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8 % Copyright (c) 1986,87,89 by Frame Technology, Inc. All rights reserved.
9 %
10 % Known Problems:
11 % Due to bugs in Transcript, the 'PS-Adobe-' is omitted from line 1
12 % $FreeBSD: src/secure/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.ps,v 1.3 2008/07/03 03:36:58 peter Exp $
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811 {pop 0} setundercolorremoval
812 {} setblackgeneration
813 } bind def
814 /tran FMLOCAL
815 /fakecolorsetup {
816 /tran 256 string def
817 0 1 255 {/indx exch def
818 tran indx
819 red indx get 77 mul
820 green indx get 151 mul
821 blue indx get 28 mul
822 add add 256 idiv put} for
823 currenttransfer
824 {255 mul cvi tran exch get 255.0 div}
825 exch Fmcc settransfer
826 } bind def
827 /BITMAPCOLOR {
828 /d 8 def
829 gsave
830 translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def
831 /bitmapsave save def
832 colorsetup
833 /is w d wbytes string def
834 /cf currentfile def
835 w h d [w 0 0 h neg 0 h]
836 {cf is readhexstring pop} {is} {is} true 3 colorimage
837 bitmapsave restore
838 grestore
839 } bind def
840 /BITMAPCOLORc {
841 /d 8 def
842 gsave
843 translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def
844 /lb w d wbytes def
845 sl lb lt {lb ms} if
846 /bitmapsave save def
847 colorsetup
848 /is im 0 lb getinterval def
849 ws 0 lb getinterval is copy pop
850 /cf currentfile def
851 w h d [w 0 0 h neg 0 h]
852 {ip} {is} {is} true 3 colorimage
853 bitmapsave restore
854 grestore
855 } bind def
856 /BITMAPGRAY {
857 8 {fakecolorsetup} COMMONBITMAP
858 } bind def
859 /BITMAPGRAYc {
860 8 {fakecolorsetup} COMMONBITMAPc
861 } bind def
862 /ENDBITMAP {
863 } bind def
864 end
865 %%EndProlog
866 %%BeginSetup
867 (2.0) FMVERSION
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870 fillprocs 0 { 0.000000 grayness } put
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873 fillprocs 3 { 0.500000 grayness } put
874 fillprocs 4 { 0.700000 grayness } put
875 fillprocs 5 { 0.900000 grayness } put
876 fillprocs 6 { 0.970000 grayness } put
877 fillprocs 7 { 1.000000 grayness } put
878 fillprocs 8 {<0f87c3e1f0783c1e> 8 1 setpattern } put
879 fillprocs 9 {<0f1e3c78f0e1c387> 8 1 setpattern } put
880 fillprocs 10 {<cccccccccccccccc> 8 1 setpattern } put
881 fillprocs 11 {<ffff0000ffff0000> 8 1 setpattern } put
882 fillprocs 12 {<8142241818244281> 8 1 setpattern } put
883 fillprocs 13 {<8040201008040201> 8 1 setpattern } put
884 fillprocs 14 {<03060c183060c081> 8 1 setpattern } put
885 fillprocs 15 {} put
886 fillprocs 16 { 1.000000 grayness } put
887 fillprocs 17 { 0.900000 grayness } put
888 fillprocs 18 { 0.700000 grayness } put
889 fillprocs 19 { 0.500000 grayness } put
890 fillprocs 20 { 0.300000 grayness } put
891 fillprocs 21 { 0.100000 grayness } put
892 fillprocs 22 { 0.030000 grayness } put
893 fillprocs 23 { 0.000000 grayness } put
894 fillprocs 24 {<f0783c1e0f87c3e1> 8 1 setpattern } put
895 fillprocs 25 {<f0e1c3870f1e3c78> 8 1 setpattern } put
896 fillprocs 26 {<3333333333333333> 8 1 setpattern } put
897 fillprocs 27 {<0000ffff0000ffff> 8 1 setpattern } put
898 fillprocs 28 {<7ebddbe7e7dbbd7e> 8 1 setpattern } put
899 fillprocs 29 {<7fbfdfeff7fbfdfe> 8 1 setpattern } put
900 fillprocs 30 {<fcf9f3e7cf9f3f7e> 8 1 setpattern } put
901 fillprocs 31 {} put
902 %%EndSetup
903 0 12 /Helvetica-Bold FMDEFINEFONT
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907 %%EndPaperSize
908 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE
909 144 144 468 396 R
910 7 X
911 0 K
912 V
913 0 F
914 0 X
915 1.2 (IMPLEMENT) 178.34 388 S
916 1.2 (A) 258.88 388 S
917 1.2 (TION NOTES ON ) 267.85 388 S
918 1 F
919 1.2 (bdes) 382.61 388 S
920 0 F
921 1.2 (\0501\051) 415.4 388 S
922 1.2 (Matt Bishop) 265.09 338 S
923 1.2 (T) 197.74 288 S
924 1.2 (echnical Report PCS-TR91-158) 205.38 288 S
925 FMENDPAGE
926 %%EndPage: "-1" 2
927 %%Page: "0" 2
928 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE
929 72 72 540 720 R
930 7 X
931 0 K
932 V
933 FMENDPAGE
934 %%EndPage: "0" 3
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937 2 18 /Times-BoldItalic FMDEFINEFONT
938 3 12 /Times-Italic FMDEFINEFONT
939 4 12 /Times-Bold FMDEFINEFONT
940 5 10 /Times-Roman FMDEFINEFONT
941 6 12 /Courier FMDEFINEFONT
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946 %%Page: "1" 3
947 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE
948 72 745.99 540 756 R
949 7 X
950 0 K
951 V
952 72 32.69 540 42.7 R
953 V
954 0 F
955 0 X
956 (Page 1 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T
957 72 72 540 720 R
958 7 X
959 V
960 1 F
961 0 X
962 (Implementation Notes on ) 179.84 708 T
963 2 F
964 (bdes) 378.21 708 T
965 1 F
966 (\0501\051) 411.19 708 T
967 0 F
968 ( ) 432.17 708 T
969 3 F
970 (Matt Bishop) 276.51 676 T
971 0 F
972 (Department of Mathematics and Computer Science) 182.92 656 T
973 (Dartmouth College) 259.86 642 T
974 (Hanover) 257.45 628 T
975 (, NH 03755) 298.26 628 T
976 3 F
977 (ABSTRACT) 277.68 602 T
978 0 F
979 0.27 (This note describes the implementation of ) 108 582 P
980 3 F
981 0.27 (bdes) 314.13 582 P
982 0 F
983 0.27 (, the \336le encryption program being) 336.12 582 P
984 0.36 (distributed in the 4.4 release of the Berkeley Software Distribution. It implements) 108 568 P
985 (all modes of the Data Encryption Standard program.) 108 554 T
986 4 F
987 (1. Intr) 72 528 T
988 (oduction) 104.43 528 T
989 0 F
990 -0.09 (The Data Encryption Standard is a standard endorsed by the federal government. It is con-) 108 504 P
991 -0.56 (siderably stronger than the algorithm used by the ) 72 484 P
992 5 F
993 -0.47 (UNIX) 305.36 484 P
994 0 F
995 -0.56 (\252 ) 330.34 484 P
996 3 F
997 -0.56 (crypt) 344.53 484 P
998 0 F
999 -0.56 (\0501\051 program, and therefore is a more) 369.18 484 P
1000 0.11 (suitable candidate for protecting information, especially information contained in ) 72 464 P
1001 5 F
1002 0.09 (ASCII) 466.05 464 P
1003 0 F
1004 0.11 ( \336les. The) 492.14 464 P
1005 -0.65 (program ) 72 444 P
1006 3 F
1007 -0.65 (bdes) 114.99 444 P
1008 0 F
1009 -0.65 (\0501\051 implements the DES and all of its modes, including the two authentication modes.) 136.97 444 P
1010 -0.59 (Because others may wish to write software compatible with this program, this note presents) 108 420 P
1011 -0.04 (the layout of the encrypted \336les produced by ) 72 400 P
1012 3 F
1013 -0.04 (bdes) 288.86 400 P
1014 0 F
1015 -0.04 ( as well as internal details relevant to the imple-) 310.85 400 P
1016 -0.15 (mentation. Whereever possible and appropriate, the description of the ) 72 380 P
1017 3 F
1018 -0.15 (des) 408.04 380 P
1019 0 F
1020 -0.15 (\0501\051 program given in [4]) 424.03 380 P
1021 -0.2 (has been followed; thus, ) 72 360 P
1022 3 F
1023 -0.2 (bdes) 190.77 360 P
1024 0 F
1025 -0.2 ( is completely compatible with that program. However) 212.75 360 P
1026 -0.2 (, ) 473.33 360 P
1027 3 F
1028 -0.2 (bdes) 479.12 360 P
1029 0 F
1030 -0.2 ( also of-) 501.11 360 P
1031 (fers several extensions to ) 72 340 T
1032 3 F
1033 (des) 195.9 340 T
1034 0 F
1035 ( that are not compatible, and these will be explicitly pointed out.) 211.89 340 T
1036 -0.14 (In this note, strings typed as shown will be in ) 108 316 P
1037 6 F
1038 -0.34 (Courier Roman font) 326.78 316 P
1039 0 F
1040 -0.14 (, and strings to be) 455.62 316 P
1041 -0.42 (chosen by the user will be in ) 72 296 P
1042 7 F
1043 -1 (Courier Oblique font) 209.32 296 P
1044 0 F
1045 -0.42 (. The space character \050) 351.24 296 P
1046 5 F
1047 -0.35 (ASCII) 457.79 296 P
1048 0 F
1049 -0.42 ( <) 483.88 296 P
1050 5 F
1051 -0.35 (SP) 493.23 296 P
1052 0 F
1053 -0.42 (>, octal) 504.34 296 P
1054 -0.43 (40, decimal 32, hex 20\051 will be represented as \322) 72 276 P
1055 8 F
1056 -0.47 (z) 296.98 276 P
1057 0 F
1058 -0.43 (\323 and the newline character \050) 301.96 276 P
1059 5 F
1060 -0.35 (ASCII) 438.03 276 P
1061 0 F
1062 -0.43 ( <) 464.13 276 P
1063 5 F
1064 -0.35 (NL) 473.46 276 P
1065 0 F
1066 -0.43 (>, octal 12,) 486.79 276 P
1067 -0.05 (decimal 10, hex a\051 as \322) 72 256 P
1068 9 F
1069 -0.05 (\277) 181.65 256 P
1070 0 F
1071 -0.05 (\323. Because it is often more convenient to represent arbitrary characters as) 189.54 256 P
1072 1.13 (a sequence of hexadecimal digits, that representation will often be used; these digits will be in) 72 236 P
1073 10 F
1074 (Courier Bold font) 72 216 T
1075 0 F
1076 ( with spaces often inserted for readability) 194.33 216 T
1077 (.) 392.07 216 T
1078 4 F
1079 (2. Overview and Use) 72 184 T
1080 3 F
1081 -0.39 (Bdes) 108 160 P
1082 0 F
1083 -0.39 ( implements the Data Encryption Standard algorithm in software, and enables the user) 131.32 160 P
1084 -0.61 (to encrypt data using any of the four modes of operation of the DES \050Electronic Code Book, Cipher) 72 140 P
1085 72 72 540 720 C
1086 72 72 540 117 C
1087 72 72 549 108 R
1088 7 X
1089 0 K
1090 V
1091 5 F
1092 0 X
1093 (This work is based on work funded by grant NAG2-680 from the National
1094 Aeronautics and Space Administration to ) 72 101.33 T
1095 (Dartmouth College.) 72 89.33 T
1096 (UNIX is a Registered T) 72 77.33 T
1097 (rademark of A) 166.58 77.33 T
1098 (T&T Bell Laboratories.) 223.75 77.33 T
1099 72 72 540 720 C
1100 0 0 612 792 C
1101 72 126 225 126 2 L
1102 7 X
1103 0 K
1104 V
1105 0.5 H
1106 2 Z
1107 0 X
1108 N
1109 FMENDPAGE
1110 %%EndPage: "1" 4
1111 %%Page: "2" 4
1112 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE
1113 72 745.99 540 756 R
1114 7 X
1115 0 K
1116 V
1117 72 32.69 540 42.7 R
1118 V
1119 0 F
1120 0 X
1121 (Page 2 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T
1122 72 72 540 720 R
1123 7 X
1124 V
1125 0 X
1126 0.31 (Block Chaining, ) 72 712 P
1127 3 F
1128 0.31 (k) 154.25 712 P
1129 0 F
1130 0.31 (-bit Cipher Feed Back, and ) 159.58 712 P
1131 3 F
1132 0.31 (k) 293.71 712 P
1133 0 F
1134 0.31 (-bit Output Feed Back\051 as well as the Alternate ) 299.04 712 P
1135 3 F
1136 0.31 (k) 530.68 712 P
1137 0 F
1138 0.31 (-) 536.01 712 P
1139 -0.04 (bit Cipher Feed Back mode. Further) 72 692 P
1140 -0.04 (, ) 244.52 692 P
1141 3 F
1142 -0.04 (bdes) 250.48 692 P
1143 0 F
1144 -0.04 ( supports message authentication code generation based) 272.46 692 P
1145 (on both the Cipher Block Chaining mode and the ) 72 672 T
1146 3 F
1147 (k) 310.86 672 T
1148 0 F
1149 (-bit Cipher Feed Back mode.) 316.19 672 T
1150 0.07 (By default, ) 108 648 P
1151 3 F
1152 0.07 (bdes) 164.43 648 P
1153 0 F
1154 0.07 ( encrypts an input \336le using Cipher Block Chaining mode, and is invoked) 186.41 648 P
1155 -0.4 (as a \336lter) 72 628 P
1156 -0.4 (. The key may be speci\336ed either on the command line or may be typed to the prompt. So,) 114.51 628 P
1157 (if the input \336le ) 72 608 T
1158 7 F
1159 (inputf) 145.96 608 T
1160 (ile) 189.14 608 T
1161 0 F
1162 ( contains the message) 210.73 608 T
1163 6 F
1164 (a) 253.9 584 T
1165 8 F
1166 (z) 261.1 584 T
1167 6 F
1168 (test) 266.07 584 T
1169 8 F
1170 (z) 294.86 584 T
1171 6 F
1172 (message) 299.83 584 T
1173 9 F
1174 (\277) 350.21 584 T
1175 0 F
1176 (then the following command encrypts it using the key ) 72 560 T
1177 6 F
1178 (abcdefgh) 333.5 560 T
1179 0 F
1180 (:) 391.07 560 T
1181 6 F
1182 (bdes -k abcdefgh < ) 158.48 536 T
1183 7 F
1184 (inputf) 295.21 536 T
1185 (ile) 338.38 536 T
1186 6 F
1187 ( > ) 359.97 536 T
1188 7 F
1189 (outputf) 381.56 536 T
1190 (ile) 431.93 536 T
1191 0 F
1192 (The option ) 72 512 T
1193 4 F
1194 (-k) 127.3 512 T
1195 0 F
1196 ( indicates the next ar) 137.96 512 T
1197 (gument is the key) 237.01 512 T
1198 (. Now ) 321.17 512 T
1199 7 F
1200 (outputf) 353.48 512 T
1201 (ile) 403.86 512 T
1202 0 F
1203 ( contains) 425.45 512 T
1204 10 F
1205 (16 0e eb af 68 a0 d0 19 f1 a2 9b 31 0d 8a 01 c3) 136.89 488 T
1206 0 F
1207 0.06 (Other modes are speci\336ed using command-line options, as is control of the way the key is) 108 464 P
1208 (interpreted. The next sections contain several examples, and the Appendix has the manual page.) 72 444 T
1209 4 F
1210 (3. Keys and Parity) 72 412 T
1211 0 F
1212 0.58 (The key consists of 64 bits, and may be presented in any of hex, binary) 108 388 P
1213 0.58 (, or as a string of) 456.48 388 P
1214 5 F
1215 0.12 (ASCII) 72 368 P
1216 0 F
1217 0.14 ( characters. If the key is given in hex or binary) 98.1 368 P
1218 0.14 (, it is used as is with no changes. However) 322.21 368 P
1219 0.14 (, if) 526.53 368 P
1220 -0.27 (the key is given in ) 72 348 P
1221 5 F
1222 -0.23 (ASCII) 161.59 348 P
1223 0 F
1224 -0.27 (, a delicate problem arises: by convention, the parity bit is usually set to 0.) 187.69 348 P
1225 -0.47 (This high-order bit is generally ignored by applications; but the DES
1226 does not do so. Instead, it dis-) 72 328 P
1227 -0.14 (cards the low-order bit, ef) 72 308 P
1228 -0.14 (fectively reducing the size of the space of possible keys from 2) 195.44 308 P
1229 5 F
1230 -0.12 (56) 495.97 312.8 P
1231 0 F
1232 -0.14 ( to 2) 505.97 308 P
1233 5 F
1234 -0.12 (48) 527.01 312.8 P
1235 0 F
1236 -0.14 (.) 537 308 P
1237 -0.46 ( T) 108 284 P
1238 -0.46 (o preserve the size of the key space, the value of the parity bit must be related to the value) 117.03 284 P
1239 -0.09 (in the low-order bit, so the program sets the high-order bit to make each character in the key be of) 72 264 P
1240 -0.7 (odd parity) 72 244 P
1241 -0.7 (. \050Note that the initial value of the parity bit is ) 119.49 244 P
1242 3 F
1243 -0.7 (not) 334.99 244 P
1244 0 F
1245 -0.7 ( used in this computation.\051 For example,) 350.31 244 P
1246 (if the key is ) 72 224 T
1247 6 F
1248 (abcdefgh) 131.29 224 T
1249 0 F
1250 (, the actual key bits used are determined as follows:) 188.86 224 T
1251 5 F
1252 (ASCII) 99 200 T
1253 0 F
1254 ( key) 125.1 200 T
1255 6 F
1256 (a) 243 200 T
1257 (b) 279 200 T
1258 (c) 315 200 T
1259 (d) 351 200 T
1260 (e) 387 200 T
1261 (f) 423 200 T
1262 (g) 459 200 T
1263 (h) 495 200 T
1264 5 F
1265 (ASCII) 99 180 T
1266 0 F
1267 ( key bits \050hex\051) 125.1 180 T
1268 10 F
1269 (61) 243 180 T
1270 (62) 279 180 T
1271 (63) 315 180 T
1272 (64) 351 180 T
1273 (65) 387 180 T
1274 (66) 423 180 T
1275 (67) 459 180 T
1276 (68) 495 180 T
1277 0 F
1278 (parity) 99 160 T
1279 (odd) 243 160 T
1280 (odd) 279 160 T
1281 (even) 315 160 T
1282 (odd) 351 160 T
1283 (even) 387 160 T
1284 (even) 423 160 T
1285 (odd) 459 160 T
1286 (odd) 495 160 T
1287 (key bits used \050hex\051) 99 140 T
1288 10 F
1289 (61) 243 140 T
1290 (62) 279 140 T
1291 (e3) 315 140 T
1292 (64) 351 140 T
1293 (e5) 387 140 T
1294 (e6) 423 140 T
1295 (67) 459 140 T
1296 (68) 495 140 T
1297 0 F
1298 0.18 (This convention \050as opposed to requiring even parity) 108 120 P
1299 0.18 (, or simply copying the low-order bit) 362 120 P
1300 -0.41 (to the high-order bit\051 was chosen to provide compatibility with the encryption program ) 72 100 P
1301 3 F
1302 -0.41 (des) 486.77 100 P
1303 0 F
1304 -0.41 ( distrib-) 502.76 100 P
1305 -0.52 (uted by Sun Microsystems, Inc. [4]. Whether the key is entered on the command line or on the key-) 72 80 P
1306 FMENDPAGE
1307 %%EndPage: "2" 5
1308 %%Page: "3" 5
1309 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE
1310 72 745.99 540 756 R
1311 7 X
1312 0 K
1313 V
1314 72 32.69 540 42.7 R
1315 V
1316 0 F
1317 0 X
1318 (Page 3 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T
1319 72 72 540 720 R
1320 7 X
1321 V
1322 0 X
1323 1.89 (board, by default it is processed into the same key schedule generated by Sun\325) 72 712 P
1324 1.89 (s ) 471.02 712 P
1325 3 F
1326 1.89 (des) 480.58 712 P
1327 0 F
1328 1.89 (, so \336les) 496.56 712 P
1329 (encrypted on a Sun can be decrypted using ) 72 692 T
1330 3 F
1331 (bdes) 280.51 692 T
1332 0 F
1333 ( \050and vice versa\051.) 302.49 692 T
1334 -0.3 (If the user does not wish to use the Sun convention, the option \320) 108 668 P
1335 4 F
1336 -0.3 (p) 411.9 668 P
1337 0 F
1338 -0.3 ( will disable the parity bit) 418.57 668 P
1339 -0.62 (changing; with it, the parity bit is that of the character typed. This
1340 is useful when the key is a known) 72 648 P
1341 5 F
1342 (ASCII) 72 628 T
1343 0 F
1344 ( string and the \336le was encrypted on a system which does not alter parity bits.) 98.1 628 T
1345 -0.24 (A key may be represented as a bit vector) 108 604 P
1346 -0.24 (, rather than an ) 300.74 604 P
1347 5 F
1348 -0.2 (ASCII) 374.7 604 P
1349 0 F
1350 -0.24 ( string, in one of two ways. It) 400.8 604 P
1351 0.19 (may be represented as a string of up to 16 hexadecimal digits; if fewer than 16 are given, the key) 72 584 P
1352 0.16 (is right \336lled with 0 bits. Or) 72 564 P
1353 0.16 (, it may be represented as a string of up to 64 binary digits, and again) 206.11 564 P
1354 0.15 (if fewer than 64 are given, the key is right-\336lled with 0 bits. Bit
1355 vector keys must be given on the) 72 544 P
1356 0.51 (command line, and must begin with the characters ) 72 524 P
1357 6 F
1358 1.24 (0x) 320.28 524 P
1359 0 F
1360 0.51 ( or ) 334.67 524 P
1361 6 F
1362 1.24 (0X) 351.69 524 P
1363 0 F
1364 0.51 ( \050for hexadecimal\051 or ) 366.08 524 P
1365 6 F
1366 1.24 (0b) 472.71 524 P
1367 0 F
1368 0.51 ( or ) 487.1 524 P
1369 6 F
1370 1.24 (0B) 504.12 524 P
1371 0 F
1372 0.51 ( \050for) 518.51 524 P
1373 (binary\051. For example, all of the following strings generate the same key schedule:) 72 504 T
1374 5 F
1375 (ASCII) 72 480 T
1376 0 F
1377 ( key) 98.1 480 T
1378 6 F
1379 (abcdefgh) 180 480 T
1380 0 F
1381 (hexadecimal key) 72 460 T
1382 6 F
1383 (0x6162e364e5e66768) 180 460 T
1384 0 F
1385 (binary key) 72 440 T
1386 6 F
1387 (0b0110000101100010111000110110100011100101111000-) 180 440 T
1388 (1100110011101101000) 180 420 T
1389 0 F
1390 -0.14 ( Note that giving the key on the command line as ) 108 396 P
1391 6 F
1392 -0.34 (0x6162636465666768) 345.27 396 P
1393 0 F
1394 -0.14 ( will ) 474.8 396 P
1395 3 F
1396 -0.14 (not) 499.17 396 P
1397 0 F
1398 -0.14 ( reset) 514.5 396 P
1399 0.25 (the parity bits, because it is interpreted as a sequence of hex digits, not ) 72 376 P
1400 5 F
1401 0.21 (ASCII) 416.58 376 P
1402 0 F
1403 0.25 ( characters. The dif-) 442.68 376 P
1404 0.69 (ference in interpretation is that here the user can specify all bits of the key exactly) 72 356 P
1405 0.69 (, whereas \050on) 474.34 356 P
1406 0.25 (most terminals\051 it is not possible to control how the parity bit of ) 72 336 P
1407 5 F
1408 0.21 (ASCII) 384.76 336 P
1409 0 F
1410 0.25 ( characters is set. On some) 410.85 336 P
1411 0.36 (systems, it is possible to use a \322Meta\323 key to set the parity bit for an ) 72 316 P
1412 5 F
1413 0.3 (ASCII) 407.23 316 P
1414 0 F
1415 0.36 ( character; should this) 433.33 316 P
1416 -0.3 (be the case and the user desire ) 72 296 P
1417 3 F
1418 -0.3 (bdes) 218.09 296 P
1419 0 F
1420 -0.3 ( not to reset the parity bit, the option ) 240.07 296 P
1421 4 F
1422 -0.3 (\320p) 415.25 296 P
1423 0 F
1424 -0.3 ( will force the parity bit) 427.92 296 P
1425 (to be used as typed.) 72 276 T
1426 4 F
1427 (4. Encryption Output Repr) 72 244 T
1428 (esentation) 211.05 244 T
1429 0 F
1430 0.01 (All modes of the DES output ciphertext in blocks; the size of the block is 64 bits \0508 bytes\051) 108 220 P
1431 -0.25 (for ECB and CBC modes, and ) 72 200 P
1432 3 F
1433 -0.25 (k) 218.74 200 P
1434 0 F
1435 -0.25 ( bits for the ) 224.07 200 P
1436 3 F
1437 -0.25 (k) 281.02 200 P
1438 0 F
1439 -0.25 (-bit CFB and OFB modes, and there are as many out-) 286.35 200 P
1440 -0.5 (put blocks as input blocks. However) 72 180 P
1441 -0.5 (, as the length of the input is usually not a multiple of the block) 243.55 180 P
1442 -0.35 (size, some padding is necessary; but as padding must be done by appending characters, these char-) 72 160 P
1443 0.29 (acters must be distinguished from the input characters somehow) 72 140 P
1444 0.29 (. The mechanism used is that the) 381.35 140 P
1445 0.31 (last character of the \050decrypted\051 last block is the
1446 \050integer\051 number of characters from the input in) 72 120 P
1447 (the last block.) 72 100 T
1448 FMENDPAGE
1449 %%EndPage: "3" 6
1450 %%Page: "4" 6
1451 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE
1452 72 745.99 540 756 R
1453 7 X
1454 0 K
1455 V
1456 72 32.69 540 42.7 R
1457 V
1458 0 F
1459 0 X
1460 (Page 4 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T
1461 72 72 540 720 R
1462 7 X
1463 V
1464 0 X
1465 -0.59 (For example, suppose ) 108 712 P
1466 7 F
1467 -1.41 (inputf) 214.16 712 P
1468 -1.41 (ile) 257.34 712 P
1469 0 F
1470 -0.59 ( contains \322) 278.93 712 P
1471 6 F
1472 -1.41 (This) 329.04 712 P
1473 8 F
1474 -0.65 (z) 357.83 712 P
1475 6 F
1476 -1.41 (is) 362.8 712 P
1477 8 F
1478 -0.65 (z) 377.2 712 P
1479 6 F
1480 -1.41 (a) 382.17 712 P
1481 8 F
1482 -0.65 (z) 389.37 712 P
1483 6 F
1484 -1.41 (test) 394.35 712 P
1485 9 F
1486 -0.59 (\277) 423.13 712 P
1487 0 F
1488 -0.59 (\323, and it is encrypted in) 431.02 712 P
1489 (CBC mode using the key \322) 72 692 T
1490 6 F
1491 (abcdef#@) 200.93 692 T
1492 0 F
1493 (\323 and the initialization vector ) 258.5 692 T
1494 6 F
1495 (0x0) 401.4 692 T
1496 0 F
1497 (; the command is) 422.99 692 T
1498 6 F
1499 (bdes -k abcdef#@ < ) 158.48 668 T
1500 7 F
1501 (inputf) 295.21 668 T
1502 (ile) 338.38 668 T
1503 6 F
1504 ( > ) 359.97 668 T
1505 7 F
1506 (outputf) 381.56 668 T
1507 (ile) 431.93 668 T
1508 0 F
1509 (as CBC is the default encryption mode and ) 72 644 T
1510 6 F
1511 (0x0) 281.2 644 T
1512 0 F
1513 ( the default initialization vector:) 302.79 644 T
1514 (text) 72 620 T
1515 6 F
1516 (T) 117 620 T
1517 (h) 144 620 T
1518 (i) 171 620 T
1519 (s) 198 620 T
1520 8 F
1521 (z) 225 620 T
1522 6 F
1523 (i) 252 620 T
1524 (s) 279 620 T
1525 8 F
1526 (z) 306 620 T
1527 6 F
1528 (a) 333 620 T
1529 8 F
1530 (z) 360 620 T
1531 6 F
1532 (t) 387 620 T
1533 (e) 414 620 T
1534 (s) 441 620 T
1535 (t) 468 620 T
1536 9 F
1537 (\277) 495 620 T
1538 0 F
1539 (hex) 72 600 T
1540 10 F
1541 (54) 117 600 T
1542 (68) 144 600 T
1543 (69) 171 600 T
1544 (73) 198 600 T
1545 (20) 225 600 T
1546 (69) 252 600 T
1547 (73) 279 600 T
1548 (20) 306 600 T
1549 (61) 333 600 T
1550 (20) 360 600 T
1551 (74) 387 600 T
1552 (65) 414 600 T
1553 (73) 441 600 T
1554 (74) 468 600 T
1555 (0a) 495 600 T
1556 0 F
1557 (input) 72 580 T
1558 10 F
1559 (54) 117 580 T
1560 (68) 144 580 T
1561 (69) 171 580 T
1562 (73) 198 580 T
1563 (20) 225 580 T
1564 (69) 252 580 T
1565 (73) 279 580 T
1566 (20) 306 580 T
1567 (61) 333 580 T
1568 (20) 360 580 T
1569 (74) 387 580 T
1570 (65) 414 580 T
1571 (73) 441 580 T
1572 (74) 468 580 T
1573 (0a) 495 580 T
1574 (07) 522 580 T
1575 0 F
1576 (output) 72 560 T
1577 10 F
1578 (a5) 117 560 T
1579 (5f) 144 560 T
1580 (81) 171 560 T
1581 (53) 198 560 T
1582 (51) 225 560 T
1583 (98) 252 560 T
1584 (47) 279 560 T
1585 (02) 306 560 T
1586 (db) 333 560 T
1587 (5a) 360 560 T
1588 (c5) 387 560 T
1589 (fe) 414 560 T
1590 (50) 441 560 T
1591 (3d) 468 560 T
1592 (40) 495 560 T
1593 (ce) 522 560 T
1594 0 F
1595 0.04 (Notice that the text is 15 characters long, so there are 7 bytes following the last full block.) 108 540 P
1596 3 F
1597 0.22 (Bdes) 72 520 P
1598 0 F
1599 0.22 ( pads this to a full block by appending one byte containing the ) 95.32 520 P
1600 5 F
1601 0.19 (ASCII) 399.67 520 P
1602 0 F
1603 0.22 ( character with numeric) 425.77 520 P
1604 (value 7 \050the ) 72 500 T
1605 5 F
1606 (ASCII) 131.62 500 T
1607 0 F
1608 ( character <) 157.71 500 T
1609 5 F
1610 (BEL) 214.42 500 T
1611 0 F
1612 (>\051. The result is then encrypted.) 233.3 500 T
1613 0.44 (As another example, suppose ) 108 476 P
1614 7 F
1615 1.07 (inputf) 253.34 476 P
1616 1.07 (ile) 296.52 476 P
1617 0 F
1618 0.44 ( contains \322) 318.11 476 P
1619 6 F
1620 1.07 (test) 370.29 476 P
1621 0 F
1622 0.44 (\323, and it is encrypted in ECB) 399.08 476 P
1623 (mode using the key \322) 72 456 T
1624 6 F
1625 (abcdef#@) 173.93 456 T
1626 0 F
1627 (\323; the command is) 231.5 456 T
1628 6 F
1629 (bdes -b \320k abcdef#@ < ) 147.69 432 T
1630 7 F
1631 (inputf) 306 432 T
1632 (ile) 349.18 432 T
1633 6 F
1634 ( > ) 370.76 432 T
1635 7 F
1636 (outputf) 392.35 432 T
1637 (ile) 442.73 432 T
1638 0 F
1639 (because the option ) 72 408 T
1640 4 F
1641 (\320b) 164.26 408 T
1642 0 F
1643 ( signi\336es ECB mode:) 176.93 408 T
1644 (text) 72 384 T
1645 6 F
1646 (t) 144 384 T
1647 (e) 171 384 T
1648 (s) 198 384 T
1649 (t) 225 384 T
1650 0 F
1651 (hex) 72 364 T
1652 10 F
1653 (74) 144 364 T
1654 (65) 171 364 T
1655 (73) 198 364 T
1656 (74) 225 364 T
1657 0 F
1658 (input) 72 344 T
1659 10 F
1660 (74) 144 344 T
1661 (65) 171 344 T
1662 (73) 198 344 T
1663 (74) 225 344 T
1664 (00) 252 344 T
1665 (00) 279 344 T
1666 (00) 306 344 T
1667 (04) 333 344 T
1668 0 F
1669 (output) 72 324 T
1670 10 F
1671 (0d) 144 324 T
1672 (8a) 171 324 T
1673 (6e) 198 324 T
1674 (57) 225 324 T
1675 (9c) 252 324 T
1676 (8f) 279 324 T
1677 (27) 306 324 T
1678 (5d) 333 324 T
1679 0 F
1680 -0.31 (Finally) 108 304 P
1681 -0.31 (, if the length of the message is indeed a multiple of the block size, an extra block of) 141.21 304 P
1682 0.83 (all 0 bits is added. Suppose ) 72 284 P
1683 7 F
1684 1.99 (inputf) 210.57 284 P
1685 1.99 (ile) 253.74 284 P
1686 0 F
1687 0.83 ( contains \322) 275.33 284 P
1688 6 F
1689 1.99 (test) 328.28 284 P
1690 9 F
1691 0.83 (\277) 357.07 284 P
1692 0 F
1693 0.83 (\323, and it is encrypted in 40-bit CFB) 364.96 284 P
1694 1.51 (mode using the key \322) 72 264 P
1695 6 F
1696 3.62 (abcdef#@) 179.96 264 P
1697 0 F
1698 1.51 (\323 and the initialization vector ) 237.53 264 P
1699 6 F
1700 3.62 (0x0123456789abcdef) 387.97 264 P
1701 0 F
1702 1.51 (; the) 517.5 264 P
1703 (command is) 72 244 T
1704 6 F
1705 -0.99 (bdes -f40 -v0x0123456789abcdef -kabcdef#@ < ) 72 220 P
1706 7 F
1707 -0.99 (inputf) 383.67 220 P
1708 -0.99 (ile) 426.85 220 P
1709 6 F
1710 -0.99 ( > ) 448.43 220 P
1711 7 F
1712 -0.99 (outputf) 468.04 220 P
1713 -0.99 (ile) 518.41 220 P
1714 0 F
1715 0.16 (because the option ) 72 196 P
1716 4 F
1717 0.16 (\320f40 ) 164.75 196 P
1718 0 F
1719 0.16 (signi\336es 40-bit CFB mode, and ) 189.89 196 P
1720 4 F
1721 0.16 (-v0x01234566789abcdef) 343.96 196 P
1722 0 F
1723 0.16 ( sets the initial-) 465.89 196 P
1724 (ization vector \050note that spaces between the option and its ar) 72 176 T
1725 (gument are optional\051:) 361.57 176 T
1726 (text) 72 152 T
1727 6 F
1728 (t) 144 152 T
1729 (e) 171 152 T
1730 (s) 198 152 T
1731 (t) 225 152 T
1732 9 F
1733 (\277) 252 152 T
1734 0 F
1735 (hex) 72 132 T
1736 10 F
1737 (74) 144 132 T
1738 (65) 171 132 T
1739 (73) 198 132 T
1740 (74) 225 132 T
1741 (0a) 252 132 T
1742 0 F
1743 (input) 72 112 T
1744 10 F
1745 (74) 144 112 T
1746 (65) 171 112 T
1747 (73) 198 112 T
1748 (74) 225 112 T
1749 (0a) 252 112 T
1750 (00) 279 112 T
1751 (00) 306 112 T
1752 (00) 333 112 T
1753 (00) 360 112 T
1754 (00) 387 112 T
1755 0 F
1756 (output) 72 92 T
1757 10 F
1758 (e2) 144 92 T
1759 (c2) 171 92 T
1760 (69) 198 92 T
1761 (a4) 225 92 T
1762 (5b) 252 92 T
1763 (3c) 279 92 T
1764 (3d) 306 92 T
1765 (b3) 333 92 T
1766 (f5) 360 92 T
1767 (3c) 387 92 T
1768 FMENDPAGE
1769 %%EndPage: "4" 7
1770 1 12 /Times-BoldItalic FMDEFINEFONT
1771 2 14 /Symbol FMDEFINEFONT
1772 %%Page: "5" 7
1773 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE
1774 72 745.99 540 756 R
1775 7 X
1776 0 K
1777 V
1778 72 32.69 540 42.7 R
1779 V
1780 0 F
1781 0 X
1782 (Page 5 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T
1783 72 72 540 720 R
1784 7 X
1785 V
1786 0 X
1787 (Note here the block size is 40 bits \0505 bytes\051, not 64 bits \0508 bytes\051.) 108 712 T
1788 -0.4 (This technique allows complete compatibility with Sun\325) 108 688 P
1789 -0.4 (s ) 374.11 688 P
1790 3 F
1791 -0.4 (des) 381.37 688 P
1792 0 F
1793 -0.4 ( program. In Sun\325) 397.36 688 P
1794 -0.4 (s implemen-) 480.77 688 P
1795 0.02 (tation, padding is done with random bytes rather than bytes containing all zero bits. Cryptograph-) 72 668 P
1796 0.85 (ically) 72 648 P
1797 0.85 (, this makes no dif) 97.87 648 P
1798 0.85 (ference, as the DES is a suf) 189.32 648 P
1799 0.85 (\336ciently good random cipher to obscure the) 325.74 648 P
1800 (input \050see for example [2], Chapter 6\051, and known plaintext attacks are very dif) 72 628 T
1801 (\336cult [1].) 451.82 628 T
1802 4 F
1803 (5. Differ) 72 596 T
1804 (ences Between the Standard CFB and OFB Modes and ) 114.41 596 T
1805 1 F
1806 (bdes) 397.26 596 T
1807 0 F
1808 -0.11 (The UNIX operating system treats all \336les as streams of 8-bit bytes. In order to implement) 108 572 P
1809 -0.08 (the CFB and OFB modes properly) 72 552 P
1810 -0.08 (, it would be necessary to read ) 235.74 552 P
1811 3 F
1812 -0.08 (k) 383.74 552 P
1813 0 F
1814 -0.08 ( bits from the \336le, where ) 389.07 552 P
1815 3 F
1816 -0.08 (k) 509.51 552 P
1817 0 F
1818 -0.08 ( is an) 514.84 552 P
1819 0.98 (integer between 1 and 64 inclusive. However) 72 532 P
1820 0.98 (, this would require considerable buf) 294.22 532 P
1821 0.98 (fering and be) 474.77 532 P
1822 0.23 (quite inef) 72 512 P
1823 0.23 (\336cient and prohibitively slow) 117.65 512 P
1824 0.23 (. For these reasons, the current implementation of ) 258.48 512 P
1825 3 F
1826 0.23 (bdes) 501.48 512 P
1827 0 F
1828 0.23 ( re-) 523.46 512 P
1829 0.47 (quires that ) 72 492 P
1830 3 F
1831 0.47 (k) 126.23 492 P
1832 0 F
1833 0.47 ( be a multiple of 8, so that an integral number of bytes will always be read from the) 131.56 492 P
1834 (\336le. Other than this change, this mode is implemented as described in [3].) 72 472 T
1835 -0.58 (A similar observation holds for the alternate CFB mode described in [3]. Here, only the low) 108 448 P
1836 0.23 (7 bits of each byte are signi\336cant, and hence the parameter ) 72 428 P
1837 3 F
1838 0.23 (k) 358.95 428 P
1839 0 F
1840 0.23 ( is an integer from 1 to 56 inclusive;) 364.28 428 P
1841 (bdes requires k to be a multiple of 7. The high-order bit is retained for encryption and decryption,) 72 408 T
1842 (but output \050whether from encryption or decryption\051 always has the high-order bit set to zero.) 72 388 T
1843 4 F
1844 (6. Message Authentication Code Modes) 72 356 T
1845 0 F
1846 0.57 (The Data Encryption Standard provides two modes of authentication, each providing be-) 108 332 P
1847 1.27 (tween 1 and 64 bits of authentication data. In both cases an ) 72 312 P
1848 3 F
1849 1.27 (n) 373.32 312 P
1850 0 F
1851 1.27 (-bit message authentication code) 379.32 312 P
1852 0.62 (\050MAC\051 is generated, where 1) 72 292 P
1853 2 F
1854 0.73 ( ) 214.71 292 P
1855 9 F
1856 0.62 (\243) 218.94 292 P
1857 0 F
1858 0.62 ( ) 225.52 292 P
1859 3 F
1860 0.62 (n) 229.15 292 P
1861 0 F
1862 0.62 ( ) 235.14 292 P
1863 9 F
1864 0.62 (\243) 238.76 292 P
1865 0 F
1866 0.62 ( 64. The \336rst is based on the CBC encryption mode, and the) 245.35 292 P
1867 (second on CFB mode. Both work the same.) 72 272 T
1868 0.13 (First, the \336le is padded to a multiple of the block size by appending enough zero bits. It is) 108 248 P
1869 -0.16 (then encrypted using the standard CBC \050or CFB\051 algorithm, but
1870 all encrypted text is discarded ex-) 72 228 P
1871 -0.44 (cept for the last block. The ) 72 208 P
1872 3 F
1873 -0.44 (n) 200.9 208 P
1874 0 F
1875 -0.44 ( leading bits of the last block are used as the MAC. Note that the block) 206.9 208 P
1876 (size constrains the number of bits available as the MAC.) 72 188 T
1877 0.71 (The implementation allows the user to specify that the MAC is to be computed in either) 108 164 P
1878 -0.01 (CBC or CFB mode, and the user can specify any number of bits from 1 to 64 inclusive. However) 72 144 P
1879 -0.01 (,) 537 144 P
1880 -0.11 (because the UNIX operating system can only output bits in multiples of 8, if the number of bits of) 72 124 P
1881 -0.08 (MAC is not a multiple of 8, the MAC will be right-padded with the minimum number of zero bits) 72 104 P
1882 -0.31 (necessary to make the MAC length be a multiple of 8. However) 72 84 P
1883 -0.31 (, note that as the standard \050[3], Ap-) 374.6 84 P
1884 FMENDPAGE
1885 %%EndPage: "5" 8
1886 %%Page: "6" 8
1887 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE
1888 72 745.99 540 756 R
1889 7 X
1890 0 K
1891 V
1892 72 32.69 540 42.7 R
1893 V
1894 0 F
1895 0 X
1896 (Page 6 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T
1897 72 72 540 720 R
1898 7 X
1899 V
1900 0 X
1901 -0.14 (pendix F\051 requires an incomplete \336nal block be right-padded with
1902 zeroes, the technique of forcing) 72 712 P
1903 (the last octet to contain the number of bytes in the message is ) 72 692 T
1904 3 F
1905 (not) 369.47 692 T
1906 0 F
1907 ( used here.) 384.8 692 T
1908 -0.39 (For example, suppose ) 108 668 P
1909 7 F
1910 -0.94 (inputf) 214.76 668 P
1911 -0.94 (ile) 257.93 668 P
1912 0 F
1913 -0.39 ( contains \322) 279.52 668 P
1914 6 F
1915 -0.94 (This) 330.04 668 P
1916 8 F
1917 -0.43 (z) 358.82 668 P
1918 6 F
1919 -0.94 (is) 363.8 668 P
1920 8 F
1921 -0.43 (z) 378.19 668 P
1922 6 F
1923 -0.94 (a) 383.17 668 P
1924 8 F
1925 -0.43 (z) 390.36 668 P
1926 6 F
1927 -0.94 (test) 395.34 668 P
1928 9 F
1929 -0.39 (\277) 424.13 668 P
1930 0 F
1931 -0.39 (\323, and a 64-bit MAC is) 432.02 668 P
1932 -0.73 (to be generated using CBC mode, the key \322) 72 648 P
1933 6 F
1934 -1.74 (abcdef#@) 274.39 648 P
1935 0 F
1936 -0.73 (\323 and the initialization vector ) 331.96 648 P
1937 6 F
1938 -1.74 (0x0) 471.23 648 P
1939 0 F
1940 -0.73 (; the com-) 492.82 648 P
1941 (mand is) 72 628 T
1942 6 F
1943 (bdes -m 64 -k abcdef#@ < ) 136.89 604 T
1944 7 F
1945 (inputf) 316.79 604 T
1946 (ile) 359.97 604 T
1947 6 F
1948 ( > ) 381.56 604 T
1949 7 F
1950 (outputf) 403.15 604 T
1951 (ile) 453.52 604 T
1952 0 F
1953 (as CBC is the default encryption mode and ) 72 580 T
1954 6 F
1955 (0x0) 281.2 580 T
1956 0 F
1957 ( the default initialization vector:) 302.79 580 T
1958 (text) 72 556 T
1959 6 F
1960 (T) 117 556 T
1961 (h) 144 556 T
1962 (i) 171 556 T
1963 (s) 198 556 T
1964 8 F
1965 (z) 225 556 T
1966 6 F
1967 (i) 252 556 T
1968 (s) 279 556 T
1969 8 F
1970 (z) 306 556 T
1971 6 F
1972 (a) 333 556 T
1973 8 F
1974 (z) 360 556 T
1975 6 F
1976 (t) 387 556 T
1977 (e) 414 556 T
1978 (s) 441 556 T
1979 (t) 468 556 T
1980 9 F
1981 (\277) 495 556 T
1982 0 F
1983 (hex) 72 536 T
1984 10 F
1985 (54) 117 536 T
1986 (68) 144 536 T
1987 (69) 171 536 T
1988 (73) 198 536 T
1989 (20) 225 536 T
1990 (69) 252 536 T
1991 (73) 279 536 T
1992 (20) 306 536 T
1993 (61) 333 536 T
1994 (20) 360 536 T
1995 (74) 387 536 T
1996 (65) 414 536 T
1997 (73) 441 536 T
1998 (74) 468 536 T
1999 (0a) 495 536 T
2000 0 F
2001 (input) 72 516 T
2002 10 F
2003 (54) 117 516 T
2004 (68) 144 516 T
2005 (69) 171 516 T
2006 (73) 198 516 T
2007 (20) 225 516 T
2008 (69) 252 516 T
2009 (73) 279 516 T
2010 (20) 306 516 T
2011 (61) 333 516 T
2012 (20) 360 516 T
2013 (74) 387 516 T
2014 (65) 414 516 T
2015 (73) 441 516 T
2016 (74) 468 516 T
2017 (0a) 495 516 T
2018 (00) 522 516 T
2019 0 F
2020 (output) 72 496 T
2021 10 F
2022 (43) 117 496 T
2023 (18) 144 496 T
2024 (de) 171 496 T
2025 (74) 198 496 T
2026 (24) 225 496 T
2027 (a9) 252 496 T
2028 (65) 279 496 T
2029 (d1) 306 496 T
2030 0 F
2031 0.04 (Notice that the text is 15 characters long, so there are 7 bytes following the last full block.) 108 476 P
2032 3 F
2033 (Bdes) 72 456 T
2034 0 F
2035 ( pads this to a full block by appending a zero-\336lled byte. The result is then encrypted and the) 95.32 456 T
2036 (last block of output is used as the MAC.) 72 436 T
2037 0.06 (As another example, suppose we used the same text, and wanted a 36-bit MAC to be gen-) 108 412 P
2038 6.91 (erated using 40-bit CFB mode, the key \322) 72 392 P
2039 6 F
2040 16.58 (abcdef#@) 314.9 392 P
2041 0 F
2042 6.91 (\323 and the initialization vector) 372.47 392 P
2043 6 F
2044 (0x0123456789abcdef) 72 372 T
2045 0 F
2046 (; the command is) 201.53 372 T
2047 6 F
2048 (bdes -m 36 -f 40 -v 0x0123456789abcdef < ) 79.32 348 T
2049 7 F
2050 (inputf) 374.36 348 T
2051 (ile) 417.54 348 T
2052 6 F
2053 ( > ) 439.13 348 T
2054 7 F
2055 (outputf) 460.71 348 T
2056 (ile) 511.09 348 T
2057 0 F
2058 -0.19 (where ) 72 324 P
2059 4 F
2060 -0.19 (\320m 36) 104.11 324 P
2061 0 F
2062 -0.19 ( is the option to generate a 36-bit MAC, ) 134.91 324 P
2063 4 F
2064 -0.19 (\320f 40) 327.79 324 P
2065 0 F
2066 -0.19 ( indicates 40-bit CFB is to be used, and) 352.58 324 P
2067 4 F
2068 -0.31 (\320v 0x123456789abcdef) 72 304 P
2069 0 F
2070 -0.31 ( sets the initialization vector) 186.62 304 P
2071 -0.31 (. Note that, as the key is not given on the com-) 319.95 304 P
2072 (mand line, the user will be prompted for it. It gives:) 72 284 T
2073 (text) 72 260 T
2074 6 F
2075 (T) 117 260 T
2076 (h) 144 260 T
2077 (i) 171 260 T
2078 (s) 198 260 T
2079 8 F
2080 (z) 225 260 T
2081 6 F
2082 (i) 252 260 T
2083 (s) 279 260 T
2084 8 F
2085 (z) 306 260 T
2086 6 F
2087 (a) 333 260 T
2088 8 F
2089 (z) 360 260 T
2090 6 F
2091 (t) 387 260 T
2092 (e) 414 260 T
2093 (s) 441 260 T
2094 (t) 468 260 T
2095 9 F
2096 (\277) 495 260 T
2097 0 F
2098 (hex) 72 240 T
2099 10 F
2100 (54) 117 240 T
2101 (68) 144 240 T
2102 (69) 171 240 T
2103 (73) 198 240 T
2104 (20) 225 240 T
2105 (69) 252 240 T
2106 (73) 279 240 T
2107 (20) 306 240 T
2108 (61) 333 240 T
2109 (20) 360 240 T
2110 (74) 387 240 T
2111 (65) 414 240 T
2112 (73) 441 240 T
2113 (74) 468 240 T
2114 (0a) 495 240 T
2115 0 F
2116 (input) 72 220 T
2117 10 F
2118 (54) 117 220 T
2119 (68) 144 220 T
2120 (69) 171 220 T
2121 (73) 198 220 T
2122 (20) 225 220 T
2123 (69) 252 220 T
2124 (73) 279 220 T
2125 (20) 306 220 T
2126 (61) 333 220 T
2127 (20) 360 220 T
2128 (74) 387 220 T
2129 (65) 414 220 T
2130 (73) 441 220 T
2131 (74) 468 220 T
2132 (0a) 495 220 T
2133 0 F
2134 (output) 72 200 T
2135 10 F
2136 (2b) 117 200 T
2137 (18) 144 200 T
2138 (68) 171 200 T
2139 (2d) 198 200 T
2140 (60) 225 200 T
2141 0 F
2142 0.19 (Note that the MAC is padded on the right by four zero bits to produce \336ve characters that) 108 180 P
2143 (can be output.) 72 160 T
2144 4 F
2145 (7. Differ) 72 128 T
2146 (ences Between ) 114.41 128 T
2147 1 F
2148 (bdes) 191.01 128 T
2149 4 F
2150 ( and Sun\325) 212.99 128 T
2151 (s DES Implementation) 261.88 128 T
2152 0 F
2153 0.02 (The program ) 108 104 P
2154 3 F
2155 0.02 (bdes) 173.33 104 P
2156 0 F
2157 0.02 ( is designed to be completely compatible with Sun Microsystems, Inc.\325) 195.31 104 P
2158 0.02 (s) 535.33 104 P
2159 0.57 (implementation of the Data Encryption Standard, called ) 72 84 P
2160 3 F
2161 0.57 (des) 347.14 84 P
2162 0 F
2163 0.57 ( and described in [4]. Thus, \336les en-) 363.13 84 P
2164 FMENDPAGE
2165 %%EndPage: "6" 9
2166 %%Page: "7" 9
2167 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE
2168 72 745.99 540 756 R
2169 7 X
2170 0 K
2171 V
2172 72 32.69 540 42.7 R
2173 V
2174 0 F
2175 0 X
2176 (Page 7 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T
2177 72 72 540 720 R
2178 7 X
2179 V
2180 0 X
2181 0.44 (crypted using ) 72 712 P
2182 3 F
2183 0.44 (des) 140.84 712 P
2184 0 F
2185 0.44 ( can be decrypted using ) 156.83 712 P
2186 3 F
2187 0.44 (bdes) 275.29 712 P
2188 0 F
2189 0.44 (, and vice versa, provided modes common to both) 297.27 712 P
2190 -0.34 (are used. However) 72 692 P
2191 -0.34 (, ) 160.41 692 P
2192 3 F
2193 -0.34 (bdes) 166.06 692 P
2194 0 F
2195 -0.34 ( does not allow \336les to be named on the command line, nor does it support) 188.05 692 P
2196 -0.68 (hardware devices \050and so the ) 72 672 P
2197 4 F
2198 -0.68 (-s) 210.83 672 P
2199 0 F
2200 -0.68 ( and ) 219.49 672 P
2201 4 F
2202 -0.68 (-f) 241.45 672 P
2203 0 F
2204 -0.68 ( options of Sun\325) 249.44 672 P
2205 -0.68 (s ) 323.71 672 P
2206 3 F
2207 -0.68 (des) 330.7 672 P
2208 0 F
2209 -0.68 ( are not available\051. Further) 346.69 672 P
2210 -0.68 (, as encryption) 471.07 672 P
2211 -0.05 (is the default, the Sun ) 72 652 P
2212 3 F
2213 -0.05 (des) 179.01 652 P
2214 0 F
2215 -0.05 ( ) 195 652 P
2216 4 F
2217 -0.05 (-e) 197.95 652 P
2218 0 F
2219 -0.05 ( option is not recognized. As the manual page to ) 207.27 652 P
2220 3 F
2221 -0.05 (bdes) 441.6 652 P
2222 0 F
2223 -0.05 ( is in the appen-) 463.59 652 P
2224 (dix, these dif) 72 632 T
2225 (ferences will not be elaborated upon further) 134.08 632 T
2226 (.) 343.24 632 T
2227 0.44 (Sun\325) 108 608 P
2228 0.44 (s ) 130 608 P
2229 3 F
2230 0.44 (des) 138.1 608 P
2231 0 F
2232 0.44 ( supports the use of special-purpose hardware to encrypt and decrypt. Although) 154.09 608 P
2233 3 F
2234 1.33 (bdes) 72 588 P
2235 0 F
2236 1.33 ( does not directly support the use of such hardware, it uses the library routine ) 93.98 588 P
2237 3 F
2238 1.33 (encrypt) 487.05 588 P
2239 0 F
2240 1.33 (\0503\051,) 523.02 588 P
2241 -0.09 (which may) 72 568 P
2242 -0.09 (. Hardware support was not included directly to support as lar) 124.1 568 P
2243 -0.09 (ge a number of platforms) 419.11 568 P
2244 (as possible with installers needing to know as little about the hardware as possible.) 72 548 T
2245 -0.08 (Sun\325) 108 524 P
2246 -0.08 (s ) 130 524 P
2247 3 F
2248 -0.08 (des) 137.58 524 P
2249 0 F
2250 -0.08 ( supports only the CBC and ECB encryption modes; ) 153.57 524 P
2251 3 F
2252 -0.08 (bdes) 407.07 524 P
2253 0 F
2254 -0.08 ( supports all modes de-) 429.05 524 P
2255 0.26 (scribed in [3] \050although CFB and OFB are not completely supported\051 as well as both CBC-based) 72 504 P
2256 (and CFB-based MACs.) 72 484 T
2257 0.15 (Although input with length not a multiple of the block size is handled in the same way by) 108 460 P
2258 -0.47 (both ) 72 440 P
2259 3 F
2260 -0.47 (des) 95.85 440 P
2261 0 F
2262 -0.47 ( and ) 111.84 440 P
2263 3 F
2264 -0.47 (bdes) 134.21 440 P
2265 0 F
2266 -0.47 (, dif) 156.19 440 P
2267 -0.47 (ferent values of the padding bytes are used in all but the last byte of the input.) 174.82 440 P
2268 (Where ) 72 420 T
2269 3 F
2270 (bdes) 106.96 420 T
2271 0 F
2272 ( puts zero bytes, ) 128.94 420 T
2273 3 F
2274 (des) 209.89 420 T
2275 0 F
2276 ( puts bytes containing random values. The reason for Sun\325) 225.87 420 T
2277 (s doing) 505.02 420 T
2278 0.47 (so is to prevent a known plaintext attack on the \336le should an
2279 attacker determine that the input\325) 72 400 P
2280 0.47 (s) 535.33 400 P
2281 -0.29 (length were a multiple of the block size. W) 72 380 P
2282 -0.29 (ith ) 276.05 380 P
2283 3 F
2284 -0.29 (bdes) 291.43 380 P
2285 0 F
2286 -0.29 (, the plaintext contents of the last block of input) 313.41 380 P
2287 0.31 (for such a \336le is known \050a block with all bits zero\051. W) 72 360 P
2288 0.31 (ith ) 333.99 360 P
2289 3 F
2290 0.31 (des) 349.96 360 P
2291 0 F
2292 0.31 (, the plaintext contents of that block) 365.95 360 P
2293 0.73 (are not known. Cryptanalytically) 72 340 P
2294 0.73 (, given the information about the strength of the DES currently) 231.29 340 P
2295 0.2 (known, it is widely believed that known plaintext attacks are infeasible
2296 \050see for example [1]\051 and) 72 320 P
2297 1.86 (so initializing and invoking the pseudorandom number generator seems unnecessary) 72 300 P
2298 1.86 (. But this) 492.63 300 P
2299 (means that ciphertexts produced from a plaintext by ) 72 280 T
2300 3 F
2301 (bdes) 324.48 280 T
2302 0 F
2303 ( and ) 346.47 280 T
2304 3 F
2305 (des) 369.78 280 T
2306 0 F
2307 ( will dif) 385.77 280 T
2308 (fer in the last block.) 423.54 280 T
2309 4 F
2310 (Refer) 72 248 T
2311 (ences) 100.41 248 T
2312 0 F
2313 ([1]) 72 224 T
2314 0.37 (D. Denning, \322The Data Encryption Standard: Fifteen Y) 108 224 P
2315 0.37 (ears of Public Scrutiny) 374.87 224 P
2316 0.37 (,\323 ) 484.8 224 P
2317 3 F
2318 0.37 (Pr) 496.49 224 P
2319 0.37 (oceed-) 508.04 224 P
2320 -0.47 (ings of the Sixth Annual Computer Security Applications Confer) 108 204 P
2321 -0.47 (ence) 411.65 204 P
2322 0 F
2323 -0.47 ( pp. x\320xv \050Dec. 1990\051.) 433.62 204 P
2324 ([2]) 72 180 T
2325 (A. Konheim, ) 108 180 T
2326 3 F
2327 (Cryptography: A Primer) 173.29 180 T
2328 0 F
2329 (, John W) 291.4 180 T
2330 (iley and Sons, Inc., New Y) 333.9 180 T
2331 (ork, NY \0501981\051.) 461.94 180 T
2332 ([3]) 72 156 T
2333 3 F
2334 0.63 (DES Modes of Operation) 108 156 P
2335 0 F
2336 0.63 (, Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 81, Na-) 231.47 156 P
2337 -0.07 (tional Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, W) 108 136 P
2338 -0.07 (ashington, DC \050Dec. 1980\051.) 407.62 136 P
2339 ([4]) 72 112 T
2340 3 F
2341 (UNIX User) 108 112 T
2342 (\325) 162.74 112 T
2343 (s Manual) 165.18 112 T
2344 0 F
2345 (, Sun Microsystems Inc., Mountain V) 210.16 112 T
2346 (iew) 390 112 T
2347 (, CA \050Mar) 406.54 112 T
2348 (. 1988\051.) 455.51 112 T
2349 4 F
2350 (Appendix. The UNIX System Manual Page for ) 72 80 T
2351 1 F
2352 (bdes) 313.2 80 T
2353 FMENDPAGE
2354 %%EndPage: "7" 10
2355 1 11 /Times-Bold FMDEFINEFONT
2356 %%Page: "8" 10
2357 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE
2358 72 745.99 540 756 R
2359 7 X
2360 0 K
2361 V
2362 72 32.69 540 42.7 R
2363 V
2364 0 F
2365 0 X
2366 (Page 8 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T
2367 72 72 540 720 R
2368 7 X
2369 V
2370 1 F
2371 0 X
2372 (NAME) 72 712.67 T
2373 0 F
2374 (bdes - encrypt/decrypt using the Data Encryption Standard) 108 689 T
2375 1 F
2376 (SYNOPSIS) 72 663.67 T
2377 4 F
2378 (bdes) 108 640 T
2379 0 F
2380 ( [) 131.33 640 T
2381 3 F
2382 ( ) 138.32 640 T
2383 4 F
2384 (-abdp) 141.32 640 T
2385 0 F
2386 ( ] [ ) 171.31 640 T
2387 4 F
2388 (-F) 188.3 640 T
2389 0 F
2390 ( ) 199.62 640 T
2391 3 F
2392 (b) 202.62 640 T
2393 0 F
2394 ( ] [ ) 208.61 640 T
2395 4 F
2396 (-f) 225.6 640 T
2397 0 F
2398 ( ) 233.58 640 T
2399 3 F
2400 (b) 236.58 640 T
2401 0 F
2402 ( ] [ ) 242.58 640 T
2403 4 F
2404 (-k) 259.56 640 T
2405 0 F
2406 ( ) 270.22 640 T
2407 3 F
2408 (key) 273.22 640 T
2409 0 F
2410 ( ] [ ) 289.2 640 T
2411 4 F
2412 (-m) 306.18 640 T
2413 0 F
2414 ( ) 320.16 640 T
2415 3 F
2416 (b) 323.16 640 T
2417 0 F
2418 ( ] [ ) 329.16 640 T
2419 4 F
2420 (-o) 346.14 640 T
2421 0 F
2422 ( ) 356.13 640 T
2423 3 F
2424 (b) 359.13 640 T
2425 0 F
2426 ( ] [ ) 365.13 640 T
2427 4 F
2428 (-v) 382.11 640 T
2429 0 F
2430 ( ) 392.1 640 T
2431 3 F
2432 (vector) 395.1 640 T
2433 0 F
2434 ( ]) 425.07 640 T
2435 1 F
2436 (DESCRIPTION) 72 614.67 T
2437 3 F
2438 -0.69 (Bdes) 108 591 P
2439 0 F
2440 -0.69 ( reads from the standard input and writes on the standard output. It implements all DES) 131.32 591 P
2441 -0.09 (modes of operation described in FIPS PUB 81 including alternative cipher feedback mode) 108 577 P
2442 0.74 (and both authentication modes. All modes but the electronic code book mode require an) 108 563 P
2443 -0.14 (initialization vector; if none is supplied, the zero vector is used. T) 108 549 P
2444 -0.14 (o protect the key and ini-) 420.44 549 P
2445 0.29 (tialization vector from being read by) 108 535 P
2446 3 F
2447 0.29 ( ps) 284.98 535 P
2448 0 F
2449 0.29 (\0501\051, ) 298.94 535 P
2450 3 F
2451 0.29 (bdes ) 319.21 535 P
2452 0 F
2453 0.29 (hides its ar) 344.48 535 P
2454 0.29 (guments on entry) 396.81 535 P
2455 0.29 (. If no ) 479.89 535 P
2456 3 F
2457 0.29 (key ) 512.74 535 P
2458 0 F
2459 0.29 (is) 532 535 P
2460 -0.61 (given, one is requested from the controlling terminal if that can be opened, or from the stan-) 108 521 P
2461 (dard input if not.) 108 507 T
2462 -0.17 (The key and initialization vector are taken as sequences of ) 108 489 P
2463 5 F
2464 -0.14 (ASCII) 389.38 489 P
2465 0 F
2466 -0.17 ( characters which are then) 415.48 489 P
2467 -0.35 (mapped into their bit representations. If either begins with
2468 \3240x\325 or \3240X\325, that one is taken as) 108 475 P
2469 1.02 (a sequence of hexadecimal digits indicating the bit pattern; if either begins with \3240b\325 or) 108 461 P
2470 -0.73 (\3240B\325, that one is taken as a sequence of binary digits
2471 indicating the bit pattern. In either case,) 108 447 P
2472 -0.37 (only the leading 64 bits of the key or initialization vector are used, and if fewer than 64 bits) 108 433 P
2473 0.35 (are provided, enough 0 bits are appended to pad the key to 64 bits. Note that if the key is) 108 419 P
2474 0.03 (not entered on the command line, it is interpreted in the same way) 108 405 P
2475 0.03 (, because with 4.4 BSD,) 424.31 405 P
2476 -0.36 (the password reading function ) 108 391 P
2477 3 F
2478 -0.36 (getpass) 254.45 391 P
2479 0 F
2480 -0.36 (\0503\051 allows enough characters for either hex or binary) 290.43 391 P
2481 (keys to be entered.) 108 377 T
2482 0.04 (According to the DES standard, the low-order bit of each character in the key string is de-) 108 359 P
2483 -0.18 (leted. Since most ) 108 345 P
2484 5 F
2485 -0.15 (ASCII) 192.75 345 P
2486 0 F
2487 -0.18 ( representations set the high-order bit to 0, simply deleting the low-) 218.84 345 P
2488 -0.29 (order bit ef) 108 331 P
2489 -0.29 (fectively reduces the size of the key space from 2) 160.49 331 P
2490 5 F
2491 -0.24 (56) 394.67 335.8 P
2492 0 F
2493 -0.29 ( to 2) 404.67 331 P
2494 5 F
2495 -0.24 (48) 425.41 335.8 P
2496 0 F
2497 -0.29 ( keys. T) 435.4 331 P
2498 -0.29 (o prevent this,) 472.29 331 P
2499 -0.46 (the high-order bit must be a function depending in part upon the low-order bit; so, the high-) 108 317 P
2500 0.11 (order bit is set to whatever value gives odd parity) 108 303 P
2501 0.11 (. This preserves the key space size. Note) 345.05 303 P
2502 (this resetting of the parity bit is ) 108 289 T
2503 3 F
2504 (not) 260.92 289 T
2505 0 F
2506 ( done if the key is given in binary or hex.) 276.24 289 T
2507 -0.38 (By default, the standard input is encrypted using cipher block chaining mode and is written) 108 271 P
2508 0.18 (to the standard output. Using the same key for encryption and decryption preserves plain-) 108 257 P
2509 (text, so) 108 243 T
2510 ( bdes ) 225.81 225 T
2511 3 F
2512 (key) 253.79 225 T
2513 0 F
2514 ( < plaintext | bdes \320i ) 269.77 225 T
2515 3 F
2516 (key) 370.21 225 T
2517 0 F
2518 ( ) 386.19 225 T
2519 (is a very expensive equivalent of ) 108 201 T
2520 3 F
2521 (cat) 268.54 201 T
2522 0 F
2523 (\0501\051.) 283.2 201 T
2524 (Options are:) 108 183 T
2525 ( ) 108 165 T
2526 4 F
2527 (\320a) 111 165 T
2528 0 F
2529 -0.75 (The key and initialization vector strings are to be taken as ) 144 165 P
2530 5 F
2531 -0.62 (ASCII) 415.89 165 P
2532 0 F
2533 -0.75 ( suppressing the spe-) 441.98 165 P
2534 0.3 (cial interpretation given to leading \3240x\325, \3240X\325, \3240b\325,
2535 and \3240B\325 characters. Note this) 144 151 P
2536 (\337ag applies to ) 144 137 T
2537 3 F
2538 (both) 214.29 137 T
2539 0 F
2540 ( the key and initialization vector) 235.62 137 T
2541 (.) 389.85 137 T
2542 4 F
2543 (\320b) 108 119 T
2544 0 F
2545 (Use electronic code book mode.) 144 119 T
2546 4 F
2547 (\320d) 108 101 T
2548 0 F
2549 (Decrypt the input.) 144 101 T
2550 FMENDPAGE
2551 %%EndPage: "8" 11
2552 %%Page: "9" 11
2553 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE
2554 72 745.99 540 756 R
2555 7 X
2556 0 K
2557 V
2558 72 32.69 540 42.7 R
2559 V
2560 0 F
2561 0 X
2562 (Page 9 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T
2563 72 72 540 720 R
2564 7 X
2565 V
2566 4 F
2567 0 X
2568 (\320f) 108 712 T
2569 0 F
2570 ( ) 117.99 712 T
2571 3 F
2572 (b) 120.99 712 T
2573 0 F
2574 -0.29 (Use ) 144 712 P
2575 3 F
2576 -0.29 (b) 165.36 712 P
2577 0 F
2578 -0.29 (-bit cipher feedback mode. Currently ) 171.35 712 P
2579 3 F
2580 -0.29 (b) 350.42 712 P
2581 0 F
2582 -0.29 ( must be a multiple of 8 between 8 and) 356.42 712 P
2583 (64 inclusive \050this does not conform to the standard CFB mode speci\336cation\051.) 144 698 T
2584 4 F
2585 (\320F) 108 680 T
2586 0 F
2587 ( ) 121.32 680 T
2588 3 F
2589 (b) 124.32 680 T
2590 0 F
2591 -0.29 (Use ) 144 680 P
2592 3 F
2593 -0.29 (b) 165.36 680 P
2594 0 F
2595 -0.29 (-bit alternative cipher feedback mode. Currently ) 171.36 680 P
2596 3 F
2597 -0.29 (b) 403.77 680 P
2598 0 F
2599 -0.29 ( must be a multiple of 7 be-) 409.77 680 P
2600 -0.12 (tween 7 and 56 inclusive \050this does not conform to the alternative CFB mode spec-) 144 666 P
2601 (i\336cation\051.) 144 652 T
2602 4 F
2603 (\320k) 108 634 T
2604 0 F
2605 ( ) 120.67 634 T
2606 3 F
2607 (key) 123.66 634 T
2608 0 F
2609 0.37 (Use the string ) 144 616 P
2610 3 F
2611 0.37 (key) 214.74 616 P
2612 0 F
2613 0.37 ( as the cryptographic key) 230.72 616 P
2614 0.37 (. If this ar) 352.01 616 P
2615 0.37 (gument is not given, the user) 399.54 616 P
2616 (will be prompted for the key) 144 602 T
2617 (.) 280.12 602 T
2618 4 F
2619 (\320m) 108 584 T
2620 0 F
2621 ( ) 123.99 584 T
2622 3 F
2623 (b) 126.99 584 T
2624 0 F
2625 0.71 (Compute a message authentication code \050MAC\051 of ) 144 584 P
2626 3 F
2627 0.71 (b) 395.78 584 P
2628 0 F
2629 0.71 ( bits on the input. ) 401.77 584 P
2630 3 F
2631 0.71 (b) 491.94 584 P
2632 0 F
2633 0.71 ( must be) 497.94 584 P
2634 0.11 (between 1 and 64 inclusive; if ) 144 570 P
2635 3 F
2636 0.11 (b) 291.87 570 P
2637 0 F
2638 0.11 ( is not a multiple of 8, enough 0 bits will be added) 297.86 570 P
2639 -0.44 (to pad the MAC length to the nearest multiple of 8. Only the MAC is output. MACs) 144 556 P
2640 (are only available in cipher block chaining mode or in cipher feedback mode.) 144 542 T
2641 4 F
2642 (\320o) 108 524 T
2643 0 F
2644 ( ) 119.99 524 T
2645 3 F
2646 (b) 122.99 524 T
2647 0 F
2648 -0.34 (Use ) 144 524 P
2649 3 F
2650 -0.34 (b) 165.31 524 P
2651 0 F
2652 -0.34 (-bit output feedback mode. Currently ) 171.31 524 P
2653 3 F
2654 -0.34 (b) 350.83 524 P
2655 0 F
2656 -0.34 ( must be a multiple of 8 between 8 and) 356.83 524 P
2657 (64 inclusive \050this does not conform to the OFB mode speci\336cation\051.) 144 510 T
2658 4 F
2659 (\320p) 108 492 T
2660 0 F
2661 -0.14 (Disable the resetting of the parity bit. This \337ag forces the parity bit of the key to be) 144 492 P
2662 0.03 (used as typed, rather than making each character be of odd parity) 144 478 P
2663 0.03 (. It is used only if) 455.91 478 P
2664 (the key is given in ) 144 464 T
2665 5 F
2666 (ASCII) 234.95 464 T
2667 0 F
2668 (.) 261.04 464 T
2669 4 F
2670 (\320v) 108 446 T
2671 0 F
2672 ( ) 119.99 446 T
2673 3 F
2674 (vector) 122.99 446 T
2675 0 F
2676 -0.5 (Set the initialization vector to ) 144 428 P
2677 3 F
2678 -0.5 (v) 286.44 428 P
2679 0 F
2680 -0.5 (; the vector is interpreted in the same way as the key) 291.76 428 P
2681 -0.5 (.) 537 428 P
2682 (The vector is ignored in electronic codebook mode.) 144 414 T
2683 -0.55 (The DES is considered a very strong cryptosystem, and other than table lookup attacks, key) 108 396 P
2684 0.24 (search attacks, and Hellman\325) 108 382 P
2685 0.24 (s time-memory tradeof) 246.61 382 P
2686 0.24 (f \050all of which are very expensive and) 356.8 382 P
2687 0.66 (time-consuming\051, no cryptanalytic methods for breaking the DES are known in the open) 108 368 P
2688 0.33 (literature. No doubt the choice of keys and key security are the most vulnerable aspect of) 108 354 P
2689 3 F
2690 (bdes) 108 340 T
2691 0 F
2692 (.) 129.98 340 T
2693 4 F
2694 (IMPLEMENT) 72 314 T
2695 (A) 146.41 314 T
2696 (TION NOTES) 154.18 314 T
2697 0 F
2698 0.57 (For implementors wishing to write software compatible with this program, the following) 108 290 P
2699 -0.23 (notes are provided. This software is completely compatible with the implementation of the) 108 276 P
2700 (data encryption standard distributed by Sun Microsystems, Inc.) 108 262 T
2701 0.11 (In the ECB and CBC modes, plaintext is encrypted in units of 64 bits \0508 bytes, also called) 108 244 P
2702 0.52 (a block\051. T) 108 230 P
2703 0.52 (o ensure that the plaintext \336le is encrypted correctly) 160.49 230 P
2704 0.52 (, ) 413.01 230 P
2705 3 F
2706 0.52 (bdes ) 419.53 230 P
2707 0 F
2708 0.52 (will \050internally\051 ap-) 445.03 230 P
2709 0.29 (pend from 1 to 8 bytes, the last byte containing an integer stating how many bytes of that) 108 216 P
2710 -0.71 (\336nal block are from the plaintext \336le, and encrypt the resulting block. Hence, when decrypt-) 108 202 P
2711 0.27 (ing, the last block may contain from 0 to 7 characters present in the plaintext \336le, and the) 108 188 P
2712 -0.59 (last byte tells how many) 108 174 P
2713 -0.59 (. Note that if during decryption the last byte of the \336le does not con-) 221.46 174 P
2714 0.41 (tain an integer between 0 and 7, either the \336le has been corrupted or an incorrect key has) 108 160 P
2715 0.48 (been given. A similar mechanism is used for the OFB and CFB modes, except that those) 108 146 P
2716 0.26 (simply require the length of the input to be a multiple of the mode size, and the \336nal byte) 108 132 P
2717 -0.73 (contains an integer between 0 and one less than the number of bytes being used as the mode.) 108 118 P
2718 (\050This was another reason that the mode size must be a multiple of 8 for those modes.\051) 108 104 T
2719 FMENDPAGE
2720 %%EndPage: "9" 12
2721 %%Page: "10" 12
2722 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE
2723 72 745.99 540 756 R
2724 7 X
2725 0 K
2726 V
2727 72 32.69 540 42.7 R
2728 V
2729 0 F
2730 0 X
2731 (Page 10 of 11) 473.71 34.7 T
2732 72 72 540 720 R
2733 7 X
2734 V
2735 0 X
2736 0.94 (Unlike Sun\325) 108 712 P
2737 0.94 (s implementation, unused bytes of that last block are not \336lled with random) 166.58 712 P
2738 0.57 (data, but instead contain what was in those byte positions in the preceding block. This is) 108 698 P
2739 (quicker and more portable, and does not weaken the encryption signi\336cantly) 108 684 T
2740 (.) 473.95 684 T
2741 0.36 (If the key is entered in ) 108 666 P
2742 5 F
2743 0.3 (ASCII) 220.76 666 P
2744 0 F
2745 0.36 (, the parity bits of the key characters are set so that each key) 246.85 666 P
2746 1.03 (character is of odd parity) 108 652 P
2747 1.03 (. Unlike Sun\325) 231.23 652 P
2748 1.03 (s implementation, it is possible to enter binary or) 296.92 652 P
2749 -0.57 (hexadecimal keys on the command line, and if this is done, the parity bits are ) 108 638 P
2750 3 F
2751 -0.57 (not ) 472.85 638 P
2752 0 F
2753 -0.57 (reset. This) 490.61 638 P
2754 (allows testing using arbitrary bit patterns as keys.) 108 624 T
2755 0.64 (The Sun implementation always uses an initialization vector of 0 \050that is, all zeroes\051. By) 108 606 P
2756 (default, ) 108 592 T
2757 3 F
2758 (bdes ) 147.3 592 T
2759 0 F
2760 (does too, but this may be changed from the command line.) 172.29 592 T
2761 4 F
2762 (FILES) 72 566 T
2763 0 F
2764 (/dev/tty) 108 542 T
2765 (controlling terminal for typed key) 180 542 T
2766 4 F
2767 (SEE ALSO) 72 516 T
2768 3 F
2769 (crypt) 108 492 T
2770 0 F
2771 (\0501\051, ) 132.65 492 T
2772 3 F
2773 (crypt) 152.63 492 T
2774 0 F
2775 (\0503\051) 177.27 492 T
2776 3 F
2777 -0.4 (Data Encryption Standar) 108 474 P
2778 -0.4 (d) 228.02 474 P
2779 0 F
2780 -0.4 (, Federal Information Processing Standard #46, National Bureau) 234.02 474 P
2781 (of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, W) 108 460 T
2782 (ashington DC \050Jan. 1977\051.) 340.2 460 T
2783 3 F
2784 0.16 (DES) 108 442 P
2785 0 F
2786 0.16 ( ) 129.98 442 P
2787 3 F
2788 0.16 (Modes of Operation, ) 133.15 442 P
2789 0 F
2790 0.16 (Federal Information Processing Standard #81, National Bureau) 236.24 442 P
2791 (of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, W) 108 428 T
2792 (ashington DC \050Dec. 1980\051.) 340.2 428 T
2793 2.75 (Dorothy Denning, ) 108 410 P
2794 3 F
2795 2.75 (Cryptography and Data Security) 203.77 410 P
2796 0 F
2797 2.75 (, Addison-W) 368.8 410 P
2798 2.75 (esley Publishing Co.,) 432.55 410 P
2799 (Reading, MA \2511982.) 108 396 T
2800 -0.19 ( Matt Bishop, \322Implementation Notes on ) 108 378 P
2801 3 F
2802 -0.19 (bdes) 305.76 378 P
2803 0 F
2804 -0.19 (\0501\051\323, T) 327.75 378 P
2805 -0.19 (echnical Report PCS-TR-91-158, De-) 359.35 378 P
2806 0.34 (partment of Mathematics and Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover) 108 364 P
2807 0.34 (, NH \050Apr) 488.01 364 P
2808 0.34 (.) 537 364 P
2809 (1991\051.) 108 350 T
2810 4 F
2811 (CAUTION) 72 324 T
2812 0 F
2813 -0.55 (Certain speci\336c keys should be avoided because they introduce potential weaknesses; these) 108 300 P
2814 -0.44 (keys, called the ) 108 286 P
2815 3 F
2816 -0.44 (weak) 183.95 286 P
2817 0 F
2818 -0.44 ( and ) 208.6 286 P
2819 3 F
2820 -0.44 (semiweak) 231.03 286 P
2821 0 F
2822 -0.44 ( keys, are \050in hex notation, where ) 277.66 286 P
2823 6 F
2824 -1.06 (p) 437.45 286 P
2825 0 F
2826 -0.44 ( is either ) 444.64 286 P
2827 6 F
2828 -1.06 (0) 487.63 286 P
2829 0 F
2830 -0.44 ( or ) 494.82 286 P
2831 6 F
2832 -1.06 (1) 509.93 286 P
2833 0 F
2834 -0.44 (, and) 517.12 286 P
2835 6 F
2836 (P) 108 272 T
2837 0 F
2838 ( is either ) 115.2 272 T
2839 6 F
2840 (e) 159.5 272 T
2841 0 F
2842 ( or ) 166.7 272 T
2843 6 F
2844 (f) 182.68 272 T
2845 0 F
2846 (\051:) 189.88 272 T
2847 6 F
2848 (0x0p0p0p0p0p0p0p0p) 144 254 T
2849 (0x0p1P0p1P0p0P0p0P) 360 254 T
2850 (0x0pep0pep0pfp0pfp) 144 236 T
2851 (0x0pfP0pfP0pfP0pfP) 360 236 T
2852 (0x1P0p1P0p0P0p0P0p) 144 218 T
2853 (0x1P1P1P1P0P0P0P0P) 360 218 T
2854 (0x1Pep1Pep0Pfp0Pfp) 144 200 T
2855 (0x1PfP1PfP0PfP0PfP) 360 200 T
2856 (0xep0pep0pfp0pfp0p) 144 182 T
2857 (0xep1Pep1pfp0Pfp0P) 360 182 T
2858 (0xepepepepepepepep) 144 164 T
2859 (0xepfPepfPfpfPfpfP) 360 164 T
2860 (0xfP0pfP0pfP0pfP0p) 144 146 T
2861 (0xfP1PfP1PfP0PfP0P) 360 146 T
2862 (0xfPepfPepfPepfPep) 144 128 T
2863 (0xfPfPfPfPfPfPfPfP) 360 128 T
2864 0 F
2865 0.13 (The weakness of these keys is inherent in the DES algorithm \050see for example Moore and) 108 110 P
2866 -0.57 (Simmons, \322Cycle structure of the DES with weak and semi-weak keys,\323) 108 96 P
2867 3 F
2868 -0.57 ( Advances in Cryp-) 449.43 96 P
2869 (tology \320 Crypto \32486 Pr) 108 82 T
2870 (oceedings) 216.83 82 T
2871 0 F
2872 (, Springer) 264.79 82 T
2873 (-V) 311.85 82 T
2874 (erlag New Y) 323.17 82 T
2875 (ork, \2511987, pp. 9-32\051.) 383.25 82 T
2876 FMENDPAGE
2877 %%EndPage: "10" 13
2878 %%Page: "11" 13
2879 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE
2880 72 745.99 540 756 R
2881 7 X
2882 0 K
2883 V
2884 72 32.69 540 42.7 R
2885 V
2886 0 F
2887 0 X
2888 (Page 11 of 11) 473.71 34.7 T
2889 72 72 540 720 R
2890 7 X
2891 V
2892 4 F
2893 0 X
2894 (BUGS) 72 712 T
2895 0 F
2896 -0.18 (There is a controversy raging over whether the DES will still be secure in a few years. The) 108 688 P
2897 0.31 (advent of special-purpose hardware could reduce the cost of any of the methods of attack) 108 674 P
2898 (named above so that they are no longer computationally infeasible.) 108 660 T
2899 0.32 (Programs which display programs\325 ar) 108 642 P
2900 0.32 (guments may compromise the key and initialization) 289.59 642 P
2901 0.76 (vector if they are speci\336ed on the command line. T) 108 628 P
2902 0.76 (o avoid this ) 358.46 628 P
2903 3 F
2904 0.76 (bdes) 419.7 628 P
2905 0 F
2906 0.76 ( overwrites its ar) 441.68 628 P
2907 0.76 (gu-) 524.01 628 P
2908 (ments. However) 108 614 T
2909 (, the obvious race cannot currently be avoided.) 186.12 614 T
2910 0.25 (As the key or key schedule is kept in memory throughout the run of this program, the en-) 108 596 P
2911 (cryption can be compromised if memory is readable.) 108 582 T
2912 -0.4 (There is no warranty of merchantability nor any warranty of \336tness for a particular purpose) 108 564 P
2913 0.05 (nor any other warranty) 108 550 P
2914 0.05 (, either express or implied, as to the accuracy of the enclosed mate-) 216.95 550 P
2915 (rials or as to their suitability for any particular purpose.) 108 536 T
2916 -0.06 (Accordingly) 108 518 P
2917 -0.06 (, the user assumes full responsibility for their use. Further) 167.18 518 P
2918 -0.06 (, the author assumes) 442.93 518 P
2919 -0.25 (no obligation to furnish any assistance of any kind whatsoever) 108 504 P
2920 -0.25 (, or to furnish any additional) 404.69 504 P
2921 (information or documentation.) 108 490 T
2922 4 F
2923 (AUTHOR) 72 464 T
2924 0 F
2925 -0.54 (Matt Bishop, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Bradley Hall, Dartmouth) 108 440 P
2926 (College, Hanover) 108 426 T
2927 (, NH 03755) 192.12 426 T
2928 (Electronic mail addresses:) 108 408 T
2929 (Internet: Matt.Bishop@dartmouth.edu) 108 390 T
2930 (UUCP: decvax!dartvax!Matt.Bishop) 108 372 T
2931 FMENDPAGE
2932 %%EndPage: "11" 14
2933 %%Trailer
2934 %%BoundingBox: 0 0 612 792
2935 %%Pages: 13 1
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