1 # @(#)POSIX 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
2 # $FreeBSD: src/usr.bin/sed/POSIX,v 1.4 2007/04/06 08:43:30 yar Exp $
3 # $DragonFly: src/usr.bin/sed/POSIX,v 1.2 2008/04/08 13:23:38 swildner Exp $
5 Comments on the IEEE P1003.2 Draft 12
6 Part 2: Shell and Utilities
7 Section 4.55: sed - Stream editor
9 Diomidis Spinellis <dds@doc.ic.ac.uk>
10 Keith Bostic <bostic@cs.berkeley.edu>
12 In the following paragraphs, "wrong" usually means "inconsistent with
13 historic practice", as most of the following comments refer to
14 undocumented inconsistencies between the historical versions of sed and
15 the POSIX 1003.2 standard. All the comments are notes taken while
16 implementing a POSIX-compatible version of sed, and should not be
17 interpreted as official opinions or criticism towards the POSIX committee.
18 All uses of "POSIX" refer to section 4.55, Draft 12 of POSIX 1003.2.
20 1. 32V and BSD derived implementations of sed strip the text
21 arguments of the a, c and i commands of their initial blanks,
36 POSIX does not specify this behavior as the System V versions of
37 sed do not do this stripping. The argument against stripping is
38 that it is difficult to write sed scripts that have leading blanks
39 if they are stripped. The argument for stripping is that it is
40 difficult to write readable sed scripts unless indentation is allowed
41 and ignored, and leading whitespace is obtainable by entering a
42 backslash in front of it. This implementation follows the BSD
45 2. Historical versions of sed required that the w flag be the last
46 flag to an s command as it takes an additional argument. This
47 is obvious, but not specified in POSIX.
49 3. Historical versions of sed required that whitespace follow a w
50 flag to an s command. This is not specified in POSIX. This
51 implementation permits whitespace but does not require it.
53 4. Historical versions of sed permitted any number of whitespace
54 characters to follow the w command. This is not specified in
55 POSIX. This implementation permits whitespace but does not
58 5. The rule for the l command differs from historic practice. Table
59 2-15 includes the various ANSI C escape sequences, including \\
60 for backslash. Some historical versions of sed displayed two
61 digit octal numbers, too, not three as specified by POSIX. POSIX
62 is a cleanup, and is followed by this implementation.
64 6. The POSIX specification for ! does not specify that for a single
65 command the command must not contain an address specification
66 whereas the command list can contain address specifications. The
67 specification for ! implies that "3!/hello/p" works, and it never
68 has, historically. Note,
76 7. POSIX does not specify what happens with consecutive ! commands
77 (e.g. /foo/!!!p). Historic implementations allow any number of
78 !'s without changing the behaviour. (It seems logical that each
79 one might reverse the behaviour.) This implementation follows
82 8. Historic versions of sed permitted commands to be separated
83 by semi-colons, e.g. 'sed -ne '1p;2p;3q' printed the first
84 three lines of a file. This is not specified by POSIX.
85 Note, the ; command separator is not allowed for the commands
86 a, c, i, w, r, :, b, t, # and at the end of a w flag in the s
87 command. This implementation follows historic practice and
88 implements the ; separator.
90 9. Historic versions of sed terminated the script if EOF was reached
91 during the execution of the 'n' command, i.e.:
99 did not produce any output. POSIX does not specify this behavior.
100 This implementation follows historic practice.
104 11. Historical implementations do not output the change text of a c
105 command in the case of an address range whose first line number
106 is greater than the second (e.g. 3,1). POSIX requires that the
107 text be output. Since the historic behavior doesn't seem to have
108 any particular purpose, this implementation follows the POSIX
111 12. POSIX does not specify whether address ranges are checked and
112 reset if a command is not executed due to a jump. The following
113 program will behave in different ways depending on whether the
114 'c' command is triggered at the third line, i.e. will the text
115 be output even though line 3 of the input will never logically
116 encounter that command.
122 Historic implementations did not output the text in the above
123 example. Therefore it was believed that a range whose second
124 address was never matched extended to the end of the input.
125 However, the current practice adopted by this implementation,
126 as well as by those from GNU and SUN, is as follows: The text
127 from the 'c' command still isn't output because the second address
128 isn't actually matched; but the range is reset after all if its
129 second address is a line number. In the above example, only the
130 first line of the input will be deleted.
132 13. Historical implementations allow an output suppressing #n at the
133 beginning of -e arguments as well as in a script file. POSIX
134 does not specify this. This implementation follows historical
137 14. POSIX does not explicitly specify how sed behaves if no script is
138 specified. Since the sed Synopsis permits this form of the command,
139 and the language in the Description section states that the input
140 is output, it seems reasonable that it behave like the cat(1)
141 command. Historic sed implementations behave differently for "ls |
142 sed", where they produce no output, and "ls | sed -e#", where they
143 behave like cat. This implementation behaves like cat in both cases.
145 15. The POSIX requirement to open all w files at the beginning makes
146 sed behave nonintuitively when the w commands are preceded by
147 addresses or are within conditional blocks. This implementation
148 follows historic practice and POSIX, by default, and provides the
149 -a option which opens the files only when they are needed.
151 16. POSIX does not specify how escape sequences other than \n and \D
152 (where D is the delimiter character) are to be treated. This is
153 reasonable, however, it also doesn't state that the backslash is
154 to be discarded from the output regardless. A strict reading of
155 POSIX would be that "echo xyz | sed s/./\a" would display "\ayz".
156 As historic sed implementations always discarded the backslash,
157 this implementation does as well.
159 17. POSIX specifies that an address can be "empty". This implies
160 that constructs like ",d" or "1,d" and ",5d" are allowed. This
161 is not true for historic implementations or this implementation
164 18. The b t and : commands are documented in POSIX to ignore leading
165 white space, but no mention is made of trailing white space.
166 Historic implementations of sed assigned different locations to
167 the labels "x" and "x ". This is not useful, and leads to subtle
168 programming errors, but it is historic practice and changing it
169 could theoretically break working scripts. This implementation
170 follows historic practice.
172 19. Although POSIX specifies that reading from files that do not exist
173 from within the script must not terminate the script, it does not
174 specify what happens if a write command fails. Historic practice
175 is to fail immediately if the file cannot be opened or written.
176 This implementation follows historic practice.
178 20. Historic practice is that the \n construct can be used for either
179 string1 or string2 of the y command. This is not specified by
180 POSIX. This implementation follows historic practice.
184 22. Historic implementations of sed ignore the RE delimiter characters
185 within character classes. This is not specified in POSIX. This
186 implementation follows historic practice.
188 23. Historic implementations handle empty RE's in a special way: the
189 empty RE is interpreted as if it were the last RE encountered,
190 whether in an address or elsewhere. POSIX does not document this
191 behavior. For example the command:
195 substitutes XXX for the pattern abc. The semantics of "the last
196 RE" can be defined in two different ways:
198 1. The last RE encountered when compiling (lexical/static scope).
199 2. The last RE encountered while running (dynamic scope).
201 While many historical implementations fail on programs depending
202 on scope differences, the SunOS version exhibited dynamic scope
203 behaviour. This implementation does dynamic scoping, as this seems
204 the most useful and in order to remain consistent with historical