kernel - Improve physio performance

[dragonfly.git] / sys / platform / pc64 / x86_64 / machdep.c

/*-
 * Copyright (c) 1982, 1987, 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
 * Copyright (c) 1992 Terrence R. Lambert.
 * Copyright (c) 2003 Peter Wemm.
 * Copyright (c) 2008 The DragonFly Project.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
 * William Jolitz.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
 *    must display the following acknowledgement:
 *      This product includes software developed by the University of
 *      California, Berkeley and its contributors.
 * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *    without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 * from: @(#)machdep.c  7.4 (Berkeley) 6/3/91
 * $FreeBSD: src/sys/i386/i386/machdep.c,v 1.385.2.30 2003/05/31 08:48:05 alc Exp $
 */

//#include "use_npx.h"
#include "use_isa.h"
#include "opt_compat.h"
#include "opt_cpu.h"
#include "opt_ddb.h"
#include "opt_directio.h"
#include "opt_inet.h"
#include "opt_msgbuf.h"
#include "opt_swap.h"

#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/systm.h>
#include <sys/sysproto.h>
#include <sys/signalvar.h>
#include <sys/kernel.h>
#include <sys/linker.h>
#include <sys/malloc.h>
#include <sys/proc.h>
#include <sys/priv.h>
#include <sys/buf.h>
#include <sys/reboot.h>
#include <sys/mbuf.h>
#include <sys/msgbuf.h>
#include <sys/sysent.h>
#include <sys/sysctl.h>
#include <sys/vmmeter.h>
#include <sys/bus.h>
#include <sys/usched.h>
#include <sys/reg.h>
#include <sys/sbuf.h>
#include <sys/ctype.h>
#include <sys/serialize.h>
#include <sys/systimer.h>

#include <vm/vm.h>
#include <vm/vm_param.h>
#include <sys/lock.h>
#include <vm/vm_kern.h>
#include <vm/vm_object.h>
#include <vm/vm_page.h>
#include <vm/vm_map.h>
#include <vm/vm_pager.h>
#include <vm/vm_extern.h>

#include <sys/thread2.h>
#include <sys/mplock2.h>
#include <sys/mutex2.h>

#include <sys/user.h>
#include <sys/exec.h>
#include <sys/cons.h>

#include <sys/efi.h>

#include <ddb/ddb.h>

#include <machine/cpu.h>
#include <machine/clock.h>
#include <machine/specialreg.h>
#if 0 /* JG */
#include <machine/bootinfo.h>
#endif
#include <machine/md_var.h>
#include <machine/metadata.h>
#include <machine/pc/bios.h>
#include <machine/pcb_ext.h>            /* pcb.h included via sys/user.h */
#include <machine/globaldata.h>         /* CPU_prvspace */
#include <machine/smp.h>
#ifdef PERFMON
#include <machine/perfmon.h>
#endif
#include <machine/cputypes.h>
#include <machine/intr_machdep.h>
#include <machine/framebuffer.h>

#ifdef OLD_BUS_ARCH
#include <bus/isa/isa_device.h>
#endif
#include <machine_base/isa/isa_intr.h>
#include <bus/isa/rtc.h>
#include <sys/random.h>
#include <sys/ptrace.h>
#include <machine/sigframe.h>

#include <sys/machintr.h>
#include <machine_base/icu/icu_abi.h>
#include <machine_base/icu/elcr_var.h>
#include <machine_base/apic/lapic.h>
#include <machine_base/apic/ioapic.h>
#include <machine_base/apic/ioapic_abi.h>
#include <machine/mptable.h>

#define PHYSMAP_ENTRIES         10

extern u_int64_t hammer_time(u_int64_t, u_int64_t);

extern void printcpuinfo(void); /* XXX header file */
extern void identify_cpu(void);
#if 0 /* JG */
extern void finishidentcpu(void);
#endif
extern void panicifcpuunsupported(void);

static void cpu_startup(void *);
static void pic_finish(void *);
static void cpu_finish(void *);

static void set_fpregs_xmm(struct save87 *, struct savexmm *);
static void fill_fpregs_xmm(struct savexmm *, struct save87 *);
#ifdef DIRECTIO
extern void ffs_rawread_setup(void);
#endif /* DIRECTIO */
static void init_locks(void);

extern void pcpu_timer_always(struct intrframe *);

SYSINIT(cpu, SI_BOOT2_START_CPU, SI_ORDER_FIRST, cpu_startup, NULL);
SYSINIT(pic_finish, SI_BOOT2_FINISH_PIC, SI_ORDER_FIRST, pic_finish, NULL);
SYSINIT(cpu_finish, SI_BOOT2_FINISH_CPU, SI_ORDER_FIRST, cpu_finish, NULL);

#ifdef DDB
extern vm_offset_t ksym_start, ksym_end;
#endif

struct privatespace CPU_prvspace_bsp __aligned(4096);
struct privatespace *CPU_prvspace[MAXCPU] = { &CPU_prvspace_bsp };

int     _udatasel, _ucodesel, _ucode32sel;
u_long  atdevbase;
int64_t tsc_offsets[MAXCPU];
cpumask_t smp_idleinvl_mask;
cpumask_t smp_idleinvl_reqs;

static int cpu_mwait_halt_global; /* MWAIT hint (EAX) or CPU_MWAIT_HINT_ */

#if defined(SWTCH_OPTIM_STATS)
extern int swtch_optim_stats;
SYSCTL_INT(_debug, OID_AUTO, swtch_optim_stats,
        CTLFLAG_RD, &swtch_optim_stats, 0, "");
SYSCTL_INT(_debug, OID_AUTO, tlb_flush_count,
        CTLFLAG_RD, &tlb_flush_count, 0, "");
#endif
SYSCTL_INT(_hw, OID_AUTO, cpu_mwait_halt,
        CTLFLAG_RD, &cpu_mwait_halt_global, 0, "");
SYSCTL_INT(_hw, OID_AUTO, cpu_mwait_spin, CTLFLAG_RD, &cpu_mwait_spin, 0,
    "monitor/mwait target state");

#define CPU_MWAIT_HAS_CX        \
        ((cpu_feature2 & CPUID2_MON) && \
         (cpu_mwait_feature & CPUID_MWAIT_EXT))

#define CPU_MWAIT_CX_NAMELEN    16

#define CPU_MWAIT_C1            1
#define CPU_MWAIT_C2            2
#define CPU_MWAIT_C3            3
#define CPU_MWAIT_CX_MAX        8

#define CPU_MWAIT_HINT_AUTO     -1      /* C1 and C2 */
#define CPU_MWAIT_HINT_AUTODEEP -2      /* C3+ */

SYSCTL_NODE(_machdep, OID_AUTO, mwait, CTLFLAG_RW, 0, "MWAIT features");
SYSCTL_NODE(_machdep_mwait, OID_AUTO, CX, CTLFLAG_RW, 0, "MWAIT Cx settings");

struct cpu_mwait_cx {
        int                     subcnt;
        char                    name[4];
        struct sysctl_ctx_list  sysctl_ctx;
        struct sysctl_oid       *sysctl_tree;
};
static struct cpu_mwait_cx      cpu_mwait_cx_info[CPU_MWAIT_CX_MAX];
static char                     cpu_mwait_cx_supported[256];

static int                      cpu_mwait_c1_hints_cnt;
static int                      cpu_mwait_hints_cnt;
static int                      *cpu_mwait_hints;

static int                      cpu_mwait_deep_hints_cnt;
static int                      *cpu_mwait_deep_hints;

#define CPU_IDLE_REPEAT_DEFAULT 750

static u_int                    cpu_idle_repeat = CPU_IDLE_REPEAT_DEFAULT;
static u_long                   cpu_idle_repeat_max = CPU_IDLE_REPEAT_DEFAULT;
static u_int                    cpu_mwait_repeat_shift = 1;

#define CPU_MWAIT_C3_PREAMBLE_BM_ARB    0x1
#define CPU_MWAIT_C3_PREAMBLE_BM_STS    0x2

static int                      cpu_mwait_c3_preamble =
                                    CPU_MWAIT_C3_PREAMBLE_BM_ARB |
                                    CPU_MWAIT_C3_PREAMBLE_BM_STS;

SYSCTL_STRING(_machdep_mwait_CX, OID_AUTO, supported, CTLFLAG_RD,
    cpu_mwait_cx_supported, 0, "MWAIT supported C states");
SYSCTL_INT(_machdep_mwait_CX, OID_AUTO, c3_preamble, CTLFLAG_RD,
    &cpu_mwait_c3_preamble, 0, "C3+ preamble mask");

static int      cpu_mwait_cx_select_sysctl(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS,
                    int *, boolean_t);
static int      cpu_mwait_cx_idle_sysctl(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS);
static int      cpu_mwait_cx_pcpu_idle_sysctl(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS);
static int      cpu_mwait_cx_spin_sysctl(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS);

SYSCTL_PROC(_machdep_mwait_CX, OID_AUTO, idle, CTLTYPE_STRING|CTLFLAG_RW,
    NULL, 0, cpu_mwait_cx_idle_sysctl, "A", "");
SYSCTL_PROC(_machdep_mwait_CX, OID_AUTO, spin, CTLTYPE_STRING|CTLFLAG_RW,
    NULL, 0, cpu_mwait_cx_spin_sysctl, "A", "");
SYSCTL_UINT(_machdep_mwait_CX, OID_AUTO, repeat_shift, CTLFLAG_RW,
    &cpu_mwait_repeat_shift, 0, "");

long physmem = 0;

u_long ebda_addr = 0;

int imcr_present = 0;

int naps = 0; /* # of Applications processors */

u_int base_memory;
struct mtx dt_lock;             /* lock for GDT and LDT */

static int
sysctl_hw_physmem(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS)
{
        u_long pmem = ctob(physmem);

        int error = sysctl_handle_long(oidp, &pmem, 0, req);
        return (error);
}

SYSCTL_PROC(_hw, HW_PHYSMEM, physmem, CTLTYPE_ULONG|CTLFLAG_RD,
        0, 0, sysctl_hw_physmem, "LU", "Total system memory in bytes (number of pages * page size)");

static int
sysctl_hw_usermem(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS)
{
        int error = sysctl_handle_int(oidp, 0,
                ctob(physmem - vmstats.v_wire_count), req);
        return (error);
}

SYSCTL_PROC(_hw, HW_USERMEM, usermem, CTLTYPE_INT|CTLFLAG_RD,
        0, 0, sysctl_hw_usermem, "IU", "");

static int
sysctl_hw_availpages(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS)
{
        int error = sysctl_handle_int(oidp, 0,
                x86_64_btop(avail_end - avail_start), req);
        return (error);
}

SYSCTL_PROC(_hw, OID_AUTO, availpages, CTLTYPE_INT|CTLFLAG_RD,
        0, 0, sysctl_hw_availpages, "I", "");

vm_paddr_t Maxmem;
vm_paddr_t Realmem;

/*
 * The number of PHYSMAP entries must be one less than the number of
 * PHYSSEG entries because the PHYSMAP entry that spans the largest
 * physical address that is accessible by ISA DMA is split into two
 * PHYSSEG entries.
 */
#define PHYSMAP_SIZE    (2 * (VM_PHYSSEG_MAX - 1))

vm_paddr_t phys_avail[PHYSMAP_SIZE + 2];
vm_paddr_t dump_avail[PHYSMAP_SIZE + 2];

/* must be 2 less so 0 0 can signal end of chunks */
#define PHYS_AVAIL_ARRAY_END (NELEM(phys_avail) - 2)
#define DUMP_AVAIL_ARRAY_END (NELEM(dump_avail) - 2)

static vm_offset_t buffer_sva, buffer_eva;
vm_offset_t clean_sva, clean_eva;
static vm_offset_t pager_sva, pager_eva;
static struct trapframe proc0_tf;

static void
cpu_startup(void *dummy)
{
        caddr_t v;
        vm_size_t size = 0;
        vm_offset_t firstaddr;

        /*
         * Good {morning,afternoon,evening,night}.
         */
        kprintf("%s", version);
        startrtclock();
        printcpuinfo();
        panicifcpuunsupported();
#ifdef PERFMON
        perfmon_init();
#endif
        kprintf("real memory  = %ju (%ju MB)\n",
                (intmax_t)Realmem,
                (intmax_t)Realmem / 1024 / 1024);
        /*
         * Display any holes after the first chunk of extended memory.
         */
        if (bootverbose) {
                int indx;

                kprintf("Physical memory chunk(s):\n");
                for (indx = 0; phys_avail[indx + 1] != 0; indx += 2) {
                        vm_paddr_t size1 = phys_avail[indx + 1] - phys_avail[indx];

                        kprintf("0x%08jx - 0x%08jx, %ju bytes (%ju pages)\n",
                                (intmax_t)phys_avail[indx],
                                (intmax_t)phys_avail[indx + 1] - 1,
                                (intmax_t)size1,
                                (intmax_t)(size1 / PAGE_SIZE));
                }
        }

        /*
         * Allocate space for system data structures.
         * The first available kernel virtual address is in "v".
         * As pages of kernel virtual memory are allocated, "v" is incremented.
         * As pages of memory are allocated and cleared,
         * "firstaddr" is incremented.
         * An index into the kernel page table corresponding to the
         * virtual memory address maintained in "v" is kept in "mapaddr".
         */

        /*
         * Make two passes.  The first pass calculates how much memory is
         * needed and allocates it.  The second pass assigns virtual
         * addresses to the various data structures.
         */
        firstaddr = 0;
again:
        v = (caddr_t)firstaddr;

#define valloc(name, type, num) \
            (name) = (type *)v; v = (caddr_t)((name)+(num))
#define valloclim(name, type, num, lim) \
            (name) = (type *)v; v = (caddr_t)((lim) = ((name)+(num)))

        /*
         * The nominal buffer size (and minimum KVA allocation) is BKVASIZE.
         * For the first 64MB of ram nominally allocate sufficient buffers to
         * cover 1/4 of our ram.  Beyond the first 64MB allocate additional
         * buffers to cover 1/20 of our ram over 64MB.  When auto-sizing
         * the buffer cache we limit the eventual kva reservation to
         * maxbcache bytes.
         *
         * factor represents the 1/4 x ram conversion.
         */
        if (nbuf == 0) {
                long factor = 4 * BKVASIZE / 1024;
                long kbytes = physmem * (PAGE_SIZE / 1024);

                nbuf = 50;
                if (kbytes > 4096)
                        nbuf += min((kbytes - 4096) / factor, 65536 / factor);
                if (kbytes > 65536)
                        nbuf += (kbytes - 65536) * 2 / (factor * 5);
                if (maxbcache && nbuf > maxbcache / BKVASIZE)
                        nbuf = maxbcache / BKVASIZE;
        }

        /*
         * Do not allow the buffer_map to be more then 1/2 the size of the
         * kernel_map.
         */
        if (nbuf > (virtual_end - virtual_start +
                    virtual2_end - virtual2_start) / (BKVASIZE * 2)) {
                nbuf = (virtual_end - virtual_start +
                        virtual2_end - virtual2_start) / (BKVASIZE * 2);
                kprintf("Warning: nbufs capped at %ld due to kvm\n", nbuf);
        }

        /*
         * Do not allow the buffer_map to use more than 50% of available
         * physical-equivalent memory.  Since the VM pages which back
         * individual buffers are typically wired, having too many bufs
         * can prevent the system from paging properly.
         */
        if (nbuf > physmem * PAGE_SIZE / (BKVASIZE * 2)) {
                nbuf = physmem * PAGE_SIZE / (BKVASIZE * 2);
                kprintf("Warning: nbufs capped at %ld due to physmem\n", nbuf);
        }

        /*
         * Do not allow the sizeof(struct buf) * nbuf to exceed half of
         * the valloc space which is just the virtual_end - virtual_start
         * section.  We use valloc() to allocate the buf header array.
         */
        if (nbuf > (virtual_end - virtual_start) / sizeof(struct buf) / 2) {
                nbuf = (virtual_end - virtual_start) /
                       sizeof(struct buf) / 2;
                kprintf("Warning: nbufs capped at %ld due to valloc "
                        "considerations", nbuf);
        }

        nswbuf_mem = lmax(lmin(nbuf / 32, 256), 8);
#ifdef NSWBUF_MIN
        if (nswbuf_mem < NSWBUF_MIN)
                nswbuf_mem = NSWBUF_MIN;
#endif
        nswbuf_kva = lmax(lmin(nbuf / 4, 256), 16);
#ifdef NSWBUF_MIN
        if (nswbuf_kva < NSWBUF_MIN)
                nswbuf_kva = NSWBUF_MIN;
#endif
#ifdef DIRECTIO
        ffs_rawread_setup();
#endif

        valloc(swbuf_mem, struct buf, nswbuf_mem);
        valloc(swbuf_kva, struct buf, nswbuf_kva);
        valloc(buf, struct buf, nbuf);

        /*
         * End of first pass, size has been calculated so allocate memory
         */
        if (firstaddr == 0) {
                size = (vm_size_t)(v - firstaddr);
                firstaddr = kmem_alloc(&kernel_map, round_page(size));
                if (firstaddr == 0)
                        panic("startup: no room for tables");
                goto again;
        }

        /*
         * End of second pass, addresses have been assigned
         *
         * nbuf is an int, make sure we don't overflow the field.
         *
         * On 64-bit systems we always reserve maximal allocations for
         * buffer cache buffers and there are no fragmentation issues,
         * so the KVA segment does not have to be excessively oversized.
         */
        if ((vm_size_t)(v - firstaddr) != size)
                panic("startup: table size inconsistency");

        kmem_suballoc(&kernel_map, &clean_map, &clean_sva, &clean_eva,
                      ((vm_offset_t)(nbuf + 16) * BKVASIZE) +
                      ((nswbuf_mem + nswbuf_kva) * MAXPHYS) + pager_map_size);
        kmem_suballoc(&clean_map, &buffer_map, &buffer_sva, &buffer_eva,
                      ((vm_offset_t)(nbuf + 16) * BKVASIZE));
        buffer_map.system_map = 1;
        kmem_suballoc(&clean_map, &pager_map, &pager_sva, &pager_eva,
                      ((vm_offset_t)(nswbuf_mem + nswbuf_kva) * MAXPHYS) +
                      pager_map_size);
        pager_map.system_map = 1;
        kprintf("avail memory = %ju (%ju MB)\n",
                (uintmax_t)ptoa(vmstats.v_free_count + vmstats.v_dma_pages),
                (uintmax_t)ptoa(vmstats.v_free_count + vmstats.v_dma_pages) /
                1024 / 1024);
}

struct cpu_idle_stat {
        int     hint;
        int     reserved;
        u_long  halt;
        u_long  spin;
        u_long  repeat;
        u_long  repeat_last;
        u_long  repeat_delta;
        u_long  mwait_cx[CPU_MWAIT_CX_MAX];
} __cachealign;

#define CPU_IDLE_STAT_HALT      -1
#define CPU_IDLE_STAT_SPIN      -2

static struct cpu_idle_stat     cpu_idle_stats[MAXCPU];

static int
sysctl_cpu_idle_cnt(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS)
{
        int idx = arg2, cpu, error;
        u_long val = 0;

        if (idx == CPU_IDLE_STAT_HALT) {
                for (cpu = 0; cpu < ncpus; ++cpu)
                        val += cpu_idle_stats[cpu].halt;
        } else if (idx == CPU_IDLE_STAT_SPIN) {
                for (cpu = 0; cpu < ncpus; ++cpu)
                        val += cpu_idle_stats[cpu].spin;
        } else {
                KASSERT(idx >= 0 && idx < CPU_MWAIT_CX_MAX,
                    ("invalid index %d", idx));
                for (cpu = 0; cpu < ncpus; ++cpu)
                        val += cpu_idle_stats[cpu].mwait_cx[idx];
        }

        error = sysctl_handle_quad(oidp, &val, 0, req);
        if (error || req->newptr == NULL)
                return error;

        if (idx == CPU_IDLE_STAT_HALT) {
                for (cpu = 0; cpu < ncpus; ++cpu)
                        cpu_idle_stats[cpu].halt = 0;
                cpu_idle_stats[0].halt = val;
        } else if (idx == CPU_IDLE_STAT_SPIN) {
                for (cpu = 0; cpu < ncpus; ++cpu)
                        cpu_idle_stats[cpu].spin = 0;
                cpu_idle_stats[0].spin = val;
        } else {
                KASSERT(idx >= 0 && idx < CPU_MWAIT_CX_MAX,
                    ("invalid index %d", idx));
                for (cpu = 0; cpu < ncpus; ++cpu)
                        cpu_idle_stats[cpu].mwait_cx[idx] = 0;
                cpu_idle_stats[0].mwait_cx[idx] = val;
        }
        return 0;
}

static void
cpu_mwait_attach(void)
{
        struct sbuf sb;
        int hint_idx, i;

        if (!CPU_MWAIT_HAS_CX)
                return;

        if (cpu_vendor_id == CPU_VENDOR_INTEL &&
            (CPUID_TO_FAMILY(cpu_id) > 0xf ||
             (CPUID_TO_FAMILY(cpu_id) == 0x6 &&
              CPUID_TO_MODEL(cpu_id) >= 0xf))) {
                int bm_sts = 1;

                /*
                 * Pentium dual-core, Core 2 and beyond do not need any
                 * additional activities to enter deep C-state, i.e. C3(+).
                 */
                cpu_mwait_cx_no_bmarb();

                TUNABLE_INT_FETCH("machdep.cpu.mwait.bm_sts", &bm_sts);
                if (!bm_sts)
                        cpu_mwait_cx_no_bmsts();
        }

        sbuf_new(&sb, cpu_mwait_cx_supported,
            sizeof(cpu_mwait_cx_supported), SBUF_FIXEDLEN);

        for (i = 0; i < CPU_MWAIT_CX_MAX; ++i) {
                struct cpu_mwait_cx *cx = &cpu_mwait_cx_info[i];
                int sub;

                ksnprintf(cx->name, sizeof(cx->name), "C%d", i);

                sysctl_ctx_init(&cx->sysctl_ctx);
                cx->sysctl_tree = SYSCTL_ADD_NODE(&cx->sysctl_ctx,
                    SYSCTL_STATIC_CHILDREN(_machdep_mwait), OID_AUTO,
                    cx->name, CTLFLAG_RW, NULL, "Cx control/info");
                if (cx->sysctl_tree == NULL)
                        continue;

                cx->subcnt = CPUID_MWAIT_CX_SUBCNT(cpu_mwait_extemu, i);
                SYSCTL_ADD_INT(&cx->sysctl_ctx,
                    SYSCTL_CHILDREN(cx->sysctl_tree), OID_AUTO,
                    "subcnt", CTLFLAG_RD, &cx->subcnt, 0,
                    "sub-state count");
                SYSCTL_ADD_PROC(&cx->sysctl_ctx,
                    SYSCTL_CHILDREN(cx->sysctl_tree), OID_AUTO,
                    "entered", (CTLTYPE_QUAD | CTLFLAG_RW), 0,
                    i, sysctl_cpu_idle_cnt, "Q", "# of times entered");

                for (sub = 0; sub < cx->subcnt; ++sub)
                        sbuf_printf(&sb, "C%d/%d ", i, sub);
        }
        sbuf_trim(&sb);
        sbuf_finish(&sb);

        /*
         * Non-deep C-states
         */
        cpu_mwait_c1_hints_cnt = cpu_mwait_cx_info[CPU_MWAIT_C1].subcnt;
        for (i = CPU_MWAIT_C1; i < CPU_MWAIT_C3; ++i)
                cpu_mwait_hints_cnt += cpu_mwait_cx_info[i].subcnt;
        cpu_mwait_hints = kmalloc(sizeof(int) * cpu_mwait_hints_cnt,
            M_DEVBUF, M_WAITOK);

        hint_idx = 0;
        for (i = CPU_MWAIT_C1; i < CPU_MWAIT_C3; ++i) {
                int j, subcnt;

                subcnt = cpu_mwait_cx_info[i].subcnt;
                for (j = 0; j < subcnt; ++j) {
                        KASSERT(hint_idx < cpu_mwait_hints_cnt,
                            ("invalid mwait hint index %d", hint_idx));
                        cpu_mwait_hints[hint_idx] = MWAIT_EAX_HINT(i, j);
                        ++hint_idx;
                }
        }
        KASSERT(hint_idx == cpu_mwait_hints_cnt,
            ("mwait hint count %d != index %d",
             cpu_mwait_hints_cnt, hint_idx));

        if (bootverbose) {
                kprintf("MWAIT hints (%d C1 hints):\n", cpu_mwait_c1_hints_cnt);
                for (i = 0; i < cpu_mwait_hints_cnt; ++i) {
                        int hint = cpu_mwait_hints[i];

                        kprintf("  C%d/%d hint 0x%04x\n",
                            MWAIT_EAX_TO_CX(hint), MWAIT_EAX_TO_CX_SUB(hint),
                            hint);
                }
        }

        /*
         * Deep C-states
         */
        for (i = CPU_MWAIT_C1; i < CPU_MWAIT_CX_MAX; ++i)
                cpu_mwait_deep_hints_cnt += cpu_mwait_cx_info[i].subcnt;
        cpu_mwait_deep_hints = kmalloc(sizeof(int) * cpu_mwait_deep_hints_cnt,
            M_DEVBUF, M_WAITOK);

        hint_idx = 0;
        for (i = CPU_MWAIT_C1; i < CPU_MWAIT_CX_MAX; ++i) {
                int j, subcnt;

                subcnt = cpu_mwait_cx_info[i].subcnt;
                for (j = 0; j < subcnt; ++j) {
                        KASSERT(hint_idx < cpu_mwait_deep_hints_cnt,
                            ("invalid mwait deep hint index %d", hint_idx));
                        cpu_mwait_deep_hints[hint_idx] = MWAIT_EAX_HINT(i, j);
                        ++hint_idx;
                }
        }
        KASSERT(hint_idx == cpu_mwait_deep_hints_cnt,
            ("mwait deep hint count %d != index %d",
             cpu_mwait_deep_hints_cnt, hint_idx));

        if (bootverbose) {
                kprintf("MWAIT deep hints:\n");
                for (i = 0; i < cpu_mwait_deep_hints_cnt; ++i) {
                        int hint = cpu_mwait_deep_hints[i];

                        kprintf("  C%d/%d hint 0x%04x\n",
                            MWAIT_EAX_TO_CX(hint), MWAIT_EAX_TO_CX_SUB(hint),
                            hint);
                }
        }
        cpu_idle_repeat_max = 256 * cpu_mwait_deep_hints_cnt;

        for (i = 0; i < ncpus; ++i) {
                char name[16];

                ksnprintf(name, sizeof(name), "idle%d", i);
                SYSCTL_ADD_PROC(NULL,
                    SYSCTL_STATIC_CHILDREN(_machdep_mwait_CX), OID_AUTO,
                    name, (CTLTYPE_STRING | CTLFLAG_RW), &cpu_idle_stats[i],
                    0, cpu_mwait_cx_pcpu_idle_sysctl, "A", "");
        }
}

static void
cpu_finish(void *dummy __unused)
{
        cpu_setregs();
        cpu_mwait_attach();
}

static void
pic_finish(void *dummy __unused)
{
        /* Log ELCR information */
        elcr_dump();

        /* Log MPTABLE information */
        mptable_pci_int_dump();

        /* Finalize PCI */
        MachIntrABI.finalize();
}

/*
 * Send an interrupt to process.
 *
 * Stack is set up to allow sigcode stored
 * at top to call routine, followed by kcall
 * to sigreturn routine below.  After sigreturn
 * resets the signal mask, the stack, and the
 * frame pointer, it returns to the user
 * specified pc, psl.
 */
void
sendsig(sig_t catcher, int sig, sigset_t *mask, u_long code)
{
        struct lwp *lp = curthread->td_lwp;
        struct proc *p = lp->lwp_proc;
        struct trapframe *regs;
        struct sigacts *psp = p->p_sigacts;
        struct sigframe sf, *sfp;
        int oonstack;
        char *sp;

        regs = lp->lwp_md.md_regs;
        oonstack = (lp->lwp_sigstk.ss_flags & SS_ONSTACK) ? 1 : 0;

        /* Save user context */
        bzero(&sf, sizeof(struct sigframe));
        sf.sf_uc.uc_sigmask = *mask;
        sf.sf_uc.uc_stack = lp->lwp_sigstk;
        sf.sf_uc.uc_mcontext.mc_onstack = oonstack;
        KKASSERT(__offsetof(struct trapframe, tf_rdi) == 0);
        bcopy(regs, &sf.sf_uc.uc_mcontext.mc_rdi, sizeof(struct trapframe));

        /* Make the size of the saved context visible to userland */
        sf.sf_uc.uc_mcontext.mc_len = sizeof(sf.sf_uc.uc_mcontext);

        /* Allocate and validate space for the signal handler context. */
        if ((lp->lwp_flags & LWP_ALTSTACK) != 0 && !oonstack &&
            SIGISMEMBER(psp->ps_sigonstack, sig)) {
                sp = (char *)(lp->lwp_sigstk.ss_sp + lp->lwp_sigstk.ss_size -
                              sizeof(struct sigframe));
                lp->lwp_sigstk.ss_flags |= SS_ONSTACK;
        } else {
                /* We take red zone into account */
                sp = (char *)regs->tf_rsp - sizeof(struct sigframe) - 128;
        }

        /*
         * XXX AVX needs 64-byte alignment but sigframe has other fields and
         * the embedded ucontext is not at the front, so aligning this won't
         * help us.  Fortunately we bcopy in/out of the sigframe, so the
         * kernel is ok.
         *
         * The problem though is if userland winds up trying to use the
         * context directly.
         */
        sfp = (struct sigframe *)((intptr_t)sp & ~(intptr_t)0xF);

        /* Translate the signal is appropriate */
        if (p->p_sysent->sv_sigtbl) {
                if (sig <= p->p_sysent->sv_sigsize)
                        sig = p->p_sysent->sv_sigtbl[_SIG_IDX(sig)];
        }

        /*
         * Build the argument list for the signal handler.
         *
         * Arguments are in registers (%rdi, %rsi, %rdx, %rcx)
         */
        regs->tf_rdi = sig;                             /* argument 1 */
        regs->tf_rdx = (register_t)&sfp->sf_uc;         /* argument 3 */

        if (SIGISMEMBER(psp->ps_siginfo, sig)) {
                /*
                 * Signal handler installed with SA_SIGINFO.
                 *
                 * action(signo, siginfo, ucontext)
                 */
                regs->tf_rsi = (register_t)&sfp->sf_si; /* argument 2 */
                regs->tf_rcx = (register_t)regs->tf_addr; /* argument 4 */
                sf.sf_ahu.sf_action = (__siginfohandler_t *)catcher;

                /* fill siginfo structure */
                sf.sf_si.si_signo = sig;
                sf.sf_si.si_code = code;
                sf.sf_si.si_addr = (void *)regs->tf_addr;
        } else {
                /*
                 * Old FreeBSD-style arguments.
                 *
                 * handler (signo, code, [uc], addr)
                 */
                regs->tf_rsi = (register_t)code;        /* argument 2 */
                regs->tf_rcx = (register_t)regs->tf_addr; /* argument 4 */
                sf.sf_ahu.sf_handler = catcher;
        }

        /*
         * If we're a vm86 process, we want to save the segment registers.
         * We also change eflags to be our emulated eflags, not the actual
         * eflags.
         */
#if 0 /* JG */
        if (regs->tf_eflags & PSL_VM) {
                struct trapframe_vm86 *tf = (struct trapframe_vm86 *)regs;
                struct vm86_kernel *vm86 = &lp->lwp_thread->td_pcb->pcb_ext->ext_vm86;

                sf.sf_uc.uc_mcontext.mc_gs = tf->tf_vm86_gs;
                sf.sf_uc.uc_mcontext.mc_fs = tf->tf_vm86_fs;
                sf.sf_uc.uc_mcontext.mc_es = tf->tf_vm86_es;
                sf.sf_uc.uc_mcontext.mc_ds = tf->tf_vm86_ds;

                if (vm86->vm86_has_vme == 0)
                        sf.sf_uc.uc_mcontext.mc_eflags =
                            (tf->tf_eflags & ~(PSL_VIF | PSL_VIP)) |
                            (vm86->vm86_eflags & (PSL_VIF | PSL_VIP));

                /*
                 * Clear PSL_NT to inhibit T_TSSFLT faults on return from
                 * syscalls made by the signal handler.  This just avoids
                 * wasting time for our lazy fixup of such faults.  PSL_NT
                 * does nothing in vm86 mode, but vm86 programs can set it
                 * almost legitimately in probes for old cpu types.
                 */
                tf->tf_eflags &= ~(PSL_VM | PSL_NT | PSL_VIF | PSL_VIP);
        }
#endif

        /*
         * Save the FPU state and reinit the FP unit
         */
        npxpush(&sf.sf_uc.uc_mcontext);

        /*
         * Copy the sigframe out to the user's stack.
         */
        if (copyout(&sf, sfp, sizeof(struct sigframe)) != 0) {
                /*
                 * Something is wrong with the stack pointer.
                 * ...Kill the process.
                 */
                sigexit(lp, SIGILL);
        }

        regs->tf_rsp = (register_t)sfp;
        regs->tf_rip = PS_STRINGS - *(p->p_sysent->sv_szsigcode);

        /*
         * i386 abi specifies that the direction flag must be cleared
         * on function entry
         */
        regs->tf_rflags &= ~(PSL_T|PSL_D);

        /*
         * 64 bit mode has a code and stack selector but
         * no data or extra selector.  %fs and %gs are not
         * stored in-context.
         */
        regs->tf_cs = _ucodesel;
        regs->tf_ss = _udatasel;
        clear_quickret();
}

/*
 * Sanitize the trapframe for a virtual kernel passing control to a custom
 * VM context.  Remove any items that would otherwise create a privilage
 * issue.
 *
 * XXX at the moment we allow userland to set the resume flag.  Is this a
 * bad idea?
 */
int
cpu_sanitize_frame(struct trapframe *frame)
{
        frame->tf_cs = _ucodesel;
        frame->tf_ss = _udatasel;
        /* XXX VM (8086) mode not supported? */
        frame->tf_rflags &= (PSL_RF | PSL_USERCHANGE | PSL_VM_UNSUPP);
        frame->tf_rflags |= PSL_RESERVED_DEFAULT | PSL_I;

        return(0);
}

/*
 * Sanitize the tls so loading the descriptor does not blow up
 * on us.  For x86_64 we don't have to do anything.
 */
int
cpu_sanitize_tls(struct savetls *tls)
{
        return(0);
}

/*
 * sigreturn(ucontext_t *sigcntxp)
 *
 * System call to cleanup state after a signal
 * has been taken.  Reset signal mask and
 * stack state from context left by sendsig (above).
 * Return to previous pc and psl as specified by
 * context left by sendsig. Check carefully to
 * make sure that the user has not modified the
 * state to gain improper privileges.
 *
 * MPSAFE
 */
#define EFL_SECURE(ef, oef)     ((((ef) ^ (oef)) & ~PSL_USERCHANGE) == 0)
#define CS_SECURE(cs)           (ISPL(cs) == SEL_UPL)

int
sys_sigreturn(struct sigreturn_args *uap)
{
        struct lwp *lp = curthread->td_lwp;
        struct trapframe *regs;
        ucontext_t uc;
        ucontext_t *ucp;
        register_t rflags;
        int cs;
        int error;

        /*
         * We have to copy the information into kernel space so userland
         * can't modify it while we are sniffing it.
         */
        regs = lp->lwp_md.md_regs;
        error = copyin(uap->sigcntxp, &uc, sizeof(uc));
        if (error)
                return (error);
        ucp = &uc;
        rflags = ucp->uc_mcontext.mc_rflags;

        /* VM (8086) mode not supported */
        rflags &= ~PSL_VM_UNSUPP;

#if 0 /* JG */
        if (eflags & PSL_VM) {
                struct trapframe_vm86 *tf = (struct trapframe_vm86 *)regs;
                struct vm86_kernel *vm86;

                /*
                 * if pcb_ext == 0 or vm86_inited == 0, the user hasn't
                 * set up the vm86 area, and we can't enter vm86 mode.
                 */
                if (lp->lwp_thread->td_pcb->pcb_ext == 0)
                        return (EINVAL);
                vm86 = &lp->lwp_thread->td_pcb->pcb_ext->ext_vm86;
                if (vm86->vm86_inited == 0)
                        return (EINVAL);

                /* go back to user mode if both flags are set */
                if ((eflags & PSL_VIP) && (eflags & PSL_VIF))
                        trapsignal(lp, SIGBUS, 0);

                if (vm86->vm86_has_vme) {
                        eflags = (tf->tf_eflags & ~VME_USERCHANGE) |
                            (eflags & VME_USERCHANGE) | PSL_VM;
                } else {
                        vm86->vm86_eflags = eflags;     /* save VIF, VIP */
                        eflags = (tf->tf_eflags & ~VM_USERCHANGE) |
                            (eflags & VM_USERCHANGE) | PSL_VM;
                }
                bcopy(&ucp->uc_mcontext.mc_gs, tf, sizeof(struct trapframe));
                tf->tf_eflags = eflags;
                tf->tf_vm86_ds = tf->tf_ds;
                tf->tf_vm86_es = tf->tf_es;
                tf->tf_vm86_fs = tf->tf_fs;
                tf->tf_vm86_gs = tf->tf_gs;
                tf->tf_ds = _udatasel;
                tf->tf_es = _udatasel;
                tf->tf_fs = _udatasel;
                tf->tf_gs = _udatasel;
        } else
#endif
        {
                /*
                 * Don't allow users to change privileged or reserved flags.
                 */
                /*
                 * XXX do allow users to change the privileged flag PSL_RF.
                 * The cpu sets PSL_RF in tf_eflags for faults.  Debuggers
                 * should sometimes set it there too.  tf_eflags is kept in
                 * the signal context during signal handling and there is no
                 * other place to remember it, so the PSL_RF bit may be
                 * corrupted by the signal handler without us knowing.
                 * Corruption of the PSL_RF bit at worst causes one more or
                 * one less debugger trap, so allowing it is fairly harmless.
                 */
                if (!EFL_SECURE(rflags & ~PSL_RF, regs->tf_rflags & ~PSL_RF)) {
                        kprintf("sigreturn: rflags = 0x%lx\n", (long)rflags);
                        return(EINVAL);
                }

                /*
                 * Don't allow users to load a valid privileged %cs.  Let the
                 * hardware check for invalid selectors, excess privilege in
                 * other selectors, invalid %eip's and invalid %esp's.
                 */
                cs = ucp->uc_mcontext.mc_cs;
                if (!CS_SECURE(cs)) {
                        kprintf("sigreturn: cs = 0x%x\n", cs);
                        trapsignal(lp, SIGBUS, T_PROTFLT);
                        return(EINVAL);
                }
                bcopy(&ucp->uc_mcontext.mc_rdi, regs, sizeof(struct trapframe));
        }

        /*
         * Restore the FPU state from the frame
         */
        crit_enter();
        npxpop(&ucp->uc_mcontext);

        if (ucp->uc_mcontext.mc_onstack & 1)
                lp->lwp_sigstk.ss_flags |= SS_ONSTACK;
        else
                lp->lwp_sigstk.ss_flags &= ~SS_ONSTACK;

        lp->lwp_sigmask = ucp->uc_sigmask;
        SIG_CANTMASK(lp->lwp_sigmask);
        clear_quickret();
        crit_exit();
        return(EJUSTRETURN);
}

/*
 * Machine dependent boot() routine
 *
 * I haven't seen anything to put here yet
 * Possibly some stuff might be grafted back here from boot()
 */
void
cpu_boot(int howto)
{
}

/*
 * Shutdown the CPU as much as possible
 */
void
cpu_halt(void)
{
        for (;;)
                __asm__ __volatile("hlt");
}

/*
 * cpu_idle() represents the idle LWKT.  You cannot return from this function
 * (unless you want to blow things up!).  Instead we look for runnable threads
 * and loop or halt as appropriate.  Giant is not held on entry to the thread.
 *
 * The main loop is entered with a critical section held, we must release
 * the critical section before doing anything else.  lwkt_switch() will
 * check for pending interrupts due to entering and exiting its own 
 * critical section.
 *
 * NOTE: On an SMP system we rely on a scheduler IPI to wake a HLTed cpu up.
 *       However, there are cases where the idlethread will be entered with
 *       the possibility that no IPI will occur and in such cases
 *       lwkt_switch() sets TDF_IDLE_NOHLT.
 *
 * NOTE: cpu_idle_repeat determines how many entries into the idle thread
 *       must occur before it starts using ACPI halt.
 *
 * NOTE: Value overridden in hammer_time().
 */
static int      cpu_idle_hlt = 2;
SYSCTL_INT(_machdep, OID_AUTO, cpu_idle_hlt, CTLFLAG_RW,
    &cpu_idle_hlt, 0, "Idle loop HLT enable");
SYSCTL_INT(_machdep, OID_AUTO, cpu_idle_repeat, CTLFLAG_RW,
    &cpu_idle_repeat, 0, "Idle entries before acpi hlt");

SYSCTL_PROC(_machdep, OID_AUTO, cpu_idle_hltcnt, (CTLTYPE_QUAD | CTLFLAG_RW),
    0, CPU_IDLE_STAT_HALT, sysctl_cpu_idle_cnt, "Q", "Idle loop entry halts");
SYSCTL_PROC(_machdep, OID_AUTO, cpu_idle_spincnt, (CTLTYPE_QUAD | CTLFLAG_RW),
    0, CPU_IDLE_STAT_SPIN, sysctl_cpu_idle_cnt, "Q", "Idle loop entry spins");

static void
cpu_idle_default_hook(void)
{
        /*
         * We must guarentee that hlt is exactly the instruction
         * following the sti.
         */
        __asm __volatile("sti; hlt");
}

/* Other subsystems (e.g., ACPI) can hook this later. */
void (*cpu_idle_hook)(void) = cpu_idle_default_hook;

static __inline int
cpu_mwait_cx_hint(struct cpu_idle_stat *stat)
{
        int hint, cx_idx;
        u_int idx;

        hint = stat->hint;
        if (hint >= 0)
                goto done;

        idx = (stat->repeat + stat->repeat_last + stat->repeat_delta) >>
            cpu_mwait_repeat_shift;
        if (idx >= cpu_mwait_c1_hints_cnt) {
                /* Step up faster, once we walked through all C1 states */
                stat->repeat_delta += 1 << (cpu_mwait_repeat_shift + 1);
        }
        if (hint == CPU_MWAIT_HINT_AUTODEEP) {
                if (idx >= cpu_mwait_deep_hints_cnt)
                        idx = cpu_mwait_deep_hints_cnt - 1;
                hint = cpu_mwait_deep_hints[idx];
        } else {
                if (idx >= cpu_mwait_hints_cnt)
                        idx = cpu_mwait_hints_cnt - 1;
                hint = cpu_mwait_hints[idx];
        }
done:
        cx_idx = MWAIT_EAX_TO_CX(hint);
        if (cx_idx >= 0 && cx_idx < CPU_MWAIT_CX_MAX)
                stat->mwait_cx[cx_idx]++;
        return hint;
}

void
cpu_idle(void)
{
        globaldata_t gd = mycpu;
        struct cpu_idle_stat *stat = &cpu_idle_stats[gd->gd_cpuid];
        struct thread *td __debugvar = gd->gd_curthread;
        int reqflags;
        int quick;

        stat->repeat = stat->repeat_last = cpu_idle_repeat_max;

        crit_exit();
        KKASSERT(td->td_critcount == 0);

        for (;;) {
                /*
                 * See if there are any LWKTs ready to go.
                 */
                lwkt_switch();

                /*
                 * When halting inside a cli we must check for reqflags
                 * races, particularly [re]schedule requests.  Running
                 * splz() does the job.
                 *
                 * cpu_idle_hlt:
                 *      0       Never halt, just spin
                 *
                 *      1       Always use HLT (or MONITOR/MWAIT if avail).
                 *
                 *              Better default for modern (Haswell+) Intel
                 *              cpus.
                 *
                 *      2       Use HLT/MONITOR/MWAIT up to a point and then
                 *              use the ACPI halt (default).  This is a hybrid
                 *              approach.  See machdep.cpu_idle_repeat.
                 *
                 *              Better default for modern AMD cpus and older
                 *              Intel cpus.
                 *
                 *      3       Always use the ACPI halt.  This typically
                 *              eats the least amount of power but the cpu
                 *              will be slow waking up.  Slows down e.g.
                 *              compiles and other pipe/event oriented stuff.
                 *
                 *      4       Always use HLT.
                 *
                 * NOTE: Interrupts are enabled and we are not in a critical
                 *       section.
                 *
                 * NOTE: Preemptions do not reset gd_idle_repeat.   Also we
                 *       don't bother capping gd_idle_repeat, it is ok if
                 *       it overflows.
                 *
                 * Implement optimized invltlb operations when halted
                 * in idle.  By setting the bit in smp_idleinvl_mask
                 * we inform other cpus that they can set _reqs to
                 * request an invltlb.  Current the code to do that
                 * sets the bits in _reqs anyway, but then check _mask
                 * to determine if they can assume the invltlb will execute.
                 *
                 * A critical section is required to ensure that interrupts
                 * do not fully run until after we've had a chance to execute
                 * the request.
                 */
                if (gd->gd_idle_repeat == 0) {
                        stat->repeat = (stat->repeat + stat->repeat_last) >> 1;
                        if (stat->repeat > cpu_idle_repeat_max)
                                stat->repeat = cpu_idle_repeat_max;
                        stat->repeat_last = 0;
                        stat->repeat_delta = 0;
                }
                ++stat->repeat_last;

                ++gd->gd_idle_repeat;
                reqflags = gd->gd_reqflags;
                quick = (cpu_idle_hlt == 1) ||
                        (cpu_idle_hlt < 3 &&
                         gd->gd_idle_repeat < cpu_idle_repeat);

                if (quick && (cpu_mi_feature & CPU_MI_MONITOR) &&
                    (reqflags & RQF_IDLECHECK_WK_MASK) == 0) {
                        splz(); /* XXX */
                        crit_enter_gd(gd);
                        ATOMIC_CPUMASK_ORBIT(smp_idleinvl_mask, gd->gd_cpuid);
                        cpu_mmw_pause_int(&gd->gd_reqflags, reqflags,
                            cpu_mwait_cx_hint(stat), 0);
                        stat->halt++;
                        ATOMIC_CPUMASK_NANDBIT(smp_idleinvl_mask, gd->gd_cpuid);
                        if (ATOMIC_CPUMASK_TESTANDCLR(smp_idleinvl_reqs,
                                                      gd->gd_cpuid)) {
                                cpu_invltlb();
                        }
                        crit_exit_gd(gd);
                } else if (cpu_idle_hlt) {
                        __asm __volatile("cli");
                        splz();
                        crit_enter_gd(gd);
                        ATOMIC_CPUMASK_ORBIT(smp_idleinvl_mask, gd->gd_cpuid);
                        if ((gd->gd_reqflags & RQF_IDLECHECK_WK_MASK) == 0) {
                                if (quick)
                                        cpu_idle_default_hook();
                                else
                                        cpu_idle_hook();
                        }
                        __asm __volatile("sti");
                        stat->halt++;
                        ATOMIC_CPUMASK_NANDBIT(smp_idleinvl_mask, gd->gd_cpuid);
                        if (ATOMIC_CPUMASK_TESTANDCLR(smp_idleinvl_reqs,
                                                      gd->gd_cpuid)) {
                                cpu_invltlb();
                        }
                        crit_exit_gd(gd);
                } else {
                        splz();
                        __asm __volatile("sti");
                        stat->spin++;
                }
        }
}

/*
 * This routine is called if a spinlock has been held through the
 * exponential backoff period and is seriously contested.  On a real cpu
 * we let it spin.
 */
void
cpu_spinlock_contested(void)
{
        cpu_pause();
}

/*
 * Clear registers on exec
 */
void
exec_setregs(u_long entry, u_long stack, u_long ps_strings)
{
        struct thread *td = curthread;
        struct lwp *lp = td->td_lwp;
        struct pcb *pcb = td->td_pcb;
        struct trapframe *regs = lp->lwp_md.md_regs;

        /* was i386_user_cleanup() in NetBSD */
        user_ldt_free(pcb);
  
        clear_quickret();
        bzero((char *)regs, sizeof(struct trapframe));
        regs->tf_rip = entry;
        regs->tf_rsp = ((stack - 8) & ~0xFul) + 8; /* align the stack */
        regs->tf_rdi = stack;           /* argv */
        regs->tf_rflags = PSL_USER | (regs->tf_rflags & PSL_T);
        regs->tf_ss = _udatasel;
        regs->tf_cs = _ucodesel;
        regs->tf_rbx = ps_strings;

        /*
         * Reset the hardware debug registers if they were in use.
         * They won't have any meaning for the newly exec'd process.
         */
        if (pcb->pcb_flags & PCB_DBREGS) {
                pcb->pcb_dr0 = 0;
                pcb->pcb_dr1 = 0;
                pcb->pcb_dr2 = 0;
                pcb->pcb_dr3 = 0;
                pcb->pcb_dr6 = 0;
                pcb->pcb_dr7 = 0; /* JG set bit 10? */
                if (pcb == td->td_pcb) {
                        /*
                         * Clear the debug registers on the running
                         * CPU, otherwise they will end up affecting
                         * the next process we switch to.
                         */
                        reset_dbregs();
                }
                pcb->pcb_flags &= ~PCB_DBREGS;
        }

        /*
         * Initialize the math emulator (if any) for the current process.
         * Actually, just clear the bit that says that the emulator has
         * been initialized.  Initialization is delayed until the process
         * traps to the emulator (if it is done at all) mainly because
         * emulators don't provide an entry point for initialization.
         */
        pcb->pcb_flags &= ~FP_SOFTFP;

        /*
         * NOTE: do not set CR0_TS here.  npxinit() must do it after clearing
         *       gd_npxthread.  Otherwise a preemptive interrupt thread
         *       may panic in npxdna().
         */
        crit_enter();
        load_cr0(rcr0() | CR0_MP);

        /*
         * NOTE: The MSR values must be correct so we can return to
         *       userland.  gd_user_fs/gs must be correct so the switch
         *       code knows what the current MSR values are.
         */
        pcb->pcb_fsbase = 0;    /* Values loaded from PCB on switch */
        pcb->pcb_gsbase = 0;
        mdcpu->gd_user_fs = 0;  /* Cache of current MSR values */
        mdcpu->gd_user_gs = 0;
        wrmsr(MSR_FSBASE, 0);   /* Set MSR values for return to userland */
        wrmsr(MSR_KGSBASE, 0);

        /* Initialize the npx (if any) for the current process. */
        npxinit();
        crit_exit();

        pcb->pcb_ds = _udatasel;
        pcb->pcb_es = _udatasel;
        pcb->pcb_fs = _udatasel;
        pcb->pcb_gs = _udatasel;
}

void
cpu_setregs(void)
{
        register_t cr0;

        cr0 = rcr0();
        cr0 |= CR0_NE;                  /* Done by npxinit() */
        cr0 |= CR0_MP | CR0_TS;         /* Done at every execve() too. */
        cr0 |= CR0_WP | CR0_AM;
        load_cr0(cr0);
        load_gs(_udatasel);
}

static int
sysctl_machdep_adjkerntz(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS)
{
        int error;
        error = sysctl_handle_int(oidp, oidp->oid_arg1, oidp->oid_arg2,
                req);
        if (!error && req->newptr)
                resettodr();
        return (error);
}

SYSCTL_PROC(_machdep, CPU_ADJKERNTZ, adjkerntz, CTLTYPE_INT|CTLFLAG_RW,
        &adjkerntz, 0, sysctl_machdep_adjkerntz, "I", "");

SYSCTL_INT(_machdep, CPU_DISRTCSET, disable_rtc_set,
        CTLFLAG_RW, &disable_rtc_set, 0, "");

#if 0 /* JG */
SYSCTL_STRUCT(_machdep, CPU_BOOTINFO, bootinfo, 
        CTLFLAG_RD, &bootinfo, bootinfo, "");
#endif

SYSCTL_INT(_machdep, CPU_WALLCLOCK, wall_cmos_clock,
        CTLFLAG_RW, &wall_cmos_clock, 0, "");

extern u_long bootdev;          /* not a cdev_t - encoding is different */
SYSCTL_ULONG(_machdep, OID_AUTO, guessed_bootdev,
        CTLFLAG_RD, &bootdev, 0, "Boot device (not in cdev_t format)");

/*
 * Initialize 386 and configure to run kernel
 */

/*
 * Initialize segments & interrupt table
 */

int _default_ldt;
struct user_segment_descriptor gdt[NGDT * MAXCPU];      /* global descriptor table */
struct gate_descriptor idt_arr[MAXCPU][NIDT];
#if 0 /* JG */
union descriptor ldt[NLDT];             /* local descriptor table */
#endif

/* table descriptors - used to load tables by cpu */
struct region_descriptor r_gdt;
struct region_descriptor r_idt_arr[MAXCPU];

/* JG proc0paddr is a virtual address */
void *proc0paddr;
/* JG alignment? */
char proc0paddr_buff[LWKT_THREAD_STACK];


/* software prototypes -- in more palatable form */
struct soft_segment_descriptor gdt_segs[] = {
/* GNULL_SEL    0 Null Descriptor */
{       0x0,                    /* segment base address  */
        0x0,                    /* length */
        0,                      /* segment type */
        0,                      /* segment descriptor priority level */
        0,                      /* segment descriptor present */
        0,                      /* long */
        0,                      /* default 32 vs 16 bit size */
        0                       /* limit granularity (byte/page units)*/ },
/* GCODE_SEL    1 Code Descriptor for kernel */
{       0x0,                    /* segment base address  */
        0xfffff,                /* length - all address space */
        SDT_MEMERA,             /* segment type */
        SEL_KPL,                /* segment descriptor priority level */
        1,                      /* segment descriptor present */
        1,                      /* long */
        0,                      /* default 32 vs 16 bit size */
        1                       /* limit granularity (byte/page units)*/ },
/* GDATA_SEL    2 Data Descriptor for kernel */
{       0x0,                    /* segment base address  */
        0xfffff,                /* length - all address space */
        SDT_MEMRWA,             /* segment type */
        SEL_KPL,                /* segment descriptor priority level */
        1,                      /* segment descriptor present */
        1,                      /* long */
        0,                      /* default 32 vs 16 bit size */
        1                       /* limit granularity (byte/page units)*/ },
/* GUCODE32_SEL 3 32 bit Code Descriptor for user */
{       0x0,                    /* segment base address  */
        0xfffff,                /* length - all address space */
        SDT_MEMERA,             /* segment type */
        SEL_UPL,                /* segment descriptor priority level */
        1,                      /* segment descriptor present */
        0,                      /* long */
        1,                      /* default 32 vs 16 bit size */
        1                       /* limit granularity (byte/page units)*/ },
/* GUDATA_SEL   4 32/64 bit Data Descriptor for user */
{       0x0,                    /* segment base address  */
        0xfffff,                /* length - all address space */
        SDT_MEMRWA,             /* segment type */
        SEL_UPL,                /* segment descriptor priority level */
        1,                      /* segment descriptor present */
        0,                      /* long */
        1,                      /* default 32 vs 16 bit size */
        1                       /* limit granularity (byte/page units)*/ },
/* GUCODE_SEL   5 64 bit Code Descriptor for user */
{       0x0,                    /* segment base address  */
        0xfffff,                /* length - all address space */
        SDT_MEMERA,             /* segment type */
        SEL_UPL,                /* segment descriptor priority level */
        1,                      /* segment descriptor present */
        1,                      /* long */
        0,                      /* default 32 vs 16 bit size */
        1                       /* limit granularity (byte/page units)*/ },
/* GPROC0_SEL   6 Proc 0 Tss Descriptor */
{
        0x0,                    /* segment base address */
        sizeof(struct x86_64tss)-1,/* length - all address space */
        SDT_SYSTSS,             /* segment type */
        SEL_KPL,                /* segment descriptor priority level */
        1,                      /* segment descriptor present */
        0,                      /* long */
        0,                      /* unused - default 32 vs 16 bit size */
        0                       /* limit granularity (byte/page units)*/ },
/* Actually, the TSS is a system descriptor which is double size */
{       0x0,                    /* segment base address  */
        0x0,                    /* length */
        0,                      /* segment type */
        0,                      /* segment descriptor priority level */
        0,                      /* segment descriptor present */
        0,                      /* long */
        0,                      /* default 32 vs 16 bit size */
        0                       /* limit granularity (byte/page units)*/ },
/* GUGS32_SEL   8 32 bit GS Descriptor for user */
{       0x0,                    /* segment base address  */
        0xfffff,                /* length - all address space */
        SDT_MEMRWA,             /* segment type */
        SEL_UPL,                /* segment descriptor priority level */
        1,                      /* segment descriptor present */
        0,                      /* long */
        1,                      /* default 32 vs 16 bit size */
        1                       /* limit granularity (byte/page units)*/ },
};

void
setidt_global(int idx, inthand_t *func, int typ, int dpl, int ist)
{
        int cpu;

        for (cpu = 0; cpu < MAXCPU; ++cpu) {
                struct gate_descriptor *ip = &idt_arr[cpu][idx];

                ip->gd_looffset = (uintptr_t)func;
                ip->gd_selector = GSEL(GCODE_SEL, SEL_KPL);
                ip->gd_ist = ist;
                ip->gd_xx = 0;
                ip->gd_type = typ;
                ip->gd_dpl = dpl;
                ip->gd_p = 1;
                ip->gd_hioffset = ((uintptr_t)func)>>16 ;
        }
}

void
setidt(int idx, inthand_t *func, int typ, int dpl, int ist, int cpu)
{
        struct gate_descriptor *ip;

        KASSERT(cpu >= 0 && cpu < ncpus, ("invalid cpu %d", cpu));

        ip = &idt_arr[cpu][idx];
        ip->gd_looffset = (uintptr_t)func;
        ip->gd_selector = GSEL(GCODE_SEL, SEL_KPL);
        ip->gd_ist = ist;
        ip->gd_xx = 0;
        ip->gd_type = typ;
        ip->gd_dpl = dpl;
        ip->gd_p = 1;
        ip->gd_hioffset = ((uintptr_t)func)>>16 ;
}

#define IDTVEC(name)    __CONCAT(X,name)

extern inthand_t
        IDTVEC(div), IDTVEC(dbg), IDTVEC(nmi), IDTVEC(bpt), IDTVEC(ofl),
        IDTVEC(bnd), IDTVEC(ill), IDTVEC(dna), IDTVEC(fpusegm),
        IDTVEC(tss), IDTVEC(missing), IDTVEC(stk), IDTVEC(prot),
        IDTVEC(page), IDTVEC(mchk), IDTVEC(rsvd), IDTVEC(fpu), IDTVEC(align),
        IDTVEC(xmm), IDTVEC(dblfault),
        IDTVEC(fast_syscall), IDTVEC(fast_syscall32);

void
sdtossd(struct user_segment_descriptor *sd, struct soft_segment_descriptor *ssd)
{
        ssd->ssd_base  = (sd->sd_hibase << 24) | sd->sd_lobase;
        ssd->ssd_limit = (sd->sd_hilimit << 16) | sd->sd_lolimit;
        ssd->ssd_type  = sd->sd_type;
        ssd->ssd_dpl   = sd->sd_dpl;
        ssd->ssd_p     = sd->sd_p;
        ssd->ssd_def32 = sd->sd_def32;
        ssd->ssd_gran  = sd->sd_gran;
}

void
ssdtosd(struct soft_segment_descriptor *ssd, struct user_segment_descriptor *sd)
{

        sd->sd_lobase = (ssd->ssd_base) & 0xffffff;
        sd->sd_hibase = (ssd->ssd_base >> 24) & 0xff;
        sd->sd_lolimit = (ssd->ssd_limit) & 0xffff;
        sd->sd_hilimit = (ssd->ssd_limit >> 16) & 0xf;
        sd->sd_type  = ssd->ssd_type;
        sd->sd_dpl   = ssd->ssd_dpl;
        sd->sd_p     = ssd->ssd_p;
        sd->sd_long  = ssd->ssd_long;
        sd->sd_def32 = ssd->ssd_def32;
        sd->sd_gran  = ssd->ssd_gran;
}

void
ssdtosyssd(struct soft_segment_descriptor *ssd,
    struct system_segment_descriptor *sd)
{

        sd->sd_lobase = (ssd->ssd_base) & 0xffffff;
        sd->sd_hibase = (ssd->ssd_base >> 24) & 0xfffffffffful;
        sd->sd_lolimit = (ssd->ssd_limit) & 0xffff;
        sd->sd_hilimit = (ssd->ssd_limit >> 16) & 0xf;
        sd->sd_type  = ssd->ssd_type;
        sd->sd_dpl   = ssd->ssd_dpl;
        sd->sd_p     = ssd->ssd_p;
        sd->sd_gran  = ssd->ssd_gran;
}

/*
 * Populate the (physmap) array with base/bound pairs describing the
 * available physical memory in the system, then test this memory and
 * build the phys_avail array describing the actually-available memory.
 *
 * If we cannot accurately determine the physical memory map, then use
 * value from the 0xE801 call, and failing that, the RTC.
 *
 * Total memory size may be set by the kernel environment variable
 * hw.physmem or the compile-time define MAXMEM.
 *
 * Memory is aligned to PHYSMAP_ALIGN which must be a multiple
 * of PAGE_SIZE.  This also greatly reduces the memory test time
 * which would otherwise be excessive on machines with > 8G of ram.
 *
 * XXX first should be vm_paddr_t.
 */

#define PHYSMAP_ALIGN           (vm_paddr_t)(128 * 1024)
#define PHYSMAP_ALIGN_MASK      (vm_paddr_t)(PHYSMAP_ALIGN - 1)
        vm_paddr_t physmap[PHYSMAP_SIZE];
        struct bios_smap *smapbase, *smap, *smapend;
        struct efi_map_header *efihdrbase;
        u_int32_t smapsize;

static void
add_smap_entries(int *physmap_idx)
{
        int i;

        smapsize = *((u_int32_t *)smapbase - 1);
        smapend = (struct bios_smap *)((uintptr_t)smapbase + smapsize);

        for (smap = smapbase; smap < smapend; smap++) {
                if (boothowto & RB_VERBOSE)
                        kprintf("SMAP type=%02x base=%016lx len=%016lx\n",
                            smap->type, smap->base, smap->length);

                if (smap->type != SMAP_TYPE_MEMORY)
                        continue;

                if (smap->length == 0)
                        continue;

                for (i = 0; i <= *physmap_idx; i += 2) {
                        if (smap->base < physmap[i + 1]) {
                                if (boothowto & RB_VERBOSE) {
                                        kprintf("Overlapping or non-monotonic "
                                                "memory region, ignoring "
                                                "second region\n");
                                }
                                break;
                        }
                }
                if (i <= *physmap_idx)
                        continue;

                Realmem += smap->length;

                if (smap->base == physmap[*physmap_idx + 1]) {
                        physmap[*physmap_idx + 1] += smap->length;
                        continue;
                }

                *physmap_idx += 2;
                if (*physmap_idx == PHYSMAP_SIZE) {
                        kprintf("Too many segments in the physical "
                                "address map, giving up\n");
                        break;
                }
                physmap[*physmap_idx] = smap->base;
                physmap[*physmap_idx + 1] = smap->base + smap->length;
        }
}

#define efi_next_descriptor(ptr, size) \
        ((struct efi_md *)(((uint8_t *) ptr) + size))

static void
add_efi_map_entries(int *physmap_idx)
{
         struct efi_md *map, *p;
         const char *type;
         size_t efisz;
         int i, ndesc;

        static const char *types[] = {
                "Reserved",
                "LoaderCode",
                "LoaderData",
                "BootServicesCode",
                "BootServicesData",
                "RuntimeServicesCode",
                "RuntimeServicesData",
                "ConventionalMemory",
                "UnusableMemory",
                "ACPIReclaimMemory",
                "ACPIMemoryNVS",
                "MemoryMappedIO",
                "MemoryMappedIOPortSpace",
                "PalCode"
         };

        /*
         * Memory map data provided by UEFI via the GetMemoryMap
         * Boot Services API.
         */
        efisz = (sizeof(struct efi_map_header) + 0xf) & ~0xf;
        map = (struct efi_md *)((uint8_t *)efihdrbase + efisz);

        if (efihdrbase->descriptor_size == 0)
                return;
        ndesc = efihdrbase->memory_size / efihdrbase->descriptor_size;

        if (boothowto & RB_VERBOSE)
                kprintf("%23s %12s %12s %8s %4s\n",
                    "Type", "Physical", "Virtual", "#Pages", "Attr");

        for (i = 0, p = map; i < ndesc; i++,
            p = efi_next_descriptor(p, efihdrbase->descriptor_size)) {
                if (boothowto & RB_VERBOSE) {
                        if (p->md_type <= EFI_MD_TYPE_PALCODE)
                                type = types[p->md_type];
                        else
                                type = "<INVALID>";
                        kprintf("%23s %012lx %12p %08lx ", type, p->md_phys,
                            p->md_virt, p->md_pages);
                        if (p->md_attr & EFI_MD_ATTR_UC)
                                kprintf("UC ");
                        if (p->md_attr & EFI_MD_ATTR_WC)
                                kprintf("WC ");
                        if (p->md_attr & EFI_MD_ATTR_WT)
                                kprintf("WT ");
                        if (p->md_attr & EFI_MD_ATTR_WB)
                                kprintf("WB ");
                        if (p->md_attr & EFI_MD_ATTR_UCE)
                                kprintf("UCE ");
                        if (p->md_attr & EFI_MD_ATTR_WP)
                                kprintf("WP ");
                        if (p->md_attr & EFI_MD_ATTR_RP)
                                kprintf("RP ");
                        if (p->md_attr & EFI_MD_ATTR_XP)
                                kprintf("XP ");
                        if (p->md_attr & EFI_MD_ATTR_RT)
                                kprintf("RUNTIME");
                        kprintf("\n");
                }

                switch (p->md_type) {
                case EFI_MD_TYPE_CODE:
                case EFI_MD_TYPE_DATA:
                case EFI_MD_TYPE_BS_CODE:
                case EFI_MD_TYPE_BS_DATA:
                case EFI_MD_TYPE_FREE:
                        /*
                         * We're allowed to use any entry with these types.
                         */
                        break;
                default:
                        continue;
                }

                Realmem += p->md_pages * PAGE_SIZE;

                if (p->md_phys == physmap[*physmap_idx + 1]) {
                        physmap[*physmap_idx + 1] += p->md_pages * PAGE_SIZE;
                        continue;
                }

                *physmap_idx += 2;
                if (*physmap_idx == PHYSMAP_SIZE) {
                        kprintf("Too many segments in the physical "
                                "address map, giving up\n");
                        break;
                }
                physmap[*physmap_idx] = p->md_phys;
                physmap[*physmap_idx + 1] = p->md_phys + p->md_pages * PAGE_SIZE;
         }
}

struct fb_info efi_fb_info;
static int have_efi_framebuffer = 0;

static void
efi_fb_init_vaddr(int direct_map)
{
        uint64_t sz;
        vm_offset_t addr, v;

        v = efi_fb_info.vaddr;
        sz = efi_fb_info.stride * efi_fb_info.height;

        if (direct_map) {
                addr = PHYS_TO_DMAP(efi_fb_info.paddr);
                if (addr >= DMAP_MIN_ADDRESS && addr + sz < DMAP_MAX_ADDRESS)
                        efi_fb_info.vaddr = addr;
        } else {
                efi_fb_info.vaddr = (vm_offset_t)pmap_mapdev_attr(
                    efi_fb_info.paddr, sz, PAT_WRITE_COMBINING);
        }

        if (v == 0 && efi_fb_info.vaddr != 0)
                memset((void *)efi_fb_info.vaddr, 0x77, sz);
}

int
probe_efi_fb(int early)
{
        struct efi_fb   *efifb;
        caddr_t         kmdp;

        if (have_efi_framebuffer) {
                if (!early &&
                    (efi_fb_info.vaddr == 0 ||
                     efi_fb_info.vaddr == PHYS_TO_DMAP(efi_fb_info.paddr)))
                        efi_fb_init_vaddr(0);
                return 0;
        }

        kmdp = preload_search_by_type("elf kernel");
        if (kmdp == NULL)
                kmdp = preload_search_by_type("elf64 kernel");
        efifb = (struct efi_fb *)preload_search_info(kmdp,
            MODINFO_METADATA | MODINFOMD_EFI_FB);
        if (efifb == NULL)
                return 1;

        have_efi_framebuffer = 1;

        efi_fb_info.is_vga_boot_display = 1;
        efi_fb_info.width = efifb->fb_width;
        efi_fb_info.height = efifb->fb_height;
        efi_fb_info.stride = efifb->fb_stride * 4;
        efi_fb_info.depth = 32;
        efi_fb_info.paddr = efifb->fb_addr;
        if (early) {
                efi_fb_info.vaddr = 0;
        } else {
                efi_fb_init_vaddr(0);
        }
        efi_fb_info.restore = NULL;
        efi_fb_info.device = NULL;

        return 0;
}

static void
efifb_startup(void *arg)
{
        probe_efi_fb(0);
}

SYSINIT(efi_fb_info, SI_BOOT1_POST, SI_ORDER_FIRST, efifb_startup, NULL);

static void
getmemsize(caddr_t kmdp, u_int64_t first)
{
        int off, physmap_idx, pa_indx, da_indx;
        int i, j;
        vm_paddr_t pa;
        vm_paddr_t msgbuf_size;
        u_long physmem_tunable;
        pt_entry_t *pte;
        quad_t dcons_addr, dcons_size;

        bzero(physmap, sizeof(physmap));
        physmap_idx = 0;

        /*
         * get memory map from INT 15:E820, kindly supplied by the loader.
         *
         * subr_module.c says:
         * "Consumer may safely assume that size value precedes data."
         * ie: an int32_t immediately precedes smap.
         */
        efihdrbase = (struct efi_map_header *)preload_search_info(kmdp,
            MODINFO_METADATA | MODINFOMD_EFI_MAP);
        smapbase = (struct bios_smap *)preload_search_info(kmdp,
            MODINFO_METADATA | MODINFOMD_SMAP);
        if (smapbase == NULL && efihdrbase == NULL)
                panic("No BIOS smap or EFI map info from loader!");

        if (efihdrbase == NULL)
                add_smap_entries(&physmap_idx);
        else
                add_efi_map_entries(&physmap_idx);

        base_memory = physmap[1] / 1024;
        /* make hole for AP bootstrap code */
        physmap[1] = mp_bootaddress(base_memory);

        /* Save EBDA address, if any */
        ebda_addr = (u_long)(*(u_short *)(KERNBASE + 0x40e));
        ebda_addr <<= 4;

        /*
         * Maxmem isn't the "maximum memory", it's one larger than the
         * highest page of the physical address space.  It should be
         * called something like "Maxphyspage".  We may adjust this
         * based on ``hw.physmem'' and the results of the memory test.
         */
        Maxmem = atop(physmap[physmap_idx + 1]);

#ifdef MAXMEM
        Maxmem = MAXMEM / 4;
#endif

        if (TUNABLE_ULONG_FETCH("hw.physmem", &physmem_tunable))
                Maxmem = atop(physmem_tunable);

        /*
         * Don't allow MAXMEM or hw.physmem to extend the amount of memory
         * in the system.
         */
        if (Maxmem > atop(physmap[physmap_idx + 1]))
                Maxmem = atop(physmap[physmap_idx + 1]);

        /*
         * Blowing out the DMAP will blow up the system.
         */
        if (Maxmem > atop(DMAP_MAX_ADDRESS - DMAP_MIN_ADDRESS)) {
                kprintf("Limiting Maxmem due to DMAP size\n");
                Maxmem = atop(DMAP_MAX_ADDRESS - DMAP_MIN_ADDRESS);
        }

        if (atop(physmap[physmap_idx + 1]) != Maxmem &&
            (boothowto & RB_VERBOSE)) {
                kprintf("Physical memory use set to %ldK\n", Maxmem * 4);
        }

        /*
         * Call pmap initialization to make new kernel address space
         *
         * Mask off page 0.
         */
        pmap_bootstrap(&first);
        physmap[0] = PAGE_SIZE;

        /*
         * Align the physmap to PHYSMAP_ALIGN and cut out anything
         * exceeding Maxmem.
         */
        for (i = j = 0; i <= physmap_idx; i += 2) {
                if (physmap[i+1] > ptoa(Maxmem))
                        physmap[i+1] = ptoa(Maxmem);
                physmap[i] = (physmap[i] + PHYSMAP_ALIGN_MASK) &
                             ~PHYSMAP_ALIGN_MASK;
                physmap[i+1] = physmap[i+1] & ~PHYSMAP_ALIGN_MASK;

                physmap[j] = physmap[i];
                physmap[j+1] = physmap[i+1];

                if (physmap[i] < physmap[i+1])
                        j += 2;
        }
        physmap_idx = j - 2;

        /*
         * Align anything else used in the validation loop.
         */
        first = (first + PHYSMAP_ALIGN_MASK) & ~PHYSMAP_ALIGN_MASK;

        /*
         * Size up each available chunk of physical memory.
         */
        pa_indx = 0;
        da_indx = 1;
        phys_avail[pa_indx++] = physmap[0];
        phys_avail[pa_indx] = physmap[0];
        dump_avail[da_indx] = physmap[0];
        pte = CMAP1;

        /*
         * Get dcons buffer address
         */
        if (kgetenv_quad("dcons.addr", &dcons_addr) == 0 ||
            kgetenv_quad("dcons.size", &dcons_size) == 0)
                dcons_addr = 0;

        /*
         * Validate the physical memory.  The physical memory segments
         * have already been aligned to PHYSMAP_ALIGN which is a multiple
         * of PAGE_SIZE.
         */
        for (i = 0; i <= physmap_idx; i += 2) {
                vm_paddr_t end;

                end = physmap[i + 1];

                for (pa = physmap[i]; pa < end; pa += PHYSMAP_ALIGN) {
                        int tmp, page_bad, full;
                        int *ptr = (int *)CADDR1;

                        full = FALSE;
                        /*
                         * block out kernel memory as not available.
                         */
                        if (pa >= 0x200000 && pa < first)
                                goto do_dump_avail;

                        /*
                         * block out dcons buffer
                         */
                        if (dcons_addr > 0
                            && pa >= trunc_page(dcons_addr)
                            && pa < dcons_addr + dcons_size) {
                                goto do_dump_avail;
                        }

                        page_bad = FALSE;

                        /*
                         * map page into kernel: valid, read/write,non-cacheable
                         */
                        *pte = pa |
                            kernel_pmap.pmap_bits[PG_V_IDX] |
                            kernel_pmap.pmap_bits[PG_RW_IDX] |
                            kernel_pmap.pmap_bits[PG_N_IDX];
                        cpu_invltlb();

                        tmp = *ptr;
                        /*
                         * Test for alternating 1's and 0's
                         */
                        *(volatile int *)ptr = 0xaaaaaaaa;
                        cpu_mfence();
                        if (*(volatile int *)ptr != 0xaaaaaaaa)
                                page_bad = TRUE;
                        /*
                         * Test for alternating 0's and 1's
                         */
                        *(volatile int *)ptr = 0x55555555;
                        cpu_mfence();
                        if (*(volatile int *)ptr != 0x55555555)
                                page_bad = TRUE;
                        /*
                         * Test for all 1's
                         */
                        *(volatile int *)ptr = 0xffffffff;
                        cpu_mfence();
                        if (*(volatile int *)ptr != 0xffffffff)
                                page_bad = TRUE;
                        /*
                         * Test for all 0's
                         */
                        *(volatile int *)ptr = 0x0;
                        cpu_mfence();
                        if (*(volatile int *)ptr != 0x0)
                                page_bad = TRUE;
                        /*
                         * Restore original value.
                         */
                        *ptr = tmp;

                        /*
                         * Adjust array of valid/good pages.
                         */
                        if (page_bad == TRUE)
                                continue;
                        /*
                         * If this good page is a continuation of the
                         * previous set of good pages, then just increase
                         * the end pointer. Otherwise start a new chunk.
                         * Note that "end" points one higher than end,
                         * making the range >= start and < end.
                         * If we're also doing a speculative memory
                         * test and we at or past the end, bump up Maxmem
                         * so that we keep going. The first bad page
                         * will terminate the loop.
                         */
                        if (phys_avail[pa_indx] == pa) {
                                phys_avail[pa_indx] += PHYSMAP_ALIGN;
                        } else {
                                pa_indx++;
                                if (pa_indx == PHYS_AVAIL_ARRAY_END) {
                                        kprintf(
                "Too many holes in the physical address space, giving up\n");
                                        pa_indx--;
                                        full = TRUE;
                                        goto do_dump_avail;
                                }
                                phys_avail[pa_indx++] = pa;
                                phys_avail[pa_indx] = pa + PHYSMAP_ALIGN;
                        }
                        physmem += PHYSMAP_ALIGN / PAGE_SIZE;
do_dump_avail:
                        if (dump_avail[da_indx] == pa) {
                                dump_avail[da_indx] += PHYSMAP_ALIGN;
                        } else {
                                da_indx++;
                                if (da_indx == DUMP_AVAIL_ARRAY_END) {
                                        da_indx--;
                                        goto do_next;
                                }
                                dump_avail[da_indx++] = pa;
                                dump_avail[da_indx] = pa + PHYSMAP_ALIGN;
                        }
do_next:
                        if (full)
                                break;
                }
        }
        *pte = 0;
        cpu_invltlb();

        /*
         * The last chunk must contain at least one page plus the message
         * buffer to avoid complicating other code (message buffer address
         * calculation, etc.).
         */
        msgbuf_size = (MSGBUF_SIZE + PHYSMAP_ALIGN_MASK) & ~PHYSMAP_ALIGN_MASK;

        while (phys_avail[pa_indx - 1] + PHYSMAP_ALIGN +
               msgbuf_size >= phys_avail[pa_indx]) {
                physmem -= atop(phys_avail[pa_indx] - phys_avail[pa_indx - 1]);
                phys_avail[pa_indx--] = 0;
                phys_avail[pa_indx--] = 0;
        }

        Maxmem = atop(phys_avail[pa_indx]);

        /* Trim off space for the message buffer. */
        phys_avail[pa_indx] -= msgbuf_size;

        avail_end = phys_avail[pa_indx];

        /* Map the message buffer. */
        for (off = 0; off < msgbuf_size; off += PAGE_SIZE) {
                pmap_kenter((vm_offset_t)msgbufp + off,
                            phys_avail[pa_indx] + off);
        }
        /* Try to get EFI framebuffer working as early as possible */
        if (have_efi_framebuffer)
                efi_fb_init_vaddr(1);
}

struct machintr_abi MachIntrABI;

/*
 * IDT VECTORS:
 *      0       Divide by zero
 *      1       Debug
 *      2       NMI
 *      3       BreakPoint
 *      4       OverFlow
 *      5       Bound-Range
 *      6       Invalid OpCode
 *      7       Device Not Available (x87)
 *      8       Double-Fault
 *      9       Coprocessor Segment overrun (unsupported, reserved)
 *      10      Invalid-TSS
 *      11      Segment not present
 *      12      Stack
 *      13      General Protection
 *      14      Page Fault
 *      15      Reserved
 *      16      x87 FP Exception pending
 *      17      Alignment Check
 *      18      Machine Check
 *      19      SIMD floating point
 *      20-31   reserved
 *      32-255  INTn/external sources
 */
u_int64_t
hammer_time(u_int64_t modulep, u_int64_t physfree)
{
        caddr_t kmdp;
        int gsel_tss, x, cpu;
#if 0 /* JG */
        int metadata_missing, off;
#endif
        struct mdglobaldata *gd;
        u_int64_t msr;

        /*
         * Prevent lowering of the ipl if we call tsleep() early.
         */
        gd = &CPU_prvspace[0]->mdglobaldata;
        bzero(gd, sizeof(*gd));

        /*
         * Note: on both UP and SMP curthread must be set non-NULL
         * early in the boot sequence because the system assumes
         * that 'curthread' is never NULL.
         */

        gd->mi.gd_curthread = &thread0;
        thread0.td_gd = &gd->mi;

        atdevbase = ISA_HOLE_START + PTOV_OFFSET;

#if 0 /* JG */
        metadata_missing = 0;
        if (bootinfo.bi_modulep) {
                preload_metadata = (caddr_t)bootinfo.bi_modulep + KERNBASE;
                preload_bootstrap_relocate(KERNBASE);
        } else {
                metadata_missing = 1;
        }
        if (bootinfo.bi_envp)
                kern_envp = (caddr_t)bootinfo.bi_envp + KERNBASE;
#endif

        preload_metadata = (caddr_t)(uintptr_t)(modulep + PTOV_OFFSET);
        preload_bootstrap_relocate(PTOV_OFFSET);
        kmdp = preload_search_by_type("elf kernel");
        if (kmdp == NULL)
                kmdp = preload_search_by_type("elf64 kernel");
        boothowto = MD_FETCH(kmdp, MODINFOMD_HOWTO, int);
        kern_envp = MD_FETCH(kmdp, MODINFOMD_ENVP, char *) + PTOV_OFFSET;
#ifdef DDB
        ksym_start = MD_FETCH(kmdp, MODINFOMD_SSYM, uintptr_t);
        ksym_end = MD_FETCH(kmdp, MODINFOMD_ESYM, uintptr_t);
#endif

        if (boothowto & RB_VERBOSE)
                bootverbose++;

        /*
         * Default MachIntrABI to ICU
         */
        MachIntrABI = MachIntrABI_ICU;

        /*
         * start with one cpu.  Note: with one cpu, ncpus2_shift, ncpus2_mask,
         * and ncpus_fit_mask remain 0.
         */
        ncpus = 1;
        ncpus2 = 1;
        ncpus_fit = 1;
        /* Init basic tunables, hz etc */
        init_param1();

        /*
         * make gdt memory segments
         */
        gdt_segs[GPROC0_SEL].ssd_base =
                (uintptr_t) &CPU_prvspace[0]->mdglobaldata.gd_common_tss;

        gd->mi.gd_prvspace = CPU_prvspace[0];

        for (x = 0; x < NGDT; x++) {
                if (x != GPROC0_SEL && x != (GPROC0_SEL + 1))
                        ssdtosd(&gdt_segs[x], &gdt[x]);
        }
        ssdtosyssd(&gdt_segs[GPROC0_SEL],
            (struct system_segment_descriptor *)&gdt[GPROC0_SEL]);

        r_gdt.rd_limit = NGDT * sizeof(gdt[0]) - 1;
        r_gdt.rd_base =  (long) gdt;
        lgdt(&r_gdt);

        wrmsr(MSR_FSBASE, 0);           /* User value */
        wrmsr(MSR_GSBASE, (u_int64_t)&gd->mi);
        wrmsr(MSR_KGSBASE, 0);          /* User value while in the kernel */

        mi_gdinit(&gd->mi, 0);
        cpu_gdinit(gd, 0);
        proc0paddr = proc0paddr_buff;
        mi_proc0init(&gd->mi, proc0paddr);
        safepri = TDPRI_MAX;

        /* spinlocks and the BGL */
        init_locks();

        /* exceptions */
        for (x = 0; x < NIDT; x++)
                setidt_global(x, &IDTVEC(rsvd), SDT_SYSIGT, SEL_KPL, 0);
        setidt_global(IDT_DE, &IDTVEC(div),  SDT_SYSIGT, SEL_KPL, 0);
        setidt_global(IDT_DB, &IDTVEC(dbg),  SDT_SYSIGT, SEL_KPL, 0);
        setidt_global(IDT_NMI, &IDTVEC(nmi),  SDT_SYSIGT, SEL_KPL, 1);
        setidt_global(IDT_BP, &IDTVEC(bpt),  SDT_SYSIGT, SEL_UPL, 0);
        setidt_global(IDT_OF, &IDTVEC(ofl),  SDT_SYSIGT, SEL_KPL, 0);
        setidt_global(IDT_BR, &IDTVEC(bnd),  SDT_SYSIGT, SEL_KPL, 0);
        setidt_global(IDT_UD, &IDTVEC(ill),  SDT_SYSIGT, SEL_KPL, 0);
        setidt_global(IDT_NM, &IDTVEC(dna),  SDT_SYSIGT, SEL_KPL, 0);
        setidt_global(IDT_DF, &IDTVEC(dblfault), SDT_SYSIGT, SEL_KPL, 1);
        setidt_global(IDT_FPUGP, &IDTVEC(fpusegm),  SDT_SYSIGT, SEL_KPL, 0);
        setidt_global(IDT_TS, &IDTVEC(tss),  SDT_SYSIGT, SEL_KPL, 0);
        setidt_global(IDT_NP, &IDTVEC(missing),  SDT_SYSIGT, SEL_KPL, 0);
        setidt_global(IDT_SS, &IDTVEC(stk),  SDT_SYSIGT, SEL_KPL, 0);
        setidt_global(IDT_GP, &IDTVEC(prot),  SDT_SYSIGT, SEL_KPL, 0);
        setidt_global(IDT_PF, &IDTVEC(page),  SDT_SYSIGT, SEL_KPL, 0);
        setidt_global(IDT_MF, &IDTVEC(fpu),  SDT_SYSIGT, SEL_KPL, 0);
        setidt_global(IDT_AC, &IDTVEC(align), SDT_SYSIGT, SEL_KPL, 0);
        setidt_global(IDT_MC, &IDTVEC(mchk),  SDT_SYSIGT, SEL_KPL, 0);
        setidt_global(IDT_XF, &IDTVEC(xmm), SDT_SYSIGT, SEL_KPL, 0);

        for (cpu = 0; cpu < MAXCPU; ++cpu) {
                r_idt_arr[cpu].rd_limit = sizeof(idt_arr[cpu]) - 1;
                r_idt_arr[cpu].rd_base = (long) &idt_arr[cpu][0];
        }

        lidt(&r_idt_arr[0]);

        /*
         * Initialize the console before we print anything out.
         */
        cninit();

#if 0 /* JG */
        if (metadata_missing)
                kprintf("WARNING: loader(8) metadata is missing!\n");
#endif

#if     NISA >0
        elcr_probe();
        isa_defaultirq();
#endif
        rand_initialize();

        /*
         * Initialize IRQ mapping
         *
         * NOTE:
         * SHOULD be after elcr_probe()
         */
        MachIntrABI_ICU.initmap();
        MachIntrABI_IOAPIC.initmap();

#ifdef DDB
        kdb_init();
        if (boothowto & RB_KDB)
                Debugger("Boot flags requested debugger");
#endif

#if 0 /* JG */
        finishidentcpu();       /* Final stage of CPU initialization */
        setidt(6, &IDTVEC(ill),  SDT_SYS386IGT, SEL_KPL, GSEL(GCODE_SEL, SEL_KPL));
        setidt(13, &IDTVEC(prot),  SDT_SYS386IGT, SEL_KPL, GSEL(GCODE_SEL, SEL_KPL));
#endif
        identify_cpu();         /* Final stage of CPU initialization */
        initializecpu(0);       /* Initialize CPU registers */

        /*
         * On modern intel cpus, haswell or later, cpu_idle_hlt=1 is better
         * because the cpu does significant power management in MWAIT
         * (also suggested is to set sysctl machdep.mwait.CX.idle=AUTODEEP).
         *
         * On modern amd cpus cpu_idle_hlt=3 is better, because the cpu does
         * significant power management in HLT or ACPI (but cpu_idle_hlt=1
         * would try to use MWAIT).
         *
         * On older amd or intel cpus, cpu_idle_hlt=2 is better because ACPI
         * is needed to reduce power consumption, but wakeup times are often
         * longer.
         */
        if (cpu_vendor_id == CPU_VENDOR_INTEL &&
            CPUID_TO_MODEL(cpu_id) >= 0x3C) {   /* Haswell or later */
                cpu_idle_hlt = 1;
        }
        if (cpu_vendor_id == CPU_VENDOR_AMD &&
            CPUID_TO_FAMILY(cpu_id) >= 0x14) {  /* Bobcat or later */
                cpu_idle_hlt = 3;
        }

        TUNABLE_INT_FETCH("hw.apic_io_enable", &ioapic_enable); /* for compat */
        TUNABLE_INT_FETCH("hw.ioapic_enable", &ioapic_enable);
        TUNABLE_INT_FETCH("hw.lapic_enable", &lapic_enable);
        TUNABLE_INT_FETCH("machdep.cpu_idle_hlt", &cpu_idle_hlt);

        /*
         * Some of the virtual machines do not work w/ I/O APIC
         * enabled.  If the user does not explicitly enable or
         * disable the I/O APIC (ioapic_enable < 0), then we
         * disable I/O APIC on all virtual machines.
         *
         * NOTE:
         * This must be done after identify_cpu(), which sets
         * 'cpu_feature2'
         */
        if (ioapic_enable < 0) {
                if (cpu_feature2 & CPUID2_VMM)
                        ioapic_enable = 0;
                else
                        ioapic_enable = 1;
        }

        /* make an initial tss so cpu can get interrupt stack on syscall! */
        gd->gd_common_tss.tss_rsp0 =
                (register_t)(thread0.td_kstack +
                             KSTACK_PAGES * PAGE_SIZE - sizeof(struct pcb));
        /* Ensure the stack is aligned to 16 bytes */
        gd->gd_common_tss.tss_rsp0 &= ~(register_t)0xF;

        /* double fault stack */
        gd->gd_common_tss.tss_ist1 =
                (long)&gd->mi.gd_prvspace->idlestack[
                        sizeof(gd->mi.gd_prvspace->idlestack)];

        /* Set the IO permission bitmap (empty due to tss seg limit) */
        gd->gd_common_tss.tss_iobase = sizeof(struct x86_64tss);

        gsel_tss = GSEL(GPROC0_SEL, SEL_KPL);
        gd->gd_tss_gdt = &gdt[GPROC0_SEL];
        gd->gd_common_tssd = *gd->gd_tss_gdt;
        ltr(gsel_tss);

        /* Set up the fast syscall stuff */
        msr = rdmsr(MSR_EFER) | EFER_SCE;
        wrmsr(MSR_EFER, msr);
        wrmsr(MSR_LSTAR, (u_int64_t)IDTVEC(fast_syscall));
        wrmsr(MSR_CSTAR, (u_int64_t)IDTVEC(fast_syscall32));
        msr = ((u_int64_t)GSEL(GCODE_SEL, SEL_KPL) << 32) |
              ((u_int64_t)GSEL(GUCODE32_SEL, SEL_UPL) << 48);
        wrmsr(MSR_STAR, msr);
        wrmsr(MSR_SF_MASK, PSL_NT|PSL_T|PSL_I|PSL_C|PSL_D|PSL_IOPL);

        getmemsize(kmdp, physfree);
        init_param2(physmem);

        /* now running on new page tables, configured,and u/iom is accessible */

        /* Map the message buffer. */
#if 0 /* JG */
        for (off = 0; off < round_page(MSGBUF_SIZE); off += PAGE_SIZE)
                pmap_kenter((vm_offset_t)msgbufp + off, avail_end + off);
#endif

        msgbufinit(msgbufp, MSGBUF_SIZE);


        /* transfer to user mode */

        _ucodesel = GSEL(GUCODE_SEL, SEL_UPL);
        _udatasel = GSEL(GUDATA_SEL, SEL_UPL);
        _ucode32sel = GSEL(GUCODE32_SEL, SEL_UPL);

        load_ds(_udatasel);
        load_es(_udatasel);
        load_fs(_udatasel);

        /* setup proc 0's pcb */
        thread0.td_pcb->pcb_flags = 0;
        thread0.td_pcb->pcb_cr3 = KPML4phys;
        thread0.td_pcb->pcb_ext = NULL;
        lwp0.lwp_md.md_regs = &proc0_tf;        /* XXX needed? */

        /* Location of kernel stack for locore */
        return ((u_int64_t)thread0.td_pcb);
}

/*
 * Initialize machine-dependant portions of the global data structure.
 * Note that the global data area and cpu0's idlestack in the private
 * data space were allocated in locore.
 *
 * Note: the idlethread's cpl is 0
 *
 * WARNING!  Called from early boot, 'mycpu' may not work yet.
 */
void
cpu_gdinit(struct mdglobaldata *gd, int cpu)
{
        if (cpu)
                gd->mi.gd_curthread = &gd->mi.gd_idlethread;

        lwkt_init_thread(&gd->mi.gd_idlethread, 
                        gd->mi.gd_prvspace->idlestack, 
                        sizeof(gd->mi.gd_prvspace->idlestack), 
                        0, &gd->mi);
        lwkt_set_comm(&gd->mi.gd_idlethread, "idle_%d", cpu);
        gd->mi.gd_idlethread.td_switch = cpu_lwkt_switch;
        gd->mi.gd_idlethread.td_sp -= sizeof(void *);
        *(void **)gd->mi.gd_idlethread.td_sp = cpu_idle_restore;
}

/*
 * We only have to check for DMAP bounds, the globaldata space is
 * actually part of the kernel_map so we don't have to waste time
 * checking CPU_prvspace[*].
 */
int
is_globaldata_space(vm_offset_t saddr, vm_offset_t eaddr)
{
#if 0
        if (saddr >= (vm_offset_t)&CPU_prvspace[0] &&
            eaddr <= (vm_offset_t)&CPU_prvspace[MAXCPU]) {
                return (TRUE);
        }
#endif
        if (saddr >= DMAP_MIN_ADDRESS && eaddr <= DMAP_MAX_ADDRESS)
                return (TRUE);
        return (FALSE);
}

struct globaldata *
globaldata_find(int cpu)
{
        KKASSERT(cpu >= 0 && cpu < ncpus);
        return(&CPU_prvspace[cpu]->mdglobaldata.mi);
}

/*
 * This path should be safe from the SYSRET issue because only stopped threads
 * can have their %rip adjusted this way (and all heavy weight thread switches
 * clear QUICKREF and thus do not use SYSRET).  However, the code path is
 * convoluted so add a safety by forcing %rip to be cannonical.
 */
int
ptrace_set_pc(struct lwp *lp, unsigned long addr)
{
        if (addr & 0x0000800000000000LLU)
                lp->lwp_md.md_regs->tf_rip = addr | 0xFFFF000000000000LLU;
        else
                lp->lwp_md.md_regs->tf_rip = addr & 0x0000FFFFFFFFFFFFLLU;
        return (0);
}

int
ptrace_single_step(struct lwp *lp)
{
        lp->lwp_md.md_regs->tf_rflags |= PSL_T;
        return (0);
}

int
fill_regs(struct lwp *lp, struct reg *regs)
{
        struct trapframe *tp;

        if ((tp = lp->lwp_md.md_regs) == NULL)
                return EINVAL;
        bcopy(&tp->tf_rdi, &regs->r_rdi, sizeof(*regs));
        return (0);
}

int
set_regs(struct lwp *lp, struct reg *regs)
{
        struct trapframe *tp;

        tp = lp->lwp_md.md_regs;
        if (!EFL_SECURE(regs->r_rflags, tp->tf_rflags) ||
            !CS_SECURE(regs->r_cs))
                return (EINVAL);
        bcopy(&regs->r_rdi, &tp->tf_rdi, sizeof(*regs));
        clear_quickret();
        return (0);
}

static void
fill_fpregs_xmm(struct savexmm *sv_xmm, struct save87 *sv_87)
{
        struct env87 *penv_87 = &sv_87->sv_env;
        struct envxmm *penv_xmm = &sv_xmm->sv_env;
        int i;

        /* FPU control/status */
        penv_87->en_cw = penv_xmm->en_cw;
        penv_87->en_sw = penv_xmm->en_sw;
        penv_87->en_tw = penv_xmm->en_tw;
        penv_87->en_fip = penv_xmm->en_fip;
        penv_87->en_fcs = penv_xmm->en_fcs;
        penv_87->en_opcode = penv_xmm->en_opcode;
        penv_87->en_foo = penv_xmm->en_foo;
        penv_87->en_fos = penv_xmm->en_fos;

        /* FPU registers */
        for (i = 0; i < 8; ++i)
                sv_87->sv_ac[i] = sv_xmm->sv_fp[i].fp_acc;
}

static void
set_fpregs_xmm(struct save87 *sv_87, struct savexmm *sv_xmm)
{
        struct env87 *penv_87 = &sv_87->sv_env;
        struct envxmm *penv_xmm = &sv_xmm->sv_env;
        int i;

        /* FPU control/status */
        penv_xmm->en_cw = penv_87->en_cw;
        penv_xmm->en_sw = penv_87->en_sw;
        penv_xmm->en_tw = penv_87->en_tw;
        penv_xmm->en_fip = penv_87->en_fip;
        penv_xmm->en_fcs = penv_87->en_fcs;
        penv_xmm->en_opcode = penv_87->en_opcode;
        penv_xmm->en_foo = penv_87->en_foo;
        penv_xmm->en_fos = penv_87->en_fos;

        /* FPU registers */
        for (i = 0; i < 8; ++i)
                sv_xmm->sv_fp[i].fp_acc = sv_87->sv_ac[i];
}

int
fill_fpregs(struct lwp *lp, struct fpreg *fpregs)
{
        if (lp->lwp_thread == NULL || lp->lwp_thread->td_pcb == NULL)
                return EINVAL;
        if (cpu_fxsr) {
                fill_fpregs_xmm(&lp->lwp_thread->td_pcb->pcb_save.sv_xmm,
                                (struct save87 *)fpregs);
                return (0);
        }
        bcopy(&lp->lwp_thread->td_pcb->pcb_save.sv_87, fpregs, sizeof *fpregs);
        return (0);
}

int
set_fpregs(struct lwp *lp, struct fpreg *fpregs)
{
        if (cpu_fxsr) {
                set_fpregs_xmm((struct save87 *)fpregs,
                               &lp->lwp_thread->td_pcb->pcb_save.sv_xmm);
                return (0);
        }
        bcopy(fpregs, &lp->lwp_thread->td_pcb->pcb_save.sv_87, sizeof *fpregs);
        return (0);
}

int
fill_dbregs(struct lwp *lp, struct dbreg *dbregs)
{
        struct pcb *pcb;

        if (lp == NULL) {
                dbregs->dr[0] = rdr0();
                dbregs->dr[1] = rdr1();
                dbregs->dr[2] = rdr2();
                dbregs->dr[3] = rdr3();
                dbregs->dr[4] = rdr4();
                dbregs->dr[5] = rdr5();
                dbregs->dr[6] = rdr6();
                dbregs->dr[7] = rdr7();
                return (0);
        }
        if (lp->lwp_thread == NULL || (pcb = lp->lwp_thread->td_pcb) == NULL)
                return EINVAL;
        dbregs->dr[0] = pcb->pcb_dr0;
        dbregs->dr[1] = pcb->pcb_dr1;
        dbregs->dr[2] = pcb->pcb_dr2;
        dbregs->dr[3] = pcb->pcb_dr3;
        dbregs->dr[4] = 0;
        dbregs->dr[5] = 0;
        dbregs->dr[6] = pcb->pcb_dr6;
        dbregs->dr[7] = pcb->pcb_dr7;
        return (0);
}

int
set_dbregs(struct lwp *lp, struct dbreg *dbregs)
{
        if (lp == NULL) {
                load_dr0(dbregs->dr[0]);
                load_dr1(dbregs->dr[1]);
                load_dr2(dbregs->dr[2]);
                load_dr3(dbregs->dr[3]);
                load_dr4(dbregs->dr[4]);
                load_dr5(dbregs->dr[5]);
                load_dr6(dbregs->dr[6]);
                load_dr7(dbregs->dr[7]);
        } else {
                struct pcb *pcb;
                struct ucred *ucred;
                int i;
                uint64_t mask1, mask2;

                /*
                 * Don't let an illegal value for dr7 get set.  Specifically,
                 * check for undefined settings.  Setting these bit patterns
                 * result in undefined behaviour and can lead to an unexpected
                 * TRCTRAP.
                 */
                /* JG this loop looks unreadable */
                /* Check 4 2-bit fields for invalid patterns.
                 * These fields are R/Wi, for i = 0..3
                 */
                /* Is 10 in LENi allowed when running in compatibility mode? */
                /* Pattern 10 in R/Wi might be used to indicate
                 * breakpoint on I/O. Further analysis should be
                 * carried to decide if it is safe and useful to
                 * provide access to that capability
                 */
                for (i = 0, mask1 = 0x3<<16, mask2 = 0x2<<16; i < 4; 
                     i++, mask1 <<= 4, mask2 <<= 4)
                        if ((dbregs->dr[7] & mask1) == mask2)
                                return (EINVAL);
                
                pcb = lp->lwp_thread->td_pcb;
                ucred = lp->lwp_proc->p_ucred;

                /*
                 * Don't let a process set a breakpoint that is not within the
                 * process's address space.  If a process could do this, it
                 * could halt the system by setting a breakpoint in the kernel
                 * (if ddb was enabled).  Thus, we need to check to make sure
                 * that no breakpoints are being enabled for addresses outside
                 * process's address space, unless, perhaps, we were called by
                 * uid 0.
                 *
                 * XXX - what about when the watched area of the user's
                 * address space is written into from within the kernel
                 * ... wouldn't that still cause a breakpoint to be generated
                 * from within kernel mode?
                 */

                if (priv_check_cred(ucred, PRIV_ROOT, 0) != 0) {
                        if (dbregs->dr[7] & 0x3) {
                                /* dr0 is enabled */
                                if (dbregs->dr[0] >= VM_MAX_USER_ADDRESS)
                                        return (EINVAL);
                        }

                        if (dbregs->dr[7] & (0x3<<2)) {
                                /* dr1 is enabled */
                                if (dbregs->dr[1] >= VM_MAX_USER_ADDRESS)
                                        return (EINVAL);
                        }

                        if (dbregs->dr[7] & (0x3<<4)) {
                                /* dr2 is enabled */
                                if (dbregs->dr[2] >= VM_MAX_USER_ADDRESS)
                                        return (EINVAL);
                        }

                        if (dbregs->dr[7] & (0x3<<6)) {
                                /* dr3 is enabled */
                                if (dbregs->dr[3] >= VM_MAX_USER_ADDRESS)
                                        return (EINVAL);
                        }
                }

                pcb->pcb_dr0 = dbregs->dr[0];
                pcb->pcb_dr1 = dbregs->dr[1];
                pcb->pcb_dr2 = dbregs->dr[2];
                pcb->pcb_dr3 = dbregs->dr[3];
                pcb->pcb_dr6 = dbregs->dr[6];
                pcb->pcb_dr7 = dbregs->dr[7];

                pcb->pcb_flags |= PCB_DBREGS;
        }

        return (0);
}

/*
 * Return > 0 if a hardware breakpoint has been hit, and the
 * breakpoint was in user space.  Return 0, otherwise.
 */
int
user_dbreg_trap(void)
{
        u_int64_t dr7, dr6; /* debug registers dr6 and dr7 */
        u_int64_t bp;       /* breakpoint bits extracted from dr6 */
        int nbp;            /* number of breakpoints that triggered */
        caddr_t addr[4];    /* breakpoint addresses */
        int i;
        
        dr7 = rdr7();
        if ((dr7 & 0xff) == 0) {
                /*
                 * all GE and LE bits in the dr7 register are zero,
                 * thus the trap couldn't have been caused by the
                 * hardware debug registers
                 */
                return 0;
        }

        nbp = 0;
        dr6 = rdr6();
        bp = dr6 & 0xf;

        if (bp == 0) {
                /*
                 * None of the breakpoint bits are set meaning this
                 * trap was not caused by any of the debug registers
                 */
                return 0;
        }

        /*
         * at least one of the breakpoints were hit, check to see
         * which ones and if any of them are user space addresses
         */

        if (bp & 0x01) {
                addr[nbp++] = (caddr_t)rdr0();
        }
        if (bp & 0x02) {
                addr[nbp++] = (caddr_t)rdr1();
        }
        if (bp & 0x04) {
                addr[nbp++] = (caddr_t)rdr2();
        }
        if (bp & 0x08) {
                addr[nbp++] = (caddr_t)rdr3();
        }

        for (i=0; i<nbp; i++) {
                if (addr[i] <
                    (caddr_t)VM_MAX_USER_ADDRESS) {
                        /*
                         * addr[i] is in user space
                         */
                        return nbp;
                }
        }

        /*
         * None of the breakpoints are in user space.
         */
        return 0;
}


#ifndef DDB
void
Debugger(const char *msg)
{
        kprintf("Debugger(\"%s\") called.\n", msg);
}
#endif /* no DDB */

#ifdef DDB

/*
 * Provide inb() and outb() as functions.  They are normally only
 * available as macros calling inlined functions, thus cannot be
 * called inside DDB.
 *
 * The actual code is stolen from <machine/cpufunc.h>, and de-inlined.
 */

#undef inb
#undef outb

/* silence compiler warnings */
u_char inb(u_int);
void outb(u_int, u_char);

u_char
inb(u_int port)
{
        u_char  data;
        /*
         * We use %%dx and not %1 here because i/o is done at %dx and not at
         * %edx, while gcc generates inferior code (movw instead of movl)
         * if we tell it to load (u_short) port.
         */
        __asm __volatile("inb %%dx,%0" : "=a" (data) : "d" (port));
        return (data);
}

void
outb(u_int port, u_char data)
{
        u_char  al;
        /*
         * Use an unnecessary assignment to help gcc's register allocator.
         * This make a large difference for gcc-1.40 and a tiny difference
         * for gcc-2.6.0.  For gcc-1.40, al had to be ``asm("ax")'' for
         * best results.  gcc-2.6.0 can't handle this.
         */
        al = data;
        __asm __volatile("outb %0,%%dx" : : "a" (al), "d" (port));
}

#endif /* DDB */



/*
 * initialize all the SMP locks
 */

/* critical region when masking or unmasking interupts */
struct spinlock_deprecated imen_spinlock;

/* lock region used by kernel profiling */
struct spinlock_deprecated mcount_spinlock;

/* locks com (tty) data/hardware accesses: a FASTINTR() */
struct spinlock_deprecated com_spinlock;

/* lock regions around the clock hardware */
struct spinlock_deprecated clock_spinlock;

static void
init_locks(void)
{
        /*
         * Get the initial mplock with a count of 1 for the BSP.
         * This uses a LOGICAL cpu ID, ie BSP == 0.
         */
        cpu_get_initial_mplock();
        /* DEPRECATED */
        spin_init_deprecated(&mcount_spinlock);
        spin_init_deprecated(&imen_spinlock);
        spin_init_deprecated(&com_spinlock);
        spin_init_deprecated(&clock_spinlock);

        /* our token pool needs to work early */
        lwkt_token_pool_init();
}

boolean_t
cpu_mwait_hint_valid(uint32_t hint)
{
        int cx_idx, sub;

        cx_idx = MWAIT_EAX_TO_CX(hint);
        if (cx_idx >= CPU_MWAIT_CX_MAX)
                return FALSE;

        sub = MWAIT_EAX_TO_CX_SUB(hint);
        if (sub >= cpu_mwait_cx_info[cx_idx].subcnt)
                return FALSE;

        return TRUE;
}

void
cpu_mwait_cx_no_bmsts(void)
{
        atomic_clear_int(&cpu_mwait_c3_preamble, CPU_MWAIT_C3_PREAMBLE_BM_STS);
}

void
cpu_mwait_cx_no_bmarb(void)
{
        atomic_clear_int(&cpu_mwait_c3_preamble, CPU_MWAIT_C3_PREAMBLE_BM_ARB);
}

static int
cpu_mwait_cx_hint2name(int hint, char *name, int namelen, boolean_t allow_auto)
{
        int old_cx_idx, sub = 0;

        if (hint >= 0) {
                old_cx_idx = MWAIT_EAX_TO_CX(hint);
                sub = MWAIT_EAX_TO_CX_SUB(hint);
        } else if (hint == CPU_MWAIT_HINT_AUTO) {
                old_cx_idx = allow_auto ? CPU_MWAIT_C2 : CPU_MWAIT_CX_MAX;
        } else if (hint == CPU_MWAIT_HINT_AUTODEEP) {
                old_cx_idx = allow_auto ? CPU_MWAIT_C3 : CPU_MWAIT_CX_MAX;
        } else {
                old_cx_idx = CPU_MWAIT_CX_MAX;
        }

        if (!CPU_MWAIT_HAS_CX)
                strlcpy(name, "NONE", namelen);
        else if (allow_auto && hint == CPU_MWAIT_HINT_AUTO)
                strlcpy(name, "AUTO", namelen);
        else if (allow_auto && hint == CPU_MWAIT_HINT_AUTODEEP)
                strlcpy(name, "AUTODEEP", namelen);
        else if (old_cx_idx >= CPU_MWAIT_CX_MAX ||
            sub >= cpu_mwait_cx_info[old_cx_idx].subcnt)
                strlcpy(name, "INVALID", namelen);
        else
                ksnprintf(name, namelen, "C%d/%d", old_cx_idx, sub);

        return old_cx_idx;
}

static int
cpu_mwait_cx_name2hint(char *name, int *hint0, boolean_t allow_auto)
{
        int cx_idx, sub, hint;
        char *ptr, *start;

        if (allow_auto && strcmp(name, "AUTO") == 0) {
                hint = CPU_MWAIT_HINT_AUTO;
                cx_idx = CPU_MWAIT_C2;
                goto done;
        }
        if (allow_auto && strcmp(name, "AUTODEEP") == 0) {
                hint = CPU_MWAIT_HINT_AUTODEEP;
                cx_idx = CPU_MWAIT_C3;
                goto done;
        }

        if (strlen(name) < 4 || toupper(name[0]) != 'C')
                return -1;
        start = &name[1];
        ptr = NULL;

        cx_idx = strtol(start, &ptr, 10);
        if (ptr == start || *ptr != '/')
                return -1;
        if (cx_idx < 0 || cx_idx >= CPU_MWAIT_CX_MAX)
                return -1;

        start = ptr + 1;
        ptr = NULL;

        sub = strtol(start, &ptr, 10);
        if (*ptr != '\0')
                return -1;
        if (sub < 0 || sub >= cpu_mwait_cx_info[cx_idx].subcnt)
                return -1;

        hint = MWAIT_EAX_HINT(cx_idx, sub);
done:
        *hint0 = hint;
        return cx_idx;
}

static int
cpu_mwait_cx_transit(int old_cx_idx, int cx_idx)
{
        if (cx_idx >= CPU_MWAIT_C3 && cpu_mwait_c3_preamble)
                return EOPNOTSUPP;
        if (old_cx_idx < CPU_MWAIT_C3 && cx_idx >= CPU_MWAIT_C3) {
                int error;

                error = cputimer_intr_powersave_addreq();
                if (error)
                        return error;
        } else if (old_cx_idx >= CPU_MWAIT_C3 && cx_idx < CPU_MWAIT_C3) {
                cputimer_intr_powersave_remreq();
        }
        return 0;
}

static int
cpu_mwait_cx_select_sysctl(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS, int *hint0,
    boolean_t allow_auto)
{
        int error, cx_idx, old_cx_idx, hint;
        char name[CPU_MWAIT_CX_NAMELEN];

        hint = *hint0;
        old_cx_idx = cpu_mwait_cx_hint2name(hint, name, sizeof(name),
            allow_auto);

        error = sysctl_handle_string(oidp, name, sizeof(name), req);
        if (error != 0 || req->newptr == NULL)
                return error;

        if (!CPU_MWAIT_HAS_CX)
                return EOPNOTSUPP;

        cx_idx = cpu_mwait_cx_name2hint(name, &hint, allow_auto);
        if (cx_idx < 0)
                return EINVAL;

        error = cpu_mwait_cx_transit(old_cx_idx, cx_idx);
        if (error)
                return error;

        *hint0 = hint;
        return 0;
}

static int
cpu_mwait_cx_setname(struct cpu_idle_stat *stat, const char *cx_name)
{
        int error, cx_idx, old_cx_idx, hint;
        char name[CPU_MWAIT_CX_NAMELEN];

        KASSERT(CPU_MWAIT_HAS_CX, ("cpu does not support mwait CX extension"));

        hint = stat->hint;
        old_cx_idx = cpu_mwait_cx_hint2name(hint, name, sizeof(name), TRUE);

        strlcpy(name, cx_name, sizeof(name));
        cx_idx = cpu_mwait_cx_name2hint(name, &hint, TRUE);
        if (cx_idx < 0)
                return EINVAL;

        error = cpu_mwait_cx_transit(old_cx_idx, cx_idx);
        if (error)
                return error;

        stat->hint = hint;
        return 0;
}

static int
cpu_mwait_cx_idle_sysctl(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS)
{
        int hint = cpu_mwait_halt_global;
        int error, cx_idx, cpu;
        char name[CPU_MWAIT_CX_NAMELEN], cx_name[CPU_MWAIT_CX_NAMELEN];

        cpu_mwait_cx_hint2name(hint, name, sizeof(name), TRUE);

        error = sysctl_handle_string(oidp, name, sizeof(name), req);
        if (error != 0 || req->newptr == NULL)
                return error;

        if (!CPU_MWAIT_HAS_CX)
                return EOPNOTSUPP;

        /* Save name for later per-cpu CX configuration */
        strlcpy(cx_name, name, sizeof(cx_name));

        cx_idx = cpu_mwait_cx_name2hint(name, &hint, TRUE);
        if (cx_idx < 0)
                return EINVAL;

        /* Change per-cpu CX configuration */
        for (cpu = 0; cpu < ncpus; ++cpu) {
                error = cpu_mwait_cx_setname(&cpu_idle_stats[cpu], cx_name);
                if (error)
                        return error;
        }

        cpu_mwait_halt_global = hint;
        return 0;
}

static int
cpu_mwait_cx_pcpu_idle_sysctl(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS)
{
        struct cpu_idle_stat *stat = arg1;
        int error;

        error = cpu_mwait_cx_select_sysctl(oidp, arg1, arg2, req,
            &stat->hint, TRUE);
        return error;
}

static int
cpu_mwait_cx_spin_sysctl(SYSCTL_HANDLER_ARGS)
{
        int error;

        error = cpu_mwait_cx_select_sysctl(oidp, arg1, arg2, req,
            &cpu_mwait_spin, FALSE);
        return error;
}

/*
 * This manual debugging code is called unconditionally from Xtimer
 * (the per-cpu timer interrupt) whether the current thread is in a
 * critical section or not) and can be useful in tracking down lockups.
 *
 * NOTE: MANUAL DEBUG CODE
 */
#if 0
static int saveticks[SMP_MAXCPU];
static int savecounts[SMP_MAXCPU];
#endif

void
pcpu_timer_always(struct intrframe *frame)
{
#if 0
        globaldata_t gd = mycpu;
        int cpu = gd->gd_cpuid;
        char buf[64];
        short *gptr;
        int i;

        if (cpu <= 20) {
                gptr = (short *)0xFFFFFFFF800b8000 + 80 * cpu;
                *gptr = ((*gptr + 1) & 0x00FF) | 0x0700;
                ++gptr;

                ksnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), " %p %16s %d %16s ",
                    (void *)frame->if_rip, gd->gd_curthread->td_comm, ticks,
                    gd->gd_infomsg);
                for (i = 0; buf[i]; ++i) {
                        gptr[i] = 0x0700 | (unsigned char)buf[i];
                }
        }
#if 0
        if (saveticks[gd->gd_cpuid] != ticks) {
                saveticks[gd->gd_cpuid] = ticks;
                savecounts[gd->gd_cpuid] = 0;
        }
        ++savecounts[gd->gd_cpuid];
        if (savecounts[gd->gd_cpuid] > 2000 && panicstr == NULL) {
                panic("cpud %d panicing on ticks failure",
                        gd->gd_cpuid);
        }
        for (i = 0; i < ncpus; ++i) {
                int delta;
                if (saveticks[i] && panicstr == NULL) {
                        delta = saveticks[i] - ticks;
                        if (delta < -10 || delta > 10) {
                                panic("cpu %d panicing on cpu %d watchdog",
                                      gd->gd_cpuid, i);
                        }
                }
        }
#endif
#endif
}