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31 .\" $FreeBSD: src/usr.sbin/ypserv/ypserv.8,v 1.42 2008/02/03 17:39:37 matteo Exp $
38 .Nd NIS database server
47 is an RPC-based service designed to allow a number of
49 machines to share a common set of configuration files.
51 requiring a system administrator to update several copies of files
57 which tend to require frequent changes in most environments,
59 allows groups of computers to share one set of data which can be
60 updated from a single location.
64 utility is the server that distributes
66 databases to client systems within an
71 domain must have its domainname set to
72 one of the domains served by
77 The clients must also run
79 in order to attach to a particular server, since it is possible to
80 have several servers within a single
84 The databases distributed by
87 .Pa /var/yp/[domainname]
90 is the name of the domain being served.
92 such directories with different domainnames, and you need only one
94 daemon to handle them all.
98 as they are often called,
101 using several system files as source.
102 The database files are in
104 format to help speed retrieval when there are many records involved.
107 the maps are always readable and writable only by root for security
109 Technically this is only necessary for the password
110 maps, but since the data in the other maps can be found in
111 other world-readable files anyway, it does not hurt and it is considered
112 good general practice.
116 utility is started by
118 if it has been enabled in
121 There are some problems associated with distributing a
127 normally only stores encrypted passwords
129 .Pa /etc/master.passwd ,
130 which is readable and writable only by root.
134 map, this security feature would be completely defeated.
136 To make up for this, the
141 .Pa master.passwd.byname
143 .Pa master.passwd.byuid
144 maps in a special way.
145 When the server receives a request to access
146 either of these two maps, it will check the TCP port from which the
147 request originated and return an error if the port number is greater
149 Since only the superuser is allowed to bind to TCP ports
150 with values less than 1024, the server can use this test to determine
151 whether or not the access request came from a privileged user.
152 Any requests made by non-privileged users are therefore rejected.
158 standard C library will only attempt to retrieve
160 .Pa master.passwd.byname
162 .Pa master.passwd.byuid
163 maps for the superuser: if a normal user calls any of these functions,
168 maps will be accessed instead.
169 The latter two maps are constructed by
173 file and stripping out the password fields, and are therefore
174 safe to pass on to unprivileged users.
175 In this way, the shadow password
176 aspect of the protected
178 database is maintained through
181 .Ss Setting Up Master and Slave Servers
183 is a convenient script that will help setup master and slave
187 There are two problems inherent with password shadowing in
191 .Bl -enum -offset indent
194 .Sq TCP port less than 1024
195 test is trivial to defeat for users with
196 unrestricted access to machines on your network (even those machines
204 .No non- Ns Dx Ns / Ns Fx
206 have no support for password shadowing (which is most of them), you
207 will have to disable the password shadowing entirely by uncommenting the
210 .Pa /var/yp/Makefile .
211 This will cause the standard
215 maps to be generated with valid encrypted password fields, which is
216 necessary in order for
217 .No non- Ns Dx Ns / Ns Fx
218 clients to perform user
219 authentication through
223 In general, any remote user can issue an RPC to
225 and retrieve the contents of your
227 maps, provided the remote user
228 knows your domain name.
229 To prevent such unauthorized transactions,
231 supports a feature called
233 which can be used to restrict access to a given set of hosts.
236 will attempt to load the securenets information from a file
238 .Pa /var/yp/securenets .
239 (Note that this path varies depending on the path specified with
242 option, which is explained below.)
243 This file contains entries
244 that consist of a network specification and a network mask separated
248 are considered to be comments.
250 sample securenets file might look like this:
251 .Bd -unfilled -offset indent
252 # allow connections from local host -- mandatory
253 127.0.0.1 255.255.255.255
254 # allow connections from any host
255 # on the 192.168.128.0 network
256 192.168.128.0 255.255.255.0
257 # allow connections from any host
258 # between 10.0.0.0 to 10.0.15.255
259 10.0.0.0 255.255.240.0
264 receives a request from an address that matches one of these rules,
265 it will process the request normally.
266 If the address fails to match
267 a rule, the request will be ignored and a warning message will be
270 .Pa /var/yp/securenets
273 will allow connections from any host.
277 utility also has support for Wietse Venema's
280 This allows the administrator to use the tcpwrapper
282 .Pa ( /etc/hosts.allow
284 .Pa /etc/hosts.deny )
285 for access control instead of
286 .Pa /var/yp/securenets .
288 Note: while both of these access control mechanisms provide some
289 security, they, like the privileged port test, are both vulnerable
293 .Ss NIS v1 compatibility
296 has some support for serving
302 implementation only uses the
304 v2 protocol, however other implementations
305 include support for the v1 protocol for backwards compatibility
309 daemons supplied with these systems will try to establish a binding
312 v1 server even though they may never actually need it (and they may
313 persist in broadcasting in search of one even after they receive a
314 response from a v2 server).
316 support for normal client calls is provided, this version of
318 does not handle v1 map transfer requests; consequently, it cannot
319 be used as a master or slave in conjunction with older
322 only support the v1 protocol.
323 Fortunately, there probably are not any
324 such servers still in use today.
325 .Ss NIS servers that are also NIS clients
326 Care must be taken when running
328 in a multi-server domain where the server machines are also
331 It is generally a good idea to force the servers to
332 bind to themselves rather than allowing them to broadcast bind
333 requests and possibly become bound to each other: strange failure
334 modes can result if one server goes down and
335 others are dependent upon on it.
336 (Eventually all the clients will
337 time out and attempt to bind to other servers, but the delay
338 involved can be considerable and the failure mode is still present
339 since the servers might bind to each other all over again).
343 man page for details on how to force it to bind to a particular
346 The following options are supported by
350 This option affects the way
352 handles yp_match requests for the
359 cannot find an entry for a given host in its hosts maps, it will
360 return an error and perform no further processing.
365 will go one step further: rather than giving up immediately, it
366 will try to resolve the hostname or address using a DNS nameserver
368 If the query is successful,
370 will construct a fake database record and return it to the client,
371 thereby making it seem as though the client's yp_match request
374 This feature is provided for compatibility with SunOS 4.1.x,
375 which has brain-damaged resolver functions in its standard C
376 library that depend on
378 for hostname and address resolution.
381 resolver can be configured to do DNS
382 queries directly, therefore it is not necessary to enable this
383 option when serving only
388 Cause the server to run in debugging mode.
391 reports only unusual errors (access violations, file access failures)
395 In debug mode, the server does not background
396 itself and prints extra status messages to stderr for each
397 request that it receives.
398 Also, while running in debug mode,
400 will not spawn any additional subprocesses as it normally does
401 when handling yp_all requests or doing DNS lookups.
403 often take a fair amount of time to complete and are therefore handled
404 in subprocesses, allowing the parent server process to go on handling
406 This makes it easier to trace the server with
409 Force ypserv to bind to a specific TCP/UDP port, rather than selecting
416 maps are stored under
420 flag may be used to specify an alternate
423 the system administrator to move the map files to a different place
424 within the file system.
427 .Bl -tag -width Pa -compact
428 .It Pa /var/yp/[domainname]/[maps]
432 .It Pa /etc/nsswitch.conf
433 name switch configuration file
434 .It Pa /var/yp/securenets
435 host access control file
442 .Xr rpc.yppasswdd 8 ,
455 .An Bill Paul Aq Mt wpaul@ctr.columbia.edu