2 * Copyright (C) 1984-2007 Mark Nudelman
4 * You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
5 * License or the Less License, as specified in the README file.
7 * For more information about less, or for information on how to
8 * contact the author, see the README file.
13 * Routines to manipulate the "line buffer".
14 * The line buffer holds a line of output as it is being built
15 * in preparation for output to the screen.
21 static char *linebuf
= NULL
; /* Buffer which holds the current output line */
22 static char *attr
= NULL
; /* Extension of linebuf to hold attributes */
23 public int size_linebuf
= 0; /* Size of line buffer (and attr buffer) */
25 static int cshift
; /* Current left-shift of output line buffer */
26 public int hshift
; /* Desired left-shift of output line buffer */
27 public int tabstops
[TABSTOP_MAX
] = { 0 }; /* Custom tabstops */
28 public int ntabstops
= 1; /* Number of tabstops */
29 public int tabdefault
= 8; /* Default repeated tabstops */
31 static int curr
; /* Index into linebuf */
32 static int column
; /* Printable length, accounting for
34 static int overstrike
; /* Next char should overstrike previous char */
35 static int last_overstrike
= AT_NORMAL
;
36 static int is_null_line
; /* There is no current line */
37 static int lmargin
; /* Left margin */
38 static int line_matches
; /* Number of search matches in this line */
40 static POSITION pendpos
;
41 static char *end_ansi_chars
;
42 static char *mid_ansi_chars
;
44 static int attr_swidth();
45 static int attr_ewidth();
46 static int do_append();
54 extern int status_col
;
55 extern int auto_wrap
, ignaw
;
56 extern int bo_s_width
, bo_e_width
;
57 extern int ul_s_width
, ul_e_width
;
58 extern int bl_s_width
, bl_e_width
;
59 extern int so_s_width
, so_e_width
;
60 extern int sc_width
, sc_height
;
63 extern POSITION start_attnpos
;
64 extern POSITION end_attnpos
;
66 static char mbc_buf
[MAX_UTF_CHAR_LEN
];
67 static int mbc_buf_len
= 0;
68 static int mbc_buf_index
= 0;
69 static POSITION mbc_pos
;
72 * Initialize from environment variables.
77 end_ansi_chars
= lgetenv("LESSANSIENDCHARS");
78 if (end_ansi_chars
== NULL
|| *end_ansi_chars
== '\0')
81 mid_ansi_chars
= lgetenv("LESSANSIMIDCHARS");
82 if (mid_ansi_chars
== NULL
|| *mid_ansi_chars
== '\0')
83 mid_ansi_chars
= "0123456789;[?!\"'#%()*+ ";
85 linebuf
= (char *) ecalloc(LINEBUF_SIZE
, sizeof(char));
86 attr
= (char *) ecalloc(LINEBUF_SIZE
, sizeof(char));
87 size_linebuf
= LINEBUF_SIZE
;
91 * Expand the line buffer.
96 /* Double the size of the line buffer. */
97 int new_size
= size_linebuf
* 2;
99 /* Just realloc to expand the buffer, if we can. */
101 char *new_buf
= (char *) realloc(linebuf
, new_size
);
102 char *new_attr
= (char *) realloc(attr
, new_size
);
104 char *new_buf
= (char *) calloc(new_size
, sizeof(char));
105 char *new_attr
= (char *) calloc(new_size
, sizeof(char));
107 if (new_buf
== NULL
|| new_attr
== NULL
)
109 if (new_attr
!= NULL
)
117 * We realloc'd the buffers; they already have the old contents.
120 memset(new_buf
+ size_linebuf
, 0, new_size
- size_linebuf
);
121 memset(new_attr
+ size_linebuf
, 0, new_size
- size_linebuf
);
125 * We just calloc'd the buffers; copy the old contents.
127 memcpy(new_buf
, linebuf
, size_linebuf
* sizeof(char));
128 memcpy(new_attr
, attr
, size_linebuf
* sizeof(char));
134 size_linebuf
= new_size
;
139 * Is a character ASCII?
149 * Rewind the line buffer.
158 last_overstrike
= AT_NORMAL
;
171 * Insert the line number (of the given position) into the line buffer.
177 register LINENUM linenum
= 0;
180 if (linenums
== OPT_ONPLUS
)
183 * Get the line number and put it in the current line.
184 * {{ Note: since find_linenum calls forw_raw_line,
185 * it may seek in the input file, requiring the caller
186 * of plinenum to re-seek if necessary. }}
187 * {{ Since forw_raw_line modifies linebuf, we must
188 * do this first, before storing anything in linebuf. }}
190 linenum
= find_linenum(pos
);
194 * Display a status column if the -J option is set.
199 if (start_attnpos
!= NULL_POSITION
&&
200 pos
>= start_attnpos
&& pos
< end_attnpos
)
201 attr
[curr
] = AT_NORMAL
|AT_HILITE
;
203 attr
[curr
] = AT_NORMAL
;
208 * Display the line number at the start of each line
209 * if the -N option is set.
211 if (linenums
== OPT_ONPLUS
)
213 char buf
[INT_STRLEN_BOUND(pos
) + 2];
216 linenumtoa(linenum
, buf
);
218 if (n
< MIN_LINENUM_WIDTH
)
219 n
= MIN_LINENUM_WIDTH
;
220 sprintf(linebuf
+curr
, "%*s ", n
, buf
);
221 n
++; /* One space after the line number. */
222 for (i
= 0; i
< n
; i
++)
223 attr
[curr
+i
] = AT_NORMAL
;
230 * Append enough spaces to bring us to the lmargin.
232 while (column
< lmargin
)
235 attr
[curr
++] = AT_NORMAL
;
241 * Shift the input line left.
242 * This means discarding N printable chars at the start of the buffer.
258 if (shift
> column
- lmargin
)
259 shift
= column
- lmargin
;
260 if (shift
> curr
- lmargin
)
261 shift
= curr
- lmargin
;
265 * We keep on going when shifted == shift
266 * to get all combining chars.
268 while (shifted
<= shift
&& from
< curr
)
271 if (ctldisp
== OPT_ONPLUS
&& IS_CSI_START(c
))
273 /* Keep cumulative effect. */
275 attr
[to
++] = attr
[from
++];
276 while (from
< curr
&& linebuf
[from
])
278 linebuf
[to
] = linebuf
[from
];
279 attr
[to
++] = attr
[from
];
280 if (!is_ansi_middle(linebuf
[from
++]))
288 if (!IS_ASCII_OCTET(c
) && utf_mode
)
290 /* Assumes well-formedness validation already done. */
294 if (from
+ len
> curr
)
296 ch
= get_wchar(linebuf
+ from
);
297 if (!is_composing_char(ch
) && !is_combining_char(prev_ch
, ch
))
298 width
= is_wide_char(ch
) ? 2 : 1;
304 /* XXX - Incorrect if several '\b' in a row. */
305 width
= (utf_mode
&& is_wide_char(prev_ch
)) ? -2 : -1;
306 else if (!control_char(c
))
311 if (width
== 2 && shift
- shifted
== 1) {
312 /* Should never happen when called by pshift_all(). */
313 attr
[to
] = attr
[from
];
315 * Assume a wide_char will never be the first half of a
316 * combining_char pair, so reset prev_ch in case we're
317 * followed by a '\b'.
319 prev_ch
= linebuf
[to
++] = ' ';
325 /* Adjust width for magic cookies. */
326 prev_attr
= (to
> 0) ? attr
[to
-1] : AT_NORMAL
;
327 next_attr
= (from
+ len
< curr
) ? attr
[from
+ len
] : prev_attr
;
328 if (!is_at_equiv(attr
[from
], prev_attr
) &&
329 !is_at_equiv(attr
[from
], next_attr
))
331 width
+= attr_swidth(attr
[from
]);
332 if (from
+ len
< curr
)
333 width
+= attr_ewidth(attr
[from
]);
334 if (is_at_equiv(prev_attr
, next_attr
))
336 width
+= attr_ewidth(prev_attr
);
337 if (from
+ len
< curr
)
338 width
+= attr_swidth(next_attr
);
342 if (shift
- shifted
< width
)
351 linebuf
[to
] = linebuf
[from
];
352 attr
[to
++] = attr
[from
++];
369 * Return the printing width of the start (enter) sequence
370 * for a given character attribute.
378 a
= apply_at_specials(a
);
380 if (a
& AT_UNDERLINE
)
393 * Return the printing width of the end (exit) sequence
394 * for a given character attribute.
402 a
= apply_at_specials(a
);
404 if (a
& AT_UNDERLINE
)
417 * Return the printing width of a given character and attribute,
418 * if the character were added to the current position in the line buffer.
419 * Adding a character with a given attribute may cause an enter or exit
420 * attribute sequence to be inserted, so this must be taken into account.
423 pwidth(ch
, a
, prev_ch
)
432 * Backspace moves backwards one or two positions.
433 * XXX - Incorrect if several '\b' in a row.
435 return (utf_mode
&& is_wide_char(prev_ch
)) ? -2 : -1;
437 if (!utf_mode
|| is_ascii_char(ch
))
439 if (control_char((char)ch
))
442 * Control characters do unpredictable things,
443 * so we don't even try to guess; say it doesn't move.
444 * This can only happen if the -r flag is in effect.
450 if (is_composing_char(ch
) || is_combining_char(prev_ch
, ch
))
453 * Composing and combining chars take up no space.
455 * Some terminals, upon failure to compose a
456 * composing character with the character(s) that
457 * precede(s) it will actually take up one column
458 * for the composing character; there isn't much
459 * we could do short of testing the (complex)
460 * composition process ourselves and printing
461 * a binary representation when it fails.
468 * Other characters take one or two columns,
469 * plus the width of any attribute enter/exit sequence.
472 if (is_wide_char(ch
))
474 if (curr
> 0 && !is_at_equiv(attr
[curr
-1], a
))
475 w
+= attr_ewidth(attr
[curr
-1]);
476 if ((apply_at_specials(a
) != AT_NORMAL
) &&
477 (curr
== 0 || !is_at_equiv(attr
[curr
-1], a
)))
483 * Delete to the previous base character in the line buffer.
484 * Return 1 if one is found.
490 char *p
= linebuf
+ curr
;
491 LWCHAR ch
= step_char(&p
, -1, linebuf
+ lmargin
);
494 /* This assumes that there is no '\b' in linebuf. */
495 while ( curr
> lmargin
497 && (!(attr
[curr
- 1] & (AT_ANSI
|AT_BINARY
))))
500 prev_ch
= step_char(&p
, -1, linebuf
+ lmargin
);
501 width
= pwidth(ch
, attr
[curr
], prev_ch
);
512 * Are we currently within a recognized ANSI escape sequence?
520 * Search backwards for either an ESC (which means we ARE in a seq);
521 * or an end char (which means we're NOT in a seq).
523 for (p
= &linebuf
[curr
]; p
> linebuf
; )
525 LWCHAR ch
= step_char(&p
, -1, linebuf
);
526 if (IS_CSI_START(ch
))
528 if (!is_ansi_middle(ch
))
535 * Is a character the end of an ANSI escape sequence?
541 if (!is_ascii_char(ch
))
543 return (strchr(end_ansi_chars
, (char) ch
) != NULL
);
553 if (!is_ascii_char(ch
))
557 return (strchr(mid_ansi_chars
, (char) ch
) != NULL
);
561 * Append a character and attribute to the line buffer.
563 #define STORE_CHAR(ch,a,rep,pos) \
565 if (store_char((ch),(a),(rep),(pos))) return (1); \
569 store_char(ch
, a
, rep
, pos
)
579 w
= (a
& (AT_UNDERLINE
|AT_BOLD
)); /* Pre-use w. */
586 if (is_hilited(pos
, pos
+1, 0, &matches
))
589 * This character should be highlighted.
590 * Override the attribute passed in.
595 line_matches
+= matches
;
599 if (ctldisp
== OPT_ONPLUS
&& in_ansi_esc_seq())
601 if (!is_ansi_end(ch
) && !is_ansi_middle(ch
)) {
602 /* Remove whole unrecognized sequence. */
607 } while (!IS_CSI_START(linebuf
[curr
]));
610 a
= AT_ANSI
; /* Will force re-AT_'ing around it. */
613 else if (ctldisp
== OPT_ONPLUS
&& IS_CSI_START(ch
))
615 a
= AT_ANSI
; /* Will force re-AT_'ing around it. */
620 char *p
= &linebuf
[curr
];
621 LWCHAR prev_ch
= step_char(&p
, -1, linebuf
);
622 w
= pwidth(ch
, a
, prev_ch
);
625 if (ctldisp
!= OPT_ON
&& column
+ w
+ attr_ewidth(a
) > sc_width
)
627 * Won't fit on screen.
638 replen
= utf_len(rep
[0]);
640 if (curr
+ replen
>= size_linebuf
-6)
643 * Won't fit in line buffer.
646 if (expand_linebuf())
652 linebuf
[curr
] = *rep
++;
661 * Append a tab to the line buffer.
662 * Store spaces to represent the tab.
664 #define STORE_TAB(a,pos) \
665 do { if (store_tab((a),(pos))) return (1); } while (0)
672 int to_tab
= column
+ cshift
- lmargin
;
675 if (ntabstops
< 2 || to_tab
>= tabstops
[ntabstops
-1])
676 to_tab
= tabdefault
-
677 ((to_tab
- tabstops
[ntabstops
-1]) % tabdefault
);
680 for (i
= ntabstops
- 2; i
>= 0; i
--)
681 if (to_tab
>= tabstops
[i
])
683 to_tab
= tabstops
[i
+1] - to_tab
;
686 if (column
+ to_tab
- 1 + pwidth(' ', attr
, 0) + attr_ewidth(attr
) > sc_width
)
690 STORE_CHAR(' ', attr
, " ", pos
);
691 } while (--to_tab
> 0);
695 #define STORE_PRCHAR(c, pos) \
696 do { if (store_prchar((c), (pos))) return 1; } while (0)
706 * Convert to printable representation.
711 * Make sure we can get the entire representation
712 * of the character on this line.
714 if (column
+ (int) strlen(s
) - 1 +
715 pwidth(' ', binattr
, 0) + attr_ewidth(binattr
) > sc_width
)
718 for ( ; *s
!= 0; s
++)
719 STORE_CHAR(*s
, AT_BINARY
, NULL
, pos
);
730 for (i
= 0; i
< mbc_buf_index
; i
++)
731 if (store_prchar(mbc_buf
[i
], pos
))
732 return mbc_buf_index
- i
;
738 * Append a character to the line buffer.
739 * Expand tabs into spaces, handle underlining, boldfacing, etc.
740 * Returns 0 if ok, 1 if couldn't fit in buffer.
751 if (do_append(pendc
, NULL
, pendpos
))
753 * Oops. We've probably lost the char which
754 * was in pendc, since caller won't back up.
760 if (c
== '\r' && bs_mode
== BS_SPECIAL
)
762 if (mbc_buf_len
> 0) /* utf_mode must be on. */
764 /* Flush incomplete (truncated) sequence. */
765 r
= flush_mbc_buf(mbc_pos
);
766 mbc_buf_index
= r
+ 1;
769 return (mbc_buf_index
);
773 * Don't put the CR into the buffer until we see
774 * the next char. If the next char is a newline,
784 r
= do_append((LWCHAR
) c
, NULL
, pos
);
787 /* Perform strict validation in all possible cases. */
788 if (mbc_buf_len
== 0)
793 if (IS_ASCII_OCTET(c
))
794 r
= do_append((LWCHAR
) c
, NULL
, pos
);
795 else if (IS_UTF8_LEAD(c
))
797 mbc_buf_len
= utf_len(c
);
801 /* UTF8_INVALID or stray UTF8_TRAIL */
802 r
= flush_mbc_buf(pos
);
803 } else if (IS_UTF8_TRAIL(c
))
805 mbc_buf
[mbc_buf_index
++] = c
;
806 if (mbc_buf_index
< mbc_buf_len
)
808 if (is_utf8_well_formed(mbc_buf
))
809 r
= do_append(get_wchar(mbc_buf
), mbc_buf
, mbc_pos
);
811 /* Complete, but not shortest form, sequence. */
812 mbc_buf_index
= r
= flush_mbc_buf(mbc_pos
);
816 /* Flush incomplete (truncated) sequence. */
817 r
= flush_mbc_buf(mbc_pos
);
818 mbc_buf_index
= r
+ 1;
820 /* Handle new char. */
827 * If we need to shift the line, do it.
828 * But wait until we get to at least the middle of the screen,
829 * so shifting it doesn't affect the chars we're currently
830 * pappending. (Bold & underline can get messed up otherwise.)
832 if (cshift
< hshift
&& column
> sc_width
/ 2)
834 linebuf
[curr
] = '\0';
835 pshift(hshift
- cshift
);
839 /* How many chars should caller back up? */
840 r
= (!utf_mode
) ? 1 : mbc_buf_index
;
846 do_append(ch
, rep
, pos
)
858 if (bs_mode
== BS_CONTROL
)
859 goto do_control_char
;
862 * A better test is needed here so we don't
863 * backspace over part of the printed
864 * representation of a binary character.
868 || (attr
[curr
- 1] & (AT_ANSI
|AT_BINARY
)))
869 STORE_PRCHAR('\b', pos
);
870 else if (bs_mode
== BS_NORMAL
)
871 STORE_CHAR(ch
, AT_NORMAL
, NULL
, pos
);
872 else if (bs_mode
== BS_SPECIAL
)
873 overstrike
= backc();
881 * Overstrike the character at the current position
882 * in the line buffer. This will cause either
883 * underline (if a "_" is overstruck),
884 * bold (if an identical character is overstruck),
885 * or just deletion of the character in the buffer.
887 overstrike
= utf_mode
? -1 : 0;
888 /* To be correct, this must be a base character. */
889 prev_ch
= get_wchar(linebuf
+ curr
);
894 * Overstriking a char with itself means make it bold.
895 * But overstriking an underscore with itself is
896 * ambiguous. It could mean make it bold, or
897 * it could mean make it underlined.
898 * Use the previous overstrike to resolve it.
902 if ((a
& (AT_BOLD
|AT_UNDERLINE
)) != AT_NORMAL
)
903 a
|= (AT_BOLD
|AT_UNDERLINE
);
904 else if (last_overstrike
!= AT_NORMAL
)
905 a
|= last_overstrike
;
910 } else if (ch
== '_')
914 rep
= linebuf
+ curr
;
915 } else if (prev_ch
== '_')
919 /* Else we replace prev_ch, but we keep its attributes. */
920 } else if (overstrike
< 0)
922 if ( is_composing_char(ch
)
923 || is_combining_char(get_wchar(linebuf
+ curr
), ch
))
924 /* Continuation of the same overstrike. */
933 * Expand a tab into spaces.
938 goto do_control_char
;
944 } else if ((!utf_mode
|| is_ascii_char(ch
)) && control_char((char)ch
))
947 if (ctldisp
== OPT_ON
|| (ctldisp
== OPT_ONPLUS
&& IS_CSI_START(ch
)))
950 * Output as a normal character.
952 STORE_CHAR(ch
, AT_NORMAL
, rep
, pos
);
955 STORE_PRCHAR((char) ch
, pos
);
957 } else if (utf_mode
&& ctldisp
!= OPT_ON
&& is_ubin_char(ch
))
963 if (column
+ (int) strlen(s
) - 1 +
964 pwidth(' ', binattr
, 0) + attr_ewidth(binattr
) > sc_width
)
967 for ( ; *s
!= 0; s
++)
968 STORE_CHAR(*s
, AT_BINARY
, NULL
, pos
);
971 STORE_CHAR(ch
, a
, rep
, pos
);
986 /* Flush incomplete (truncated) sequence. */
987 r
= flush_mbc_buf(mbc_pos
);
994 * Terminate the line in the line buffer.
1004 if (pendc
&& (pendc
!= '\r' || !endline
))
1006 * If we had a pending character, put it in the buffer.
1007 * But discard a pending CR if we are at end of line
1008 * (that is, discard the CR in a CR/LF sequence).
1010 (void) do_append(pendc
, NULL
, pendpos
);
1013 * Make sure we've shifted the line, if we need to.
1015 if (cshift
< hshift
)
1016 pshift(hshift
- cshift
);
1018 if (ctldisp
== OPT_ONPLUS
&& is_ansi_end('m'))
1020 /* Switch to normal attribute at end of line. */
1022 for ( ; *p
!= '\0'; p
++)
1025 attr
[curr
++] = AT_ANSI
;
1030 * Add a newline if necessary,
1031 * and append a '\0' to the end of the line.
1032 * We output a newline if we're not at the right edge of the screen,
1033 * or if the terminal doesn't auto wrap,
1034 * or if this is really the end of the line AND the terminal ignores
1035 * a newline at the right edge.
1036 * (In the last case we don't want to output a newline if the terminal
1037 * doesn't ignore it since that would produce an extra blank line.
1038 * But we do want to output a newline if the terminal ignores it in case
1039 * the next line is blank. In that case the single newline output for
1040 * that blank line would be ignored!)
1043 nl
= (column
< sc_width
|| !auto_wrap
|| (endline
&& ignaw
) || ctldisp
== OPT_ON
);
1045 nl
= (column
< sc_width
|| !auto_wrap
|| ignaw
|| ctldisp
== OPT_ON
);
1048 linebuf
[curr
] = '\n';
1049 attr
[curr
] = AT_NORMAL
;
1052 else if (ignaw
&& !auto_wrap
&& column
>= sc_width
)
1055 * Big horrible kludge.
1056 * No-wrap terminals are too hard to deal with when they get in
1057 * the state where a full screen width of characters have been
1058 * output but the cursor is sitting on the right edge instead
1059 * of at the start of the next line.
1060 * So after we output a full line, we output an extra
1061 * space and backspace to force the cursor to the
1062 * beginning of the next line, like a sane terminal.
1064 linebuf
[curr
] = ' ';
1065 attr
[curr
++] = AT_NORMAL
;
1066 linebuf
[curr
] = '\b';
1067 attr
[curr
++] = AT_NORMAL
;
1069 linebuf
[curr
] = '\0';
1070 attr
[curr
] = AT_NORMAL
;
1073 if (status_col
&& line_matches
> 0)
1076 attr
[0] = AT_NORMAL
|AT_HILITE
;
1082 * Get a character from the current line.
1083 * Return the character as the function return value,
1084 * and the character attribute in *ap.
1094 * If there is no current line, we pretend the line is
1095 * either "~" or "", depending on the "twiddle" flag.
1106 /* Make sure we're back to AT_NORMAL before the '\n'. */
1108 return i
? '\0' : '\n';
1112 return (linebuf
[i
] & 0xFF);
1116 * Indicate that there is no current line.
1126 * Analogous to forw_line(), but deals with "raw lines":
1127 * lines which are not split for screen width.
1128 * {{ This is supposed to be more efficient than forw_line(). }}
1131 forw_raw_line(curr_pos
, linep
, line_lenp
)
1140 if (curr_pos
== NULL_POSITION
|| ch_seek(curr_pos
) ||
1141 (c
= ch_forw_get()) == EOI
)
1142 return (NULL_POSITION
);
1147 if (c
== '\n' || c
== EOI
|| ABORT_SIGS())
1149 new_pos
= ch_tell();
1152 if (n
>= size_linebuf
-1)
1154 if (expand_linebuf())
1157 * Overflowed the input buffer.
1158 * Pretend the line ended here.
1160 new_pos
= ch_tell() - 1;
1170 if (line_lenp
!= NULL
)
1176 * Analogous to back_line(), but deals with "raw lines".
1177 * {{ This is supposed to be more efficient than back_line(). }}
1180 back_raw_line(curr_pos
, linep
, line_lenp
)
1189 if (curr_pos
== NULL_POSITION
|| curr_pos
<= ch_zero() ||
1190 ch_seek(curr_pos
-1))
1191 return (NULL_POSITION
);
1194 linebuf
[--n
] = '\0';
1198 if (c
== '\n' || ABORT_SIGS())
1201 * This is the newline ending the previous line.
1202 * We have hit the beginning of the line.
1204 new_pos
= ch_tell() + 1;
1210 * We have hit the beginning of the file.
1211 * This must be the first line in the file.
1212 * This must, of course, be the beginning of the line.
1214 new_pos
= ch_zero();
1219 int old_size_linebuf
= size_linebuf
;
1222 if (expand_linebuf())
1225 * Overflowed the input buffer.
1226 * Pretend the line ended here.
1228 new_pos
= ch_tell() + 1;
1232 * Shift the data to the end of the new linebuf.
1234 for (fm
= linebuf
+ old_size_linebuf
- 1,
1235 to
= linebuf
+ size_linebuf
- 1;
1236 fm
>= linebuf
; fm
--, to
--)
1238 n
= size_linebuf
- old_size_linebuf
;
1243 *linep
= &linebuf
[n
];
1244 if (line_lenp
!= NULL
)
1245 *line_lenp
= size_linebuf
- 1 - n
;