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31 .\" @(#)ls.1 8.7 (Berkeley) 7/29/94
32 .\" $FreeBSD: src/bin/ls/ls.1,v 1.86 2005/02/13 22:25:09 ru Exp $
33 .\" $DragonFly: src/bin/ls/ls.1,v 1.9 2008/09/25 09:09:06 matthias Exp $
35 .Dd September 25, 2008
40 .Nd list directory contents
43 .Op Fl ABCFGHLPRTWabcdfghiklmnopqrstuwxy1
46 For each operand that names a
51 displays its name as well as any requested,
52 associated information.
53 For each operand that names a
57 displays the names of files contained
58 within that directory, as well as any requested, associated
61 If no operands are given, the contents of the current
62 directory are displayed.
63 If more than one operand is given,
64 non-directory operands are displayed first; directory
65 and non-directory operands are sorted separately and in
66 lexicographical order.
68 The following options are available:
69 .Bl -tag -width indent
71 List all entries except for
75 Always set for the super-user.
77 Force printing of non-printable characters (as defined by
79 and current locale settings) in file names as
83 is the numeric value of the character in octal.
85 Force multi-column output; this is the default when output is to a terminal.
89 immediately after each pathname that is a directory,
92 after each that is executable,
95 after each symbolic link,
107 Enable colorized output.
108 This option is equivalent to defining
113 Symbolic links on the command line are followed.
114 This option is assumed if
119 options are specified.
121 If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or directory the link references
122 rather than the link itself.
123 This option cancels the
127 If argument is a symbolic link, list the link itself rather than the
128 object the link references.
129 This option cancels the
135 Recursively list subdirectories encountered.
137 Use the size of a file for sorting
144 option, display complete time information for the file, including
145 month, day, hour, minute, second, and year.
147 Display whiteouts when scanning directories.
149 Include directory entries whose names begin with a
157 escape codes whenever possible.
159 Use time when file status was last changed for sorting or printing.
161 Directories are listed as plain files (not searched recursively).
163 Output is not sorted.
165 This option is deprecated and is only available for compatibility
168 it was used to display the group name in the long
174 option, use unit suffixes: Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte
175 and Petabyte in order to reduce the number of digits to four or fewer
176 using base 2 for sizes.
178 For each file, print the file's file serial number (inode number).
182 option is specified, print the file size allocation in kilobytes,
184 This option overrides the environment variable
188 is mutually exclusive to
195 (The lowercase letter
199 A total sum (in blocks, see the
201 option for the block size unit) for all the file
202 sizes is output on a line before the long listing.
204 Stream output format; list files across the page, separated by commas.
206 Display user and group IDs numerically rather than converting to a user
207 or group name in a long
211 Include the file flags in a long
217 after each filename if that file is a directory.
219 Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as
222 this is the default when output is to a terminal.
224 Reverse the order of the sort to get reverse
225 lexicographical order or the oldest entries first.
227 Display the number of file system blocks actually used by each file, in units
228 of 512 bytes, where partial units are rounded up to the next integer value.
229 A total sum for all the file
230 sizes is output on a line before the listing.
231 The environment variable
233 overrides the unit size of 512 bytes.
235 Sort by time modified (most recently modified
236 first) before sorting the operands by lexicographical
239 Use time of last access,
240 instead of last modification
241 of the file for sorting
246 Force raw printing of non-printable characters.
248 when output is not to a terminal.
252 except that the multi-column output is produced with entries sorted
253 across, rather than down, the columns.
255 Include the FSMID field in a long
263 This is the default when
264 output is not to a terminal.
271 options all override each other; the last one specified determines
278 options override each other; the last one specified determines
285 options all override each other; the last one specified determines
286 the format used for non-printable characters.
292 options all override each other (either partially or fully); they
293 are applied in the order specified.
297 lists one entry per line to standard
298 output; the exceptions are to terminals or when the
302 options are specified.
304 File information is displayed with one or more
306 separating the information associated with the
314 option is given, the following information
315 is displayed for each file:
317 number of links, owner name, group name,
318 number of bytes in the file, abbreviated
319 month, day-of-month file was last modified,
320 hour file last modified, minute file last
321 modified, and the pathname.
322 In addition, for each directory whose contents are displayed, the total
323 number of 512-byte blocks used by the files in the directory is displayed
324 on a line by itself immediately before the information for the files in the
327 If the modification time of the file is more than 6 months
328 in the past or future, then the year of the last modification
329 is displayed in place of the hour and minute fields.
331 If the owner or group names are not a known user or group name,
335 the numeric ID's are displayed.
337 If the file is a character special or block special file,
338 the major and minor device numbers for the file are displayed
340 If the file is a symbolic link the pathname of the
341 linked-to file is preceded by
344 The file mode printed under the
346 option consists of the
347 entry type and the permissions.
348 The entry type character describes the type of file, as
351 .Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent -compact
355 Character special file.
368 The next three fields
369 are three characters each:
371 group permissions, and
373 Each field has three character positions:
374 .Bl -enum -offset indent
378 the file is readable; if
384 the file is writable; if
388 The first of the following that applies:
389 .Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent
391 If in the owner permissions, the file is not executable and
392 set-user-ID mode is set.
393 If in the group permissions, the file is not executable
394 and set-group-ID mode is set.
396 If in the owner permissions, the file is executable
397 and set-user-ID mode is set.
398 If in the group permissions, the file is executable
399 and setgroup-ID mode is set.
401 The file is executable or the directory is
404 The file is neither readable, writable, executable,
405 nor set-user-ID nor set-group-ID mode, nor sticky.
409 These next two apply only to the third character in the last group
411 .Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent
413 The sticky bit is set
416 but not execute or search permission.
422 The sticky bit is set (mode
424 and is searchable or executable.
432 The following environment variables affect the execution of
434 .Bl -tag -width ".Ev CLICOLOR_FORCE"
436 If the environment variable
438 is set, the block counts
441 will be displayed in units of that size block.
445 color sequences to distinguish file types.
449 In addition to the file types mentioned in the
451 option some extra attributes (setuid bit set, etc.) are also displayed.
452 The colorization is dependent on a terminal type with the proper
457 console has the proper capabilities,
458 but to display the colors in an
463 variable must be set to
465 Other terminal types may require similar adjustments.
467 is silently disabled if the output is not directed to a terminal
471 .It Ev CLICOLOR_FORCE
472 Color sequences are normally disabled if the output is not directed to
474 This can be overridden by setting this flag.
477 variable still needs to reference a color capable terminal however
478 otherwise it is not possible to determine which color sequences to
481 If this variable contains a string representing a
482 decimal integer, it is used as the
483 column position width for displaying
484 multiple-text-column output.
487 utility calculates how
488 many pathname text columns to display
489 based on the width provided.
495 The locale to use when determining the order of day and month in the long
500 for more information.
502 The value of this variable describes what color to use for which
503 attribute when colors are enabled with
505 This string is a concatenation of pairs of the format
509 is the foreground color and
511 is the background color.
513 The color designators are as follows:
515 .Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent -compact
533 bold black, usually shows up as dark grey
539 bold brown, usually shows up as yellow
547 bold light grey; looks like bright white
549 default foreground or background
552 Note that the above are standard
555 The actual display may differ
556 depending on the color capabilities of the terminal in use.
558 The order of the attributes are as follows:
560 .Bl -enum -offset indent -compact
576 executable with setuid bit set
578 executable with setgid bit set
580 directory writable to others, with sticky bit
582 directory writable to others, without sticky bit
586 .Qq "exfxcxdxbxegedabagacad" ,
587 i.e., blue foreground and
588 default background for regular directories, black foreground and red
589 background for setuid executables, etc.
591 If this variable is set, it is considered to be a
592 colon-delimited list of minimum column widths.
594 and insufficient widths are ignored (thus zero signifies
595 a dynamically sized column).
596 Not all columns have changeable widths.
598 in order: inode, block count, number of links, user name,
599 group name, flags, file size, file name.
603 functionality depends on a terminal type with color capabilities.
605 The timezone to use when displaying dates.
608 for more information.
611 The group field is now automatically included in the long listing for
612 files in order to be compatible with the
619 .Xr xterm 1 Pq Pa pkgsrc/x11/xterm ,
624 With the exception of options
639 To maintain backward compatibility, the relationships between the many
640 options are quite complex.