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32 .\" @(#)mmap.2 8.4 (Berkeley) 5/11/95
33 .\" $FreeBSD: src/lib/libc/sys/mmap.2,v 1.22.2.12 2002/02/27 03:40:13 dd Exp $
34 .\" $DragonFly: src/lib/libc/sys/mmap.2,v 1.9 2007/05/17 08:19:00 swildner Exp $
41 .Nd allocate memory, or map files or devices into memory
48 .Fn mmap "void *addr" "size_t len" "int prot" "int flags" "int fd" "off_t offset"
52 function causes the pages starting at
54 and continuing for at most
56 bytes to be mapped from the object described by
58 starting at byte offset
62 is not a multiple of the pagesize, the mapped region may extend past the
64 Any such extension beyond the end of the mapped object will be zero-filled.
68 is non-zero, it is used as a hint to the system.
69 (As a convenience to the system, the actual address of the region may differ
70 from the address supplied.)
73 is zero, an address will be selected by the system.
74 The actual starting address of the region is returned.
77 deletes any previous mapping in the allocated address range.
79 The protections (region accessibility) are specified in the
85 .Bl -tag -width PROT_WRITE -compact
87 Pages may not be accessed.
93 Pages may be executed.
98 parameter specifies the type of the mapped object, mapping options and
99 whether modifications made to the mapped copy of the page are private
100 to the process or are to be shared with other references.
101 Sharing, mapping type and options are specified in the
105 the following values:
106 .Bl -tag -width MAP_HASSEMAPHORE
108 Map anonymous memory not associated with any specific file.
109 The file descriptor used for creating
114 parameter is ignored.
116 .\"Mapped from a regular file or character-special device memory.
118 Do not permit the system to select a different address than the one
120 If the specified address cannot be used,
127 must be a multiple of the pagesize.
128 Use of this option is discouraged.
129 .It Dv MAP_HASSEMAPHORE
130 Notify the kernel that the region may contain semaphores and that special
131 handling may be necessary.
133 Region is not included in a core file.
135 Causes data dirtied via this VM map to be flushed to physical media
136 only when necessary (usually by the pager) rather than gratuitously.
137 Typically this prevents the update daemons from flushing pages dirtied
138 through such maps and thus allows efficient sharing of memory across
139 unassociated processes using a file-backed shared memory map. Without
140 this option any VM pages you dirty may be flushed to disk every so often
141 (every 30-60 seconds usually) which can create performance problems if you
142 do not need that to occur (such as when you are using shared file-backed
143 mmap regions for IPC purposes). Note that VM/filesystem coherency is
144 maintained whether you use
146 or not. This option is not portable
149 platforms (yet), though some may implement the same behavior
153 Extending a file with
155 thus creating a big hole, and then filling the hole by modifying a shared
157 can lead to severe file fragmentation.
158 In order to avoid such fragmentation you should always pre-allocate the
159 file's backing store by
161 zero's into the newly extended area prior to modifying the area via your
163 The fragmentation problem is especially sensitive to
165 pages, because pages may be flushed to disk in a totally random order.
167 The same applies when using
169 to implement a file-based shared memory store.
170 It is recommended that you create the backing store by
172 zero's to the backing file rather than
175 You can test file fragmentation by observing the KB/t (kilobytes per
176 transfer) results from an
178 while reading a large file sequentially, e.g. using
179 .Dq Li dd if=filename of=/dev/null bs=32k .
183 function will flush all dirty data and metadata associated with a file,
184 including dirty NOSYNC VM data, to physical media. The
188 system call generally do not flush dirty NOSYNC VM data.
191 system call is obsolete since
193 implements a coherent filesystem buffer cache. However, it may be
194 used to associate dirty VM pages with filesystem buffers and thus cause
195 them to be flushed to physical media sooner rather than later.
197 Modifications are private.
199 Modifications are shared.
201 This option is only available if your system has been compiled with
203 defined when compiling the kernel.
204 This is the default for
212 to enable this option for other architectures.
222 must include at least
227 a memory region that grows to at most
229 bytes in size, starting from the stack top and growing down. The
230 stack top is the starting address returned by the call, plus
232 bytes. The bottom of the stack at maximum growth is the starting
233 address returned by the call.
234 .It Dv MAP_VPAGETABLE
235 Memory accessed via this map is not linearly mapped and will be governed
236 by a virtual page table. The base address of the virtual page table may
241 Virtual page tables work with anonymous memory but there
242 is no way to populate the page table so for all intents and purposes
244 can only be used when mapping file descriptors. Since the kernel will
245 update the VPTE_M bit in the virtual page table, the mapping must R+W
246 even though actual access to the memory will be properly governed by
247 the virtual page table.
249 Addressable backing store is limited by the range supported in the virtual
250 page table entries. The kernel may implement a page table abstraction capable
251 of addressing a larger range within the backing store then could otherwise
252 be mapped into memory.
257 function does not unmap pages, see
259 for further information.
261 The current design does not allow a process to specify the location of
263 In the future we may define an additional mapping type,
266 the file descriptor argument specifies a file or device to which swapping
269 Upon successful completion,
271 returns a pointer to the mapped region.
272 Otherwise, a value of
276 is set to indicate the error.
284 was specified as part of the
288 was not open for reading.
293 were specified as part of the
299 was not open for writing.
302 is not a valid open file descriptor.
305 was specified and the
307 parameter was not page aligned, or part of the desired address space
308 resides out of the valid address space for a user process.
314 was specified and the
316 parameter was not -1.
319 has not been specified and
321 did not reference a regular or character special file.
324 was not page-aligned.
330 was specified and the
332 parameter wasn't available.
334 was specified and insufficient memory was available.
335 The system has reached the per-process mmap limit specified in the
350 is limited to 2GB. Mmapping slightly more than 2GB doesn't work, but
351 it is possible to map a window of size (filesize % 2GB) for file sizes
352 of slightly less than 2G, 4GB, 6GB and 8GB.
354 The limit is imposed for a variety of reasons.
355 Most of them have to do
358 not wanting to use 64 bit offsets in the VM system due to
359 the extreme performance penalty.
362 uses 32bit page indexes and
365 a maximum of 8TB filesizes.
366 It's actually bugs in
367 the filesystem code that causes the limit to be further restricted to
368 1TB (loss of precision when doing blockno calculations).
370 Another reason for the 2GB limit is that filesystem metadata can
371 reside at negative offsets.