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36 .\" @(#)qsort.3 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/4/93
37 .\" $FreeBSD: src/lib/libc/stdlib/qsort.3,v 1.4.2.5 2001/12/14 18:33:58 ru Exp $
38 .\" $DragonFly: src/lib/libc/stdlib/qsort.3,v 1.4 2006/02/17 19:35:06 swildner Exp $
53 .Fn qsort "void *base" "size_t nmemb" "size_t size" "int (*compar)(const void *, const void *)"
55 .Fn heapsort "void *base" "size_t nmemb" "size_t size" "int (*compar)(const void *, const void *)"
57 .Fn mergesort "void *base" "size_t nmemb" "size_t size" "int (*compar)(const void *, const void *)"
61 function is a modified partition-exchange sort, or quicksort.
64 function is a modified selection sort.
67 function is a modified merge sort with exponential search
68 intended for sorting data with pre-existing order.
74 functions sort an array of
76 objects, the initial member of which is pointed to by
78 The size of each object is specified by
81 behaves similarly, but
86 .Dq "sizeof(void *) / 2" .
88 The contents of the array
90 are sorted in ascending order according to
91 a comparison function pointed to by
93 which requires two arguments pointing to the objects being
96 The comparison function must return an integer less than, equal to, or
97 greater than zero if the first argument is considered to be respectively
98 less than, equal to, or greater than the second.
106 stable, that is, if two members compare as equal, their order in
107 the sorted array is undefined.
114 function is an implementation of C.A.R. Hoare's ``quicksort'' algorithm,
115 a variant of partition-exchange sorting; in particular, see D.E. Knuth's
118 takes O N lg N average time.
119 This implementation uses median selection to avoid its
120 O N**2 worst-case behavior.
124 function is an implementation of J.W.J. William's ``heapsort'' algorithm,
125 a variant of selection sorting; in particular, see D.E. Knuth's Algorithm H.
127 takes O N lg N worst-case time.
132 is that it uses almost no additional memory; while
134 does not allocate memory, it is implemented using recursion.
138 requires additional memory of size
141 bytes; it should be used only when space is not at a premium.
143 is optimized for data with pre-existing order; its worst case
144 time is O N lg N; its best case is O N.
152 Memory availability and pre-existing order in the data can make this
160 .Rv -std heapsort mergesort
164 did not permit the comparison routine itself to call
166 This is no longer true.
172 functions succeed unless:
177 argument is zero, or,
183 .Dq "sizeof(void *) / 2" .
188 were unable to allocate memory.
197 .%J "The Computer Journal"
205 .%J "Communications of the ACM"
212 .%B "The Art of Computer Programming"
214 .%T "Sorting and Searching"
215 .%P pp. 114-123, 145-149
219 .%T "Optimistic Sorting and Information Theoretic Complexity"
220 .%J "Fourth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms"
225 .%T "Engineering a Sort Function"
226 .%J "bentley@research.att.com"