1 MAKE(1) NetBSD General Commands Manual MAKE(1)
4 b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be -- maintain program dependencies
6 S
\bSY
\bYN
\bNO
\bOP
\bPS
\bSI
\bIS
\bS
7 b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be [-
\b-B
\bBe
\bei
\bik
\bkN
\bNn
\bnq
\bqr
\brs
\bst
\btW
\bWw
\bwX
\bX] [-
\b-C
\bC _
\bd_
\bi_
\br_
\be_
\bc_
\bt_
\bo_
\br_
\by] [-
\b-D
\bD _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be] [-
\b-d
\bd _
\bf_
\bl_
\ba_
\bg_
\bs]
8 [-
\b-f
\bf _
\bm_
\ba_
\bk_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be] [-
\b-I
\bI _
\bd_
\bi_
\br_
\be_
\bc_
\bt_
\bo_
\br_
\by] [-
\b-J
\bJ _
\bp_
\br_
\bi_
\bv_
\ba_
\bt_
\be] [-
\b-j
\bj _
\bm_
\ba_
\bx_
\b__
\bj_
\bo_
\bb_
\bs]
9 [-
\b-m
\bm _
\bd_
\bi_
\br_
\be_
\bc_
\bt_
\bo_
\br_
\by] [-
\b-T
\bT _
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be] [-
\b-V
\bV _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be] [_
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be_
\b=_
\bv_
\ba_
\bl_
\bu_
\be]
10 [_
\bt_
\ba_
\br_
\bg_
\be_
\bt _
\b._
\b._
\b.]
12 D
\bDE
\bES
\bSC
\bCR
\bRI
\bIP
\bPT
\bTI
\bIO
\bON
\bN
13 b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be is a program designed to simplify the maintenance of other pro-
14 grams. Its input is a list of specifications as to the files upon which
15 programs and other files depend. If no -
\b-f
\bf _
\bm_
\ba_
\bk_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be makefile option is
16 given, b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be will try to open `_
\bm_
\ba_
\bk_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be' then `_
\bM_
\ba_
\bk_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be' in order to find
17 the specifications. If the file `_
\b._
\bd_
\be_
\bp_
\be_
\bn_
\bd' exists, it is read (see
20 This manual page is intended as a reference document only. For a more
21 thorough description of b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be and makefiles, please refer to _
\bP_
\bM_
\ba_
\bk_
\be _
\b- _
\bA
22 _
\bT_
\bu_
\bt_
\bo_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bl.
24 b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be will prepend the contents of the _
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\bF_
\bL_
\bA_
\bG_
\bS environment variable to
25 the command line arguments before parsing them.
27 The options are as follows:
29 -
\b-B
\bB Try to be backwards compatible by executing a single shell per
30 command and by executing the commands to make the sources of a
31 dependency line in sequence.
33 -
\b-C
\bC _
\bd_
\bi_
\br_
\be_
\bc_
\bt_
\bo_
\br_
\by
34 Change to _
\bd_
\bi_
\br_
\be_
\bc_
\bt_
\bo_
\br_
\by before reading the makefiles or doing any-
35 thing else. If multiple -
\b-C
\bC options are specified, each is inter-
36 preted relative to the previous one: -
\b-C
\bC _
\b/ -
\b-C
\bC _
\be_
\bt_
\bc is equivalent to
37 -
\b-C
\bC _
\b/_
\be_
\bt_
\bc.
39 -
\b-D
\bD _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be
40 Define _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be to be 1, in the global context.
42 -
\b-d
\bd _
\b[_
\b-_
\b]_
\bf_
\bl_
\ba_
\bg_
\bs
43 Turn on debugging, and specify which portions of b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be are to
44 print debugging information. Unless the flags are preceded by
45 `-' they are added to the _
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\bF_
\bL_
\bA_
\bG_
\bS environment variable and will
46 be processed by any child make processes. By default, debugging
47 information is printed to standard error, but this can be changed
48 using the _
\bF debugging flag. The debugging output is always
49 unbuffered; in addition, if debugging is enabled but debugging
50 output is not directed to standard output, then the standard out-
51 put is line buffered. _
\bF_
\bl_
\ba_
\bg_
\bs is one or more of the following:
53 _
\bA Print all possible debugging information; equivalent to
54 specifying all of the debugging flags.
56 _
\ba Print debugging information about archive searching and
59 _
\bC Print debugging information about current working direc-
62 _
\bc Print debugging information about conditional evaluation.
64 _
\bd Print debugging information about directory searching and
67 _
\be Print debugging information about failed commands and
70 _
\bF[+
\b+]_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be_
\bn_
\ba_
\bm_
\be
71 Specify where debugging output is written. This must be
72 the last flag, because it consumes the remainder of the
73 argument. If the character immediately after the `F'
74 flag is `+', then the file will be opened in append mode;
75 otherwise the file will be overwritten. If the file name
76 is `stdout' or `stderr' then debugging output will be
77 written to the standard output or standard error output
78 file descriptors respectively (and the `+' option has no
79 effect). Otherwise, the output will be written to the
80 named file. If the file name ends `.%d' then the `%d' is
83 _
\bf Print debugging information about loop evaluation.
85 _
\bg_
\b1 Print the input graph before making anything.
87 _
\bg_
\b2 Print the input graph after making everything, or before
90 _
\bg_
\b3 Print the input graph before exiting on error.
92 _
\bj Print debugging information about running multiple
95 _
\bl Print commands in Makefiles regardless of whether or not
96 they are prefixed by `@' or other "quiet" flags. Also
97 known as "loud" behavior.
99 _
\bM Print debugging information about "meta" mode decisions
102 _
\bm Print debugging information about making targets, includ-
103 ing modification dates.
105 _
\bn Don't delete the temporary command scripts created when
106 running commands. These temporary scripts are created in
107 the directory referred to by the TMPDIR environment vari-
108 able, or in _
\b/_
\bt_
\bm_
\bp if TMPDIR is unset or set to the empty
109 string. The temporary scripts are created by mkstemp(3),
110 and have names of the form _
\bm_
\ba_
\bk_
\be_
\bX_
\bX_
\bX_
\bX_
\bX_
\bX. _
\bN_
\bO_
\bT_
\bE: This can
111 create many files in TMPDIR or _
\b/_
\bt_
\bm_
\bp, so use with care.
113 _
\bp Print debugging information about makefile parsing.
115 _
\bs Print debugging information about suffix-transformation
118 _
\bt Print debugging information about target list mainte-
121 _
\bV Force the -
\b-V
\bV option to print raw values of variables.
123 _
\bv Print debugging information about variable assignment.
125 _
\bx Run shell commands with -
\b-x
\bx so the actual commands are
126 printed as they are executed.
128 -
\b-e
\be Specify that environment variables override macro assignments
131 -
\b-f
\bf _
\bm_
\ba_
\bk_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be
132 Specify a makefile to read instead of the default `_
\bm_
\ba_
\bk_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be'. If
133 _
\bm_
\ba_
\bk_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be is `-
\b-', standard input is read. Multiple makefiles may
134 be specified, and are read in the order specified.
136 -
\b-I
\bI _
\bd_
\bi_
\br_
\be_
\bc_
\bt_
\bo_
\br_
\by
137 Specify a directory in which to search for makefiles and included
138 makefiles. The system makefile directory (or directories, see
139 the -
\b-m
\bm option) is automatically included as part of this list.
141 -
\b-i
\bi Ignore non-zero exit of shell commands in the makefile. Equiva-
142 lent to specifying `-
\b-' before each command line in the makefile.
144 -
\b-J
\bJ _
\bp_
\br_
\bi_
\bv_
\ba_
\bt_
\be
145 This option should _
\bn_
\bo_
\bt be specified by the user.
147 When the _
\bj option is in use in a recursive build, this option is
148 passed by a make to child makes to allow all the make processes
149 in the build to cooperate to avoid overloading the system.
151 -
\b-j
\bj _
\bm_
\ba_
\bx_
\b__
\bj_
\bo_
\bb_
\bs
152 Specify the maximum number of jobs that b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be may have running at
153 any one time. The value is saved in _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bJ_
\bO_
\bB_
\bS. Turns compati-
154 bility mode off, unless the _
\bB flag is also specified. When com-
155 patibility mode is off, all commands associated with a target are
156 executed in a single shell invocation as opposed to the tradi-
157 tional one shell invocation per line. This can break traditional
158 scripts which change directories on each command invocation and
159 then expect to start with a fresh environment on the next line.
160 It is more efficient to correct the scripts rather than turn
161 backwards compatibility on.
163 -
\b-k
\bk Continue processing after errors are encountered, but only on
164 those targets that do not depend on the target whose creation
167 -
\b-m
\bm _
\bd_
\bi_
\br_
\be_
\bc_
\bt_
\bo_
\br_
\by
168 Specify a directory in which to search for sys.mk and makefiles
169 included via the <_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be>-style include statement. The -
\b-m
\bm option
170 can be used multiple times to form a search path. This path will
171 override the default system include path: /usr/share/mk. Fur-
172 thermore the system include path will be appended to the search
173 path used for "_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be"-style include statements (see the -
\b-I
\bI
176 If a file or directory name in the -
\b-m
\bm argument (or the
177 MAKESYSPATH environment variable) starts with the string ".../"
178 then b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be will search for the specified file or directory named
179 in the remaining part of the argument string. The search starts
180 with the current directory of the Makefile and then works upward
181 towards the root of the file system. If the search is success-
182 ful, then the resulting directory replaces the ".../" specifica-
183 tion in the -
\b-m
\bm argument. If used, this feature allows b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be to
184 easily search in the current source tree for customized sys.mk
185 files (e.g., by using ".../mk/sys.mk" as an argument).
187 -
\b-n
\bn Display the commands that would have been executed, but do not
188 actually execute them unless the target depends on the .MAKE spe-
189 cial source (see below).
191 -
\b-N
\bN Display the commands which would have been executed, but do not
192 actually execute any of them; useful for debugging top-level
193 makefiles without descending into subdirectories.
195 -
\b-q
\bq Do not execute any commands, but exit 0 if the specified targets
196 are up-to-date and 1, otherwise.
198 -
\b-r
\br Do not use the built-in rules specified in the system makefile.
200 -
\b-s
\bs Do not echo any commands as they are executed. Equivalent to
201 specifying `@
\b@' before each command line in the makefile.
203 -
\b-T
\bT _
\bt_
\br_
\ba_
\bc_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be
204 When used with the -
\b-j
\bj flag, append a trace record to _
\bt_
\br_
\ba_
\bc_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be
205 for each job started and completed.
207 -
\b-t
\bt Rather than re-building a target as specified in the makefile,
208 create it or update its modification time to make it appear up-
211 -
\b-V
\bV _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be
212 Print b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be's idea of the value of _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be, in the global con-
213 text. Do not build any targets. Multiple instances of this
214 option may be specified; the variables will be printed one per
215 line, with a blank line for each null or undefined variable. If
216 _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be contains a `$' then the value will be expanded before
219 -
\b-W
\bW Treat any warnings during makefile parsing as errors.
221 -
\b-w
\bw Print entering and leaving directory messages, pre and post pro-
224 -
\b-X
\bX Don't export variables passed on the command line to the environ-
225 ment individually. Variables passed on the command line are
226 still exported via the _
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\bF_
\bL_
\bA_
\bG_
\bS environment variable. This
227 option may be useful on systems which have a small limit on the
228 size of command arguments.
230 _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be_
\b=_
\bv_
\ba_
\bl_
\bu_
\be
231 Set the value of the variable _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be to _
\bv_
\ba_
\bl_
\bu_
\be. Normally, all
232 values passed on the command line are also exported to sub-makes
233 in the environment. The -
\b-X
\bX flag disables this behavior. Vari-
234 able assignments should follow options for POSIX compatibility
235 but no ordering is enforced.
237 There are seven different types of lines in a makefile: file dependency
238 specifications, shell commands, variable assignments, include statements,
239 conditional directives, for loops, and comments.
241 In general, lines may be continued from one line to the next by ending
242 them with a backslash (`\'). The trailing newline character and initial
243 whitespace on the following line are compressed into a single space.
245 F
\bFI
\bIL
\bLE
\bE D
\bDE
\bEP
\bPE
\bEN
\bND
\bDE
\bEN
\bNC
\bCY
\bY S
\bSP
\bPE
\bEC
\bCI
\bIF
\bFI
\bIC
\bCA
\bAT
\bTI
\bIO
\bON
\bNS
\bS
246 Dependency lines consist of one or more targets, an operator, and zero or
247 more sources. This creates a relationship where the targets ``depend''
248 on the sources and are usually created from them. The exact relationship
249 between the target and the source is determined by the operator that sep-
250 arates them. The three operators are as follows:
252 :
\b: A target is considered out-of-date if its modification time is less
253 than those of any of its sources. Sources for a target accumulate
254 over dependency lines when this operator is used. The target is
255 removed if b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be is interrupted.
257 !
\b! Targets are always re-created, but not until all sources have been
258 examined and re-created as necessary. Sources for a target accumu-
259 late over dependency lines when this operator is used. The target
260 is removed if b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be is interrupted.
262 :
\b::
\b: If no sources are specified, the target is always re-created. Oth-
263 erwise, a target is considered out-of-date if any of its sources
264 has been modified more recently than the target. Sources for a
265 target do not accumulate over dependency lines when this operator
266 is used. The target will not be removed if b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be is interrupted.
268 Targets and sources may contain the shell wildcard values `?', `*', `[]',
269 and `{}'. The values `?', `*', and `[]' may only be used as part of the
270 final component of the target or source, and must be used to describe
271 existing files. The value `{}' need not necessarily be used to describe
272 existing files. Expansion is in directory order, not alphabetically as
275 S
\bSH
\bHE
\bEL
\bLL
\bL C
\bCO
\bOM
\bMM
\bMA
\bAN
\bND
\bDS
\bS
276 Each target may have associated with it one or more lines of shell com-
277 mands, normally used to create the target. Each of the lines in this
278 script _
\bm_
\bu_
\bs_
\bt be preceded by a tab. (For historical reasons, spaces are
279 not accepted.) While targets can appear in many dependency lines if
280 desired, by default only one of these rules may be followed by a creation
281 script. If the `:
\b::
\b:' operator is used, however, all rules may include
282 scripts and the scripts are executed in the order found.
284 Each line is treated as a separate shell command, unless the end of line
285 is escaped with a backslash (`\') in which case that line and the next
286 are combined. If the first characters of the command are any combination
287 of `@
\b@', `+
\b+', or `-
\b-', the command is treated specially. A `@
\b@' causes the
288 command not to be echoed before it is executed. A `+
\b+' causes the command
289 to be executed even when -
\b-n
\bn is given. This is similar to the effect of
290 the .MAKE special source, except that the effect can be limited to a sin-
291 gle line of a script. A `-
\b-' in compatibility mode causes any non-zero
292 exit status of the command line to be ignored.
294 When b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be is run in jobs mode with -
\b-j
\bj _
\bm_
\ba_
\bx_
\b__
\bj_
\bo_
\bb_
\bs, the entire script for
295 the target is fed to a single instance of the shell. In compatibility
296 (non-jobs) mode, each command is run in a separate process. If the com-
297 mand contains any shell meta characters (`#=|^(){};&<>*?[]:$`\\n') it
298 will be passed to the shell; otherwise b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be will attempt direct execu-
299 tion. If a line starts with `-
\b-' and the shell has ErrCtl enabled then
300 failure of the command line will be ignored as in compatibility mode.
301 Otherwise `-
\b-' affects the entire job; the script will stop at the first
302 command line that fails, but the target will not be deemed to have
305 Makefiles should be written so that the mode of b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be operation does not
306 change their behavior. For example, any command which needs to use
307 ``cd'' or ``chdir'' without potentially changing the directory for subse-
308 quent commands should be put in parentheses so it executes in a subshell.
309 To force the use of one shell, escape the line breaks so as to make the
310 whole script one command. For example:
312 avoid-chdir-side-effects:
313 @echo Building $@ in `pwd`
314 @(cd ${.CURDIR} && ${MAKE} $@)
317 ensure-one-shell-regardless-of-mode:
318 @echo Building $@ in `pwd`; \
319 (cd ${.CURDIR} && ${MAKE} $@); \
322 Since b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be will chdir(2) to `_
\b._
\bO_
\bB_
\bJ_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR' before executing any targets, each
323 child process starts with that as its current working directory.
325 V
\bVA
\bAR
\bRI
\bIA
\bAB
\bBL
\bLE
\bE A
\bAS
\bSS
\bSI
\bIG
\bGN
\bNM
\bME
\bEN
\bNT
\bTS
\bS
326 Variables in make are much like variables in the shell, and, by tradi-
327 tion, consist of all upper-case letters.
329 V
\bVa
\bar
\bri
\bia
\bab
\bbl
\ble
\be a
\bas
\bss
\bsi
\big
\bgn
\bnm
\bme
\ben
\bnt
\bt m
\bmo
\bod
\bdi
\bif
\bfi
\bie
\ber
\brs
\bs
330 The five operators that can be used to assign values to variables are as
333 =
\b= Assign the value to the variable. Any previous value is overrid-
336 +
\b+=
\b= Append the value to the current value of the variable.
338 ?
\b?=
\b= Assign the value to the variable if it is not already defined.
340 :
\b:=
\b= Assign with expansion, i.e. expand the value before assigning it
341 to the variable. Normally, expansion is not done until the vari-
342 able is referenced. _
\bN_
\bO_
\bT_
\bE: References to undefined variables are
343 _
\bn_
\bo_
\bt expanded. This can cause problems when variable modifiers
346 !
\b!=
\b= Expand the value and pass it to the shell for execution and
347 assign the result to the variable. Any newlines in the result
348 are replaced with spaces.
350 Any white-space before the assigned _
\bv_
\ba_
\bl_
\bu_
\be is removed; if the value is
351 being appended, a single space is inserted between the previous contents
352 of the variable and the appended value.
354 Variables are expanded by surrounding the variable name with either curly
355 braces (`{}') or parentheses (`()') and preceding it with a dollar sign
356 (`$'). If the variable name contains only a single letter, the surround-
357 ing braces or parentheses are not required. This shorter form is not
360 If the variable name contains a dollar, then the name itself is expanded
361 first. This allows almost arbitrary variable names, however names con-
362 taining dollar, braces, parenthesis, or whitespace are really best
365 If the result of expanding a variable contains a dollar sign (`$') the
366 string is expanded again.
368 Variable substitution occurs at three distinct times, depending on where
369 the variable is being used.
371 1. Variables in dependency lines are expanded as the line is read.
373 2. Variables in shell commands are expanded when the shell command is
376 3. ``.for'' loop index variables are expanded on each loop iteration.
377 Note that other variables are not expanded inside loops so the fol-
396 Because while ${a} contains ``1 2 3'' after the loop is executed,
397 ${b} contains ``${j} ${j} ${j}'' which expands to ``3 3 3'' since
398 after the loop completes ${j} contains ``3''.
400 V
\bVa
\bar
\bri
\bia
\bab
\bbl
\ble
\be c
\bcl
\bla
\bas
\bss
\bse
\bes
\bs
401 The four different classes of variables (in order of increasing prece-
404 Environment variables
405 Variables defined as part of b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be's environment.
408 Variables defined in the makefile or in included makefiles.
410 Command line variables
411 Variables defined as part of the command line.
414 Variables that are defined specific to a certain target.
416 Local variables are all built in and their values vary magically from
417 target to target. It is not currently possible to define new local vari-
418 ables. The seven local variables are as follows:
420 _
\b._
\bA_
\bL_
\bL_
\bS_
\bR_
\bC The list of all sources for this target; also known as
423 _
\b._
\bA_
\bR_
\bC_
\bH_
\bI_
\bV_
\bE The name of the archive file; also known as `_
\b!'.
425 _
\b._
\bI_
\bM_
\bP_
\bS_
\bR_
\bC In suffix-transformation rules, the name/path of the
426 source from which the target is to be transformed (the
427 ``implied'' source); also known as `_
\b<'. It is not
428 defined in explicit rules.
430 _
\b._
\bM_
\bE_
\bM_
\bB_
\bE_
\bR The name of the archive member; also known as `_
\b%'.
432 _
\b._
\bO_
\bO_
\bD_
\bA_
\bT_
\bE The list of sources for this target that were deemed out-
433 of-date; also known as `_
\b?'.
435 _
\b._
\bP_
\bR_
\bE_
\bF_
\bI_
\bX The file prefix of the target, containing only the file
436 portion, no suffix or preceding directory components;
437 also known as `_
\b*'. The suffix must be one of the known
438 suffixes declared with .
\b.S
\bSU
\bUF
\bFF
\bFI
\bIX
\bXE
\bES
\bS or it will not be recog-
441 _
\b._
\bT_
\bA_
\bR_
\bG_
\bE_
\bT The name of the target; also known as `_
\b@'. For compati-
442 bility with other makes this is an alias for .
\b.A
\bAR
\bRC
\bCH
\bHI
\bIV
\bVE
\bE in
443 archive member rules.
445 The shorter forms (`_
\b>', `_
\b!', `_
\b<', `_
\b%', `_
\b?', `_
\b*', and `_
\b@') are permitted
446 for backward compatibility with historical makefiles and legacy POSIX
447 make and are not recommended.
449 Variants of these variables with the punctuation followed immediately by
450 `D' or `F', e.g. `_
\b$_
\b(_
\b@_
\bD_
\b)', are legacy forms equivalent to using the `:H'
451 and `:T' modifiers. These forms are accepted for compatibility with AT&T
452 System V UNIX makefiles and POSIX but are not recommended.
454 Four of the local variables may be used in sources on dependency lines
455 because they expand to the proper value for each target on the line.
456 These variables are `_
\b._
\bT_
\bA_
\bR_
\bG_
\bE_
\bT', `_
\b._
\bP_
\bR_
\bE_
\bF_
\bI_
\bX', `_
\b._
\bA_
\bR_
\bC_
\bH_
\bI_
\bV_
\bE', and `_
\b._
\bM_
\bE_
\bM_
\bB_
\bE_
\bR'.
458 A
\bAd
\bdd
\bdi
\bit
\bti
\bio
\bon
\bna
\bal
\bl b
\bbu
\bui
\bil
\blt
\bt-
\b-i
\bin
\bn v
\bva
\bar
\bri
\bia
\bab
\bbl
\ble
\bes
\bs
459 In addition, b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be sets or knows about the following variables:
461 _
\b$ A single dollar sign `$', i.e. `$$' expands to a single
464 _
\b._
\bA_
\bL_
\bL_
\bT_
\bA_
\bR_
\bG_
\bE_
\bT_
\bS The list of all targets encountered in the Makefile. If
465 evaluated during Makefile parsing, lists only those tar-
466 gets encountered thus far.
468 _
\b._
\bC_
\bU_
\bR_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR A path to the directory where b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be was executed. Refer
469 to the description of `PWD' for more details.
471 _
\b._
\bI_
\bN_
\bC_
\bL_
\bU_
\bD_
\bE_
\bD_
\bF_
\bR_
\bO_
\bM_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR
472 The directory of the file this Makefile was included
475 _
\b._
\bI_
\bN_
\bC_
\bL_
\bU_
\bD_
\bE_
\bD_
\bF_
\bR_
\bO_
\bM_
\bF_
\bI_
\bL_
\bE
476 The filename of the file this Makefile was included from.
478 MAKE The name that b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be was executed with (_
\ba_
\br_
\bg_
\bv_
\b[_
\b0_
\b]). For
479 compatibility b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be also sets _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE with the same value.
480 The preferred variable to use is the environment variable
481 MAKE because it is more compatible with other versions of
482 b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be and cannot be confused with the special target with
485 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bD_
\bE_
\bP_
\bE_
\bN_
\bD_
\bF_
\bI_
\bL_
\bE
486 Names the makefile (default `_
\b._
\bd_
\be_
\bp_
\be_
\bn_
\bd') from which gener-
487 ated dependencies are read.
489 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bE_
\bX_
\bP_
\bA_
\bN_
\bD_
\b__
\bV_
\bA_
\bR_
\bI_
\bA_
\bB_
\bL_
\bE_
\bS
490 A boolean that controls the default behavior of the -
\b-V
\bV
493 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bE_
\bX_
\bP_
\bO_
\bR_
\bT_
\bE_
\bD The list of variables exported by b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be.
495 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bJ_
\bO_
\bB_
\bS The argument to the -
\b-j
\bj option.
497 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bJ_
\bO_
\bB_
\b._
\bP_
\bR_
\bE_
\bF_
\bI_
\bX
498 If b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be is run with _
\bj then output for each target is
499 prefixed with a token `--- target ---' the first part of
500 which can be controlled via _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bJ_
\bO_
\bB_
\b._
\bP_
\bR_
\bE_
\bF_
\bI_
\bX. If
501 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bJ_
\bO_
\bB_
\b._
\bP_
\bR_
\bE_
\bF_
\bI_
\bX is empty, no token is printed.
503 .MAKE.JOB.PREFIX=${.newline}---${.MAKE:T}[${.MAKE.PID}]
504 would produce tokens like `---make[1234] target ---' mak-
505 ing it easier to track the degree of parallelism being
508 MAKEFLAGS The environment variable `MAKEFLAGS' may contain anything
509 that may be specified on b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be's command line. Anything
510 specified on b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be's command line is appended to the
511 `MAKEFLAGS' variable which is then entered into the envi-
512 ronment for all programs which b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be executes.
514 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bL_
\bE_
\bV_
\bE_
\bL The recursion depth of b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be. The initial instance of
515 b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be will be 0, and an incremented value is put into the
516 environment to be seen by the next generation. This
517 allows tests like: .if ${.MAKE.LEVEL} == 0 to protect
518 things which should only be evaluated in the initial
519 instance of b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be.
521 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\bF_
\bI_
\bL_
\bE_
\b__
\bP_
\bR_
\bE_
\bF_
\bE_
\bR_
\bE_
\bN_
\bC_
\bE
522 The ordered list of makefile names (default `_
\bm_
\ba_
\bk_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be',
523 `_
\bM_
\ba_
\bk_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be') that b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be will look for.
525 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\bF_
\bI_
\bL_
\bE_
\bS
526 The list of makefiles read by b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be, which is useful for
527 tracking dependencies. Each makefile is recorded only
528 once, regardless of the number of times read.
530 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bM_
\bO_
\bD_
\bE Processed after reading all makefiles. Can affect the
531 mode that b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be runs in. It can contain a number of key-
534 _
\bc_
\bo_
\bm_
\bp_
\ba_
\bt Like -
\b-B
\bB, puts b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be into "compat"
537 _
\bm_
\be_
\bt_
\ba Puts b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be into "meta" mode, where
538 meta files are created for each tar-
539 get to capture the command run, the
540 output generated and if filemon(4)
541 is available, the system calls which
542 are of interest to b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be. The cap-
543 tured output can be very useful when
546 _
\bc_
\bu_
\br_
\bd_
\bi_
\br_
\bO_
\bk_
\b= _
\bb_
\bf Normally b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be will not create .meta
547 files in `_
\b._
\bC_
\bU_
\bR_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR'. This can be
548 overridden by setting _
\bb_
\bf to a value
549 which represents True.
551 _
\bm_
\bi_
\bs_
\bs_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg_
\b-_
\bm_
\be_
\bt_
\ba_
\b= _
\bb_
\bf If _
\bb_
\bf is True, then a missing .meta
552 file makes the target out-of-date.
554 _
\bm_
\bi_
\bs_
\bs_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg_
\b-_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be_
\bm_
\bo_
\bn_
\b= _
\bb_
\bf If _
\bb_
\bf is True, then missing filemon
555 data makes the target out-of-date.
557 _
\bn_
\bo_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be_
\bm_
\bo_
\bn Do not use filemon(4).
559 _
\be_
\bn_
\bv For debugging, it can be useful to
560 include the environment in the .meta
563 _
\bv_
\be_
\br_
\bb_
\bo_
\bs_
\be If in "meta" mode, print a clue
564 about the target being built. This
565 is useful if the build is otherwise
566 running silently. The message
567 printed the value of:
568 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bM_
\bE_
\bT_
\bA_
\b._
\bP_
\bR_
\bE_
\bF_
\bI_
\bX.
570 _
\bi_
\bg_
\bn_
\bo_
\br_
\be_
\b-_
\bc_
\bm_
\bd Some makefiles have commands which
571 are simply not stable. This keyword
572 causes them to be ignored for deter-
573 mining whether a target is out of
574 date in "meta" mode. See also
575 .
\b.N
\bNO
\bOM
\bME
\bET
\bTA
\bA_
\b_C
\bCM
\bMP
\bP.
577 _
\bs_
\bi_
\bl_
\be_
\bn_
\bt_
\b= _
\bb_
\bf If _
\bb_
\bf is True, when a .meta file is
578 created, mark the target .
\b.S
\bSI
\bIL
\bLE
\bEN
\bNT
\bT.
580 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bM_
\bE_
\bT_
\bA_
\b._
\bB_
\bA_
\bI_
\bL_
\bI_
\bW_
\bI_
\bC_
\bK
581 In "meta" mode, provides a list of prefixes which match
582 the directories controlled by b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be. If a file that was
583 generated outside of _
\b._
\bO_
\bB_
\bJ_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR but within said bailiwick is
584 missing, the current target is considered out-of-date.
586 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bM_
\bE_
\bT_
\bA_
\b._
\bC_
\bR_
\bE_
\bA_
\bT_
\bE_
\bD
587 In "meta" mode, this variable contains a list of all the
588 meta files updated. If not empty, it can be used to
589 trigger processing of _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bM_
\bE_
\bT_
\bA_
\b._
\bF_
\bI_
\bL_
\bE_
\bS.
591 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bM_
\bE_
\bT_
\bA_
\b._
\bF_
\bI_
\bL_
\bE_
\bS
592 In "meta" mode, this variable contains a list of all the
593 meta files used (updated or not). This list can be used
594 to process the meta files to extract dependency informa-
597 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bM_
\bE_
\bT_
\bA_
\b._
\bI_
\bG_
\bN_
\bO_
\bR_
\bE_
\b__
\bP_
\bA_
\bT_
\bH_
\bS
598 Provides a list of path prefixes that should be ignored;
599 because the contents are expected to change over time.
600 The default list includes: `_
\b/_
\bd_
\be_
\bv _
\b/_
\be_
\bt_
\bc _
\b/_
\bp_
\br_
\bo_
\bc _
\b/_
\bt_
\bm_
\bp _
\b/_
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\b/_
\br_
\bu_
\bn
601 _
\b/_
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\b/_
\bt_
\bm_
\bp'
603 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bM_
\bE_
\bT_
\bA_
\b._
\bI_
\bG_
\bN_
\bO_
\bR_
\bE_
\b__
\bP_
\bA_
\bT_
\bT_
\bE_
\bR_
\bN_
\bS
604 Provides a list of patterns to match against pathnames.
605 Ignore any that match.
607 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bM_
\bE_
\bT_
\bA_
\b._
\bI_
\bG_
\bN_
\bO_
\bR_
\bE_
\b__
\bF_
\bI_
\bL_
\bT_
\bE_
\bR
608 Provides a list of variable modifiers to apply to each
609 pathname. Ignore if the expansion is an empty string.
611 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bM_
\bE_
\bT_
\bA_
\b._
\bP_
\bR_
\bE_
\bF_
\bI_
\bX
612 Defines the message printed for each meta file updated in
613 "meta verbose" mode. The default value is:
614 Building ${.TARGET:H:tA}/${.TARGET:T}
616 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\bO_
\bV_
\bE_
\bR_
\bR_
\bI_
\bD_
\bE_
\bS This variable is used to record the names of variables
617 assigned to on the command line, so that they may be
618 exported as part of `MAKEFLAGS'. This behavior can be
619 disabled by assigning an empty value to `_
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\bO_
\bV_
\bE_
\bR_
\bR_
\bI_
\bD_
\bE_
\bS'
620 within a makefile. Extra variables can be exported from
621 a makefile by appending their names to `_
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\bO_
\bV_
\bE_
\bR_
\bR_
\bI_
\bD_
\bE_
\bS'.
622 `MAKEFLAGS' is re-exported whenever `_
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\bO_
\bV_
\bE_
\bR_
\bR_
\bI_
\bD_
\bE_
\bS' is
625 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bP_
\bA_
\bT_
\bH_
\b__
\bF_
\bI_
\bL_
\bE_
\bM_
\bO_
\bN
626 If b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be was built with filemon(4) support, this is set
627 to the path of the device node. This allows makefiles to
628 test for this support.
630 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bP_
\bI_
\bD The process-id of b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be.
632 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bP_
\bP_
\bI_
\bD The parent process-id of b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be.
634 _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bS_
\bA_
\bV_
\bE_
\b__
\bD_
\bO_
\bL_
\bL_
\bA_
\bR_
\bS
635 value should be a boolean that controls whether `$$' are
636 preserved when doing `:=' assignments. The default is
637 false, for backwards compatibility. Set to true for com-
638 patability with other makes. If set to false, `$$'
639 becomes `$' per normal evaluation rules.
641 _
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b__
\bP_
\bR_
\bI_
\bN_
\bT_
\b__
\bV_
\bA_
\bR_
\b__
\bO_
\bN_
\b__
\bE_
\bR_
\bR_
\bO_
\bR
642 When b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be stops due to an error, it sets `_
\b._
\bE_
\bR_
\bR_
\bO_
\bR_
\b__
\bT_
\bA_
\bR_
\bG_
\bE_
\bT'
643 to the name of the target that failed, `_
\b._
\bE_
\bR_
\bR_
\bO_
\bR_
\b__
\bC_
\bM_
\bD' to
644 the commands of the failed target, and in "meta" mode, it
645 also sets `_
\b._
\bE_
\bR_
\bR_
\bO_
\bR_
\b__
\bC_
\bW_
\bD' to the getcwd(3), and
646 `_
\b._
\bE_
\bR_
\bR_
\bO_
\bR_
\b__
\bM_
\bE_
\bT_
\bA_
\b__
\bF_
\bI_
\bL_
\bE' to the path of the meta file (if any)
647 describing the failed target. It then prints its name
648 and the value of `_
\b._
\bC_
\bU_
\bR_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR' as well as the value of any
649 variables named in `_
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b__
\bP_
\bR_
\bI_
\bN_
\bT_
\b__
\bV_
\bA_
\bR_
\b__
\bO_
\bN_
\b__
\bE_
\bR_
\bR_
\bO_
\bR'.
651 _
\b._
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\bl_
\bi_
\bn_
\be This variable is simply assigned a newline character as
652 its value. This allows expansions using the :
\b:@
\b@ modifier
653 to put a newline between iterations of the loop rather
654 than a space. For example, the printing of
655 `_
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b__
\bP_
\bR_
\bI_
\bN_
\bT_
\b__
\bV_
\bA_
\bR_
\b__
\bO_
\bN_
\b__
\bE_
\bR_
\bR_
\bO_
\bR' could be done as
656 ${MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR:@v@$v='${$v}'${.newline}@}.
658 _
\b._
\bO_
\bB_
\bJ_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR A path to the directory where the targets are built. Its
659 value is determined by trying to chdir(2) to the follow-
660 ing directories in order and using the first match:
662 1. ${MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX}${.CURDIR}
664 (Only if `MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX' is set in the environ-
665 ment or on the command line.)
669 (Only if `MAKEOBJDIR' is set in the environment or
670 on the command line.)
672 3. ${.CURDIR}_
\b/_
\bo_
\bb_
\bj_
\b.${MACHINE}
674 4. ${.CURDIR}_
\b/_
\bo_
\bb_
\bj
676 5. _
\b/_
\bu_
\bs_
\br_
\b/_
\bo_
\bb_
\bj_
\b/${.CURDIR}
680 Variable expansion is performed on the value before it's
681 used, so expressions such as
682 ${.CURDIR:S,^/usr/src,/var/obj,}
683 may be used. This is especially useful with
686 `_
\b._
\bO_
\bB_
\bJ_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR' may be modified in the makefile via the special
687 target `.
\b.O
\bOB
\bBJ
\bJD
\bDI
\bIR
\bR'. In all cases, b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be will chdir(2) to
688 the specified directory if it exists, and set `_
\b._
\bO_
\bB_
\bJ_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR'
689 and `PWD' to that directory before executing any targets.
691 _
\b._
\bP_
\bA_
\bR_
\bS_
\bE_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR A path to the directory of the current `_
\bM_
\ba_
\bk_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be' being
694 _
\b._
\bP_
\bA_
\bR_
\bS_
\bE_
\bF_
\bI_
\bL_
\bE The basename of the current `_
\bM_
\ba_
\bk_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be' being parsed.
695 This variable and `_
\b._
\bP_
\bA_
\bR_
\bS_
\bE_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR' are both set only while the
696 `_
\bM_
\ba_
\bk_
\be_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be_
\bs' are being parsed. If you want to retain
697 their current values, assign them to a variable using
698 assignment with expansion: (`:
\b:=
\b=').
700 _
\b._
\bP_
\bA_
\bT_
\bH A variable that represents the list of directories that
701 b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be will search for files. The search list should be
702 updated using the target `_
\b._
\bP_
\bA_
\bT_
\bH' rather than the vari-
705 PWD Alternate path to the current directory. b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be normally
706 sets `_
\b._
\bC_
\bU_
\bR_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR' to the canonical path given by getcwd(3).
707 However, if the environment variable `PWD' is set and
708 gives a path to the current directory, then b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be sets
709 `_
\b._
\bC_
\bU_
\bR_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR' to the value of `PWD' instead. This behavior
710 is disabled if `MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX' is set or `MAKEOBJDIR'
711 contains a variable transform. `PWD' is set to the value
712 of `_
\b._
\bO_
\bB_
\bJ_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR' for all programs which b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be executes.
714 .TARGETS The list of targets explicitly specified on the command
717 VPATH Colon-separated (``:'') lists of directories that b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be
718 will search for files. The variable is supported for
719 compatibility with old make programs only, use `_
\b._
\bP_
\bA_
\bT_
\bH'
722 V
\bVa
\bar
\bri
\bia
\bab
\bbl
\ble
\be m
\bmo
\bod
\bdi
\bif
\bfi
\bie
\ber
\brs
\bs
723 Variable expansion may be modified to select or modify each word of the
724 variable (where a ``word'' is white-space delimited sequence of charac-
725 ters). The general format of a variable expansion is as follows:
727 ${variable[:modifier[:...]]}
729 Each modifier begins with a colon, which may be escaped with a backslash
732 A set of modifiers can be specified via a variable, as follows:
734 modifier_variable=modifier[:...]
735 ${variable:${modifier_variable}[:...]}
737 In this case the first modifier in the modifier_variable does not start
738 with a colon, since that must appear in the referencing variable. If any
739 of the modifiers in the modifier_variable contain a dollar sign (`$'),
740 these must be doubled to avoid early expansion.
742 The supported modifiers are:
744 :
\b:E
\bE Replaces each word in the variable with its suffix.
746 :
\b:H
\bH Replaces each word in the variable with everything but the last com-
749 :
\b:M
\bM_
\bp_
\ba_
\bt_
\bt_
\be_
\br_
\bn
750 Select only those words that match _
\bp_
\ba_
\bt_
\bt_
\be_
\br_
\bn. The standard shell
751 wildcard characters (`*', `?', and `[]') may be used. The wildcard
752 characters may be escaped with a backslash (`\'). As a consequence
753 of the way values are split into words, matched, and then joined, a
756 will normalize the inter-word spacing, removing all leading and
757 trailing space, and converting multiple consecutive spaces to single
760 :
\b:N
\bN_
\bp_
\ba_
\bt_
\bt_
\be_
\br_
\bn
761 This is identical to `:
\b:M
\bM', but selects all words which do not match
762 _
\bp_
\ba_
\bt_
\bt_
\be_
\br_
\bn.
764 :
\b:O
\bO Order every word in variable alphabetically. To sort words in
765 reverse order use the `:
\b:O
\bO:
\b:[
\b[-
\b-1
\b1.
\b..
\b.1
\b1]
\b]' combination of modifiers.
767 :
\b:O
\bOx
\bx Randomize words in variable. The results will be different each
768 time you are referring to the modified variable; use the assignment
769 with expansion (`:
\b:=
\b=') to prevent such behavior. For example,
771 LIST= uno due tre quattro
772 RANDOM_LIST= ${LIST:Ox}
773 STATIC_RANDOM_LIST:= ${LIST:Ox}
776 @echo "${RANDOM_LIST}"
777 @echo "${RANDOM_LIST}"
778 @echo "${STATIC_RANDOM_LIST}"
779 @echo "${STATIC_RANDOM_LIST}"
780 may produce output similar to:
787 :
\b:Q
\bQ Quotes every shell meta-character in the variable, so that it can be
788 passed safely through recursive invocations of b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be.
790 :
\b:R
\bR Replaces each word in the variable with everything but its suffix.
792 :
\b:g
\bgm
\bmt
\bti
\bim
\bme
\be
793 The value is a format string for strftime(3), using the current
797 Compute a 32-bit hash of the value and encode it as hex digits.
799 :
\b:l
\blo
\boc
\bca
\bal
\blt
\bti
\bim
\bme
\be
800 The value is a format string for strftime(3), using the current
803 :
\b:t
\btA
\bA Attempt to convert variable to an absolute path using realpath(3),
804 if that fails, the value is unchanged.
806 :
\b:t
\btl
\bl Converts variable to lower-case letters.
809 Words in the variable are normally separated by a space on expan-
810 sion. This modifier sets the separator to the character _
\bc. If _
\bc is
811 omitted, then no separator is used. The common escapes (including
812 octal numeric codes), work as expected.
814 :
\b:t
\btu
\bu Converts variable to upper-case letters.
816 :
\b:t
\btW
\bW Causes the value to be treated as a single word (possibly containing
817 embedded white space). See also `:
\b:[
\b[*
\b*]
\b]'.
819 :
\b:t
\btw
\bw Causes the value to be treated as a sequence of words delimited by
820 white space. See also `:
\b:[
\b[@
\b@]
\b]'.
822 :
\b:S
\bS/_
\bo_
\bl_
\bd_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg/_
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg/[1
\b1g
\bgW
\bW]
823 Modify the first occurrence of _
\bo_
\bl_
\bd_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg in the variable's value,
824 replacing it with _
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg. If a `g' is appended to the last
825 slash of the pattern, all occurrences in each word are replaced. If
826 a `1' is appended to the last slash of the pattern, only the first
827 word is affected. If a `W' is appended to the last slash of the
828 pattern, then the value is treated as a single word (possibly con-
829 taining embedded white space). If _
\bo_
\bl_
\bd_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg begins with a caret
830 (`^'), _
\bo_
\bl_
\bd_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg is anchored at the beginning of each word. If
831 _
\bo_
\bl_
\bd_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg ends with a dollar sign (`$'), it is anchored at the end
832 of each word. Inside _
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg, an ampersand (`&') is replaced by
833 _
\bo_
\bl_
\bd_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg (without any `^' or `$'). Any character may be used as a
834 delimiter for the parts of the modifier string. The anchoring,
835 ampersand and delimiter characters may be escaped with a backslash
838 Variable expansion occurs in the normal fashion inside both
839 _
\bo_
\bl_
\bd_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg and _
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg with the single exception that a backslash
840 is used to prevent the expansion of a dollar sign (`$'), not a pre-
841 ceding dollar sign as is usual.
843 :
\b:C
\bC/_
\bp_
\ba_
\bt_
\bt_
\be_
\br_
\bn/_
\br_
\be_
\bp_
\bl_
\ba_
\bc_
\be_
\bm_
\be_
\bn_
\bt/[1
\b1g
\bgW
\bW]
844 The :
\b:C
\bC modifier is just like the :
\b:S
\bS modifier except that the old and
845 new strings, instead of being simple strings, are an extended regu-
846 lar expression (see regex(3)) string _
\bp_
\ba_
\bt_
\bt_
\be_
\br_
\bn and an ed(1)-style
847 string _
\br_
\be_
\bp_
\bl_
\ba_
\bc_
\be_
\bm_
\be_
\bn_
\bt. Normally, the first occurrence of the pattern
848 _
\bp_
\ba_
\bt_
\bt_
\be_
\br_
\bn in each word of the value is substituted with _
\br_
\be_
\bp_
\bl_
\ba_
\bc_
\be_
\bm_
\be_
\bn_
\bt.
849 The `1' modifier causes the substitution to apply to at most one
850 word; the `g' modifier causes the substitution to apply to as many
851 instances of the search pattern _
\bp_
\ba_
\bt_
\bt_
\be_
\br_
\bn as occur in the word or
852 words it is found in; the `W' modifier causes the value to be
853 treated as a single word (possibly containing embedded white space).
854 Note that `1' and `g' are orthogonal; the former specifies whether
855 multiple words are potentially affected, the latter whether multiple
856 substitutions can potentially occur within each affected word.
858 As for the :
\b:S
\bS modifier, the _
\bp_
\ba_
\bt_
\bt_
\be_
\br_
\bn and _
\br_
\be_
\bp_
\bl_
\ba_
\bc_
\be_
\bm_
\be_
\bn_
\bt are subjected to
859 variable expansion before being parsed as regular expressions.
861 :
\b:T
\bT Replaces each word in the variable with its last component.
863 :
\b:u
\bu Remove adjacent duplicate words (like uniq(1)).
865 :
\b:?
\b?_
\bt_
\br_
\bu_
\be_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg:
\b:_
\bf_
\ba_
\bl_
\bs_
\be_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg
866 If the variable name (not its value), when parsed as a .if condi-
867 tional expression, evaluates to true, return as its value the
868 _
\bt_
\br_
\bu_
\be_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg, otherwise return the _
\bf_
\ba_
\bl_
\bs_
\be_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg. Since the variable
869 name is used as the expression, :? must be the first modifier after
870 the variable name itself - which will, of course, usually contain
871 variable expansions. A common error is trying to use expressions
873 ${NUMBERS:M42:?match:no}
874 which actually tests defined(NUMBERS), to determine is any words
875 match "42" you need to use something like:
876 ${"${NUMBERS:M42}" != "":?match:no}.
878 _
\b:_
\bo_
\bl_
\bd_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg_
\b=_
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg
879 This is the AT&T System V UNIX style variable substitution. It must
880 be the last modifier specified. If _
\bo_
\bl_
\bd_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg or _
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg do not
881 contain the pattern matching character _
\b% then it is assumed that
882 they are anchored at the end of each word, so only suffixes or
883 entire words may be replaced. Otherwise _
\b% is the substring of
884 _
\bo_
\bl_
\bd_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg to be replaced in _
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg.
886 Variable expansion occurs in the normal fashion inside both
887 _
\bo_
\bl_
\bd_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg and _
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\b__
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg with the single exception that a backslash
888 is used to prevent the expansion of a dollar sign (`$'), not a pre-
889 ceding dollar sign as is usual.
891 :
\b:@
\b@_
\bt_
\be_
\bm_
\bp@
\b@_
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg@
\b@
892 This is the loop expansion mechanism from the OSF Development Envi-
893 ronment (ODE) make. Unlike .
\b.f
\bfo
\bor
\br loops expansion occurs at the time
894 of reference. Assign _
\bt_
\be_
\bm_
\bp to each word in the variable and evaluate
895 _
\bs_
\bt_
\br_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg. The ODE convention is that _
\bt_
\be_
\bm_
\bp should start and end with a
897 ${LINKS:@.LINK.@${LN} ${TARGET} ${.LINK.}@}
899 However a single character variable is often more readable:
900 ${MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR:@v@$v='${$v}'${.newline}@}
902 :
\b:U
\bU_
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\bv_
\ba_
\bl
903 If the variable is undefined _
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\bv_
\ba_
\bl is the value. If the variable
904 is defined, the existing value is returned. This is another ODE
905 make feature. It is handy for setting per-target CFLAGS for
907 ${_${.TARGET:T}_CFLAGS:U${DEF_CFLAGS}}
908 If a value is only required if the variable is undefined, use:
911 :
\b:D
\bD_
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\bv_
\ba_
\bl
912 If the variable is defined _
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\bv_
\ba_
\bl is the value.
914 :
\b:L
\bL The name of the variable is the value.
916 :
\b:P
\bP The path of the node which has the same name as the variable is the
917 value. If no such node exists or its path is null, then the name of
918 the variable is used. In order for this modifier to work, the name
919 (node) must at least have appeared on the rhs of a dependency.
921 :
\b:!
\b!_
\bc_
\bm_
\bd!
\b!
922 The output of running _
\bc_
\bm_
\bd is the value.
924 :
\b:s
\bsh
\bh If the variable is non-empty it is run as a command and the output
925 becomes the new value.
927 :
\b::
\b:=
\b=_
\bs_
\bt_
\br
928 The variable is assigned the value _
\bs_
\bt_
\br after substitution. This
929 modifier and its variations are useful in obscure situations such as
930 wanting to set a variable when shell commands are being parsed.
931 These assignment modifiers always expand to nothing, so if appearing
932 in a rule line by themselves should be preceded with something to
933 keep b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be happy.
935 The `:
\b::
\b:' helps avoid false matches with the AT&T System V UNIX style
936 :
\b:=
\b= modifier and since substitution always occurs the :
\b::
\b:=
\b= form is
939 :
\b::
\b:?
\b?=
\b=_
\bs_
\bt_
\br
940 As for :
\b::
\b:=
\b= but only if the variable does not already have a value.
942 :
\b::
\b:+
\b+=
\b=_
\bs_
\bt_
\br
943 Append _
\bs_
\bt_
\br to the variable.
945 :
\b::
\b:!
\b!=
\b=_
\bc_
\bm_
\bd
946 Assign the output of _
\bc_
\bm_
\bd to the variable.
948 :
\b:[
\b[_
\br_
\ba_
\bn_
\bg_
\be]
\b]
949 Selects one or more words from the value, or performs other opera-
950 tions related to the way in which the value is divided into words.
952 Ordinarily, a value is treated as a sequence of words delimited by
953 white space. Some modifiers suppress this behavior, causing a value
954 to be treated as a single word (possibly containing embedded white
955 space). An empty value, or a value that consists entirely of white-
956 space, is treated as a single word. For the purposes of the `:
\b:[
\b[]
\b]'
957 modifier, the words are indexed both forwards using positive inte-
958 gers (where index 1 represents the first word), and backwards using
959 negative integers (where index -1 represents the last word).
961 The _
\br_
\ba_
\bn_
\bg_
\be is subjected to variable expansion, and the expanded
962 result is then interpreted as follows:
964 _
\bi_
\bn_
\bd_
\be_
\bx Selects a single word from the value.
966 _
\bs_
\bt_
\ba_
\br_
\bt.
\b..
\b._
\be_
\bn_
\bd
967 Selects all words from _
\bs_
\bt_
\ba_
\br_
\bt to _
\be_
\bn_
\bd, inclusive. For example,
968 `:
\b:[
\b[2
\b2.
\b..
\b.-
\b-1
\b1]
\b]' selects all words from the second word to the last
969 word. If _
\bs_
\bt_
\ba_
\br_
\bt is greater than _
\be_
\bn_
\bd, then the words are out-
970 put in reverse order. For example, `:
\b:[
\b[-
\b-1
\b1.
\b..
\b.1
\b1]
\b]' selects all
971 the words from last to first.
973 *
\b* Causes subsequent modifiers to treat the value as a single
974 word (possibly containing embedded white space). Analogous
975 to the effect of "$*" in Bourne shell.
977 0 Means the same as `:
\b:[
\b[*
\b*]
\b]'.
979 @
\b@ Causes subsequent modifiers to treat the value as a sequence
980 of words delimited by white space. Analogous to the effect
981 of "$@" in Bourne shell.
983 #
\b# Returns the number of words in the value.
985 I
\bIN
\bNC
\bCL
\bLU
\bUD
\bDE
\bE S
\bST
\bTA
\bAT
\bTE
\bEM
\bME
\bEN
\bNT
\bTS
\bS,
\b, C
\bCO
\bON
\bND
\bDI
\bIT
\bTI
\bIO
\bON
\bNA
\bAL
\bLS
\bS A
\bAN
\bND
\bD F
\bFO
\bOR
\bR L
\bLO
\bOO
\bOP
\bPS
\bS
986 Makefile inclusion, conditional structures and for loops reminiscent of
987 the C programming language are provided in b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be. All such structures
988 are identified by a line beginning with a single dot (`.') character.
989 Files are included with either .
\b.i
\bin
\bnc
\bcl
\blu
\bud
\bde
\be <_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be> or .
\b.i
\bin
\bnc
\bcl
\blu
\bud
\bde
\be "_
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\be". Vari-
990 ables between the angle brackets or double quotes are expanded to form
991 the file name. If angle brackets are used, the included makefile is
992 expected to be in the system makefile directory. If double quotes are
993 used, the including makefile's directory and any directories specified
994 using the -
\b-I
\bI option are searched before the system makefile directory.
995 For compatibility with other versions of b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be `include file ...' is also
998 If the include statement is written as .
\b.-
\b-i
\bin
\bnc
\bcl
\blu
\bud
\bde
\be or as .
\b.s
\bsi
\bin
\bnc
\bcl
\blu
\bud
\bde
\be then
999 errors locating and/or opening include files are ignored.
1001 If the include statement is written as .
\b.d
\bdi
\bin
\bnc
\bcl
\blu
\bud
\bde
\be not only are errors
1002 locating and/or opening include files ignored, but stale dependencies
1003 within the included file will be ignored just like _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bD_
\bE_
\bP_
\bE_
\bN_
\bD_
\bF_
\bI_
\bL_
\bE.
1005 Conditional expressions are also preceded by a single dot as the first
1006 character of a line. The possible conditionals are as follows:
1008 .
\b.e
\ber
\brr
\bro
\bor
\br _
\bm_
\be_
\bs_
\bs_
\ba_
\bg_
\be
1009 The message is printed along with the name of the makefile and
1010 line number, then b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be will exit.
1012 .
\b.e
\bex
\bxp
\bpo
\bor
\brt
\bt _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be _
\b._
\b._
\b.
1013 Export the specified global variable. If no variable list is
1014 provided, all globals are exported except for internal variables
1015 (those that start with `.'). This is not affected by the -
\b-X
\bX
1016 flag, so should be used with caution. For compatibility with
1017 other b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be programs `export variable=value' is also accepted.
1019 Appending a variable name to _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bE_
\bX_
\bP_
\bO_
\bR_
\bT_
\bE_
\bD is equivalent to
1020 exporting a variable.
1022 .
\b.e
\bex
\bxp
\bpo
\bor
\brt
\bt-
\b-e
\ben
\bnv
\bv _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be _
\b._
\b._
\b.
1023 The same as `.export', except that the variable is not appended
1024 to _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bE_
\bX_
\bP_
\bO_
\bR_
\bT_
\bE_
\bD. This allows exporting a value to the environ-
1025 ment which is different from that used by b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be internally.
1027 .
\b.e
\bex
\bxp
\bpo
\bor
\brt
\bt-
\b-l
\bli
\bit
\bte
\ber
\bra
\bal
\bl _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be _
\b._
\b._
\b.
1028 The same as `.export-env', except that variables in the value are
1031 .
\b.i
\bin
\bnf
\bfo
\bo _
\bm_
\be_
\bs_
\bs_
\ba_
\bg_
\be
1032 The message is printed along with the name of the makefile and
1035 .
\b.u
\bun
\bnd
\bde
\bef
\bf _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be
1036 Un-define the specified global variable. Only global variables
1039 .
\b.u
\bun
\bne
\bex
\bxp
\bpo
\bor
\brt
\bt _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be _
\b._
\b._
\b.
1040 The opposite of `.export'. The specified global _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be will be
1041 removed from _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bE_
\bX_
\bP_
\bO_
\bR_
\bT_
\bE_
\bD. If no variable list is provided,
1042 all globals are unexported, and _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bE_
\bX_
\bP_
\bO_
\bR_
\bT_
\bE_
\bD deleted.
1044 .
\b.u
\bun
\bne
\bex
\bxp
\bpo
\bor
\brt
\bt-
\b-e
\ben
\bnv
\bv
1045 Unexport all globals previously exported and clear the environ-
1046 ment inherited from the parent. This operation will cause a mem-
1047 ory leak of the original environment, so should be used spar-
1048 ingly. Testing for _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bK_
\bE_
\b._
\bL_
\bE_
\bV_
\bE_
\bL being 0, would make sense. Also
1049 note that any variables which originated in the parent environ-
1050 ment should be explicitly preserved if desired. For example:
1052 .if ${.MAKE.LEVEL} == 0
1058 Would result in an environment containing only `PATH', which is
1059 the minimal useful environment. Actually `.MAKE.LEVEL' will also
1060 be pushed into the new environment.
1062 .
\b.w
\bwa
\bar
\brn
\bni
\bin
\bng
\bg _
\bm_
\be_
\bs_
\bs_
\ba_
\bg_
\be
1063 The message prefixed by `_
\bw_
\ba_
\br_
\bn_
\bi_
\bn_
\bg_
\b:' is printed along with the name
1064 of the makefile and line number.
1066 .
\b.i
\bif
\bf [!]_
\be_
\bx_
\bp_
\br_
\be_
\bs_
\bs_
\bi_
\bo_
\bn [_
\bo_
\bp_
\be_
\br_
\ba_
\bt_
\bo_
\br _
\be_
\bx_
\bp_
\br_
\be_
\bs_
\bs_
\bi_
\bo_
\bn _
\b._
\b._
\b.]
1067 Test the value of an expression.
1069 .
\b.i
\bif
\bfd
\bde
\bef
\bf [!]_
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be [_
\bo_
\bp_
\be_
\br_
\ba_
\bt_
\bo_
\br _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be _
\b._
\b._
\b.]
1070 Test the value of a variable.
1072 .
\b.i
\bif
\bfn
\bnd
\bde
\bef
\bf [!]_
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be [_
\bo_
\bp_
\be_
\br_
\ba_
\bt_
\bo_
\br _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be _
\b._
\b._
\b.]
1073 Test the value of a variable.
1075 .
\b.i
\bif
\bfm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be [!]_
\bt_
\ba_
\br_
\bg_
\be_
\bt [_
\bo_
\bp_
\be_
\br_
\ba_
\bt_
\bo_
\br _
\bt_
\ba_
\br_
\bg_
\be_
\bt _
\b._
\b._
\b.]
1076 Test the target being built.
1078 .
\b.i
\bif
\bfn
\bnm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be [!] _
\bt_
\ba_
\br_
\bg_
\be_
\bt [_
\bo_
\bp_
\be_
\br_
\ba_
\bt_
\bo_
\br _
\bt_
\ba_
\br_
\bg_
\be_
\bt _
\b._
\b._
\b.]
1079 Test the target being built.
1081 .
\b.e
\bel
\bls
\bse
\be Reverse the sense of the last conditional.
1083 .
\b.e
\bel
\bli
\bif
\bf [!] _
\be_
\bx_
\bp_
\br_
\be_
\bs_
\bs_
\bi_
\bo_
\bn [_
\bo_
\bp_
\be_
\br_
\ba_
\bt_
\bo_
\br _
\be_
\bx_
\bp_
\br_
\be_
\bs_
\bs_
\bi_
\bo_
\bn _
\b._
\b._
\b.]
1084 A combination of `.
\b.e
\bel
\bls
\bse
\be' followed by `.
\b.i
\bif
\bf'.
1086 .
\b.e
\bel
\bli
\bif
\bfd
\bde
\bef
\bf [!]_
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be [_
\bo_
\bp_
\be_
\br_
\ba_
\bt_
\bo_
\br _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be _
\b._
\b._
\b.]
1087 A combination of `.
\b.e
\bel
\bls
\bse
\be' followed by `.
\b.i
\bif
\bfd
\bde
\bef
\bf'.
1089 .
\b.e
\bel
\bli
\bif
\bfn
\bnd
\bde
\bef
\bf [!]_
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be [_
\bo_
\bp_
\be_
\br_
\ba_
\bt_
\bo_
\br _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be _
\b._
\b._
\b.]
1090 A combination of `.
\b.e
\bel
\bls
\bse
\be' followed by `.
\b.i
\bif
\bfn
\bnd
\bde
\bef
\bf'.
1092 .
\b.e
\bel
\bli
\bif
\bfm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be [!]_
\bt_
\ba_
\br_
\bg_
\be_
\bt [_
\bo_
\bp_
\be_
\br_
\ba_
\bt_
\bo_
\br _
\bt_
\ba_
\br_
\bg_
\be_
\bt _
\b._
\b._
\b.]
1093 A combination of `.
\b.e
\bel
\bls
\bse
\be' followed by `.
\b.i
\bif
\bfm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be'.
1095 .
\b.e
\bel
\bli
\bif
\bfn
\bnm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be [!]_
\bt_
\ba_
\br_
\bg_
\be_
\bt [_
\bo_
\bp_
\be_
\br_
\ba_
\bt_
\bo_
\br _
\bt_
\ba_
\br_
\bg_
\be_
\bt _
\b._
\b._
\b.]
1096 A combination of `.
\b.e
\bel
\bls
\bse
\be' followed by `.
\b.i
\bif
\bfn
\bnm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be'.
1098 .
\b.e
\ben
\bnd
\bdi
\bif
\bf End the body of the conditional.
1100 The _
\bo_
\bp_
\be_
\br_
\ba_
\bt_
\bo_
\br may be any one of the following:
1102 |
\b||
\b| Logical OR.
1104 &
\b&&
\b& Logical AND; of higher precedence than ``||''.
1106 As in C, b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be will only evaluate a conditional as far as is necessary to
1107 determine its value. Parentheses may be used to change the order of
1108 evaluation. The boolean operator `!
\b!' may be used to logically negate an
1109 entire conditional. It is of higher precedence than `&
\b&&
\b&'.
1111 The value of _
\be_
\bx_
\bp_
\br_
\be_
\bs_
\bs_
\bi_
\bo_
\bn may be any of the following:
1113 d
\bde
\bef
\bfi
\bin
\bne
\bed
\bd Takes a variable name as an argument and evaluates to true if
1114 the variable has been defined.
1116 m
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be Takes a target name as an argument and evaluates to true if the
1117 target was specified as part of b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be's command line or was
1118 declared the default target (either implicitly or explicitly,
1119 see _
\b._
\bM_
\bA_
\bI_
\bN) before the line containing the conditional.
1121 e
\bem
\bmp
\bpt
\bty
\by Takes a variable, with possible modifiers, and evaluates to true
1122 if the expansion of the variable would result in an empty
1125 e
\bex
\bxi
\bis
\bst
\bts
\bs Takes a file name as an argument and evaluates to true if the
1126 file exists. The file is searched for on the system search path
1127 (see _
\b._
\bP_
\bA_
\bT_
\bH).
1129 t
\bta
\bar
\brg
\bge
\bet
\bt Takes a target name as an argument and evaluates to true if the
1130 target has been defined.
1132 c
\bco
\bom
\bmm
\bma
\ban
\bnd
\bds
\bs
1133 Takes a target name as an argument and evaluates to true if the
1134 target has been defined and has commands associated with it.
1136 _
\bE_
\bx_
\bp_
\br_
\be_
\bs_
\bs_
\bi_
\bo_
\bn may also be an arithmetic or string comparison. Variable
1137 expansion is performed on both sides of the comparison, after which the
1138 integral values are compared. A value is interpreted as hexadecimal if
1139 it is preceded by 0x, otherwise it is decimal; octal numbers are not sup-
1140 ported. The standard C relational operators are all supported. If after
1141 variable expansion, either the left or right hand side of a `=
\b==
\b=' or `!
\b!=
\b='
1142 operator is not an integral value, then string comparison is performed
1143 between the expanded variables. If no relational operator is given, it
1144 is assumed that the expanded variable is being compared against 0 or an
1145 empty string in the case of a string comparison.
1147 When b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be is evaluating one of these conditional expressions, and it
1148 encounters a (white-space separated) word it doesn't recognize, either
1149 the ``make'' or ``defined'' expression is applied to it, depending on the
1150 form of the conditional. If the form is `.
\b.i
\bif
\bfd
\bde
\bef
\bf', `.
\b.i
\bif
\bfn
\bnd
\bde
\bef
\bf', or `.
\b.i
\bif
\bf'
1151 the ``defined'' expression is applied. Similarly, if the form is
1152 `.
\b.i
\bif
\bfm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be' or `.
\b.i
\bif
\bfn
\bnm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be, t
\bth
\bhe
\be' ``make'' expression is applied.
1154 If the conditional evaluates to true the parsing of the makefile contin-
1155 ues as before. If it evaluates to false, the following lines are
1156 skipped. In both cases this continues until a `.
\b.e
\bel
\bls
\bse
\be' or `.
\b.e
\ben
\bnd
\bdi
\bif
\bf' is
1159 For loops are typically used to apply a set of rules to a list of files.
1160 The syntax of a for loop is:
1162 .
\b.f
\bfo
\bor
\br _
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be [_
\bv_
\ba_
\br_
\bi_
\ba_
\bb_
\bl_
\be _
\b._
\b._
\b.] i
\bin
\bn _
\be_
\bx_
\bp_
\br_
\be_
\bs_
\bs_
\bi_
\bo_
\bn
1164 .
\b.e
\ben
\bnd
\bdf
\bfo
\bor
\br
1166 After the for e
\bex
\bxp
\bpr
\bre
\bes
\bss
\bsi
\bio
\bon
\bn is evaluated, it is split into words. On each
1167 iteration of the loop, one word is taken and assigned to each v
\bva
\bar
\bri
\bia
\bab
\bbl
\ble
\be,
1168 in order, and these v
\bva
\bar
\bri
\bia
\bab
\bbl
\ble
\bes
\bs are substituted into the m
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be-
\b-r
\bru
\bul
\ble
\bes
\bs inside
1169 the body of the for loop. The number of words must come out even; that
1170 is, if there are three iteration variables, the number of words provided
1171 must be a multiple of three.
1173 C
\bCO
\bOM
\bMM
\bME
\bEN
\bNT
\bTS
\bS
1174 Comments begin with a hash (`#') character, anywhere but in a shell com-
1175 mand line, and continue to the end of an unescaped new line.
1177 S
\bSP
\bPE
\bEC
\bCI
\bIA
\bAL
\bL S
\bSO
\bOU
\bUR
\bRC
\bCE
\bES
\bS (
\b(A
\bAT
\bTT
\bTR
\bRI
\bIB
\bBU
\bUT
\bTE
\bES
\bS)
\b)
1178 .
\b.E
\bEX
\bXE
\bEC
\bC Target is never out of date, but always execute commands any-
1181 .
\b.I
\bIG
\bGN
\bNO
\bOR
\bRE
\bE Ignore any errors from the commands associated with this tar-
1182 get, exactly as if they all were preceded by a dash (`-').
1184 .
\b.M
\bMA
\bAD
\bDE
\bE Mark all sources of this target as being up-to-date.
1186 .
\b.M
\bMA
\bAK
\bKE
\bE Execute the commands associated with this target even if the -
\b-n
\bn
1187 or -
\b-t
\bt options were specified. Normally used to mark recursive
1188 b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\bes.
1190 .
\b.M
\bME
\bET
\bTA
\bA Create a meta file for the target, even if it is flagged as
1191 .
\b.P
\bPH
\bHO
\bON
\bNY
\bY, .
\b.M
\bMA
\bAK
\bKE
\bE, or .
\b.S
\bSP
\bPE
\bEC
\bCI
\bIA
\bAL
\bL. Usage in conjunction with .
\b.M
\bMA
\bAK
\bKE
\bE is
1192 the most likely case. In "meta" mode, the target is out-of-
1193 date if the meta file is missing.
1195 .
\b.N
\bNO
\bOM
\bME
\bET
\bTA
\bA Do not create a meta file for the target. Meta files are also
1196 not created for .
\b.P
\bPH
\bHO
\bON
\bNY
\bY, .
\b.M
\bMA
\bAK
\bKE
\bE, or .
\b.S
\bSP
\bPE
\bEC
\bCI
\bIA
\bAL
\bL targets.
1198 .
\b.N
\bNO
\bOM
\bME
\bET
\bTA
\bA_
\b_C
\bCM
\bMP
\bP
1199 Ignore differences in commands when deciding if target is out
1200 of date. This is useful if the command contains a value which
1201 always changes. If the number of commands change, though, the
1202 target will still be out of date. The same effect applies to
1203 any command line that uses the variable _
\b._
\bO_
\bO_
\bD_
\bA_
\bT_
\bE, which can be
1204 used for that purpose even when not otherwise needed or
1208 skip-compare-for-some:
1209 @echo this will be compared
1210 @echo this will not ${.OODATE:M.NOMETA_CMP}
1211 @echo this will also be compared
1213 The :
\b:M
\bM pattern suppresses any expansion of the unwanted vari-
1216 .
\b.N
\bNO
\bOP
\bPA
\bAT
\bTH
\bH Do not search for the target in the directories specified by
1217 .
\b.P
\bPA
\bAT
\bTH
\bH.
1219 .
\b.N
\bNO
\bOT
\bTM
\bMA
\bAI
\bIN
\bN Normally b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be selects the first target it encounters as the
1220 default target to be built if no target was specified. This
1221 source prevents this target from being selected.
1223 .
\b.O
\bOP
\bPT
\bTI
\bIO
\bON
\bNA
\bAL
\bL
1224 If a target is marked with this attribute and b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be can't fig-
1225 ure out how to create it, it will ignore this fact and assume
1226 the file isn't needed or already exists.
1228 .
\b.P
\bPH
\bHO
\bON
\bNY
\bY The target does not correspond to an actual file; it is always
1229 considered to be out of date, and will not be created with the
1230 -
\b-t
\bt option. Suffix-transformation rules are not applied to
1231 .
\b.P
\bPH
\bHO
\bON
\bNY
\bY targets.
1233 .
\b.P
\bPR
\bRE
\bEC
\bCI
\bIO
\bOU
\bUS
\bS
1234 When b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be is interrupted, it normally removes any partially
1235 made targets. This source prevents the target from being
1238 .
\b.R
\bRE
\bEC
\bCU
\bUR
\bRS
\bSI
\bIV
\bVE
\bE
1239 Synonym for .
\b.M
\bMA
\bAK
\bKE
\bE.
1241 .
\b.S
\bSI
\bIL
\bLE
\bEN
\bNT
\bT Do not echo any of the commands associated with this target,
1242 exactly as if they all were preceded by an at sign (`@').
1244 .
\b.U
\bUS
\bSE
\bE Turn the target into b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be's version of a macro. When the tar-
1245 get is used as a source for another target, the other target
1246 acquires the commands, sources, and attributes (except for
1247 .
\b.U
\bUS
\bSE
\bE) of the source. If the target already has commands, the
1248 .
\b.U
\bUS
\bSE
\bE target's commands are appended to them.
1250 .
\b.U
\bUS
\bSE
\bEB
\bBE
\bEF
\bFO
\bOR
\bRE
\bE
1251 Exactly like .
\b.U
\bUS
\bSE
\bE, but prepend the .
\b.U
\bUS
\bSE
\bEB
\bBE
\bEF
\bFO
\bOR
\bRE
\bE target commands
1254 .
\b.W
\bWA
\bAI
\bIT
\bT If .
\b.W
\bWA
\bAI
\bIT
\bT appears in a dependency line, the sources that precede
1255 it are made before the sources that succeed it in the line.
1256 Since the dependents of files are not made until the file
1257 itself could be made, this also stops the dependents being
1258 built unless they are needed for another branch of the depen-
1259 dency tree. So given:
1270 the output is always `a', `b1', `b', `x'.
1271 The ordering imposed by .
\b.W
\bWA
\bAI
\bIT
\bT is only relevant for parallel
1274 S
\bSP
\bPE
\bEC
\bCI
\bIA
\bAL
\bL T
\bTA
\bAR
\bRG
\bGE
\bET
\bTS
\bS
1275 Special targets may not be included with other targets, i.e. they must be
1276 the only target specified.
1278 .
\b.B
\bBE
\bEG
\bGI
\bIN
\bN Any command lines attached to this target are executed before
1279 anything else is done.
1281 .
\b.D
\bDE
\bEF
\bFA
\bAU
\bUL
\bLT
\bT
1282 This is sort of a .
\b.U
\bUS
\bSE
\bE rule for any target (that was used only
1283 as a source) that b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be can't figure out any other way to cre-
1284 ate. Only the shell script is used. The .
\b.I
\bIM
\bMP
\bPS
\bSR
\bRC
\bC variable of a
1285 target that inherits .
\b.D
\bDE
\bEF
\bFA
\bAU
\bUL
\bLT
\bT's commands is set to the target's
1288 .
\b.E
\bEN
\bND
\bD Any command lines attached to this target are executed after
1289 everything else is done.
1291 .
\b.E
\bER
\bRR
\bRO
\bOR
\bR Any command lines attached to this target are executed when
1292 another target fails. The .
\b.E
\bER
\bRR
\bRO
\bOR
\bR_
\b_T
\bTA
\bAR
\bRG
\bGE
\bET
\bT variable is set to the
1293 target that failed. See also M
\bMA
\bAK
\bKE
\bE_
\b_P
\bPR
\bRI
\bIN
\bNT
\bT_
\b_V
\bVA
\bAR
\bR_
\b_O
\bON
\bN_
\b_E
\bER
\bRR
\bRO
\bOR
\bR.
1295 .
\b.I
\bIG
\bGN
\bNO
\bOR
\bRE
\bE Mark each of the sources with the .
\b.I
\bIG
\bGN
\bNO
\bOR
\bRE
\bE attribute. If no
1296 sources are specified, this is the equivalent of specifying the
1299 .
\b.I
\bIN
\bNT
\bTE
\bER
\bRR
\bRU
\bUP
\bPT
\bT
1300 If b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be is interrupted, the commands for this target will be
1303 .
\b.M
\bMA
\bAI
\bIN
\bN If no target is specified when b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be is invoked, this target
1306 .
\b.M
\bMA
\bAK
\bKE
\bEF
\bFL
\bLA
\bAG
\bGS
\bS
1307 This target provides a way to specify flags for b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be when the
1308 makefile is used. The flags are as if typed to the shell,
1309 though the -
\b-f
\bf option will have no effect.
1311 .
\b.N
\bNO
\bOP
\bPA
\bAT
\bTH
\bH Apply the .
\b.N
\bNO
\bOP
\bPA
\bAT
\bTH
\bH attribute to any specified sources.
1313 .
\b.N
\bNO
\bOT
\bTP
\bPA
\bAR
\bRA
\bAL
\bLL
\bLE
\bEL
\bL
1314 Disable parallel mode.
1316 .
\b.N
\bNO
\bO_
\b_P
\bPA
\bAR
\bRA
\bAL
\bLL
\bLE
\bEL
\bL
1317 Synonym for .
\b.N
\bNO
\bOT
\bTP
\bPA
\bAR
\bRA
\bAL
\bLL
\bLE
\bEL
\bL, for compatibility with other pmake
1320 .
\b.O
\bOB
\bBJ
\bJD
\bDI
\bIR
\bR The source is a new value for `_
\b._
\bO_
\bB_
\bJ_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR'. If it exists, b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be
1321 will chdir(2) to it and update the value of `_
\b._
\bO_
\bB_
\bJ_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR'.
1323 .
\b.O
\bOR
\bRD
\bDE
\bER
\bR The named targets are made in sequence. This ordering does not
1324 add targets to the list of targets to be made. Since the depen-
1325 dents of a target do not get built until the target itself could
1326 be built, unless `a' is built by another part of the dependency
1327 graph, the following is a dependency loop:
1332 The ordering imposed by .
\b.O
\bOR
\bRD
\bDE
\bER
\bR is only relevant for parallel
1335 .
\b.P
\bPA
\bAT
\bTH
\bH The sources are directories which are to be searched for files
1336 not found in the current directory. If no sources are speci-
1337 fied, any previously specified directories are deleted. If the
1338 source is the special .
\b.D
\bDO
\bOT
\bTL
\bLA
\bAS
\bST
\bT target, then the current working
1339 directory is searched last.
1341 .
\b.P
\bPA
\bAT
\bTH
\bH.
\b._
\bs_
\bu_
\bf_
\bf_
\bi_
\bx
1342 Like .
\b.P
\bPA
\bAT
\bTH
\bH but applies only to files with a particular suffix.
1343 The suffix must have been previously declared with .
\b.S
\bSU
\bUF
\bFF
\bFI
\bIX
\bXE
\bES
\bS.
1345 .
\b.P
\bPH
\bHO
\bON
\bNY
\bY Apply the .
\b.P
\bPH
\bHO
\bON
\bNY
\bY attribute to any specified sources.
1347 .
\b.P
\bPR
\bRE
\bEC
\bCI
\bIO
\bOU
\bUS
\bS
1348 Apply the .
\b.P
\bPR
\bRE
\bEC
\bCI
\bIO
\bOU
\bUS
\bS attribute to any specified sources. If no
1349 sources are specified, the .
\b.P
\bPR
\bRE
\bEC
\bCI
\bIO
\bOU
\bUS
\bS attribute is applied to
1350 every target in the file.
1352 .
\b.S
\bSH
\bHE
\bEL
\bLL
\bL Sets the shell that b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be will use to execute commands. The
1353 sources are a set of _
\bf_
\bi_
\be_
\bl_
\bd_
\b=_
\bv_
\ba_
\bl_
\bu_
\be pairs.
1355 _
\bn_
\ba_
\bm_
\be This is the minimal specification, used to select
1356 one of the built-in shell specs; _
\bs_
\bh, _
\bk_
\bs_
\bh, and _
\bc_
\bs_
\bh.
1358 _
\bp_
\ba_
\bt_
\bh Specifies the path to the shell.
1360 _
\bh_
\ba_
\bs_
\bE_
\br_
\br_
\bC_
\bt_
\bl Indicates whether the shell supports exit on error.
1362 _
\bc_
\bh_
\be_
\bc_
\bk The command to turn on error checking.
1364 _
\bi_
\bg_
\bn_
\bo_
\br_
\be The command to disable error checking.
1366 _
\be_
\bc_
\bh_
\bo The command to turn on echoing of commands executed.
1368 _
\bq_
\bu_
\bi_
\be_
\bt The command to turn off echoing of commands exe-
1371 _
\bf_
\bi_
\bl_
\bt_
\be_
\br The output to filter after issuing the _
\bq_
\bu_
\bi_
\be_
\bt com-
1372 mand. It is typically identical to _
\bq_
\bu_
\bi_
\be_
\bt.
1374 _
\be_
\br_
\br_
\bF_
\bl_
\ba_
\bg The flag to pass the shell to enable error checking.
1376 _
\be_
\bc_
\bh_
\bo_
\bF_
\bl_
\ba_
\bg The flag to pass the shell to enable command echo-
1379 _
\bn_
\be_
\bw_
\bl_
\bi_
\bn_
\be The string literal to pass the shell that results in
1380 a single newline character when used outside of any
1384 .SHELL: name=ksh path=/bin/ksh hasErrCtl=true \
1385 check="set -e" ignore="set +e" \
1386 echo="set -v" quiet="set +v" filter="set +v" \
1387 echoFlag=v errFlag=e newline="'\n'"
1389 .
\b.S
\bSI
\bIL
\bLE
\bEN
\bNT
\bT Apply the .
\b.S
\bSI
\bIL
\bLE
\bEN
\bNT
\bT attribute to any specified sources. If no
1390 sources are specified, the .
\b.S
\bSI
\bIL
\bLE
\bEN
\bNT
\bT attribute is applied to every
1391 command in the file.
1393 .
\b.S
\bST
\bTA
\bAL
\bLE
\bE This target gets run when a dependency file contains stale
1394 entries, having _
\b._
\bA_
\bL_
\bL_
\bS_
\bR_
\bC set to the name of that dependency file.
1396 .
\b.S
\bSU
\bUF
\bFF
\bFI
\bIX
\bXE
\bES
\bS
1397 Each source specifies a suffix to b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be. If no sources are
1398 specified, any previously specified suffixes are deleted. It
1399 allows the creation of suffix-transformation rules.
1405 cc -o ${.TARGET} -c ${.IMPSRC}
1407 E
\bEN
\bNV
\bVI
\bIR
\bRO
\bON
\bNM
\bME
\bEN
\bNT
\bT
1408 b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be uses the following environment variables, if they exist: MACHINE,
1409 MACHINE_ARCH, MAKE, MAKEFLAGS, MAKEOBJDIR, MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX, MAKESYSPATH,
1412 MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX and MAKEOBJDIR may only be set in the environment or on
1413 the command line to b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be and not as makefile variables; see the descrip-
1414 tion of `_
\b._
\bO_
\bB_
\bJ_
\bD_
\bI_
\bR' for more details.
1416 F
\bFI
\bIL
\bLE
\bES
\bS
1417 .depend list of dependencies
1418 Makefile list of dependencies
1419 makefile list of dependencies
1420 sys.mk system makefile
1421 /usr/share/mk system makefile directory
1423 C
\bCO
\bOM
\bMP
\bPA
\bAT
\bTI
\bIB
\bBI
\bIL
\bLI
\bIT
\bTY
\bY
1424 The basic make syntax is compatible between different versions of make;
1425 however the special variables, variable modifiers and conditionals are
1428 O
\bOl
\bld
\bde
\ber
\br v
\bve
\ber
\brs
\bsi
\bio
\bon
\bns
\bs
1429 An incomplete list of changes in older versions of b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be:
1431 The way that .for loop variables are substituted changed after NetBSD 5.0
1432 so that they still appear to be variable expansions. In particular this
1433 stops them being treated as syntax, and removes some obscure problems
1434 using them in .if statements.
1436 The way that parallel makes are scheduled changed in NetBSD 4.0 so that
1437 .ORDER and .WAIT apply recursively to the dependent nodes. The algo-
1438 rithms used may change again in the future.
1440 O
\bOt
\bth
\bhe
\ber
\br m
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be d
\bdi
\bia
\bal
\ble
\bec
\bct
\bts
\bs
1441 Other make dialects (GNU make, SVR4 make, POSIX make, etc.) do not sup-
1442 port most of the features of b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be as described in this manual. Most
1445 +
\b+
\bo
\bo The .
\b.W
\bWA
\bAI
\bIT
\bT and .
\b.O
\bOR
\bRD
\bDE
\bER
\bR declarations and most functionality per-
1446 taining to parallelization. (GNU make supports parallelization
1447 but lacks these features needed to control it effectively.)
1449 +
\b+
\bo
\bo Directives, including for loops and conditionals and most of
1450 the forms of include files. (GNU make has its own incompatible
1451 and less powerful syntax for conditionals.)
1453 +
\b+
\bo
\bo All built-in variables that begin with a dot.
1455 +
\b+
\bo
\bo Most of the special sources and targets that begin with a dot,
1456 with the notable exception of .
\b.P
\bPH
\bHO
\bON
\bNY
\bY, .
\b.P
\bPR
\bRE
\bEC
\bCI
\bIO
\bOU
\bUS
\bS, and .
\b.S
\bSU
\bUF
\bFF
\bFI
\bIX
\bXE
\bES
\bS.
1458 +
\b+
\bo
\bo Variable modifiers, except for the
1460 string substitution, which does not portably support globbing
1461 with `%' and historically only works on declared suffixes.
1463 +
\b+
\bo
\bo The $
\b$>
\b> variable even in its short form; most makes support this
1464 functionality but its name varies.
1466 Some features are somewhat more portable, such as assignment with +
\b+=
\b=, ?
\b?=
\b=,
1467 and !
\b!=
\b=. The .
\b.P
\bPA
\bAT
\bTH
\bH functionality is based on an older feature V
\bVP
\bPA
\bAT
\bTH
\bH found
1468 in GNU make and many versions of SVR4 make; however, historically its
1469 behavior is too ill-defined (and too buggy) to rely upon.
1471 The $
\b$@
\b@ and $
\b$<
\b< variables are more or less universally portable, as is the
1472 $
\b$(
\b(M
\bMA
\bAK
\bKE
\bE)
\b) variable. Basic use of suffix rules (for files only in the cur-
1473 rent directory, not trying to chain transformations together, etc.) is
1474 also reasonably portable.
1476 S
\bSE
\bEE
\bE A
\bAL
\bLS
\bSO
\bO
1479 H
\bHI
\bIS
\bST
\bTO
\bOR
\bRY
\bY
1480 b
\bbm
\bma
\bak
\bke
\be is derived from NetBSD make(1). It uses autoconf to facilitate
1481 portability to other platforms.
1483 A make command appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX. This make implementation
1484 is based on Adam De Boor's pmake program which was written for Sprite at
1485 Berkeley. It was designed to be a parallel distributed make running jobs
1486 on different machines using a daemon called ``customs''.
1488 Historically the target/dependency ``FRC'' has been used to FoRCe
1489 rebuilding (since the target/dependency does not exist... unless someone
1490 creates an ``FRC'' file).
1493 The make syntax is difficult to parse without actually acting of the
1494 data. For instance finding the end of a variable use should involve
1495 scanning each the modifiers using the correct terminator for each field.
1496 In many places make just counts {} and () in order to find the end of a
1499 There is no way of escaping a space character in a filename.
1501 NetBSD 5.1 August 15, 2016 NetBSD 5.1