5 verify - Utility to verify certificates.
10 [B<-CApath directory>]
23 The B<verify> command verifies certificate chains.
25 =head1 COMMAND OPTIONS
29 =item B<-CApath directory>
31 A directory of trusted certificates. The certificates should have names
32 of the form: hash.0 or have symbolic links to them of this
33 form ("hash" is the hashed certificate subject name: see the B<-hash> option
34 of the B<x509> utility). Under Unix the B<c_rehash> script will automatically
35 create symbolic links to a directory of certificates.
39 A file of trusted certificates. The file should contain multiple certificates
40 in PEM format concatenated together.
42 =item B<-untrusted file>
44 A file of untrusted certificates. The file should contain multiple certificates
46 =item B<-purpose purpose>
48 the intended use for the certificate. Without this option no chain verification
49 will be done. Currently accepted uses are B<sslclient>, B<sslserver>,
50 B<nssslserver>, B<smimesign>, B<smimeencrypt>. See the B<VERIFY OPERATION>
51 section for more information.
55 prints out a usage message.
59 print extra information about the operations being performed.
61 =item B<-issuer_checks>
63 print out diagnostics relating to searches for the issuer certificate
64 of the current certificate. This shows why each candidate issuer
65 certificate was rejected. However the presence of rejection messages
66 does not itself imply that anything is wrong: during the normal
67 verify process several rejections may take place.
71 marks the last option. All arguments following this are assumed to be
72 certificate files. This is useful if the first certificate filename begins
77 one or more certificates to verify. If no certificate filenames are included
78 then an attempt is made to read a certificate from standard input. They should
84 =head1 VERIFY OPERATION
86 The B<verify> program uses the same functions as the internal SSL and S/MIME
87 verification, therefore this description applies to these verify operations
90 There is one crucial difference between the verify operations performed
91 by the B<verify> program: wherever possible an attempt is made to continue
92 after an error whereas normally the verify operation would halt on the
93 first error. This allows all the problems with a certificate chain to be
96 The verify operation consists of a number of separate steps.
98 Firstly a certificate chain is built up starting from the supplied certificate
99 and ending in the root CA. It is an error if the whole chain cannot be built
100 up. The chain is built up by looking up the issuers certificate of the current
101 certificate. If a certificate is found which is its own issuer it is assumed
104 The process of 'looking up the issuers certificate' itself involves a number
105 of steps. In versions of OpenSSL before 0.9.5a the first certificate whose
106 subject name matched the issuer of the current certificate was assumed to be
107 the issuers certificate. In OpenSSL 0.9.6 and later all certificates
108 whose subject name matches the issuer name of the current certificate are
109 subject to further tests. The relevant authority key identifier components
110 of the current certificate (if present) must match the subject key identifier
111 (if present) and issuer and serial number of the candidate issuer, in addition
112 the keyUsage extension of the candidate issuer (if present) must permit
115 The lookup first looks in the list of untrusted certificates and if no match
116 is found the remaining lookups are from the trusted certificates. The root CA
117 is always looked up in the trusted certificate list: if the certificate to
118 verify is a root certificate then an exact match must be found in the trusted
121 The second operation is to check every untrusted certificate's extensions for
122 consistency with the supplied purpose. If the B<-purpose> option is not included
123 then no checks are done. The supplied or "leaf" certificate must have extensions
124 compatible with the supplied purpose and all other certificates must also be valid
125 CA certificates. The precise extensions required are described in more detail in
126 the B<CERTIFICATE EXTENSIONS> section of the B<x509> utility.
128 The third operation is to check the trust settings on the root CA. The root
129 CA should be trusted for the supplied purpose. For compatibility with previous
130 versions of SSLeay and OpenSSL a certificate with no trust settings is considered
131 to be valid for all purposes.
133 The final operation is to check the validity of the certificate chain. The validity
134 period is checked against the current system time and the notBefore and notAfter
135 dates in the certificate. The certificate signatures are also checked at this
138 If all operations complete successfully then certificate is considered valid. If
139 any operation fails then the certificate is not valid.
143 When a verify operation fails the output messages can be somewhat cryptic. The
144 general form of the error message is:
146 server.pem: /C=AU/ST=Queensland/O=CryptSoft Pty Ltd/CN=Test CA (1024 bit)
147 error 24 at 1 depth lookup:invalid CA certificate
149 The first line contains the name of the certificate being verified followed by
150 the subject name of the certificate. The second line contains the error number
151 and the depth. The depth is number of the certificate being verified when a
152 problem was detected starting with zero for the certificate being verified itself
153 then 1 for the CA that signed the certificate and so on. Finally a text version
154 of the error number is presented.
156 An exhaustive list of the error codes and messages is shown below, this also
157 includes the name of the error code as defined in the header file x509_vfy.h
158 Some of the error codes are defined but never returned: these are described
163 =item B<0 X509_V_OK: ok>
165 the operation was successful.
167 =item B<2 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT: unable to get issuer certificate>
169 the issuer certificate could not be found: this occurs if the issuer certificate
170 of an untrusted certificate cannot be found.
172 =item B<3 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL unable to get certificate CRL>
174 the CRL of a certificate could not be found. Unused.
176 =item B<4 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CERT_SIGNATURE: unable to decrypt certificate's signature>
178 the certificate signature could not be decrypted. This means that the actual signature value
179 could not be determined rather than it not matching the expected value, this is only
180 meaningful for RSA keys.
182 =item B<5 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CRL_SIGNATURE: unable to decrypt CRL's signature>
184 the CRL signature could not be decrypted: this means that the actual signature value
185 could not be determined rather than it not matching the expected value. Unused.
187 =item B<6 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECODE_ISSUER_PUBLIC_KEY: unable to decode issuer public key>
189 the public key in the certificate SubjectPublicKeyInfo could not be read.
191 =item B<7 X509_V_ERR_CERT_SIGNATURE_FAILURE: certificate signature failure>
193 the signature of the certificate is invalid.
195 =item B<8 X509_V_ERR_CRL_SIGNATURE_FAILURE: CRL signature failure>
197 the signature of the certificate is invalid. Unused.
199 =item B<9 X509_V_ERR_CERT_NOT_YET_VALID: certificate is not yet valid>
201 the certificate is not yet valid: the notBefore date is after the current time.
203 =item B<10 X509_V_ERR_CERT_HAS_EXPIRED: certificate has expired>
205 the certificate has expired: that is the notAfter date is before the current time.
207 =item B<11 X509_V_ERR_CRL_NOT_YET_VALID: CRL is not yet valid>
209 the CRL is not yet valid. Unused.
211 =item B<12 X509_V_ERR_CRL_HAS_EXPIRED: CRL has expired>
213 the CRL has expired. Unused.
215 =item B<13 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_BEFORE_FIELD: format error in certificate's notBefore field>
217 the certificate notBefore field contains an invalid time.
219 =item B<14 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_AFTER_FIELD: format error in certificate's notAfter field>
221 the certificate notAfter field contains an invalid time.
223 =item B<15 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_LAST_UPDATE_FIELD: format error in CRL's lastUpdate field>
225 the CRL lastUpdate field contains an invalid time. Unused.
227 =item B<16 X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_NEXT_UPDATE_FIELD: format error in CRL's nextUpdate field>
229 the CRL nextUpdate field contains an invalid time. Unused.
231 =item B<17 X509_V_ERR_OUT_OF_MEM: out of memory>
233 an error occurred trying to allocate memory. This should never happen.
235 =item B<18 X509_V_ERR_DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT: self signed certificate>
237 the passed certificate is self signed and the same certificate cannot be found in the list of
238 trusted certificates.
240 =item B<19 X509_V_ERR_SELF_SIGNED_CERT_IN_CHAIN: self signed certificate in certificate chain>
242 the certificate chain could be built up using the untrusted certificates but the root could not
245 =item B<20 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY: unable to get local issuer certificate>
247 the issuer certificate of a locally looked up certificate could not be found. This normally means
248 the list of trusted certificates is not complete.
250 =item B<21 X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_VERIFY_LEAF_SIGNATURE: unable to verify the first certificate>
252 no signatures could be verified because the chain contains only one certificate and it is not
255 =item B<22 X509_V_ERR_CERT_CHAIN_TOO_LONG: certificate chain too long>
257 the certificate chain length is greater than the supplied maximum depth. Unused.
259 =item B<23 X509_V_ERR_CERT_REVOKED: certificate revoked>
261 the certificate has been revoked. Unused.
263 =item B<24 X509_V_ERR_INVALID_CA: invalid CA certificate>
265 a CA certificate is invalid. Either it is not a CA or its extensions are not consistent
266 with the supplied purpose.
268 =item B<25 X509_V_ERR_PATH_LENGTH_EXCEEDED: path length constraint exceeded>
270 the basicConstraints pathlength parameter has been exceeded.
272 =item B<26 X509_V_ERR_INVALID_PURPOSE: unsupported certificate purpose>
274 the supplied certificate cannot be used for the specified purpose.
276 =item B<27 X509_V_ERR_CERT_UNTRUSTED: certificate not trusted>
278 the root CA is not marked as trusted for the specified purpose.
280 =item B<28 X509_V_ERR_CERT_REJECTED: certificate rejected>
282 the root CA is marked to reject the specified purpose.
284 =item B<29 X509_V_ERR_SUBJECT_ISSUER_MISMATCH: subject issuer mismatch>
286 the current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its subject name
287 did not match the issuer name of the current certificate. Only displayed when
288 the B<-issuer_checks> option is set.
290 =item B<30 X509_V_ERR_AKID_SKID_MISMATCH: authority and subject key identifier mismatch>
292 the current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its subject key
293 identifier was present and did not match the authority key identifier current
294 certificate. Only displayed when the B<-issuer_checks> option is set.
296 =item B<31 X509_V_ERR_AKID_ISSUER_SERIAL_MISMATCH: authority and issuer serial number mismatch>
298 the current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its issuer name
299 and serial number was present and did not match the authority key identifier
300 of the current certificate. Only displayed when the B<-issuer_checks> option is set.
302 =item B<32 X509_V_ERR_KEYUSAGE_NO_CERTSIGN:key usage does not include certificate signing>
304 the current candidate issuer certificate was rejected because its keyUsage extension
305 does not permit certificate signing.
307 =item B<50 X509_V_ERR_APPLICATION_VERIFICATION: application verification failure>
309 an application specific error. Unused.
315 Although the issuer checks are a considerably improvement over the old technique they still
316 suffer from limitations in the underlying X509_LOOKUP API. One consequence of this is that
317 trusted certificates with matching subject name must either appear in a file (as specified by the
318 B<-CAfile> option) or a directory (as specified by B<-CApath>. If they occur in both then only
319 the certificates in the file will be recognised.
321 Previous versions of OpenSSL assume certificates with matching subject name are identical and