1 .\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1993
2 .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
4 .\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
5 .\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
7 .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
8 .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
10 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
11 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
12 .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
13 .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
14 .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
15 .\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
16 .\" must display the following acknowledgement:
17 .\" This product includes software developed by the University of
18 .\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
19 .\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
20 .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
21 .\" without specific prior written permission.
23 .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
24 .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
25 .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
26 .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
27 .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
28 .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
29 .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
30 .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
31 .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
32 .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
35 .\" @(#)ln.1 8.2 (Berkeley) 12/30/93
36 .\" $FreeBSD: src/bin/ln/ln.1,v 1.11.2.8 2003/02/04 07:31:59 keramida Exp $
37 .\" $DragonFly: src/bin/ln/ln.1,v 1.8 2008/09/07 07:54:48 swildner Exp $
39 .Dd September 27, 2009
56 .Ar source_file Ar target_file
60 utility creates a new directory entry (linked file) which has the
61 same modes as the original file.
62 It is useful for maintaining multiple copies of a file in many places
63 at once without using up storage for the
68 There are two types of links; hard links and symbolic links.
71 to a file is one of the differences between a hard and symbolic link.
73 The options are as follows:
76 If the target file already exists,
77 then unlink it so that the link may occur.
80 option overrides any previous
88 is a symbolic link, do not follow it.
89 This is most useful with the
91 option, to replace a symlink which may point to a directory.
95 to write a prompt to standard error if the target file exists.
96 If the response from the standard input begins with the character
100 then unlink the target file so that the link may occur.
101 Otherwise, do not attempt the link.
104 option overrides any previous
110 for compatibility with other
114 Create a symbolic link.
118 to be verbose, showing files as they are processed.
126 A hard link to a file is indistinguishable from the original directory entry;
127 any changes to a file are effectively independent of the name used to reference
129 Hard links may not normally refer to directories and may not span file systems.
131 A symbolic link contains the name of the file to which it is linked.
132 The referenced file is used when an
134 operation is performed on the link.
137 on a symbolic link will return the linked-to file; an
139 must be done to obtain information about the link.
142 call may be used to read the contents of a symbolic link.
143 Symbolic links may span file systems and may refer to directories.
145 Given one or two arguments,
147 creates a link to an existing file
151 is given, the link has that name;
153 may also be a directory in which to place the link;
154 otherwise it is placed in the current directory.
155 If only the directory is specified, the link will be made
156 to the last component of
159 Given more than two arguments,
163 to all the named source files.
164 The links made will have the same name as the files being linked to.
166 When the utility is called as
168 exactly two arguments must be supplied,
169 neither of which may specify a directory.
170 No options may be supplied in this simple mode of operation,
173 operation using the two passed arguments.
176 supports a special kind of dynamic
177 symbolic link called a
178 .Em variant symlink .
181 of a variant symlink may contain one or more variable names.
182 Each of these variable names is enclosed in braces and preceded by a
183 dollar sign in the style of variable references in
188 Whenever a variant symlink is followed, each variable found in
190 is replaced by its associated value.
191 In this manner, a variant symlink may resolve to different
192 paths based on context.
193 The facility supports per-process, per-user, and system-wide varsyms.
195 Varsym variables can be set with the
200 environment variables are not used to resolve variant symlinks.
202 .Bd -literal -offset indent
203 sysctl vfs.varsym_enable=1
205 ln -s 'a${fubar}b' test
208 echo 'Goodbye' > ayyb
210 varsym fubar=xx; cat test
211 varsym fubar=yy; cat test
220 options are non-standard and their use in scripts is not recommended.
221 They are provided solely for compatibility with other
225 Variant symlinks are unique (among BSDs) to