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31 .\" @(#)printf.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
32 .\" $FreeBSD: src/usr.bin/printf/printf.1,v 1.37 2010/11/19 12:56:13 jilles Exp $
42 .Ar format Op Ar arguments ...
46 utility formats and prints its arguments, after the first, under control
51 is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain characters,
52 which are simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences which
53 are converted and copied to the standard output, and format specifications,
54 each of which causes printing of the next successive
59 after the first are treated as strings if the corresponding format is
64 otherwise it is evaluated as a C constant, with the following extensions:
66 .Bl -bullet -offset indent -compact
68 A leading plus or minus sign is allowed.
70 If the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is the
72 code of the next character.
75 The format string is reused as often as necessary to satisfy the
77 Any extra format specifications are evaluated with zero or the null
80 Character escape sequences are in backslash notation as defined in the
83 The characters and their meanings
86 .Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
88 Write a <bell> character.
90 Write a <backspace> character.
92 Ignore remaining characters in this string.
94 Write a <form-feed> character.
96 Write a <new-line> character.
98 Write a <carriage return> character.
100 Write a <tab> character.
102 Write a <vertical tab> character.
104 Write a <single quote> character.
106 Write a backslash character.
109 value is the 1-, 2-, or 3-digit
112 Multibyte characters can be constructed using multiple
117 Each format specification is introduced by the percent character
119 The remainder of the format specification includes,
120 in the following order:
122 .It "Zero or more of the following flags:"
126 specifying that the value should be printed in an ``alternate form''.
131 formats, this option has no effect.
134 formats the precision of the number is increased to force the first
135 character of the output string to a zero.
139 format, a non-zero result has the string
147 formats, the result will always contain a decimal point, even if no
148 digits follow the point (normally, a decimal point only appears in the
149 results of those formats if a digit follows the decimal point).
154 formats, trailing zeros are not removed from the result as they
157 A minus sign `\-' which specifies
159 of the output in the indicated field;
161 A `+' character specifying that there should always be
162 a sign placed before the number when using signed formats.
164 A space specifying that a blank should be left before a positive number
166 A `+' overrides a space if both are used;
168 A zero `0' character indicating that zero-padding should be used
169 rather than blank-padding.
170 A `\-' overrides a `0' if both are used;
173 An optional digit string specifying a
175 if the output string has fewer characters than the field width it will
176 be blank-padded on the left (or right, if the left-adjustment indicator
177 has been given) to make up the field width (note that a leading zero
178 is a flag, but an embedded zero is part of a field width);
182 followed by an optional digit string giving a
184 which specifies the number of digits to appear after the decimal point,
189 formats, or the maximum number of characters to be printed
190 from a string; if the digit string is missing, the precision is treated
193 A character which indicates the type of format to use (one of
194 .Cm diouxXfFeEgGaAcsb ) .
195 The uppercase formats differ from their lowercase counterparts only in
196 that the output of the former is entirely in uppercase.
197 The floating-point format specifiers
199 may be prefixed by an
201 to request that additional precision be used, if available.
204 A field width or precision may be
206 instead of a digit string.
209 supplies the field width or precision.
211 The format characters and their meanings are:
216 is printed as a signed decimal (d or i), unsigned octal, unsigned decimal,
217 or unsigned hexadecimal (X or x), respectively.
221 is printed in the style `[\-]ddd.ddd' where the number of d's
222 after the decimal point is equal to the precision specification for
224 If the precision is missing, 6 digits are given; if the precision
225 is explicitly 0, no digits and no decimal point are printed.
226 The values \*[If] and \*[Na] are printed as
234 is printed in the style
237 .Sq Op - Ar d.ddd No \(+- Ar dd
240 is one digit before the decimal point and the number after is equal to
241 the precision specification for the argument; when the precision is
242 missing, 6 digits are produced.
243 The values \*[If] and \*[Na] are printed as
257 whichever gives full precision in minimum space.
263 .Sq Op - Ar h.hhh No \(+- Li p Ar d
265 where there is one digit before the hexadecimal point and the number
266 after is equal to the precision specification for the argument;
267 when the precision is missing, enough digits are produced to convey
268 the argument's exact double-precision floating-point representation.
269 The values \*[If] and \*[Na] are printed as
275 The first character of
279 Characters from the string
281 are printed until the end is reached or until the number of characters
282 indicated by the precision specification is reached; however if the
283 precision is 0 or missing, all characters in the string are printed.
287 but interpret character escapes in backslash notation in the string
289 The permitted escape sequences are slightly different in that
295 Print a `%'; no argument is used.
299 character is defined in the program's locale (category
302 In no case does a non-existent or small field width cause truncation of
303 a field; padding takes place only if the specified field width exceeds
306 Some shells may provide a builtin
308 command which is similar or identical to this utility.
317 behavior of converting arguments of numeric formats not beginning
320 code of the first character is not supported.
329 command is expected to be compatible with the
338 after the standard library function,
341 Since the floating point numbers are translated from
343 to floating-point and
344 then back again, floating-point precision may be lost.
345 (By default, the number is translated to an IEEE-754 double-precision
346 value before being printed.
349 modifier may produce additional precision, depending on the hardware platform.)
352 hexadecimal character constants were deliberately not provided.
354 The escape sequence \e000 is the string terminator.
355 When present in the argument for the
357 format, the argument will be truncated at the \e000 character.
359 Multibyte characters are not recognized in format strings (this is only
362 can appear inside a multibyte character).