecting this
122 * to be far more than we will ever need.
127 * Once upon a time...
128 * For each cylinder we keep track of the availability of blocks at different
129 * rotational positions, so that we can lay out the data to be picked
130 * up with minimum rotational latency. NRPOS is the default number of
131 * rotational positions that we distinguish. With NRPOS of 8 the resolution
132 * of our summary information is 2ms for a typical 3600 rpm drive.
134 * ...but now we make this 1 (which essentially disables the rotational
135 * position table because modern drives with read-ahead and write-behind do
136 * better without the rotational position table.
138 #define NRPOS 1 /* number distinct rotational positions */
141 * About the same time as the above, we knew what went where on the disks.
142 * no longer so, so kill the code which finds the different platters too...
143 * We do this by saying one head, with a lot of sectors on it.
144 * The number of sectors are used to determine the size of a cyl-group.
145 * Kirk suggested one or two meg per "cylinder" so we say two.
147 #define NTRACKS 1 /* number of heads */
148 #define NSECTORS 4096 /* number of sectors */
150 int mfs
; /* run as the memory based filesystem */
151 char *mfs_mtpt
; /* mount point for mfs */
152 struct stat mfs_mtstat
; /* stat prior to mount */
153 int Lflag
; /* add a volume label */
154 int Nflag
; /* run without writing file system */
155 int Oflag
; /* format as an 4.3BSD file system */
156 int Cflag
; /* copy underlying filesystem (mfs only) */
157 int Uflag
; /* enable soft updates for file system */
158 int Eflag
; /* erase contents using TRIM */
159 uint64_t slice_offset
; /* Pysical device slice offset */
160 u_long fssize
; /* file system size */
161 int ntracks
= NTRACKS
; /* # tracks/cylinder */
162 int nsectors
= NSECTORS
; /* # sectors/track */
163 int nphyssectors
; /* # sectors/track including spares */
164 int secpercyl
; /* sectors per cylinder */
165 int trackspares
= -1; /* spare sectors per track */
166 int cylspares
= -1; /* spare sectors per cylinder */
167 int sectorsize
; /* bytes/sector */
168 int realsectorsize
; /* bytes/sector in hardware */
169 int rpm
; /* revolutions/minute of drive */
170 int interleave
; /* hardware sector interleave */
171 int trackskew
= -1; /* sector 0 skew, per track */
172 int headswitch
; /* head switch time, usec */
173 int trackseek
; /* track-to-track seek, usec */
174 int fsize
= 0; /* fragment size */
175 int bsize
= 0; /* block size */
176 int cpg
= DESCPG
; /* cylinders/cylinder group */
177 int cpgflg
; /* cylinders/cylinder group flag was given */
178 int minfree
= MINFREE
; /* free space threshold */
179 int opt
= DEFAULTOPT
; /* optimization preference (space or time) */
180 int density
; /* number of bytes per inode */
181 int maxcontig
= 0; /* max contiguous blocks to allocate */
182 int rotdelay
= ROTDELAY
; /* rotational delay between blocks */
183 int maxbpg
; /* maximum blocks per file in a cyl group */
184 int nrpos
= NRPOS
; /* # of distinguished rotational positions */
185 int avgfilesize
= AVFILESIZ
;/* expected average file size */
186 int avgfilesperdir
= AFPDIR
;/* expected number of files per directory */
187 int bbsize
= BBSIZE
; /* boot block size */
188 int sbsize
= SBSIZE
; /* superblock size */
189 int mntflags
= MNT_ASYNC
; /* flags to be passed to mount */
190 int t_or_u_flag
= 0; /* user has specified -t or -u */
191 caddr_t membase
; /* start address of memory based filesystem */
193 u_char
*volumelabel
= NULL
; /* volume label for filesystem */
199 char mfsdevname
[256];
202 static void usage(void);
203 static void mfsintr(int signo
);
206 main(int argc
, char **argv
)
209 struct disktab geom
; /* disk geometry data */
212 int fsi
= -1, fso
= -1, len
, n
, vflag
;
213 char *s1
, *s2
, *special
;
214 const char *opstring
;
220 bzero(&geom
, sizeof(geom
));
222 if ((progname
= strrchr(*argv
, '/')))
227 if (strstr(progname
, "mfs")) {
233 "L:NCF:T:Ua:b:c:d:e:f:g:h:i:m:o:s:v" :
234 "L:NEOS:T:Ua:b:c:d:e:f:g:h:i:k:l:m:n:o:p:r:s:t:u:vx:";
235 while ((ch
= getopt(argc
, argv
, opstring
)) != -1) {
241 volumelabel
= optarg
;
243 while (isalnum(volumelabel
[++i
]))
245 if (volumelabel
[i
] != '\0')
246 errx(1, "bad volume label. Valid characters are alphanumerics.");
247 if (strlen(volumelabel
) >= MAXVOLLEN
)
248 errx(1, "bad volume label. Length is longer than %d.",
259 Cflag
= 1; /* MFS only */
262 if ((sectorsize
= atoi(optarg
)) <= 0)
263 fatal("%s: bad sector size", optarg
);
277 if ((maxcontig
= atoi(optarg
)) <= 0)
278 fatal("%s: bad maximum contiguous blocks",
282 if ((bsize
= atoi(optarg
)) < MINBSIZE
)
283 fatal("%s: bad block size", optarg
);
286 if ((cpg
= atoi(optarg
)) <= 0)
287 fatal("%s: bad cylinders/group", optarg
);
291 if ((rotdelay
= atoi(optarg
)) < 0)
292 fatal("%s: bad rotational delay", optarg
);
295 if ((maxbpg
= atoi(optarg
)) <= 0)
296 fatal("%s: bad blocks per file in a cylinder group",
300 if ((fsize
= atoi(optarg
)) <= 0)
301 fatal("%s: bad fragment size", optarg
);
304 if ((avgfilesize
= atoi(optarg
)) <= 0)
305 fatal("%s: bad average file size", optarg
);
308 if ((avgfilesperdir
= atoi(optarg
)) <= 0)
309 fatal("%s: bad average files per dir", optarg
);
312 if ((density
= atoi(optarg
)) <= 0)
313 fatal("%s: bad bytes per inode", optarg
);
316 if ((trackskew
= atoi(optarg
)) < 0)
317 fatal("%s: bad track skew", optarg
);
320 if ((interleave
= atoi(optarg
)) <= 0)
321 fatal("%s: bad interleave", optarg
);
324 if ((minfree
= atoi(optarg
)) < 0 || minfree
> 99)
325 fatal("%s: bad free space %%", optarg
);
328 if ((nrpos
= atoi(optarg
)) < 0)
329 fatal("%s: bad rotational layout count",
336 getmntopts(optarg
, mopts
, &mntflags
, 0);
338 if (strcmp(optarg
, "space") == 0)
340 else if (strcmp(optarg
, "time") == 0)
343 fatal("%s: unknown optimization preference: use `space' or `time'", optarg
);
347 if ((trackspares
= atoi(optarg
)) < 0)
348 fatal("%s: bad spare sectors per track",
352 if ((rpm
= atoi(optarg
)) <= 0)
353 fatal("%s: bad revolutions/minute", optarg
);
357 * Unsigned long but limit to long. On 32 bit a
358 * tad under 2G, on 64 bit the upper bound is more
359 * swap space then operand size.
361 * NOTE: fssize is converted from 512 byte sectors
362 * to filesystem block-sized sectors by mkfs XXX.
364 fssize
= strtoul(optarg
, NULL
, 10);
365 if (fssize
== 0 || fssize
> LONG_MAX
)
366 fatal("%s: bad file system size", optarg
);
370 if ((ntracks
= atoi(optarg
)) < 0)
371 fatal("%s: bad total tracks", optarg
);
375 if ((nsectors
= atoi(optarg
)) < 0)
376 fatal("%s: bad sectors/track", optarg
);
382 if ((cylspares
= atoi(optarg
)) < 0)
383 fatal("%s: bad spare sectors per cylinder",
394 if (argc
!= 2 && (mfs
|| argc
!= 1))
398 /* Copy the NetBSD way of faking up a disk label */
399 if (mfs
&& !strcmp(special
, "swap")) {
401 * it's an MFS, mounted on "swap." fake up a label.
404 fso
= -1; /* XXX; normally done below. */
406 geom
.d_media_blksize
= 512;
408 geom
.d_secpertrack
= 64;
409 /* geom.d_ncylinders not used */
410 geom
.d_secpercyl
= 1024;
411 geom
.d_media_blocks
= 16384;
413 geom
.d_interleave
= 1;
419 * If we can't stat the device and the path is relative, try
422 if (stat(special
, &st
) < 0 && special
[0] && special
[0] != '/')
423 asprintf(&special
, "/dev/%s", special
);
426 char sysctl_name
[64];
427 int trim_enabled
= 0;
428 size_t olen
= sizeof(trim_enabled
);
429 char *dev_name
= strdup(special
);
431 dev_name
= strtok(dev_name
+ strlen("/dev/da"),"s");
432 sprintf(sysctl_name
, "kern.cam.da.%s.trim_enabled",
435 if (sysctlbyname(sysctl_name
, &trim_enabled
, &olen
, NULL
, 0) < 0) {
436 printf("Device:%s does not support the TRIM command\n",
441 printf("Erase device option selected, but sysctl (%s) "
442 "is not enabled\n",sysctl_name
);
450 fso
= open(special
, O_WRONLY
);
452 fatal("%s: %s", special
, strerror(errno
));
454 /* Bail if target special is mounted */
455 n
= getmntinfo(&mp
, MNT_NOWAIT
);
457 fatal("%s: getmntinfo: %s", special
, strerror(errno
));
459 len
= sizeof(_PATH_DEV
) - 1;
461 if (strncmp(_PATH_DEV
, s1
, len
) == 0)
465 s2
= mp
->f_mntfromname
;
466 if (strncmp(_PATH_DEV
, s2
, len
) == 0) {
470 if (strcmp(s1
, s2
) == 0 || strcmp(s1
, &s2
[1]) == 0)
471 fatal("%s is mounted on %s",
472 special
, mp
->f_mntonname
);
476 if (mfs
&& disktype
!= NULL
) {
479 if ((dt
= getdisktabbyname(disktype
)) == NULL
)
480 fatal("%s: unknown disk type", disktype
);
483 struct partinfo pinfo
;
486 fatal("null special file name");
487 fsi
= open(special
, O_RDONLY
);
489 fatal("%s: %s", special
, strerror(errno
));
490 if (fstat(fsi
, &st
) < 0)
491 fatal("%s: %s", special
, strerror(errno
));
492 if ((st
.st_mode
& S_IFMT
) != S_IFCHR
&& !mfs
&& !vflag
)
493 printf("%s: %s: not a character-special device\n",
496 if (!mfs
&& disktype
== NULL
)
499 if (ioctl(fsi
, DIOCGPART
, &pinfo
) < 0) {
501 fatal("%s: unable to retrieve geometry "
502 "information", argv
[0]);
505 * fake up geometry data
507 geom
.d_media_blksize
= 512;
509 geom
.d_secpertrack
= 64;
510 geom
.d_secpercyl
= 1024;
511 geom
.d_media_blocks
= st
.st_size
/
512 geom
.d_media_blksize
;
513 geom
.d_media_size
= geom
.d_media_blocks
*
514 geom
.d_media_blksize
;
515 /* geom.d_ncylinders not used */
518 * extract geometry from pinfo
520 geom
.d_media_blksize
= pinfo
.media_blksize
;
521 geom
.d_nheads
= pinfo
.d_nheads
;
522 geom
.d_secpertrack
= pinfo
.d_secpertrack
;
523 geom
.d_secpercyl
= pinfo
.d_secpercyl
;
524 /* geom.d_ncylinders not used */
525 geom
.d_media_blocks
= pinfo
.media_blocks
;
526 geom
.d_media_size
= pinfo
.media_size
;
527 slice_offset
= pinfo
.media_offset
;
529 if (geom
.d_media_blocks
== 0 || geom
.d_media_size
== 0) {
530 fatal("%s: is unavailable", argv
[0]);
532 printf("%s: media size %6.2fMB\n",
533 argv
[0], geom
.d_media_size
/ 1024.0 / 1024.0);
534 if (geom
.d_media_size
/ 512 >= 0x80000000ULL
)
535 fatal("%s: media size is too large for newfs to handle",
540 fssize
= geom
.d_media_blocks
;
541 if ((u_long
)fssize
> geom
.d_media_blocks
&& !mfs
) {
542 fatal("%s: maximum file system size is %" PRIu64
" blocks",
543 argv
[0], geom
.d_media_blocks
);
551 ntracks
= geom
.d_nheads
;
553 fatal("%s: no default #tracks", argv
[0]);
556 nsectors
= geom
.d_secpertrack
;
558 fatal("%s: no default #sectors/track", argv
[0]);
560 if (sectorsize
== 0) {
561 sectorsize
= geom
.d_media_blksize
;
563 fatal("%s: no default sector size", argv
[0]);
565 if (trackskew
== -1) {
566 trackskew
= geom
.d_trackskew
;
570 if (interleave
== 0) {
571 interleave
= geom
.d_interleave
;
576 fsize
= MAX(DFL_FRAGSIZE
, geom
.d_media_blksize
);
578 bsize
= MIN(DFL_BLKSIZE
, 8 * fsize
);
580 * Maxcontig sets the default for the maximum number of blocks
581 * that may be allocated sequentially. With filesystem clustering
582 * it is possible to allocate contiguous blocks up to the maximum
583 * transfer size permitted by the controller or buffering.
586 maxcontig
= MAX(1, MAXPHYS
/ bsize
- 1);
588 density
= NFPI
* fsize
;
589 if (minfree
< MINFREE
&& opt
!= FS_OPTSPACE
) {
590 fprintf(stderr
, "Warning: changing optimization to space ");
591 fprintf(stderr
, "because minfree is less than %d%%\n", MINFREE
);
594 if (trackspares
== -1)
596 nphyssectors
= nsectors
+ trackspares
;
599 secpercyl
= nsectors
* ntracks
- cylspares
;
601 * Only complain if -t or -u have been specified; the default
602 * case (4096 sectors per cylinder) is intended to disagree
603 * with the disklabel.
605 if (t_or_u_flag
&& (uint32_t)secpercyl
!= geom
.d_secpercyl
)
606 fprintf(stderr
, "%s (%d) %s (%u)\n",
607 "Warning: calculated sectors per cylinder", secpercyl
,
608 "disagrees with disk label", geom
.d_secpercyl
);
610 maxbpg
= MAXBLKPG(bsize
);
611 headswitch
= geom
.d_headswitch
;
612 trackseek
= geom
.d_trkseek
;
613 realsectorsize
= sectorsize
;
614 if (sectorsize
!= DEV_BSIZE
) { /* XXX */
615 int secperblk
= sectorsize
/ DEV_BSIZE
;
617 sectorsize
= DEV_BSIZE
;
618 nsectors
*= secperblk
;
619 nphyssectors
*= secperblk
;
620 secpercyl
*= secperblk
;
626 stat(mfs_mtpt
, &mfs_mtstat
) < 0 ||
627 !S_ISDIR(mfs_mtstat
.st_mode
)
629 fatal("mount point not dir: %s", mfs_mtpt
);
632 mkfs(special
, fsi
, fso
, (Cflag
&& mfs
) ? argv
[1] : NULL
);
635 * NOTE: Newfs no longer accesses or attempts to update the
636 * filesystem disklabel.
638 * NOTE: fssize is converted from 512 byte sectors
639 * to filesystem block-sized sectors by mkfs XXX.
646 struct mfs_args args
;
648 bzero(&args
, sizeof(args
));
650 snprintf(mfsdevname
, sizeof(mfsdevname
), "/dev/mfs%d",
652 args
.fspec
= mfsdevname
;
653 args
.export
.ex_root
= -2;
654 if (mntflags
& MNT_RDONLY
)
655 args
.export
.ex_flags
= MNT_EXRDONLY
;
657 args
.export
.ex_flags
= 0;
659 args
.size
= fssize
* fsize
;
661 error
= getvfsbyname("mfs", &vfc
);
662 if (error
&& vfsisloadable("mfs")) {
664 fatal("vfsload(mfs)");
665 endvfsent(); /* flush cache */
666 error
= getvfsbyname("mfs", &vfc
);
669 fatal("mfs filesystem not available");
673 udev
= (253 << 8) | (getpid() & 255) |
674 ((getpid() & ~0xFF) << 8);
675 if (mknod(mfsdevname
, S_IFCHR
| 0700, udev
) < 0)
676 printf("Warning: unable to create %s\n", mfsdevname
);
678 signal(SIGINT
, mfsintr
);
679 if (mount(vfc
.vfc_name
, argv
[1], mntflags
, &args
) < 0)
680 fatal("%s: %s", argv
[1], strerror(errno
));
681 signal(SIGINT
, SIG_DFL
);
691 mfsintr(__unused
int signo
)
694 munmap(membase
, fssize
* fsize
);
704 fatal(const char *fmt
, ...)
709 if (fcntl(STDERR_FILENO
, F_GETFL
) < 0) {
710 openlog(progname
, LOG_CONS
, LOG_DAEMON
);
711 vsyslog(LOG_ERR
, fmt
, ap
);
726 "usage: %s [ -fsoptions ] special-device mount-point\n",
730 "usage: %s [ -fsoptions ] special-device%s\n",
737 fprintf(stderr
, "where fsoptions are:\n");
738 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-C (mfs) Copy the underlying filesystem to the MFS mount\n");
739 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-E erase file system contents using TRIM\n");
740 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-L volume name\n");
742 "\t-N do not create file system, just print out parameters\n");
743 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-O create a 4.3BSD format filesystem\n");
744 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-S sector size\n");
746 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-T disktype\n");
748 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-U enable soft updates\n");
749 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-a maximum contiguous blocks\n");
750 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-b block size\n");
751 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-c cylinders/group\n");
752 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-d rotational delay between contiguous blocks\n");
753 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-e maximum blocks per file in a cylinder group\n");
754 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-f frag size\n");
755 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-g average file size\n");
756 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-h average files per directory\n");
757 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-i number of bytes per inode\n");
758 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-k sector 0 skew, per track\n");
759 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-l hardware sector interleave\n");
760 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-m minimum free space %%\n");
761 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-n number of distinguished rotational positions\n");
762 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-o optimization preference (`space' or `time')\n");
763 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-p spare sectors per track\n");
764 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-s file system size (sectors)\n");
765 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-r revolutions/minute\n");
766 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-t tracks/cylinder\n");
767 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-u sectors/track\n");
769 "\t-v do not attempt to determine partition name from device name\n");
770 fprintf(stderr
, "\t-x spare sectors per cylinder\n");