1 $FreeBSD: head/lib/libc/locale/DESIGN.xlocale 227753 2011-11-20 14:45:42Z theraven $
6 The xlocale APIs come from Darwin, although a subset is now part of POSIX 2008.
7 They fall into two broad categories:
9 - Manipulation of per-thread locales (POSIX)
10 - Locale-aware functions taking an explicit locale argument (Darwin)
12 This document describes the implementation of these APIs for FreeBSD.
17 The overall goal of this implementation is to be compatible with the Darwin
18 version. Additionally, it should include minimal changes to the existing
19 locale code. A lot of the existing locale code originates with 4BSD or earlier
20 and has had over a decade of testing. Replacing this code, unless absolutely
21 necessary, gives us the potential for more bugs without much benefit.
23 With this in mind, various libc-private functions have been modified to take a
24 locale_t parameter. This causes a compiler error if they are accidentally
25 called without a locale. This approach was taken, rather than adding _l
26 variants of these functions, to make it harder for accidental uses of the
27 global-locale versions to slip in.
32 A locale is encapsulated in a `locale_t`, which is an opaque type: a pointer to
33 a `struct _xlocale`. The name `_xlocale` is unfortunate, as it does not fit
34 well with existing conventions, but is used because this is the name the Darwin
35 implementation gives to this structure and so may be used by existing (bad) code.
37 This structure should include all of the information corresponding to a locale.
38 A locale_t is almost immutable after creation. There are no functions that modify it,
39 and it can therefore be used without locking. It is the responsibility of the
40 caller to ensure that a locale is not deallocated during a call that uses it.
42 Each locale contains a number of components, one for each of the categories
43 supported by `setlocale()`. These are likewise immutable after creation. This
44 differs from the Darwin implementation, which includes a deprecated
45 `setinvalidrune()` function that can modify the rune locale.
47 The exception to these mutability rules is a set of `mbstate_t` flags stored
48 with each locale. These are used by various functions that previously had a
49 static local `mbstate_t` variable.
51 The components are reference counted, and so can be aliased between locale
52 objects. This makes copying locales very cheap.
57 All locales and locale components are reference counted. The global locale,
58 however, is special. It, and all of its components, are static and so no
59 malloc() memory is required when using a single locale.
61 This means that threads using the global locale are subject to the same
62 constraints as with the pre-xlocale libc. Calls to any locale-aware functions
63 in threads using the global locale, while modifying the global locale, have
66 Because of this, we have to ensure that we always copy the components of the
67 global locale, rather than alias them.
69 It would be cleaner to simply remove the special treatment of the global locale
70 and have a locale_t lazily allocated for the global context. This would cost a
71 little more `malloc()` memory, so is not done in the initial version.
76 The existing locale implementation included several ad-hoc caching layers.
77 None of these were thread safe. Caching is only really of use for supporting
78 the pattern where the locale is briefly changed to something and then changed
81 The current xlocale implementation removes the caching entirely. This pattern
82 is not one that should be encouraged. If you need to make some calls with a
83 modified locale, then you should use the _l suffix versions of the calls,
84 rather than switch the global locale. If you do need to temporarily switch the
85 locale and then switch it back, `uselocale()` provides a way of doing this very
86 easily: It returns the old locale, which can then be passed to a subsequent
87 call to `uselocale()` to restore it, without the need to load any locale data
90 If, in the future, it is determined that caching is beneficial, it can be added
91 quite easily in xlocale.c. Given, however, that any locale-aware call is going
92 to be a preparation for presenting data to the user, and so is invariably going
93 to be part of an I/O operation, this seems like a case of premature
99 The `localeconv()` function is an exception to the immutable-after-creation
100 rule. In the classic implementation, this function returns a pointer to some
101 global storage, which is initialised with the data from the current locale.
102 This is not possible in a multithreaded environment, with multiple locales.
104 Instead, each locale contains a `struct lconv` that is lazily initialised on
105 calls to `localeconv()`. This is not protected by any locking, however this is
106 still safe on any machine where word-sized stores are atomic: two concurrent
107 calls will write the same data into the structure.
109 Explicit Locale Calls
110 ---------------------
112 A large number of functions have been modified to take an explicit `locale_t`
113 parameter. The old APIs are then reimplemented with a call to `__get_locale()`
114 to supply the `locale_t` parameter. This is in line with the Darwin public
115 APIs, but also simplifies the modifications to these functions. The
116 `__get_locale()` function is now the only way to access the current locale
117 within libc. All of the old globals have gone, so there is now a linker error
118 if any functions attempt to use them.
120 The ctype.h functions are a little different. These are not implemented in
121 terms of their locale-aware versions, for performance reasons. Each of these
122 is implemented as a short inline function.
124 Differences to Darwin APIs
125 --------------------------
127 `strtoq_l()` and `strtouq_l() `are not provided. These are extensions to
128 deprecated functions - we should not be encouraging people to use deprecated
134 The pointer values 0 and -1 have special meanings as `locale_t` values. Any
135 public function that accepts a `locale_t` parameter must use the `FIX_LOCALE()`
136 macro on it before using it. For efficiency, this can be emitted in functions
137 which *only* use their locale parameter as an argument to another public
138 function, as the callee will do the `FIX_LOCALE()` itself.
140 Potential Improvements
141 ----------------------
143 Currently, the current rune set is accessed via a function call. This makes it
144 fairly expensive to use any of the ctype.h functions. We could improve this
145 quite a lot by storing the rune locale data in a __thread-qualified variable.
147 Several of the existing FreeBSD locale-aware functions appear to be wrong. For
148 example, most of the `strto*()` family should probably use `digittoint_l()`,
149 but instead they assume ASCII. These will break if using a character encoding
150 that does not put numbers and the letters A-F in the same location as ASCII.
151 Some functions, like `strcoll()` only work on single-byte encodings. No
152 attempt has been made to fix existing limitations in the libc functions other
153 than to add support for xlocale.
155 Intuitively, setting a thread-local locale should ensure that all locale-aware
156 functions can be used safely from that thread. In fact, this is not the case
157 in either this implementation or the Darwin one. You must call `duplocale()`
158 or `newlocale()` before calling `uselocale()`. This is a bit ugly, and it
159 would be better if libc ensure that every thread had its own locale object.