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32 .\" @(#)regexp.3 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/4/93
33 .\" $FreeBSD: src/lib/libcompat/regexp/regexp.3,v 1.6.2.2 2001/12/17 10:08:29 ru Exp $
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44 .Nd regular expression handlers
50 .Fn regcomp "const char *exp"
52 .Fn regexec "const regexp *prog" "const char *string"
54 .Fn regsub "const regexp *prog" "const char *source" "char *dest"
57 This interface is made obsolete by
70 regular expressions and supporting facilities.
75 compiles a regular expression into a structure of type
77 and returns a pointer to it.
78 The space has been allocated using
80 and may be released by
87 .Dv NUL Ns -terminated
89 against the compiled regular expression
92 It returns 1 for success and 0 for failure, and adjusts the contents of
97 (see below) accordingly.
101 structure include at least the following (not necessarily in order):
102 .Bd -literal -offset indent
103 char *startp[NSUBEXP];
109 is defined (as 10) in the header file.
112 has been done using the
115 .Em startp Ns - Em endp
116 pair describes one substring
121 pointing to the first character of the substring and
124 pointing to the first character following the substring.
125 The 0th substring is the substring of
127 that matched the whole
129 The others are those substrings that matched parenthesized expressions
130 within the regular expression, with parenthesized expressions numbered
131 in left-to-right order of their opening parentheses.
140 making substitutions according to the
145 Each instance of `&' in
147 is replaced by the substring
156 is a digit, is replaced by
157 the substring indicated by
158 .Em startp Ns Bq Em n
160 .Em endp Ns Bq Em n .
161 To get a literal `&' or
166 to get a literal `\e' preceding `&' or
174 is called whenever an error is detected in
183 with a suitable indicator of origin,
191 can be replaced by the user if other actions are desirable.
192 .Sh REGULAR EXPRESSION SYNTAX
193 A regular expression is zero or more
196 It matches anything that matches one of the branches.
198 A branch is zero or more
201 It matches a match for the first, followed by a match for the second, etc.
205 possibly followed by `*', `+', or `?'.
206 An atom followed by `*' matches a sequence of 0 or more matches of the atom.
207 An atom followed by `+' matches a sequence of 1 or more matches of the atom.
208 An atom followed by `?' matches a match of the atom, or the null string.
210 An atom is a regular expression in parentheses (matching a match for the
211 regular expression), a
214 (matching any single character), `^' (matching the null string at the
215 beginning of the input string), `$' (matching the null string at the
216 end of the input string), a `\e' followed by a single character (matching
217 that character), or a single character with no other significance
218 (matching that character).
222 is a sequence of characters enclosed in `[]'.
223 It normally matches any single character from the sequence.
224 If the sequence begins with `^',
225 it matches any single character
227 from the rest of the sequence.
228 If two characters in the sequence are separated by `\-', this is shorthand
231 characters between them
232 (e.g. `[0-9]' matches any decimal digit).
233 To include a literal `]' in the sequence, make it the first character
234 (following a possible `^').
235 To include a literal `\-', make it the first or last character.
237 If a regular expression could match two different parts of the input string,
238 it will match the one which begins earliest.
239 If both begin in the same place but match different lengths, or match
240 the same length in different ways, life gets messier, as follows.
242 In general, the possibilities in a list of branches are considered in
243 left-to-right order, the possibilities for `*', `+', and `?' are
244 considered longest-first, nested constructs are considered from the
245 outermost in, and concatenated constructs are considered leftmost-first.
246 The match that will be chosen is the one that uses the earliest
247 possibility in the first choice that has to be made.
248 If there is more than one choice, the next will be made in the same manner
249 (earliest possibility) subject to the decision on the first choice.
255 `abc' in one of two ways.
256 The first choice is between `ab' and `a'; since `ab' is earlier, and does
257 lead to a successful overall match, it is chosen.
258 Since the `b' is already spoken for,
259 the `b*' must match its last possibility\(emthe empty string\(emsince
260 it must respect the earlier choice.
262 In the particular case where no `|'s are present and there is only one
263 `*', `+', or `?', the net effect is that the longest possible
264 match will be chosen.
267 presented with `xabbbby', will match `abbbb'.
270 is tried against `xabyabbbz', it
271 will match `ab' just after `x', due to the begins-earliest rule.
272 (In effect, the decision on where to start the match is the first choice
273 to be made, hence subsequent choices must respect it even if this leads them
274 to less-preferred alternatives.)
284 where failures are syntax errors, exceeding implementation limits,
285 or applying `+' or `*' to a possibly-null operand.
295 Both code and manual page for
301 were written at the University of Toronto
304 They are intended to be compatible with the Bell V8
306 but are not derived from Bell code.
308 Empty branches and empty regular expressions are not portable to V8.
310 The restriction against
311 applying `*' or `+' to a possibly-null operand is an artifact of the
312 simplistic implementation.
316 newline-separated branches;
322 compactness and simplicity,
323 it's not strikingly fast.
324 It does give special attention to handling simple cases quickly.