1 .\" Copyright (c) 1996 David Nugent <davidn@blaze.net.au>
2 .\" All rights reserved.
4 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
5 .\" modification, is permitted provided that the following conditions
7 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
8 .\" notice immediately at the beginning of the file, without modification,
9 .\" this list of conditions, and the following disclaimer.
10 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
11 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
12 .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
13 .\" 3. This work was done expressly for inclusion into FreeBSD. Other use
14 .\" is permitted provided this notation is included.
15 .\" 4. Absolutely no warranty of function or purpose is made by the author
17 .\" 5. Modifications may be freely made to this file providing the above
18 .\" conditions are met.
20 .\" $FreeBSD: src/usr.bin/limits/limits.1,v 1.14.2.10 2003/02/25 20:31:18 trhodes Exp $
21 .\" $DragonFly: src/usr.bin/limits/limits.1,v 1.5 2008/05/02 02:05:07 swildner Exp $
28 .Nd set or display process resource limits
34 .Op Fl cdfklmnstuv Op val
38 .Op Fl cdfklmnstuv Op val
40 .Op Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value ...
46 .Op Fl cdflmnstuv Op val
50 .Op Fl cdflmnstuv Op val
52 .Op Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value ...
57 utility either prints or sets kernel resource limits, and may optionally set
58 environment variables like
60 and run a program with the selected resources.
64 .Bl -tag -width indent
68 .Op Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value
71 This usage sets limits according to
73 optionally sets environment variables given as
74 .Ar name Ns = Ns Ar value
75 pairs, and then runs the specified command.
80 This usage determines values of resource settings according to
82 does not attempt to set them and outputs these values to
84 By default, this will output the current kernel resource settings
85 active for the calling process.
90 flags, you may also display the current resource settings modified
91 by the appropriate login class resource limit entries from
94 login capabilities database.
97 .Fl e Op Ar limitflags
99 This usage determines values of resource settings according to
101 but does not set them itself.
102 Like the previous usage it outputs these values to standard
103 output, except that it will emit them in
105 format, suitable for the calling shell.
106 The calling shell is determined by examining the entries in the
108 filesystem for the parent process.
109 If the shell is known (i.e. it is one of sh, csh, bash, tcsh, ksh,
112 emits 'limit' or 'ulimit' commands in the format understood by
114 If the name of the shell cannot be determined, then the 'ulimit'
119 This is very useful for setting limits used by scripts, or prior
120 launching of daemons and other background tasks with specific
121 resource limit settings, and provides the benefit of allowing
122 global configuration of maximum resource usage by maintaining a
123 central database of settings in the login class database.
125 Within a shell script,
127 will normally be used with eval within backticks as follows:
129 .Dl eval `limits -e -C daemon`
131 which causes the output of
133 to be evaluated and set by the current shell.
138 specified in the above contains one or more of the following options:
139 .Bl -tag -width "-d [limit]"
141 Use current resource values, modified by the resource entries applicable
142 for the login class "class".
144 Use current resource values, modified by the resource entries applicable
145 to the login class which "user" belongs to.
146 If the user does not belong to a class, then the resource capabilities
147 for the "default" class are used, if it exists, or the "root" class if
148 the user is a superuser account.
150 Select display or setting of "soft" (or current) resource limits.
151 If specific limits settings follow this switch, only soft limits are
152 affected unless overridden later with either the
158 Select display or setting of "hard" (or maximum) resource limits.
159 If specific limits settings follow this switch, only hard limits are
160 affected until overridden later with either the
166 Select display or setting of both "soft" (current) or "hard" (maximum)
168 If specific limits settings follow this switch, both soft and hard
169 limits are affected until overridden later with either the
175 Select "eval mode" formatting for output.
176 This is valid only on display mode and cannot be used when running a
178 The exact syntax used for output depends upon the type of shell from
187 Select or set (if 'limit' is specified) the
190 A value of 0 disables core dumps.
192 Select or set (if 'limit' is specified) the
214 resource limit. The system-wide limit on the maximum number of
215 open files per process can be viewed using the 'sysctl kern.maxfilesperproc'
216 command. The total number of simultaneously open files in the entire
217 system is limited to the value displayed by the 'sysctl kern.maxfiles'
230 resource limit. The system-wide limit on the maximum number of processes
231 allowed per UID can be viewed using the 'sysctl kern.maxprocperuid' command.
232 The maximum number of processes that can be running simultaneously
233 in the entire system is limited to the value given by
234 the 'sysctl kern.maxproc' command.
239 This limit encompasses the entire VM space for the user process
240 and is inclusive of text, data, bss, stack,
250 in the above set of options consist of either the
257 for an infinite (or kernel-defined maximum)
258 limit, or a numeric value optionally followed by a suffix.
259 Values which relate to size default to a value in bytes, or one of the
260 following suffixes may be used as a multiplier:
262 .Bl -tag -offset indent -width 4n -compact
266 kilobytes (1024 bytes).
268 megabytes (1024*1024 bytes).
277 resource defaults to a number of seconds, but a multiplier may be
278 used, and as with size values, multiple values separated by a valid
279 suffix are added together:
281 .Bl -tag -offset indent -width 4n -compact
295 .Bl -tag -width ".Fl C Ar class"
299 to completely ignore the environment it inherits.
301 Force all resource settings to be displayed even if
302 other specific resource settings have been specified.
303 For example, if you wish to disable core dumps when starting up
304 the Usenet News system, but wish to set all other resource settings
305 as well that apply to the
307 account, you might use:
309 .Dl "eval `limits -U news -aBec 0`"
313 call, only the superuser may raise process
316 Non-root users may, however, lower them or change
319 within to any value below the hard limit.
320 When invoked to execute a program, the failure of
322 to raise a hard limit is considered a fatal error.
328 exits with EXIT_FAILURE if usage is incorrect in any way; i.e. an invalid
329 option, or set/display options are selected in the same invocation,
331 is used when running a program, etc.
332 When run in display or eval mode,
334 exits with a status of EXIT_SUCCESS.
335 When run in command mode and execution of the command succeeds, the exit status
336 will be whatever the executed program returns.
351 utility does not handle commands with equal (``='') signs in their
352 names, for obvious reasons.
354 When eval output is selected, the
356 filesystem must be installed
357 and mounted for the shell to be correctly determined, and therefore
358 output syntax correct for the running shell.
359 The default output is valid for
361 so this means that any
364 in eval mode prior mounting
366 may only occur in standard bourne
371 utility makes no effort to ensure that resource settings emitted or displayed
372 are valid and settable by the current user.
373 Only a superuser account may raise hard limits, and when doing so
376 kernel will silently lower limits to values less than
377 specified if the values given are too high.