1 @(#) $Header: /tcpdump/master/tcpdump/README,v 1.68 2008-12-15 00:05:27 guy Exp $ (LBL)
4 Now maintained by "The Tcpdump Group"
7 Please send inquiries/comments/reports to:
8 tcpdump-workers@lists.tcpdump.org
10 Anonymous Git is available via:
11 git clone git://bpf.tcpdump.org/tcpdump
13 Version 4.x.y of TCPDUMP can be retrieved with the CVS tag "tcpdump_4_xrely":
14 cvs -d :pserver:cvs.tcpdump.org:/tcpdump/master checkout -r tcpdump_4_xrely tcpdump
16 Please submit patches against the master copy to the tcpdump project on
19 formerly from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
20 Network Research Group <tcpdump@ee.lbl.gov>
21 ftp://ftp.ee.lbl.gov/tcpdump.tar.Z (3.4)
23 This directory contains source code for tcpdump, a tool for network
24 monitoring and data acquisition. This software was originally
25 developed by the Network Research Group at the Lawrence Berkeley
26 National Laboratory. The original distribution is available via
27 anonymous ftp to ftp.ee.lbl.gov, in tcpdump.tar.Z. More recent
28 development is performed at tcpdump.org, http://www.tcpdump.org/
30 Tcpdump uses libpcap, a system-independent interface for user-level
31 packet capture. Before building tcpdump, you must first retrieve and
32 build libpcap, also originally from LBL and now being maintained by
33 tcpdump.org; see http://www.tcpdump.org/ .
35 Once libpcap is built (either install it or make sure it's in
36 ../libpcap), you can build tcpdump using the procedure in the INSTALL
39 The program is loosely based on SMI's "etherfind" although none of the
40 etherfind code remains. It was originally written by Van Jacobson as
41 part of an ongoing research project to investigate and improve tcp and
42 internet gateway performance. The parts of the program originally
43 taken from Sun's etherfind were later re-written by Steven McCanne of
44 LBL. To insure that there would be no vestige of proprietary code in
45 tcpdump, Steve wrote these pieces from the specification given by the
46 manual entry, with no access to the source of tcpdump or etherfind.
48 Over the past few years, tcpdump has been steadily improved by the
49 excellent contributions from the Internet community (just browse
50 through the CHANGES file). We are grateful for all the input.
52 Richard Stevens gives an excellent treatment of the Internet protocols
53 in his book ``TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1''. If you want to learn more
54 about tcpdump and how to interpret its output, pick up this book.
56 Some tools for viewing and analyzing tcpdump trace files are available
57 from the Internet Traffic Archive:
59 http://www.acm.org/sigcomm/ITA/
61 Another tool that tcpdump users might find useful is tcpslice:
63 ftp://ftp.ee.lbl.gov/tcpslice.tar.Z
65 It is a program that can be used to extract portions of tcpdump binary
66 trace files. See the above distribution for further details and
69 Problems, bugs, questions, desirable enhancements, etc. should be sent
70 to the address "tcpdump-workers@lists.tcpdump.org". Bugs, support
71 requests, and feature requests may also be submitted on the SourceForge
74 http://sourceforge.net/projects/tcpdump/
76 Source code contributions, etc. should be sent to the email address
77 submitted as patches on the SourceForge site for tcpdump.
79 Current versions can be found at www.tcpdump.org, or the SourceForge
84 original text by: Steve McCanne, Craig Leres, Van Jacobson
86 -------------------------------------
87 This directory also contains some short awk programs intended as
88 examples of ways to reduce tcpdump data when you're tracking
89 particular network problems:
92 Simplifies the tcpdump trace for an ftp (or other unidirectional
93 tcp transfer). Since we assume that one host only sends and
94 the other only acks, all address information is left off and
95 we just note if the packet is a "send" or an "ack".
97 There is one output line per line of the original trace.
98 Field 1 is the packet time in decimal seconds, relative
99 to the start of the conversation. Field 2 is delta-time
100 from last packet. Field 3 is packet type/direction.
101 "Send" means data going from sender to receiver, "ack"
102 means an ack going from the receiver to the sender. A
103 preceding "*" indicates that the data is a retransmission.
104 A preceding "-" indicates a hole in the sequence space
105 (i.e., missing packet(s)), a "#" means an odd-size (not max
106 seg size) packet. Field 4 has the packet flags
107 (same format as raw trace). Field 5 is the sequence
108 number (start seq. num for sender, next expected seq number
109 for acks). The number in parens following an ack is
110 the delta-time from the first send of the packet to the
111 ack. A number in parens following a send is the
112 delta-time from the first send of the packet to the
113 current send (on duplicate packets only). Duplicate
114 sends or acks have a number in square brackets showing
115 the number of duplicates so far.
117 Here is a short sample from near the start of an ftp:
119 3.20 0.20 ack . 1024 (0.20)
120 3.20 0.00 send P 1024
121 3.40 0.20 ack . 1536 (0.20)
122 3.80 0.40 * send . 0 (3.80) [2]
123 3.82 0.02 * ack . 1536 (0.62) [2]
124 Three seconds into the conversation, bytes 512 through 1023
125 were sent. 200ms later they were acked. Shortly thereafter
126 bytes 1024-1535 were sent and again acked after 200ms.
127 Then, for no apparent reason, 0-511 is retransmitted, 3.8
128 seconds after its initial send (the round trip time for this
129 ftp was 1sec, +-500ms). Since the receiver is expecting
130 1536, 1536 is re-acked when 0 arrives.
133 Computes chunk summary data for an ftp (or similar
134 unidirectional tcp transfer). [A "chunk" refers to
135 a chunk of the sequence space -- essentially the packet
136 sequence number divided by the max segment size.]
138 A summary line is printed showing the number of chunks,
139 the number of packets it took to send that many chunks
140 (if there are no lost or duplicated packets, the number
141 of packets should equal the number of chunks) and the
144 Following the summary line is one line of information
145 per chunk. The line contains eight fields:
147 2 - the start sequence number for this chunk
148 3 - time of first send
149 4 - time of last send
150 5 - time of first ack
152 7 - number of times chunk was sent
153 8 - number of times chunk was acked
154 (all times are in decimal seconds, relative to the start
155 of the conversation.)
157 As an example, here is the first part of the output for
160 # 134 chunks. 536 packets sent. 508 acks.
161 1 1 0.00 5.80 0.20 0.20 4 1
162 2 513 0.28 6.20 0.40 0.40 4 1
163 3 1025 1.16 6.32 1.20 1.20 4 1
164 4 1561 1.86 15.00 2.00 2.00 6 1
165 5 2049 2.16 15.44 2.20 2.20 5 1
166 6 2585 2.64 16.44 2.80 2.80 5 1
167 7 3073 3.00 16.66 3.20 3.20 4 1
168 8 3609 3.20 17.24 3.40 5.82 4 11
169 9 4097 6.02 6.58 6.20 6.80 2 5
171 This says that 134 chunks were transferred (about 70K
172 since the average packet size was 512 bytes). It took
173 536 packets to transfer the data (i.e., on the average
174 each chunk was transmitted four times). Looking at,
175 say, chunk 4, we see it represents the 512 bytes of
176 sequence space from 1561 to 2048. It was first sent
177 1.86 seconds into the conversation. It was last
178 sent 15 seconds into the conversation and was sent
179 a total of 6 times (i.e., it was retransmitted every
180 2 seconds on the average). It was acked once, 140ms
181 after it first arrived.
185 Output one line per send or ack, respectively, in the form
187 where <time> is the time in seconds since the start of the
188 transfer and <seq. number> is the sequence number being sent
189 or acked. I typically plot this data looking for suspicious
193 The problem I was looking at was the bulk-data-transfer
194 throughput of medium delay network paths (1-6 sec. round trip
195 time) under typical DARPA Internet conditions. The trace of the
196 ftp transfer of a large file was used as the raw data source.
199 - On a local host (but not the Sun running tcpdump), connect to
202 - On the monitor Sun, start the trace going. E.g.,
203 tcpdump host local-host and remote-host and port ftp-data >tracefile
205 - On local, do either a get or put of a large file (~500KB),
206 preferably to the null device (to minimize effects like
207 closing the receive window while waiting for a disk write).
209 - When transfer is finished, stop tcpdump. Use awk to make up
210 two files of summary data (maxsize is the maximum packet size,
211 tracedata is the file of tcpdump tracedata):
212 awk -f send-ack.awk packetsize=avgsize tracedata >sa
213 awk -f packetdat.awk packetsize=avgsize tracedata >pd
215 - While the summary data files are printing, take a look at
216 how the transfer behaved:
217 awk -f stime.awk tracedata | xgraph
218 (90% of what you learn seems to happen in this step).
220 - Do all of the above steps several times, both directions,
221 at different times of day, with different protocol
222 implementations on the other end.
224 - Using one of the Unix data analysis packages (in my case,
225 S and Gary Perlman's Unix|Stat), spend a few months staring
228 - Change something in the local protocol implementation and
229 redo the steps above.
231 - Once a week, tell your funding agent that you're discovering
232 wonderful things and you'll write up that research report