1 This document describes a simple public-key certificate authentication
7 The SSH protocol currently supports a simple public key authentication
8 mechanism. Unlike other public key implementations, SSH eschews the use
9 of X.509 certificates and uses raw keys. This approach has some benefits
10 relating to simplicity of configuration and minimisation of attack
11 surface, but it does not support the important use-cases of centrally
12 managed, passwordless authentication and centrally certified host keys.
14 These protocol extensions build on the simple public key authentication
15 system already in SSH to allow certificate-based authentication. The
16 certificates used are not traditional X.509 certificates, with numerous
17 options and complex encoding rules, but something rather more minimal: a
18 key, some identity information and usage options that have been signed
19 with some other trusted key.
21 A sshd server may be configured to allow authentication via certified
22 keys, by extending the existing ~/.ssh/authorized_keys mechanism to
23 allow specification of certification authority keys in addition to
24 raw user keys. The ssh client will support automatic verification of
25 acceptance of certified host keys, by adding a similar ability to
26 specify CA keys in ~/.ssh/known_hosts.
28 Certified keys are represented using new key types:
30 ssh-rsa-cert-v01@openssh.com
31 ssh-dss-cert-v01@openssh.com
32 ecdsa-sha2-nistp256-cert-v01@openssh.com
33 ecdsa-sha2-nistp384-cert-v01@openssh.com
34 ecdsa-sha2-nistp521-cert-v01@openssh.com
36 These include certification information along with the public key
37 that is used to sign challenges. ssh-keygen performs the CA signing
43 The SSH wire protocol includes several extensibility mechanisms.
44 These modifications shall take advantage of namespaced public key
45 algorithm names to add support for certificate authentication without
46 breaking the protocol - implementations that do not support the
47 extensions will simply ignore them.
49 Authentication using the new key formats described below proceeds
50 using the existing SSH "publickey" authentication method described
53 New public key formats
54 ----------------------
56 The certificate key types take a similar high-level format (note: data
57 types and encoding are as per RFC4251 section 5). The serialised wire
58 encoding of these certificates is also used for storing them on disk.
60 #define SSH_CERT_TYPE_USER 1
61 #define SSH_CERT_TYPE_HOST 2
65 string "ssh-rsa-cert-v01@openssh.com"
72 string valid principals
75 string critical options
83 string "ssh-dss-cert-v01@openssh.com"
92 string valid principals
95 string critical options
103 string "ecdsa-sha2-nistp256-v01@openssh.com" |
104 "ecdsa-sha2-nistp384-v01@openssh.com" |
105 "ecdsa-sha2-nistp521-v01@openssh.com"
112 string valid principals
115 string critical options
123 string "ssh-ed25519-cert-v01@openssh.com"
129 string valid principals
132 string critical options
138 The nonce field is a CA-provided random bitstring of arbitrary length
139 (but typically 16 or 32 bytes) included to make attacks that depend on
140 inducing collisions in the signature hash infeasible.
142 e and n are the RSA exponent and public modulus respectively.
144 p, q, g, y are the DSA parameters as described in FIPS-186-2.
146 curve and public key are respectively the ECDSA "[identifier]" and "Q"
147 defined in section 3.1 of RFC5656.
149 pk is the encoded Ed25519 public key as defined by
150 draft-josefsson-eddsa-ed25519-03.
152 serial is an optional certificate serial number set by the CA to
153 provide an abbreviated way to refer to certificates from that CA.
154 If a CA does not wish to number its certificates it must set this
157 type specifies whether this certificate is for identification of a user
158 or a host using a SSH_CERT_TYPE_... value.
160 key id is a free-form text field that is filled in by the CA at the time
161 of signing; the intention is that the contents of this field are used to
162 identify the identity principal in log messages.
164 "valid principals" is a string containing zero or more principals as
165 strings packed inside it. These principals list the names for which this
166 certificate is valid; hostnames for SSH_CERT_TYPE_HOST certificates and
167 usernames for SSH_CERT_TYPE_USER certificates. As a special case, a
168 zero-length "valid principals" field means the certificate is valid for
169 any principal of the specified type.
171 "valid after" and "valid before" specify a validity period for the
172 certificate. Each represents a time in seconds since 1970-01-01
173 00:00:00. A certificate is considered valid if:
175 valid after <= current time < valid before
177 criticial options is a set of zero or more key options encoded as
178 below. All such options are "critical" in the sense that an implementation
179 must refuse to authorise a key that has an unrecognised option.
181 extensions is a set of zero or more optional extensions. These extensions
182 are not critical, and an implementation that encounters one that it does
183 not recognise may safely ignore it.
185 Generally, critical options are used to control features that restrict
186 access where extensions are used to enable features that grant access.
187 This ensures that certificates containing unknown restrictions do not
188 inadvertently grant access while allowing new protocol features to be
189 enabled via extensions without breaking certificates' backwards
192 The reserved field is currently unused and is ignored in this version of
195 The signature key field contains the CA key used to sign the
196 certificate. The valid key types for CA keys are ssh-rsa,
197 ssh-dss, ssh-ed25519 and the ECDSA types ecdsa-sha2-nistp256,
198 ecdsa-sha2-nistp384, ecdsa-sha2-nistp521. "Chained" certificates, where
199 the signature key type is a certificate type itself are NOT supported.
200 Note that it is possible for a RSA certificate key to be signed by a
201 Ed25519 or ECDSA CA key and vice-versa.
203 signature is computed over all preceding fields from the initial string
204 up to, and including the signature key. Signatures are computed and
205 encoded according to the rules defined for the CA's public key algorithm
206 (RFC4253 section 6.6 for ssh-rsa and ssh-dss, RFC5656 for the ECDSA
207 types), and draft-josefsson-eddsa-ed25519-03 for Ed25519.
212 The critical options section of the certificate specifies zero or more
213 options on the certificates validity. The format of this field
214 is a sequence of zero or more tuples:
219 Options must be lexically ordered by "name" if they appear in the
220 sequence. Each named option may only appear once in a certificate.
222 The name field identifies the option and the data field encodes
223 option-specific information (see below). All options are
224 "critical", if an implementation does not recognise a option
225 then the validating party should refuse to accept the certificate.
227 Custom options should append the originating author or organisation's
228 domain name to the option name, e.g. "my-option@example.com".
230 No critical options are defined for host certificates at present. The
231 supported user certificate options and the contents and structure of
232 their data fields are:
234 Name Format Description
235 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
236 force-command string Specifies a command that is executed
237 (replacing any the user specified on the
238 ssh command-line) whenever this key is
239 used for authentication.
241 source-address string Comma-separated list of source addresses
242 from which this certificate is accepted
243 for authentication. Addresses are
244 specified in CIDR format (nn.nn.nn.nn/nn
246 If this option is not present then
247 certificates may be presented from any
253 The extensions section of the certificate specifies zero or more
254 non-critical certificate extensions. The encoding and ordering of
255 extensions in this field is identical to that of the critical options,
256 as is the requirement that each name appear only once.
258 If an implementation does not recognise an extension, then it should
261 Custom options should append the originating author or organisation's
262 domain name to the option name, e.g. "my-option@example.com".
264 No extensions are defined for host certificates at present. The
265 supported user certificate extensions and the contents and structure of
266 their data fields are:
268 Name Format Description
269 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
270 permit-X11-forwarding empty Flag indicating that X11 forwarding
271 should be permitted. X11 forwarding will
272 be refused if this option is absent.
274 permit-agent-forwarding empty Flag indicating that agent forwarding
275 should be allowed. Agent forwarding
276 must not be permitted unless this
279 permit-port-forwarding empty Flag indicating that port-forwarding
280 should be allowed. If this option is
281 not present then no port forwarding will
284 permit-pty empty Flag indicating that PTY allocation
285 should be permitted. In the absence of
286 this option PTY allocation will be
289 permit-user-rc empty Flag indicating that execution of
290 ~/.ssh/rc should be permitted. Execution
291 of this script will not be permitted if
292 this option is not present.
294 $OpenBSD: PROTOCOL.certkeys,v 1.12 2017/05/31 04:29:44 djm Exp $