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1 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
4 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
5 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
6 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
7 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
9 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
10 #
11 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
12 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
13 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
14 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
15 #
16 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
17 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
18 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
19 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
20 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
21 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
22 #
23 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
24 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
25 #
26 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
27 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
28 #
29 # Other sources occasionally used include:
30 #
31 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
32 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
33 # which I found in the UCLA library.
34 #
35 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
36 # <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
37 # [PDF] (1914-03)
38 #
39 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
40 # <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
41 # "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
42 # may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
43 # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
44 #
45 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
46 # This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
47 # http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
48 # The full Russian citation is:
49 # Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
50 # введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
51 # июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
52 # Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
53 # http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
54 #
55 # Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
56 # History of Summer Time
57 # <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
58 # (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
60 #
61 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
62 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
63 # Corrections are welcome!
64 # std dst 2dst
65 # LMT Local Mean Time
66 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
67 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
68 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
69 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
70 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
71 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
72 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
73 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
74 # 1:00 BST British Standard (1968-1971)
75 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
76 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
77 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
78 # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
80 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
81 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
82 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
83 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
84 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
85 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
86 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
87 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
88 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
89 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
90 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
91 # ...
92 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
93 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
94 # ...
95 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
96 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
97 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
98 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
99 # in the Directive.
102 ###############################################################################
104 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
106 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
107 #
108 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
109 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
110 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
111 # of the text said:
112 #
113 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
114 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
115 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
116 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
117 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
118 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
119 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
120 #
121 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
122 # position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should
123 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
124 #
125 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
127 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
128 #
129 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
130 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
131 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
132 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
133 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
134 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
135 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
136 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
137 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
138 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
139 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
140 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
141 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
142 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
143 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
144 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
145 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
146 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
147 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
148 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
149 #
150 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
151 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
152 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
154 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
155 # The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
156 # informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
157 # Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
158 # New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
159 # whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
160 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
161 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
162 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See:
163 # Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg.
164 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
165 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
166 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
167 # did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
168 #
169 # In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
170 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
171 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
172 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
173 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
174 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
175 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
176 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
177 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
178 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
179 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
180 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
181 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
182 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
183 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
185 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
186 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
187 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
188 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
189 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
190 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
191 # -- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
192 # republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
193 # http://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/finesthour/Vol.01%20No.114.pdf
195 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-08):
196 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
197 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
198 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
199 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
200 # The term "Summer Time" was introduced by Herbert Samuel, Home Secretary; see:
201 # Viscount Samuel. Leisure in a Democracy. Cambridge University Press
202 # ISBN 978-1-107-49471-8 (1949, reissued 2015), p 8.
204 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
205 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
206 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
208 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
209 # From: Jonathan Leffler
210 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
211 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
212 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
214 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
215 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
216 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
217 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
218 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
220 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
221 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
222 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
223 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
225 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
226 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
227 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
228 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
229 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
230 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
231 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
232 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
234 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
235 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
236 # which is to be introduced in May....
237 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
238 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
240 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
241 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
242 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
243 # so we use 'BDST'.
245 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
246 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
247 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
248 # and extending this list, which can be found in
249 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
251 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
252 #
253 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
254 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
255 # http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
256 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
258 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
259 #
260 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
261 #
262 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
263 # are incorrect:
264 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
265 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
266 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
267 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
268 # It actually just had one transition.
269 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
270 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
271 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
272 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
273 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
274 #
275 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
276 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
277 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
278 # conform with Great Britain.
279 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
280 #
281 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
282 # we'll ignore it for now.
283 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
284 #
285 #
286 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
287 # Shanks & Pottenger.
288 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
289 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
290 # to London. For example:
291 #
292 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
293 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
295 # "Countess Markievicz ... claimed that the [1916] abolition of Dublin Mean Time
296 # was among various actions undertaken by the 'English' government that
297 # would 'put the whole country into the SF (Sinn Féin) camp'. She claimed
298 # Irish 'public feeling (was) outraged by forcing of English time on us'."
299 # -- Parsons M. Dublin lost its time zone - and 25 minutes - after 1916 Rising.
300 # Irish Times 2014-10-27.
301 # http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/dublin-lost-its-time-zone-and-25-minutes-after-1916-rising-1.1977411
303 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
304 # Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
305 # These include various relating to legal time, for example:
306 #
307 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
308 #
309 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
310 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
311 #
312 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
313 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
314 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
315 #
316 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
317 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
318 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
319 #
320 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
321 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
322 #
323 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
324 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
325 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
326 #
327 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
328 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
329 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
330 # being GMT+1.)
332 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
333 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
334 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
335 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
336 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
337 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
338 # and Frethun run in CT.
339 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
340 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
341 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
342 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
343 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
344 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
346 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
347 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
348 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive No. 94/21/EC.
349 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
350 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
351 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
352 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
354 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
355 # Summer Time Act, 1916
356 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
357 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
358 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
359 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
360 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
361 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
362 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
363 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
364 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
365 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
366 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
367 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
368 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
369 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
370 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
371 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
372 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
373 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
374 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
375 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
376 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
377 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
378 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
379 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
380 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
381 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
382 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
383 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
384 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
385 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
386 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
387 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
388 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
389 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
390 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
391 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
392 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
393 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
394 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
395 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
396 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
397 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
398 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
399 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
400 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
401 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
402 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
403 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
404 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
405 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
406 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
407 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
408 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
409 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
410 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
411 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
412 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
413 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
414 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
415 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
416 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
417 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
418 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
419 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
420 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
421 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
422 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
423 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
424 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
425 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
426 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
427 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
428 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
429 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
430 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
431 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
432 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
433 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
434 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
435 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
436 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
437 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
438 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
439 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
440 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
441 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
442 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
443 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
444 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
445 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
446 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
447 # (no summer time)
448 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
449 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
450 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
451 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
452 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
453 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
454 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
455 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
456 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
457 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
458 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
459 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
460 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
461 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
462 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
463 #
464 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
466 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
467 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
468 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
469 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
470 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
471 0:00 EU GMT/BST
472 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
473 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
474 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
476 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
477 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
478 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
479 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
480 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
481 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
482 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
483 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
484 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
485 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
486 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
487 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
488 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
489 0:00 EU GMT/IST
491 ###############################################################################
493 # Europe
495 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
496 # Common Market, etc.
498 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
499 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
500 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
501 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
502 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
503 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
504 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
505 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
506 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
507 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
508 # http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
510 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
511 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
512 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
513 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
514 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
515 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
516 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
518 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
519 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
520 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
521 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
522 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
523 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
524 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
525 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
526 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
527 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
528 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
529 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
530 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
531 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
532 #
533 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
534 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
535 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
536 # tz database itself, as seen below:
537 #
538 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
539 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
540 #
541 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
542 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
543 #
544 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
545 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
546 #
547 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
548 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
549 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
550 #
551 # The rule line to be changed is:
552 #
553 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
554 #
555 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
556 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
557 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
558 # affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
559 # CET and MET:
560 #
561 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
562 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
563 #
564 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
565 #
566 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
567 #
568 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
569 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
570 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
571 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
572 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
573 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
574 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
575 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
577 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
578 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
579 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
580 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
581 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
582 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
583 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
586 # Daylight saving time for Russia and the Soviet Union
587 #
588 # The 1917-1921 decree URLs are from Alexander Belopolsky (2016-08-23).
590 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
591 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
592 #
593 # Decree No. 142 (1917-12-22) http://istmat.info/node/28137
594 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
595 #
596 # Decree No. 497 (1918-05-30) http://istmat.info/node/30001
597 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
598 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
599 #
600 # Decree No. 258 (1919-05-29) http://istmat.info/node/37949
601 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
602 #
603 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 0:00u 1:00 MSD
604 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 MSK
605 #
606 # Decree No. 63 (1921-02-03) http://istmat.info/node/45840
607 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 MSD
608 #
609 # Decree No. 121 (1921-03-07) http://istmat.info/node/45949
610 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 +05
611 #
612 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 MSD
613 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
614 # Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
615 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
616 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
617 # Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
618 # Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
619 Rule Russia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
620 Rule Russia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
621 #
622 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
623 # As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
625 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
626 # Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
627 # Ministers of the USSR from 1988-01-04 No. 5 and the Act of the
628 # Council of Ministers of the USSR from 1989-03-14 No. 227.
629 #
630 # I did not find full texts of these acts. For the 1989 one we have
631 # title at http://base.garant.ru/70754136/ :
632 # "About change in calculation of time on the territories of
633 # Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR and Estonian SSR, Astrakhan,
634 # Kaliningrad, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk and Uralsk oblasts".
635 # And http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt appears to
636 # contain quotes from both acts: Since last Sunday of March 1988 rules
637 # of the second time belt are installed in Volgograd and Saratov
638 # oblasts. Since last Sunday of March 1989:
639 # a) Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad oblast:
640 # second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
641 # b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
642 # rules (Moscow time)
643 # c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).
645 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
646 # Unamended version of the act of the
647 # Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
648 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
649 # says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
650 # of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
651 # at 3 hours. It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
653 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
654 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
655 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
656 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
657 #
658 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
659 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
660 #
661 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
662 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
664 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
665 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
666 # to be standard.
668 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
670 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
671 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
672 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
673 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
674 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
676 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
677 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
679 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
680 # The official German names ... are
681 #
682 # Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
683 # Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
684 #
685 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
686 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
687 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
688 #
689 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
690 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
691 # Postfach 3345
692 # D-38023 Braunschweig
693 # phone: +49 531 592-0
694 #
695 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
696 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
697 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
698 #
699 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
700 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
703 # Albania
704 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
705 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
706 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
707 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
708 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
709 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
710 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
711 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
712 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
713 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
714 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
715 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
716 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
717 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
718 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
719 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
720 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
721 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
722 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
723 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
724 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
725 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
726 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
727 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
728 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
729 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
730 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
731 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
732 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
733 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
734 1:00 EU CE%sT
736 # Andorra
737 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
738 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
739 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
740 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
741 1:00 EU CE%sT
743 # Austria
745 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
747 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
748 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
749 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
750 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
751 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
752 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
754 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
755 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
756 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
757 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
758 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
759 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
760 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
761 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
762 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
763 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
764 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
765 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
766 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
767 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
768 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
769 1:00 - CET 1946
770 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
771 1:00 EU CE%sT
773 # Belarus
774 #
775 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
776 # http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
777 # (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
778 # 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
779 # on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
780 # (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
781 #
782 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
783 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
784 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
785 #
786 # Sources (Russian language):
787 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
788 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
789 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
790 #
791 # From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
792 # Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
793 # http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
794 #
795 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
796 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
797 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
798 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
799 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
800 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
801 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
802 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
803 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
804 3:00 - +03
806 # Belgium
807 #
808 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
809 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
810 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
811 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
812 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
813 # pp 8-9.
814 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
815 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
816 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
817 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
818 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
819 #
820 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
821 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
822 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
823 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
824 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
825 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
826 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
827 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
828 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
829 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
830 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
831 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
832 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
833 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
834 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
835 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
836 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
837 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
838 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
839 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
840 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
841 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
842 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
843 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
844 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
845 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
846 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
847 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
848 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
849 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
850 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
851 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
852 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
853 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
854 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
855 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
856 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
857 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
858 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
859 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
860 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
861 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
862 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
863 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
864 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
865 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
866 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
867 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
868 1:00 EU CE%sT
870 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
871 # See Europe/Belgrade.
873 # Bulgaria
874 #
875 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
876 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No. 94/1997) says:
877 # EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
878 # EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
879 #
880 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
881 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
882 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
883 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
884 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
885 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
886 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
887 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
888 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
889 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
890 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
891 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
892 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
893 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 3:00
894 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
895 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
896 2:00 EU EE%sT
898 # Croatia
899 # See Europe/Belgrade.
901 # Cyprus
902 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
904 # Czech Republic / Czechia
905 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
906 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
907 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
908 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
909 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
910 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
911 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
912 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
913 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
914 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
915 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
916 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
917 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
918 1:00 EU CE%sT
919 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
921 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
923 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
924 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
925 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
926 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
927 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
928 #
929 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
930 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
931 #
932 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
933 # in subsequent decrees with the law
934 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
935 #
936 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
937 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
938 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
939 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
940 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
941 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
942 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
943 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
944 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
945 # was suspended on that night):
946 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
948 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
949 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
950 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
952 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
953 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
954 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
956 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
957 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
958 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
959 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
960 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
961 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
962 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
963 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
964 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
965 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
966 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
967 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
968 #
969 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
970 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
971 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
972 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
973 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
974 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
975 1:00 EU CE%sT
976 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
977 0:00 - WET 1981
978 0:00 EU WE%sT
979 #
980 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
981 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
982 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
983 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
984 #
985 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
986 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
987 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
988 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
989 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
990 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
992 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
993 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
994 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
995 #
996 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
997 # is according to the following time line:
998 #
999 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
1000 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
1001 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
1002 # Danmarkshavn UTC
1003 #
1004 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
1005 # introduced.
1007 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
1008 #
1009 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
1010 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
1011 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
1012 # info from earlier correspondence.]
1013 #
1014 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
1015 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
1016 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
1017 #
1018 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
1019 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
1020 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
1021 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
1022 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
1023 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
1024 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
1025 #
1026 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
1027 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
1028 #
1029 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
1030 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
1031 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
1032 #
1033 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
1034 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
1035 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
1036 # this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time. This area might be
1037 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
1039 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
1040 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
1041 # there at 2:00 AM.
1043 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1044 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
1045 # the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
1046 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
1047 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
1048 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
1049 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
1051 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
1052 # "Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund" is officially named
1053 # "National Park" by Executive Order:
1054 # http://naalakkersuisut.gl/~/media/Nanoq/Files/Attached%20Files/Engelske-tekster/Legislation/Executive%20Order%20National%20Park.rtf
1055 # It is their only National Park.
1056 #
1057 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1058 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1059 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
1060 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1061 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1062 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
1063 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
1064 #
1065 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1066 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
1067 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1068 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
1069 0:00 - GMT
1070 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
1071 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1072 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
1073 -1:00 EU EG%sT
1074 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1075 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1076 -3:00 EU WG%sT
1077 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1078 -4:00 Thule A%sT
1080 # Estonia
1081 #
1082 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1083 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1084 #
1085 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1086 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1087 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1088 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1089 #
1090 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1091 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1092 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1093 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1094 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1095 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1096 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1097 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1098 # summer time next spring."
1100 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1101 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1102 # http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
1103 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1104 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
1105 #
1106 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1107 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1108 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1110 # From The Baltic Times <http://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
1111 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1112 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1113 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1114 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1115 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1116 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1117 # after that.
1119 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1120 # Regulation No. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1121 # No. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1122 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1124 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1125 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1126 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1127 #
1128 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1129 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1131 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1132 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1133 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1134 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1135 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1136 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1137 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1138 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1139 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1140 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1141 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1142 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Oct 31 4:00
1143 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1144 2:00 EU EE%sT
1146 # Finland
1148 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1149 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1150 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1152 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1153 #
1154 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1155 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1156 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1157 # according to the central European standards.
1158 #
1159 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1160 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1161 # Finnish) at
1162 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1163 #
1164 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1165 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1166 #
1167 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1168 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1169 #
1170 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1171 # exist tonight."
1173 # From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
1174 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1175 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1176 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1177 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1178 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1179 # mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1180 # On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1181 #
1182 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1183 # Go with Oja over Shanks.
1185 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1186 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S
1187 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 -
1188 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1189 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1191 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1192 # round to nearest.
1194 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1195 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
1196 1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1197 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1198 2:00 EU EE%sT
1200 # Åland Is
1201 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1204 # France
1206 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1207 #
1208 # Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
1209 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1210 #
1211 # Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
1212 # Paris, 1991
1213 #
1214 # Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
1215 # Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
1218 #
1219 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1220 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1221 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1222 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1223 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1224 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1225 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1226 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1227 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1228 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1229 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1230 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1231 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1232 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1233 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1234 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1235 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1236 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1237 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1238 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1239 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1240 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1241 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1242 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1243 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1244 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1245 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1246 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1247 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1248 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1249 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1250 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1251 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1252 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1253 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1254 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1255 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1256 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
1257 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
1258 # Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1259 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1260 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
1261 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1262 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1263 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1264 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1265 # who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1266 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1267 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1268 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1269 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1270 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1271 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1272 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1273 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1274 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1275 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1276 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1277 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1278 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1279 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1280 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1281 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1282 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1283 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1284 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1285 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1286 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1287 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1288 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1289 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1290 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1291 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1292 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1293 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1294 1:00 EU CE%sT
1296 # Germany
1298 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1299 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1300 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1301 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1303 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1304 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1305 # http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
1306 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
1308 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1309 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1310 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1311 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1312 # this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.
1315 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1316 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1317 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1318 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1319 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1320 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1321 # Go with the PTB.
1322 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1323 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1324 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1325 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1326 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1328 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1329 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1330 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1332 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1333 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1334 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1335 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1336 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1337 1:00 EU CE%sT
1339 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1340 # Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1341 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1342 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1343 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1344 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1345 #
1346 # Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
1347 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1349 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1350 # Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1352 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
1354 # Georgia
1355 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1356 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1357 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1359 # Gibraltar
1360 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1361 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1362 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1363 1:00 - CET 1982
1364 1:00 EU CE%sT
1366 # Greece
1367 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1368 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1369 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1370 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1371 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1372 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1373 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1374 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1375 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1376 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1377 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1378 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1379 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1380 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1381 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1382 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1383 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1384 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1385 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1386 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1387 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1388 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1389 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1390 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1391 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1392 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1393 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1394 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1395 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1396 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1397 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1398 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1399 2:00 EU EE%sT
1401 # Hungary
1402 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
1403 # Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
1404 # Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
1405 # National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
1406 # http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
1407 # This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
1408 # & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
1409 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1410 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1411 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1412 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1413 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Nov 24 3:00 0 -
1414 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1415 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1416 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1417 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1418 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1419 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1420 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1421 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1422 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1423 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1424 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1425 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1426 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1427 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1428 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1429 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1430 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1431 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 8
1432 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1433 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1434 1:00 EU CE%sT
1436 # Iceland
1437 #
1438 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1439 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1440 #
1441 # (1993-12-05):
1442 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1443 # Iceland Almanak.
1444 #
1445 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1446 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1447 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1448 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1449 #
1450 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1451 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1452 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1453 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1454 #
1455 # (1993-12-10):
1456 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1457 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1458 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1459 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1460 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1461 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1462 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1463 # might mean something else (???).
1464 #
1465 # From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
1466 # The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
1467 # http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
1468 #
1469 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1470 Rule Iceland 1917 1919 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1471 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1472 Rule Iceland 1918 1919 - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1473 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Mar 19 23:00 1:00 S
1474 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Jun 23 1:00 0 -
1475 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1476 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Oct 29 2:00 0 -
1477 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1478 Rule Iceland 1940 1941 - Nov Sun>=2 1:00s 0 -
1479 Rule Iceland 1941 1942 - Mar Sun>=2 1:00s 1:00 S
1480 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1481 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1482 Rule Iceland 1942 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1483 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1484 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1485 # 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
1486 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1487 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1488 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1489 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1490 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28 - LMT 1908
1491 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1492 0:00 - GMT
1494 # Italy
1495 #
1496 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1497 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1498 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1499 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1500 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1501 # so record only the time in Rome.
1502 #
1503 # From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
1504 # http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
1505 # ... [translated as] "The preceding dispositions will enter into
1506 # force at the instant at which, according to the time specified in
1507 # the 1st article, the 1st of November 1893 will begin...."
1508 #
1509 # From Pierpaolo Bernardi (2016-10-20):
1510 # The authoritative source for time in Italy is the national metrological
1511 # institute, which has a summary page of historical DST data at
1512 # http://www.inrim.it/res/tf/ora_legale_i.shtml
1513 # (2016-10-24):
1514 # http://www.renzobaldini.it/le-ore-legali-in-italia/
1515 # has still different data for 1944. It divides Italy in two, as
1516 # there were effectively two governments at the time, north of Gothic
1517 # Line German controlled territory, official government RSI, and south
1518 # of the Gothic Line, controlled by allied armies.
1519 #
1520 # From Brian Inglis (2016-10-23):
1521 # Viceregal LEGISLATIVE DECREE. 14 September 1944, no. 219.
1522 # Restoration of Standard Time. (044U0219) (OJ 62 of 30.9.1944) ...
1523 # Given the R. law decreed on 1944-03-29, no. 92, by which standard time is
1524 # advanced to sixty minutes later starting at hour two on 1944-04-02; ...
1525 # Starting at hour three on the date 1944-09-17 standard time will be resumed.
1526 #
1527 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-27):
1528 # Go with INRiM for DST rules, except as corrected by Inglis for 1944
1529 # for the Kingdom of Italy. This is consistent with Renzo Baldini.
1530 # Model Rome's occupation by using using C-Eur rules from 1943-09-10
1531 # to 1944-06-04; although Rome was an open city during this period, it
1532 # was effectively controlled by Germany.
1533 #
1534 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1535 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 24:00 1:00 S
1536 Rule Italy 1916 1917 - Sep 30 24:00 0 -
1537 Rule Italy 1917 only - Mar 31 24:00 1:00 S
1538 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 9 24:00 1:00 S
1539 Rule Italy 1918 only - Oct 6 24:00 0 -
1540 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 1 24:00 1:00 S
1541 Rule Italy 1919 only - Oct 4 24:00 0 -
1542 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 20 24:00 1:00 S
1543 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 18 24:00 0 -
1544 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 14 24:00 1:00 S
1545 Rule Italy 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
1546 Rule Italy 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1547 Rule Italy 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
1548 Rule Italy 1944 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1549 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
1550 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1551 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 1:00 0 -
1552 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1553 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1554 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1555 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1556 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1557 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1558 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1559 Rule Italy 1966 only - Sep 24 24:00 0 -
1560 Rule Italy 1967 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00s 0 -
1561 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1562 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1563 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1564 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1565 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1566 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1567 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1568 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1569 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00s 1:00 S
1570 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1571 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1572 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1573 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1574 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1575 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1576 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1577 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1578 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Oct 31 23:49:56 # Rome Mean
1579 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1943 Sep 10
1580 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jun 4
1581 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1582 1:00 EU CE%sT
1584 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1585 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1587 # Latvia
1589 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1591 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1592 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1593 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1594 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1595 #
1596 # Act No. 35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1597 # according to the Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1598 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1599 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1600 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1601 #
1602 # Act No. 592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1603 # according to the Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1604 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1605 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1606 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1607 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1608 #
1609 # Act No. 81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1610 # according to the Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1611 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1612 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1613 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1614 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1615 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1616 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1617 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1618 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1619 #
1620 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1621 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1622 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1624 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1625 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1626 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1627 # 29-Feb-2000 (No. 79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
1628 # in Latvian for subscribers only).
1630 # From RFE/RL Newsline
1631 # http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
1632 # (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1633 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1634 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1635 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1636 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1637 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
1638 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1639 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1640 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1641 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1642 # appears that they will not do so....
1644 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1645 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1646 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1648 # Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
1649 # Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
1650 # Go with Byalokoz.
1652 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1653 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:34 - LMT 1880
1654 1:36:34 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 # Riga MT
1655 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 # Latvian ST
1656 1:36:34 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1657 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1658 1:36:34 - RMT 1926 May 11
1659 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1660 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1661 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1662 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1663 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1664 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1665 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1666 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1667 2:00 EU EE%sT
1669 # Liechtenstein
1671 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1672 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1674 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
1675 # http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
1676 # ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
1677 # I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
1678 # ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
1679 # introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland. From 1943 on
1680 # central European time was in force throughout the year.
1681 # From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
1682 # regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
1684 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1687 # Lithuania
1689 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1690 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1692 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1693 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1694 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1696 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1697 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1698 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1700 # From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
1701 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1702 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1703 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1704 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1705 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1706 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1707 # already done by Estonia.
1709 # From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1710 # <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
1711 # Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1713 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1714 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1715 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1716 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1717 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1718 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1719 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1722 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1723 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1724 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1725 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1726 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1727 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1728 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1729 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1730 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1731 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1732 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1733 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1734 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1735 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1736 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1737 2:00 EU EE%sT
1739 # Luxembourg
1740 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1741 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1742 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1743 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1744 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1745 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1746 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1747 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1748 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1749 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1750 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1751 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1752 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1753 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1754 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1755 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1756 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1757 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1758 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1759 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1760 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1761 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1762 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1763 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1764 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1765 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1766 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1767 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1768 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1769 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1770 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1771 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1772 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1773 1:00 EU CE%sT
1775 # Macedonia
1776 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1778 # Malta
1779 #
1780 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-21):
1781 # Assume 1900-1972 was like Rome, overriding Shanks.
1782 #
1783 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1784 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1785 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1786 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1787 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1788 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1789 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1790 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1791 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1792 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1793 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1794 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1795 1:00 EU CE%sT
1797 # Moldova
1799 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
1800 # the act of the government of the Republic of Moldova Nr. 132 from 1990-05-04
1801 # http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=298782&lang=2
1802 # ... says that since 1990-05-06 on the territory of the Moldavian SSR
1803 # time would be calculated as the standard time of the second time belt
1804 # plus one hour of the "summer" time. To implement that clocks would be
1805 # adjusted one hour backwards at 1990-05-06 2:00. After that "summer"
1806 # time would be cancelled last Sunday of September at 3:00 and
1807 # reintroduced last Sunday of March at 2:00.
1809 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1810 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1811 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1812 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1813 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1814 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1815 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1816 # But [two people] separately reported via
1817 # Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1818 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1819 #
1820 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1821 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1822 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1823 # to the Winter Time).
1824 #
1825 # News (in Russian):
1826 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1827 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1828 #
1829 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1830 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1831 #
1832 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1833 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1834 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1835 #
1836 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1837 #
1838 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1839 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1840 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1841 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1842 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1843 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1844 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1845 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1847 # From Roman Tudos (2015-07-02):
1848 # http://lex.justice.md/index.php?action=view&view=doc&lang=1&id=355077
1849 # From Paul Eggert (2015-07-01):
1850 # The abovementioned official link to IGO1445-868/2014 states that
1851 # 2014-10-26's fallback transition occurred at 03:00 local time. Also,
1852 # http://www.trm.md/en/social/la-30-martie-vom-trece-la-ora-de-vara
1853 # says the 2014-03-30 spring-forward transition was at 02:00 local time.
1854 # Guess that since 1997 Moldova has switched one hour before the EU.
1856 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1857 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1858 Rule Moldova 1997 max - Oct lastSun 3:00 0 -
1860 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1861 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1862 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1863 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1864 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1865 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1866 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1867 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 May 6 2:00
1868 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1869 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1870 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1871 2:00 Moldova EE%sT
1873 # Monaco
1874 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1875 # more precise 0:09:21.
1876 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1877 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1878 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1879 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1880 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1881 1:00 EU CE%sT
1883 # Montenegro
1884 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1886 # Netherlands
1888 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1889 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1891 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1892 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1893 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1894 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1895 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1896 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1897 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1898 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1899 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1900 #
1901 # (2001-04-08):
1902 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1903 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1904 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1905 #
1906 # (2001-04-09):
1907 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1908 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1909 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1910 # actually followed.
1911 #
1912 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1913 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1914 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1915 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1916 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1917 #
1918 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1919 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1920 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1921 # Amsterdam mean time.
1923 # The data entries before 1945 are taken from
1924 # http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/wettijd/wettijd.htm
1926 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1927 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1928 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1929 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1930 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1931 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1932 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1933 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1934 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1935 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1936 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1937 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1938 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1939 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1940 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1941 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1942 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1943 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1944 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1945 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1946 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1947 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1948 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1949 #
1950 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1951 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1952 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1953 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1954 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1955 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1956 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1957 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1958 1:00 EU CE%sT
1960 # Norway
1961 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1962 # Pottenger.
1963 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1964 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1965 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1966 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1967 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1968 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1969 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1970 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1971 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1972 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1973 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1974 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1975 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1976 1:00 EU CE%sT
1978 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1980 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1981 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1982 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1983 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1984 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1985 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1986 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
1987 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation
1988 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1989 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1990 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1991 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
1992 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1993 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
1994 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1995 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1996 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1997 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1999 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
2000 #
2001 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
2002 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
2003 # keeping Berlin time.
2004 #
2005 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
2006 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
2007 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
2008 # frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
2009 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
2010 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
2011 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
2012 #
2013 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
2014 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
2015 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
2016 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
2017 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
2018 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
2019 # http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
2020 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
2021 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
2022 #
2023 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
2024 # for these regions.
2025 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
2027 # Poland
2029 # The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
2030 # <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
2032 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2033 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
2034 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
2035 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
2036 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2037 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
2038 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2039 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
2040 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2041 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
2042 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
2043 # http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
2044 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
2045 # He also gives these further references:
2046 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
2047 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
2048 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
2049 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
2050 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
2051 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2052 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
2053 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
2054 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
2055 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2056 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
2057 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
2058 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
2059 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
2060 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2061 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2062 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2063 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
2064 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
2065 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
2066 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
2067 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
2068 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2069 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
2070 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
2071 1:00 EU CE%sT
2073 # Portugal
2074 #
2075 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
2076 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
2077 # http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
2078 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
2079 # Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett but disagrees
2080 # with Shanks, who says the transition occurred on 1911-05-24 at 00:00 for
2081 # Europe/Lisbon, Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira.
2082 #
2083 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
2084 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
2085 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
2086 #
2087 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
2088 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
2089 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
2090 #
2091 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
2092 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
2093 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
2094 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
2095 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
2096 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
2097 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
2098 #
2099 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2100 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
2101 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
2102 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2103 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
2104 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2105 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
2106 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2107 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2108 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
2109 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2110 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
2111 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2112 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2113 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2114 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2115 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2116 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2117 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2118 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2119 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2120 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2121 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2122 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
2123 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
2124 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2125 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2126 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
2127 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
2128 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2129 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2130 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
2131 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
2132 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2133 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2134 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
2135 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
2136 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2137 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
2138 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2139 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
2140 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2141 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
2142 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
2143 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
2144 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
2145 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2146 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2147 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2148 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2149 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2150 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2151 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2152 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2153 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2154 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2155 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2156 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2157 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2158 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2159 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2160 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2161 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2162 #
2163 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2164 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884
2165 -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
2166 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2167 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2168 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2169 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2170 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2171 0:00 EU WE%sT
2172 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2173 -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 # Horta Mean Time
2174 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
2175 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2176 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2177 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2178 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
2179 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2180 -1:07:36 - FMT 1912 Jan 1 # Funchal Mean Time
2181 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
2182 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2183 0:00 EU WE%sT
2185 # Romania
2186 #
2187 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2188 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2189 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2190 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2191 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2192 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2193 #
2194 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2195 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2196 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2197 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2198 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2199 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2200 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2201 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2202 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2203 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2204 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2205 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2206 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2207 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2208 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2209 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2210 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2211 2:00 EU EE%sT
2214 # Russia
2216 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2217 # Based on last Russian Government Decree No. 725 on August 31, 2011
2218 # (Government document
2219 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2220 # in Russian)
2221 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2222 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2223 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2224 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2226 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2227 # Scans of [Decree No. 23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2228 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2229 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2231 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2232 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2233 # changed in September 2011:
2234 #
2235 # One source is
2236 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2237 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2238 # 2011 No. 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2239 #
2240 # Another source is
2241 # http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2242 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2243 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2244 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2245 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue No. 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2246 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2247 #
2248 # Another source is
2249 # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2250 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution No. 725 of August 31, 2011...
2251 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2252 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2253 #
2254 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2255 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2256 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2257 #
2258 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2259 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2260 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
2261 # get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
2262 # Conradi notes).
2263 #
2264 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2265 #
2266 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2268 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
2269 # According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
2270 # http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
2271 # the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
2272 # winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new
2273 # regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
2274 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
2275 # Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
2276 # 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
2277 # areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
2278 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
2279 #
2280 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
2281 # Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
2282 # http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
2283 # http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
2284 # http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
2285 # From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this:
2286 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
2288 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2289 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2290 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2291 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2292 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2293 #
2294 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2295 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2296 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2297 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2298 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2299 #
2300 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2301 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2302 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2303 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2304 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2305 #
2306 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2307 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2308 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2309 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2310 #
2311 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2312 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2313 # News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2314 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2315 # the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
2316 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2317 #
2318 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2319 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2320 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2321 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2322 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2323 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2324 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2325 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2327 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2328 # The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
2329 # with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
2330 # are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
2331 # listing. The region codes listed come from
2332 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
2333 # and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
2334 # future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
2335 # divisions where available.
2337 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2340 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2341 # Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
2342 # 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast
2344 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2345 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2347 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2348 # http://www.rgo.ru/ru/kaliningradskoe-oblastnoe-otdelenie/ob-otdelenii/publikacii/kak-nam-zhilos-bez-letnego-vremeni
2349 # confirms that the 1989 change to Moscow-1 was implemented.
2350 # (The article, though, is misattributed to 1990 while saying that
2351 # summer->winter transition would be done on the 24 of September. But
2352 # 1990-09-24 was Monday, while 1989-09-24 was Sunday as expected.)
2353 # ...
2354 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2355 # says that Kaliningrad switched to Moscow-1 on 1989-03-26, avoided
2356 # at the last moment switch to Moscow-1 on 1991-03-31, switched to
2357 # Moscow on 1991-11-03, switched to Moscow-1 on 1992-01-19.
2359 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2360 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2361 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2362 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2363 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2364 3:00 - +03 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2365 2:00 - EET
2368 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
2369 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2370 # Europe/Moscow covers...
2371 # 01 RU-AD Adygea, Republic of
2372 # 05 RU-DA Dagestan, Republic of
2373 # 06 RU-IN Ingushetia, Republic of
2374 # 07 RU-KB Kabardino-Balkar Republic
2375 # 08 RU-KL Kalmykia, Republic of
2376 # 09 RU-KC Karachay-Cherkess Republic
2377 # 10 RU-KR Karelia, Republic of
2378 # 11 RU-KO Komi Republic
2379 # 12 RU-ME Mari El Republic
2380 # 13 RU-MO Mordovia, Republic of
2381 # 15 RU-SE North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
2382 # 16 RU-TA Tatarstan, Republic of
2383 # 20 RU-CE Chechen Republic
2384 # 21 RU-CU Chuvash Republic
2385 # 23 RU-KDA Krasnodar Krai
2386 # 26 RU-STA Stavropol Krai
2387 # 29 RU-ARK Arkhangelsk Oblast
2388 # 31 RU-BEL Belgorod Oblast
2389 # 32 RU-BRY Bryansk Oblast
2390 # 33 RU-VLA Vladimir Oblast
2391 # 35 RU-VLG Vologda Oblast
2392 # 36 RU-VOR Voronezh Oblast
2393 # 37 RU-IVA Ivanovo Oblast
2394 # 40 RU-KLU Kaluga Oblast
2395 # 44 RU-KOS Kostroma Oblast
2396 # 46 RU-KRS Kursk Oblast
2397 # 47 RU-LEN Leningrad Oblast
2398 # 48 RU-LIP Lipetsk Oblast
2399 # 50 RU-MOS Moscow Oblast
2400 # 51 RU-MUR Murmansk Oblast
2401 # 52 RU-NIZ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
2402 # 53 RU-NGR Novgorod Oblast
2403 # 57 RU-ORL Oryol Oblast
2404 # 58 RU-PNZ Penza Oblast
2405 # 60 RU-PSK Pskov Oblast
2406 # 61 RU-ROS Rostov Oblast
2407 # 62 RU-RYA Ryazan Oblast
2408 # 67 RU-SMO Smolensk Oblast
2409 # 68 RU-TAM Tambov Oblast
2410 # 69 RU-TVE Tver Oblast
2411 # 71 RU-TUL Tula Oblast
2412 # 76 RU-YAR Yaroslavl Oblast
2413 # 77 RU-MOW Moscow
2414 # 78 RU-SPE Saint Petersburg
2415 # 83 RU-NEN Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2417 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
2418 # The Soviets switched to UT-based time in 1919. Decree No. 59
2419 # (1919-02-08) http://istmat.info/node/35567 established UT-based time
2420 # zones, and Decree No. 147 (1919-03-29) http://istmat.info/node/35854
2421 # specified a transition date of 1919-07-01, apparently at 00:00 UT.
2422 # No doubt only the Soviet-controlled regions switched on that date;
2423 # later transitions to UT-based time in other parts of Russia are
2424 # taken from what appear to be guesses by Shanks.
2425 # (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for pointers to the decrees.)
2427 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2428 # 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
2429 # Wikipedia refers to
2430 # http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
2431 # http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm
2432 #
2433 # The second link provides two articles scanned from the Nauka i Zhizn
2434 # magazine No. 3, 1981 and a scan of the short article attributed to
2435 # the Trud newspaper from February 1982. The first link provides the
2436 # same Nauka i Zhizn articles converted to the text form (but misses
2437 # time belt changes map).
2438 #
2439 # The second Nauka i Zhizn article says that in addition to
2440 # introduction of summer time on 1981-04-01 there are some time belt
2441 # border changes on 1981-10-01, mostly affecting Nenets Autonomous
2442 # Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Yakutia, Magadan Oblast and Chukotka
2443 # according to the provided map (colored one). In addition to that
2444 # "time violators" (regions which were not using rules of the time
2445 # belts in which they were located) would not be moving off the DST on
2446 # 1981-10-01 to restore the decree time usage. (Komi ASSR was
2447 # supposed to repeat that move in October 1982 to account for the 2
2448 # hour difference.) Map depicting "time violators" before 1981-10-01
2449 # is also provided.
2450 #
2451 # The article from Trud says that 1981-10-01 changes caused problems
2452 # and some territories would be moved to pre-1981-10-01 time by not
2453 # moving to summer time on 1982-04-01. Namely: Dagestan,
2454 # Kabardino-Balkar, Kalmyk, Komi, Mari, Mordovian, North Ossetian,
2455 # Tatar, Chechen-Ingush and Chuvash ASSR, Krasnodar and Stavropol
2456 # krais, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Vologda, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo,
2457 # Kostroma, Lipetsk, Penza, Rostov, Ryazan, Tambov, Tyumen and
2458 # Yaroslavl oblasts, Nenets and Evenk autonomous okrugs, Khatangsky
2459 # district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. As a result Evenk Autonomous
2460 # Okrug and Khatangsky district of Taymyr Autonomous Okrug would end
2461 # up on Moscow+4, Tyumen Oblast on Moscow+2 and the rest on Moscow
2462 # time.
2463 #
2464 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2465 # attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
2466 # of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982. 1980-925.txt also adds
2467 # Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
2468 # district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. Probably erroneously.
2469 #
2470 # The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
2471 # Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.
2472 #
2473 # 12. Udmurtia
2474 # The fact that Udmurtia is depicted as a violator in the Nauka i
2475 # Zhizn article hints at Izhevsk being on different time from
2476 # Kuybyshev before 1981-10-01. Udmurtia is not mentioned in the 1989 act.
2477 # http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
2478 # implies Udmurtia was on Moscow time after 1982-04-01.
2479 # Wikipedia implies Udmurtia being on Moscow+1 until 1991.
2480 #
2481 # ...
2482 #
2483 # All Russian zones are supposed to have by default a -1 change at
2484 # 1991-03-31 2:00 (cancellation of the decree time in the USSR) and a +1
2485 # change at 1992-01-19 2:00 (restoration of the decree time in Russia).
2486 #
2487 # There were some exceptions, though.
2488 # Wikipedia says newspapers listed Astrakhan, Saratov, Kirov, Volgograd,
2489 # Izhevsk, Grozny, Kazan and Samara as such exceptions for the 1992
2490 # change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
2491 # lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
2492 #
2493 # And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
2494 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2495 # says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
2496 # 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
2497 # http://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
2498 # says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
2499 # 2 days before the switch.
2500 #
2501 #
2502 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2503 # Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
2504 # chaotic early 1980s in Russia. It's not clear what these entries
2505 # should be. For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
2506 # time in Moscow.
2508 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2509 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2510 # Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
2511 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2512 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2513 # The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2514 # Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
2515 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2516 # coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
2517 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2518 # 2:31:19 ...
2519 #
2520 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2521 # Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2522 # Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2523 # Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2524 # Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2526 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880
2527 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2528 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2529 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct
2530 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2531 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2532 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2533 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2534 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2535 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2536 3:00 - MSK
2539 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2540 # Europe/Simferopol covers...
2541 # ** **** Crimea, Republic of
2542 # ** **** Sevastopol
2544 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2545 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2546 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2547 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2548 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2549 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2550 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2551 2:00 - EET 1992
2552 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2553 #
2554 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2555 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2556 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2557 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2558 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2559 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2560 # changed in May.
2561 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2562 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2563 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 0:00s
2564 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2565 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2566 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2567 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2568 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2569 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2570 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2571 # http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2572 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2573 # Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2574 # late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2575 # and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2576 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00
2577 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2578 3:00 - MSK
2581 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2582 # Europe/Astrakhan covers:
2583 # 30 RU-AST Astrakhan Oblast
2584 #
2585 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2587 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-12):
2588 # On February 10, 2016 Astrakhan Oblast got approval by the Federation
2589 # Council to change its time zone to UTC+4 (from current UTC+3 Moscow time)....
2590 # This Federal Law shall enter into force on 27 March 2016 at 02:00.
2591 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2592 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201602150056
2594 Zone Europe/Astrakhan 3:12:12 - LMT 1924 May
2595 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2596 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2597 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2598 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2599 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2600 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2601 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2602 4:00 - +04
2604 # From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
2605 # Europe/Volgograd covers:
2606 # 34 RU-VGG Volgograd Oblast
2607 # The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).
2609 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2610 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2611 4:00 - +04 1961 Nov 11
2612 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27 2:00s
2613 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2614 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2615 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2616 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2617 3:00 - +03
2619 # From Paul Eggert (2016-11-11):
2620 # Europe/Saratov covers:
2621 # 64 RU-SAR Saratov Oblast
2623 # From Yuri Konotopov (2016-11-11):
2624 # Dec 4, 2016 02:00 UTC+3.... Saratov Region's local time will be ... UTC+4.
2625 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-11):
2626 # ... Byalokoz listed Saratov on 03:04:18.
2627 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-22):
2628 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201611220031
2630 Zone Europe/Saratov 3:04:18 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2631 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2632 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27 2:00s
2633 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2634 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2635 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2636 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2637 3:00 - +03 2016 Dec 4 2:00s
2638 4:00 - +04
2640 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2641 # Europe/Kirov covers:
2642 # 43 RU-KIR Kirov Oblast
2643 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2644 #
2645 Zone Europe/Kirov 3:18:48 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2646 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2647 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2648 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2649 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2650 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2651 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2652 3:00 - +03
2654 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2655 # Europe/Samara covers...
2656 # 18 RU-UD Udmurt Republic
2657 # 63 RU-SAM Samara Oblast
2659 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2660 # Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
2661 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2663 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:20 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2664 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2665 4:00 - +04 1935 Jan 27
2666 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2667 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2668 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2669 3:00 - +03 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2670 4:00 Russia +04/+05 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2671 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2672 4:00 - +04
2674 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2675 # Europe/Ulyanovsk covers:
2676 # 73 RU-ULY Ulyanovsk Oblast
2678 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
2680 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2681 # Ulyanovsk ... on their way to change time zones by March 27, 2016 at 2am.
2682 # Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ...
2683 # 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading.
2684 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2685 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051
2687 Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk 3:13:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2688 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
2689 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2690 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2691 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2692 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2693 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2694 3:00 - +03 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2695 4:00 - +04
2697 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2698 # Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
2699 # 02 RU-BA Bashkortostan, Republic of
2700 # 90 RU-PER Perm Krai
2701 # 45 RU-KGN Kurgan Oblast
2702 # 56 RU-ORE Orenburg Oblast
2703 # 66 RU-SVE Sverdlovsk Oblast
2704 # 72 RU-TYU Tyumen Oblast
2705 # 74 RU-CHE Chelyabinsk Oblast
2706 # 86 RU-KHM Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
2707 # 89 RU-YAN Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2708 #
2709 # Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
2710 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
2712 # Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
2713 # Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
2714 # Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
2715 # The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
2717 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:33 - LMT 1916 Jul 3
2718 3:45:05 - PMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2719 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2720 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2721 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2722 5:00 Russia +05/+06 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2723 6:00 - +06 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2724 5:00 - +05
2727 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2728 # Asia/Omsk covers...
2729 # 55 RU-OMS Omsk Oblast
2731 # Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
2733 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:30 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2734 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2735 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2736 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2737 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2738 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2739 6:00 - +06
2741 # From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
2742 # Asia/Barnaul covers:
2743 # 04 RU-AL Altai Republic
2744 # 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai
2746 # Data before 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2748 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
2749 # Letter of Bank of Russia from 1995-05-25
2750 # http://www.bestpravo.ru/rossijskoje/lj-akty/y3a.htm
2751 # suggests that Altai Republic transitioned to Moscow+3 on
2752 # 1995-05-28.
2753 #
2754 # http://regnum.ru/news/society/1957270.html
2755 # has some historical data for Altai Krai:
2756 # before 1957: west part on UTC+6, east on UTC+7
2757 # after 1957: UTC+7
2758 # since 1995: UTC+6
2759 # http://barnaul.rusplt.ru/index/pochemu_altajskij_kraj_okazalsja_v_neprivychnom_chasovom_pojase-17648.html
2760 # confirms that and provides more details including 1995-05-28 transition date.
2762 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-02-17):
2763 # Altai Krai and Altai Republic on their way to change time zones
2764 # by March 27, 2016 at 2am....
2765 # Altai Republic / Gorno-Altaysk MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7) ...
2766 # Altai Krai / Barnaul MSK+3 to MSK+4 (UTC+6 to UTC+7)
2767 # From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
2768 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090043
2769 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090038
2771 Zone Asia/Barnaul 5:35:00 - LMT 1919 Dec 10
2772 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2773 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2774 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2775 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1995 May 28
2776 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2777 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2778 6:00 - +06 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
2779 7:00 - +07
2781 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2782 # Asia/Novosibirsk covers:
2783 # 54 RU-NVS Novosibirsk Oblast
2785 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30):
2786 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6
2787 # moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7.
2788 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04):
2789 # The law was signed yesterday and published today on
2790 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064
2792 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2793 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2794 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2795 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2796 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2797 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2798 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2799 6:00 - +06 2016 Jul 24 2:00s
2800 7:00 - +07
2802 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2803 # Asia/Tomsk covers:
2804 # 70 RU-TOM Tomsk Oblast
2806 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24):
2807 # Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51.
2809 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2810 # Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
2812 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19):
2813 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743
2814 # (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time)
2815 # / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ...
2816 # Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their
2817 # GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally
2818 # belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced
2819 # with time zones in 2011 with different numbering (there was a
2820 # 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014).
2822 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12):
2823 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6
2824 # This bill was approved in the first reading today. It moves Tomsk oblast
2825 # from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at
2826 # 2:00. The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by
2827 # the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President
2828 # and published to become a law. Minor changes in the text are to be expected
2829 # before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the
2830 # recent changes).
2831 #
2832 # Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws,
2833 # the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule
2834 # http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/
2835 # http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303
2836 # I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the
2837 # bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday,
2838 # approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and
2839 # published as a law around 2016-04-26.
2841 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26):
2842 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048
2844 Zone Asia/Tomsk 5:39:51 - LMT 1919 Dec 22
2845 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2846 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2847 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2848 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2002 May 1 3:00
2849 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2850 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2851 6:00 - +06 2016 May 29 2:00s
2852 7:00 - +07
2855 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2856 # Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
2857 # 42 RU-KEM Kemerovo Oblast
2859 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2860 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2861 # March 28, 2010:
2862 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2863 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2864 #
2865 # This is according to Government of Russia decree No. 740, on September
2866 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2867 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2868 #
2869 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2870 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2871 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2872 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2873 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2874 #
2875 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2876 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2878 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2879 # The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
2880 # realigning itself with KRAT.
2882 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - LMT 1924 May 1
2883 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2884 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2885 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2886 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2887 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2888 7:00 - +07
2890 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2891 # Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
2892 # 17 RU-TY Tuva Republic
2893 # 19 RU-KK Khakassia, Republic of
2894 # 24 RU-KYA Krasnoyarsk Krai
2895 #
2896 # Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
2897 # Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
2899 # Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
2901 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:26 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2902 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
2903 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2904 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2905 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2906 8:00 - +08 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2907 7:00 - +07
2910 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2911 # Asia/Irkutsk covers...
2912 # 03 RU-BU Buryatia, Republic of
2913 # 38 RU-IRK Irkutsk Oblast
2914 #
2915 # Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
2916 # merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
2918 # Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
2919 # Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
2920 # Go with Byalokoz.
2922 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:05 - LMT 1880
2923 6:57:05 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2924 7:00 - +07 1930 Jun 21
2925 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2926 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2927 8:00 Russia +08/+09 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2928 9:00 - +09 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2929 8:00 - +08
2932 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2933 # Asia/Chita covers...
2934 # 92 RU-ZAB Zabaykalsky Krai
2935 #
2936 # Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
2937 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
2939 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-02):
2940 # [The] time zone in the Trans-Baikal Territory (Zabaykalsky Krai) -
2941 # Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9. Effective date will
2942 # be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am....
2943 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107
2945 Zone Asia/Chita 7:33:52 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2946 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
2947 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2948 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2949 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2950 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2951 8:00 - +08 2016 Mar 27 2:00
2952 9:00 - +09
2955 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2956 # Asia/Yakutsk covers...
2957 # 28 RU-AMU Amur Oblast
2958 #
2959 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2960 # 14-02 **** Aldansky District
2961 # 14-04 **** Amginsky District
2962 # 14-05 **** Anabarsky District
2963 # 14-06 **** Bulunsky District
2964 # 14-07 **** Verkhnevilyuysky District
2965 # 14-10 **** Vilyuysky District
2966 # 14-11 **** Gorny District
2967 # 14-12 **** Zhigansky District
2968 # 14-13 **** Kobyaysky District
2969 # 14-14 **** Lensky District
2970 # 14-15 **** Megino-Kangalassky District
2971 # 14-16 **** Mirninsky District
2972 # 14-18 **** Namsky District
2973 # 14-19 **** Neryungrinsky District
2974 # 14-21 **** Nyurbinsky District
2975 # 14-23 **** Olenyoksky District
2976 # 14-24 **** Olyokminsky District
2977 # 14-26 **** Suntarsky District
2978 # 14-27 **** Tattinsky District
2979 # 14-29 **** Ust-Aldansky District
2980 # 14-32 **** Khangalassky District
2981 # 14-33 **** Churapchinsky District
2982 # 14-34 **** Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
2984 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2985 # Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
2986 # Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
2987 # Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
2989 # Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
2991 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:58 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2992 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
2993 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2994 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2995 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2996 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2997 9:00 - +09
3000 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3001 # Asia/Vladivostok covers...
3002 # 25 RU-PRI Primorsky Krai
3003 # 27 RU-KHA Khabarovsk Krai
3004 # 79 RU-YEV Jewish Autonomous Oblast
3005 #
3006 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3007 # 14-09 **** Verkhoyansky District
3008 # 14-31 **** Ust-Yansky District
3010 # Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
3011 # Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
3012 # Go with Byalokoz.
3014 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:31 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
3015 9:00 - +09 1930 Jun 21
3016 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3017 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3018 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3019 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3020 10:00 - +10
3023 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3024 # Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3025 # 14-28 **** Tomponsky District
3026 # 14-30 **** Ust-Maysky District
3028 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
3029 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
3030 # in 2011.
3032 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
3033 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
3034 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
3035 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
3037 Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3038 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3039 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3040 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3041 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2004
3042 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3043 11:00 - +11 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
3044 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3045 9:00 - +09
3048 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3049 # Asia/Sakhalin covers...
3050 # 65 RU-SAK Sakhalin Oblast
3051 # ...with the exception of:
3052 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3054 # From Matt Johnson (2016-02-22):
3055 # Asia/Sakhalin is moving (in entirety) from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3056 # (2016-03-09):
3057 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044
3059 # The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
3060 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
3061 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 25
3062 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T
3063 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3064 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
3065 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3066 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3067 10:00 - +10 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
3068 11:00 - +11
3071 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
3072 # Asia/Magadan covers...
3073 # 49 RU-MAG Magadan Oblast
3075 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3076 # Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
3077 # several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
3078 # the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
3079 # until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11. These regions will
3080 # need their own zone.
3082 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27):
3083 # ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
3084 # will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock
3085 #
3086 # From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05):
3087 # ... signed by the President today ...
3088 # http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038
3090 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
3091 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
3092 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3093 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3094 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3095 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3096 10:00 - +10 2016 Apr 24 2:00s
3097 11:00 - +11
3100 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3101 # Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3102 # 14-01 **** Abyysky District
3103 # 14-03 **** Allaikhovsky District
3104 # 14-08 **** Verkhnekolymsky District
3105 # 14-17 **** Momsky District
3106 # 14-20 **** Nizhnekolymsky District
3107 # 14-25 **** Srednekolymsky District
3108 #
3109 # ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
3110 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
3112 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
3113 # Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
3114 # most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
3115 # 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
3116 # of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
3117 # Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
3119 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
3120 # Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
3121 # There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
3122 # Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
3123 #
3124 # Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
3125 # districts, but have very similar populations. In fact, Wikipedia currently
3126 # lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
3127 # each! (Yikes!)
3128 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
3129 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
3130 # Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
3131 #
3132 # Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
3133 # fluctuated recently. Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
3134 # 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
3135 # recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170. (See pages 195 and 197 of
3136 # http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
3137 # in Russian.) In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
3138 # settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
3139 # Go with Srednekolymsk.
3141 Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
3142 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21
3143 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3144 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3145 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3146 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3147 11:00 - +11
3150 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3151 # Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
3152 # 14-22 **** Oymyakonsky District
3154 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
3155 # Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
3156 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
3157 #
3158 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
3159 # It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
3160 # as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
3161 # Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
3162 # UTC+12 since at least then, too.
3164 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
3165 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
3166 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1981 Apr 1
3167 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3168 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3169 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3170 12:00 - +12 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
3171 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
3172 10:00 - +10
3175 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
3176 # Asia/Kamchatka covers...
3177 # 91 RU-KAM Kamchatka Krai
3178 #
3179 # Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
3180 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
3182 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
3183 # Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
3184 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
3185 11:00 - +11 1930 Jun 21
3186 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3187 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3188 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3189 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3190 12:00 - +12
3193 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
3194 # Asia/Anadyr covers...
3195 # 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
3197 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
3198 12:00 - +12 1930 Jun 21
3199 13:00 Russia +13/+14 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
3200 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
3201 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3202 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
3203 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
3204 12:00 - +12
3207 # San Marino
3208 # See Europe/Rome.
3210 # Serbia
3211 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3212 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
3213 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
3214 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
3215 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
3216 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
3217 # Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
3218 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
3219 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
3220 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
3221 1:00 EU CE%sT
3222 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
3223 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
3224 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
3225 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
3226 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
3228 # Slovakia
3229 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
3231 # Slovenia
3232 # See Europe/Belgrade.
3234 # Spain
3235 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3236 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
3237 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3238 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
3239 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
3240 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
3241 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
3242 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3243 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
3244 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3245 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
3246 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
3247 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3248 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
3249 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
3250 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
3251 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
3252 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
3253 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3254 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
3255 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
3256 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
3257 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
3258 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
3259 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3260 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
3261 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
3262 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
3263 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
3264 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
3265 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
3266 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
3267 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
3268 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
3269 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
3270 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
3271 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
3272 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
3273 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
3274 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
3275 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
3276 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
3277 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3278 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
3279 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
3280 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3281 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
3282 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3283 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3284 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
3285 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3286 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
3287 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
3288 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
3289 1:00 EU CE%sT
3290 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
3291 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
3292 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
3293 0:00 - WET 1924
3294 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
3295 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
3296 1:00 - CET 1986
3297 1:00 EU CE%sT
3298 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
3299 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries T
3300 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
3301 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 1:00u
3302 0:00 EU WE%sT
3303 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
3304 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
3306 # Sweden
3308 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
3309 #
3310 # The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
3311 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
3312 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
3313 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
3314 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
3315 #
3316 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
3317 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
3318 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
3319 #
3320 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
3321 # författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
3322 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
3323 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
3324 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
3325 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
3326 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
3327 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
3328 #
3329 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
3330 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
3331 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
3332 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
3333 #
3334 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
3335 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
3336 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
3337 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
3338 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
3339 # the Sök-button).
3340 #
3341 # (2001-05-13):
3342 #
3343 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
3344 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
3345 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
3346 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
3347 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
3348 # hour before the event took place.
3349 #
3350 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
3352 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3353 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
3354 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
3355 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
3356 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 1:00
3357 1:00 - CET 1980
3358 1:00 EU CE%sT
3360 # Switzerland
3361 # From Howse:
3362 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
3363 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
3364 # mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
3365 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3366 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
3367 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
3368 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
3369 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
3370 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
3371 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
3373 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
3374 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
3375 #
3376 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
3377 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
3378 #
3379 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
3380 # government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
3381 # federal law collection)...
3382 #
3383 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
3384 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
3385 #
3386 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
3387 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
3388 #
3389 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
3390 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
3391 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
3392 # other years are made.
3393 #
3394 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
3395 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
3396 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
3397 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
3398 #
3399 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
3400 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
3401 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
3402 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
3403 #
3404 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
3405 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3406 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3407 #
3408 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3409 #
3410 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3411 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3412 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3413 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3414 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3415 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3416 #
3417 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3418 # The Federal regulations say
3419 # http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3420 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
3421 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3423 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3424 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3425 # http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
3426 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3427 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3428 # hour before the beginning of service.
3430 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3431 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3432 #
3433 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3434 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
3435 #
3436 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3437 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3438 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3439 #
3440 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
3441 # agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
3442 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
3443 # "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3444 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3445 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3446 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3447 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3448 # (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
3449 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3450 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3452 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3453 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3454 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3455 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3456 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3457 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
3458 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
3459 1:00 EU CE%sT
3461 # Turkey
3463 # From Kıvanç Yazan (2016-09-25):
3464 # 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
3465 # no exceptions.
3466 # 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
3467 # Here are official papers:
3468 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf - page 2 for 1986
3469 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf - page 4 for 1987
3470 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf - page 15 for 1988
3471 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf - page 6 for 1989
3472 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf - page 1 for 1990 - 1992
3473 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf - page 15 for 1993 - 1995
3474 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf - page 1 for overriding 1994
3475 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf - page 1 for 1996, 1997
3476 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf - page 10 for 1998 - 2000
3477 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2 - for 2001
3478 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2 - for 2002-2006
3479 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
3480 # Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1985.
3482 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3483 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3484 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3485 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3486 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3487 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3488 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3489 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3490 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3492 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3493 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3494 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3495 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3496 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3497 # Turkish:
3498 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
3500 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
3501 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
3502 # Turkish Local election....
3503 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
3504 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
3505 # From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
3506 # Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
3507 # I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
3508 # change delay. Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
3509 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
3510 # The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
3511 # change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not. See:
3512 # Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
3513 # http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
3514 # I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
3516 # From Fatih (2015-09-29):
3517 # It's officially announced now by the Ministry of Energy.
3518 # Turkey delays winter time to 8th of November 04:00
3519 # http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/yaz-saati-uygulamasi-8-kasimda-sona-erecek/362217
3520 #
3521 # From BBC News (2015-10-25):
3522 # Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a
3523 # government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan
3524 # Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan.
3525 # http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326
3527 # From Burak AYDIN (2016-09-08):
3528 # Turkey will stay in Daylight Saving Time even in winter....
3529 # http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/09/20160908-2.pdf
3530 #
3531 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-07):
3532 # The change is permanent, so this is the new standard time in Turkey.
3533 # It takes effect today, which is not much notice.
3535 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3536 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3537 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3538 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
3539 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
3540 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
3541 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
3542 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3543 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3544 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
3545 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3546 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
3547 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3548 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3549 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
3550 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
3551 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
3552 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
3553 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3554 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
3555 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3556 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
3557 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
3558 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3559 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3560 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3561 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
3562 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3563 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
3564 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
3565 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
3566 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3567 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
3568 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3569 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
3570 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3571 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
3572 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3573 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
3574 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
3575 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
3576 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
3577 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
3578 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
3579 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3580 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3581 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
3582 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
3583 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
3584 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
3585 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
3586 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
3587 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
3588 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3589 Rule Turkey 1986 1993 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3590 Rule Turkey 1986 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3591 Rule Turkey 1994 only - Mar 20 1:00s 1:00 S
3592 Rule Turkey 1995 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3593 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3594 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3595 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
3596 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
3597 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
3598 3:00 Turkey +03/+04 1985 Apr 20
3599 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
3600 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
3601 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
3602 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 1:00u
3603 2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31 1:00u
3604 2:00 EU EE%sT 2015 Oct 25 1:00u
3605 2:00 1:00 EEST 2015 Nov 8 1:00u
3606 2:00 EU EE%sT 2016 Sep 7
3607 3:00 - +03
3608 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
3610 # Ukraine
3611 #
3612 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
3613 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
3614 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
3615 # regulations No. 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
3616 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
3617 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
3618 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
3620 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
3621 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
3622 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
3623 #
3624 # Bill No. 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
3625 # approval from 266 deputies.
3626 #
3627 # Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
3628 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
3629 #
3630 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
3631 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
3632 #
3633 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
3634 # http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
3635 #
3636 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
3637 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
3638 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
3639 # time this year after all.
3640 #
3641 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
3642 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
3643 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
3644 # to Russia) was reverted today:
3645 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
3646 #
3647 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
3648 # The law documents themselves are at
3649 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
3651 # From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
3652 # First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
3653 # 03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1 Time Zone 3 with DST
3654 # 07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3655 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
3656 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
3657 #
3658 # They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
3659 # "summer time" was still in action):
3660 # 09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3661 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
3662 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
3663 #
3664 # Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
3665 # 03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3666 #
3667 # DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
3668 # 09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0 Time Zone 2, no DST
3669 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
3670 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
3671 # This is an answer.
3672 #
3673 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
3674 # 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started
3675 # 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended
3676 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
3677 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
3679 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3680 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
3681 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3682 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
3683 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
3684 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
3685 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3686 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
3687 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
3688 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3689 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00
3690 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3691 2:00 EU EE%sT
3692 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
3693 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
3694 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
3695 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
3696 1:00 - CET 1940
3697 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
3698 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
3699 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
3700 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
3701 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3702 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
3703 2:00 - EET 1992
3704 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3705 2:00 EU EE%sT
3706 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
3707 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3708 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
3709 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
3710 # portable Posix file names.
3711 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
3712 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
3713 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3714 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
3715 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
3716 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3717 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3718 2:00 EU EE%sT
3720 # Vatican City
3721 # See Europe/Rome.
3723 ###############################################################################
3725 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
3726 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
3727 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
3728 #
3729 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
3730 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
3731 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
3732 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
3733 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
3734 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
3736 # ...
3737 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
3738 # From: Tom Hofmann
3739 # ...
3740 #
3741 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
3742 # most European countries started DST. Before that year, only
3743 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
3744 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
3745 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
3746 # years...
3747 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
3748 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
3749 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
3750 # lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
3751 #
3752 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
3753 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
3754 #
3755 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
3756 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
3757 # ...
3759 # ...
3760 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
3761 # From: Dik T. Winter
3762 # ...
3763 #
3764 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
3765 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
3766 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
3767 #
3768 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
3769 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
3770 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
3771 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
3772 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
3773 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
3774 # dates...
3775 #
3776 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
3777 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
3778 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
3779 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
3780 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
3781 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
3782 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
3783 # in advance of normal time.
3784 #
3785 # ...
3786 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
3787 # ...
3789 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
3790 # ...
3791 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
3792 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
3793 # ...
3794 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
3795 # ...