| blob | b82d747debab8743ee55537f8ba3a36c23d0cf14 |
1 # <pre>
2 # @(#)australasia 8.12
3 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
4 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
6 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
8 # Notes are at the end of this file
10 ###############################################################################
12 # Australia
14 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
16 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
17 Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 -
18 Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 -
19 Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 -
20 Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 -
21 Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 -
22 Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
23 Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 -
24 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
25 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
26 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
28 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
29 # Northern Territory
30 Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
31 9:00 - CST 1899 May
32 9:30 Aus CST
33 # Western Australia
34 #
35 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
36 Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
37 Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
38 Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
39 Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
40 Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 -
41 Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
42 Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 -
43 Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
44 Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
45 Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
46 8:00 Aus WST 1943 Jul
47 8:00 AW WST
48 Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec
49 8:45 Aus CWST 1943 Jul
50 8:45 AW CWST
52 # Queensland
53 #
54 # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
55 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
56 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
57 # Queensland ceased to.
58 #
59 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
60 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
61 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
62 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
63 # so use Lindeman.
64 #
65 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
66 Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
67 Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
68 Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
69 Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
70 Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
71 Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
72 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
73 10:00 Aus EST 1971
74 10:00 AQ EST
75 Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
76 10:00 Aus EST 1971
77 10:00 AQ EST 1992 Jul
78 10:00 Holiday EST
80 # South Australia
81 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
82 Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
83 Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
84 Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
85 Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
86 Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
87 Rule AS 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
88 Rule AS 1990 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
89 Rule AS 1991 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
90 Rule AS 1992 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
91 Rule AS 1993 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
92 Rule AS 1994 only - Mar Sun>=18 2:00s 0 -
93 Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
94 Rule AS 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
95 Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
96 Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
97 Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
98 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
99 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
100 9:00 - CST 1899 May
101 9:30 Aus CST 1971
102 9:30 AS CST
104 # Tasmania
105 #
106 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
107 # <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml>
108 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
109 #
110 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
111 Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
112 Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
113 Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
114 Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 -
115 Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
116 Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
117 Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
118 Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
119 Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
120 Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
121 Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 -
122 Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
123 Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
124 Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
125 Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
126 Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
127 Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
128 Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
129 Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
130 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
131 Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
132 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
133 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
134 10:00 Aus EST 1967
135 10:00 AT EST
136 Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep
137 10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
138 10:00 1:00 EST 1917 Feb
139 10:00 Aus EST 1971 Jul
140 10:00 AT EST
142 # Victoria
143 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
144 Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
145 Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
146 Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
147 Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
148 Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
149 Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
150 Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
151 Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
152 Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
153 Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
154 Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
155 Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
156 Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
157 Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
158 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
159 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
160 10:00 Aus EST 1971
161 10:00 AV EST
163 # New South Wales
164 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
165 Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
166 Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
167 Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
168 Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
169 Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
170 Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
171 Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
172 Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
173 Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
174 Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
175 Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
176 Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
177 Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
178 Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
179 Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
180 Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
181 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
182 Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
183 10:00 Aus EST 1971
184 10:00 AN EST
185 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
186 10:00 - EST 1896 Aug 23
187 9:00 - CST 1899 May
188 9:30 Aus CST 1971
189 9:30 AN CST 2000
190 9:30 AS CST
192 # Lord Howe Island
193 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
194 Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
195 Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
196 Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
197 Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
198 Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 -
199 Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
200 Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
201 Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
202 Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
203 Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
204 Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
205 Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
206 Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
207 Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 -
208 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
209 10:00 - EST 1981 Mar
210 10:30 LH LHST
212 # Australian miscellany
213 #
214 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
215 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
216 # no times are set
217 #
218 # Coral Sea Is
219 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
220 # no times are set
221 #
222 # Macquarie
223 # permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948;
224 # sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917
225 # like Australia/Hobart
227 # Christmas
228 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
229 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
230 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time
232 # Cook Is
233 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
234 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
235 Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS
236 Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
237 Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS
238 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
239 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua
240 -10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time
241 -10:00 Cook CK%sT
243 # Cocos
244 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
245 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
246 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
247 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900
248 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time
250 # Fiji
251 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
252 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
253 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
254 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
255 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:53:40 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
256 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time
258 # French Polynesia
259 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
260 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
261 -9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time
262 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
263 -9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time
264 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
265 -10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time
266 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
267 # it is uninhabited.
269 # Guam
270 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
271 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
272 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
273 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
274 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
276 # Kiribati
277 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
278 Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
279 12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time
280 Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901
281 -12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
282 -11:00 - PHOT 1995
283 13:00 - PHOT
284 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
285 -10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time
286 -10:00 - LINT 1995
287 14:00 - LINT
289 # N Mariana Is
290 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
291 Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
292 9:43:00 - LMT 1901
293 9:00 - MPT 1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
294 10:00 - MPT 2000 Dec 23
295 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
297 # Marshall Is
298 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
299 Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
300 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
301 12:00 - MHT
302 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
303 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct
304 -12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time
305 12:00 - MHT
307 # Micronesia
308 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
309 Zone Pacific/Truk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
310 10:00 - TRUT # Truk Time
311 Zone Pacific/Ponape 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia
312 11:00 - PONT # Ponape Time
313 Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901
314 11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time
315 12:00 - KOST 1999
316 11:00 - KOST
318 # Nauru
319 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
320 Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
321 11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time
322 9:00 - JST 1944 Aug 15
323 11:30 - NRT 1979 May
324 12:00 - NRT
326 # New Caledonia
327 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
328 Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
329 Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
330 Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S
331 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
332 Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
333 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
334 Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13
335 11:00 NC NC%sT
338 ###############################################################################
340 # New Zealand
342 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
343 Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S
344 Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M
345 Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S
346 Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M
347 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M
348 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S
349 Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
350 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
351 # convenient notation for this so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
352 Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
353 Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
354 Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
355 Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 S
356 Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
357 Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
358 Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
359 Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
360 Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
361 Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 D
362 Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
363 Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
364 Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
365 Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S
366 Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
367 Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
368 Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
369 Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
370 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
371 Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
372 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1
373 12:00 NZ NZ%sT
374 Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1957 Jan 1
375 12:45 Chatham CHA%sT
378 # Auckland Is
379 # uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
380 # and scientific personnel have wintered
382 # Campbell I
383 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
384 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
385 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
386 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
388 ###############################################################################
391 # Niue
392 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
393 Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi
394 -11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time
395 -11:30 - NUT 1978 Oct 1
396 -11:00 - NUT
398 # Norfolk
399 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
400 Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
401 11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time
402 11:30 - NFT # Norfolk Time
404 # Palau (Belau)
405 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
406 Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
407 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time
409 # Papua New Guinea
410 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
411 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
412 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
413 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time
415 # Pitcairn
416 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
417 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
418 -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 00:00
419 -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time
421 # American Samoa
422 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
423 -11:22:48 - LMT 1911
424 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
425 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
426 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
427 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
429 # Samoa
431 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-12-06):
432 # The Samoa government (Western Samoa) may implement DST on the first Sunday of
433 # October 2009 (October 4, 2009) until the last Sunday of March 2010 (March 28,
434 # 2010).
435 #
436 # "Selected Committee reports to Cabinet on Daylight Saving Time",
437 # Government of Samoa:
438 # <a href="http://www.govt.ws/pr_article.cfm?pr_id=560">
439 # http://www.govt.ws/pr_article.cfm?pr_id=560
440 # </a>
441 # or
442 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_samoa01.html">
443 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_samoa01.html
444 # </a>
446 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
447 -11:26:56 - LMT 1911
448 -11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
449 -11:00 - WST # Samoa Time
451 # Solomon Is
452 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
453 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
454 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
455 11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time
457 # Tokelau Is
458 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
459 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
460 -10:00 - TKT # Tokelau Time
462 # Tonga
463 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
464 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
465 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
466 Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
467 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
468 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
469 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
470 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
471 13:00 - TOT 1999
472 13:00 Tonga TO%sT
474 # Tuvalu
475 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
476 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
477 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time
480 # US minor outlying islands
482 # Howland, Baker
483 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
484 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
485 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
486 # uninhabited thereafter.
487 # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UTC-10:30) in 1937;
488 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
489 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
490 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
491 # until they were abandoned after the war.
493 # Jarvis
494 # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
495 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
496 # uninhabited thereafter.
497 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
499 # Johnston
500 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
501 Zone Pacific/Johnston -10:00 - HST
503 # Kingman
504 # uninhabited
506 # Midway
507 #
508 # From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
509 # [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
510 # published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
511 # reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly
512 # "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
513 # flights to Chicago and the US East Coast. As it uses some time zone
514 # designations that I've never seen before:....
515 # Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I. H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
516 # " 3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A "
517 #
518 Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901
519 -11:00 - NST 1956 Jun 3
520 -11:00 1:00 NDT 1956 Sep 2
521 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
522 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
523 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
525 # Palmyra
526 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
528 # Wake
529 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
530 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
531 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time
534 # Vanuatu
535 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
536 Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
537 Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
538 Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
539 Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
540 Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
541 Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
542 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
543 Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
544 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time
546 # Wallis and Futuna
547 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
548 Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
549 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time
551 ###############################################################################
553 # NOTES
555 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
556 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
557 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
559 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
560 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
561 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
562 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
563 #
564 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
565 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
566 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
567 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
568 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
569 #
570 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
571 # entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
572 #
573 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
574 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
575 # I found in the UCLA library.
576 #
577 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
578 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
579 #
580 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
581 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
582 # Corrections are welcome!
583 # std dst
584 # LMT Local Mean Time
585 # 8:00 WST WST Western Australia
586 # 8:45 CWST CWST Central Western Australia*
587 # 9:00 JST Japan
588 # 9:30 CST CST Central Australia
589 # 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia
590 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro
591 # 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe*
592 # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
593 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
594 # 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham*
595 # -11:00 SST Samoa
596 # -10:00 HST Hawaii
597 # - 8:00 PST Pitcairn*
598 #
599 # See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
600 # See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
602 ###############################################################################
604 # Australia
606 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
607 # <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml">
608 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
609 # </a> summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
611 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
612 # <a href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving">
613 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
614 # </a> covers New South Wales in particular.
616 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
617 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
618 # It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
619 # and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
620 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
621 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
622 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
623 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
624 # the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
625 # time'.
626 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
627 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
628 # or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
629 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
630 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
631 # prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
632 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
634 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
635 # Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
636 # CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
637 # WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
638 # EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
640 # From Chuck Soper (2006-06-01):
641 # I recently found this Australian government web page on time zones:
642 # <http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia-13time>
643 # And this government web page lists time zone names and abbreviations:
644 # <http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml>
646 # From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
647 # versus "AEST" etc.:
648 #
649 # I see the following points of dispute:
650 #
651 # * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
652 #
653 # Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
654 # Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
655 # operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity
656 # (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
657 # Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
658 # In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
659 # abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
660 # think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
661 #
662 # On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
663 # abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is
664 # particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
665 # time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
666 #
667 # * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
668 #
669 # Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
670 # many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about
671 # which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
672 # Time, for example.
673 #
674 # Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
675 # refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
676 # tiebreaker.
677 #
678 # * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
679 # Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
680 # the word "Australian"?
681 #
682 # My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
683 # common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
684 # popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
685 # often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
686 # following count of page hits:
687 #
688 # 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
689 # 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
690 # 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
691 # 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
692 #
693 # Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
694 # particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
695 # say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
696 # Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
697 #
698 # For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
699 # ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
700 # many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here
701 # are the hit counts anyway:
702 #
703 # 161,304 "EST" and domain:au
704 # 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
705 # 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
706 # 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
707 #
708 # 14,538 "CST" and domain:au
709 # 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
710 # 176 "ACST" and domain:au
711 # 29 "ACDT" and domain:au
712 #
713 # 7,539 "WST" and domain:au
714 # 68 "AWST" and domain:au
715 #
716 # This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
717 # practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
718 # the ambiguities involved.
719 #
720 # * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
721 #
722 # If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
723 # against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
724 # saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
725 # understood in Australia.
727 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
728 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
729 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
730 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
731 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
732 # and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
733 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
735 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
736 #
737 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
738 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
739 # relevant entries in this database.
740 #
741 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
742 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html">
743 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
744 # </a>
745 # ACT
746 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html">
747 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
748 # </a>
749 # SA
750 # <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html">
751 # Standard Time Act, 1898
752 # </a>
754 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
755 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
756 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
757 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
758 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
759 #
760 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
761 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
762 # to extend DST together in 2006.
763 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
764 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
765 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
766 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
767 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
768 # allude to it.
769 # But not Queensland
770 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html.
772 # Northern Territory
774 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
775 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
776 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
777 # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
778 # ...
779 # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
781 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
782 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
783 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
785 # Western Australia
787 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
788 # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
789 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
790 # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
791 # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
792 # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
793 # # before reaching parliament.
794 # ...
795 # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
796 # ...
797 # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
798 # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
799 # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
800 # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
802 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
803 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
804 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
806 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
807 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
808 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
809 # work at 9.00am.)
810 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
811 # everybody again.
813 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
814 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
815 # it matches what was used in the past.
817 # <a href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm">
818 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
819 # </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
820 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
822 # Queensland
823 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
824 # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
825 # # [ Dec 1990 ]
826 # ...
827 # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
828 # ...
829 # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
830 # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
831 # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
832 # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
834 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
835 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
836 # October 1989).
838 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
839 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
840 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
841 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
843 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
844 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
845 # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
846 # me.)
848 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
849 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
850 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
851 # ...
852 # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
853 # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
854 # ...
856 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
857 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
859 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
860 # from Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
861 # WA are trialing DST for three years.
862 # <http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf>
864 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
865 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
866 # southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
867 # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
868 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
869 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
870 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
871 # Australia and Western Australia....
872 #
873 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
874 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
875 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
876 # <http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html>.
877 #
878 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
879 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
880 # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
881 # coast of the continent.
882 #
883 # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
884 # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
885 # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
886 # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
887 # the largest population centre in this zone....
888 #
889 # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
890 # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
891 # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
892 # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
893 #
894 # (2006-12-09):
895 # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
896 # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
897 # of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
898 # before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
900 # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
901 # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
902 # introduction of standard time in 1895.
905 # southeast Australia
906 #
907 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
908 # Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
909 # end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
910 # http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
913 # South Australia
915 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
916 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
917 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
918 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
920 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
921 # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
922 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
923 # ...
924 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
925 # ...
926 # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
927 # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
928 # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C
929 # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
931 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
932 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
933 # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
934 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
936 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
937 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
938 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
939 # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
940 # is on...
942 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
943 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
944 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
945 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
947 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
948 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
949 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
950 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
952 # From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
953 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
954 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
955 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
957 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
958 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
960 # Tasmania
962 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
963 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
964 # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
965 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
967 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
968 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
969 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
970 # (but nothing new about that).
972 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
973 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
974 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
975 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
976 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
977 # instead of the first Sunday in October.
979 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
980 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
982 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
983 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
985 # Victoria
987 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
988 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
989 # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
990 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
992 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
993 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
994 # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
995 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
996 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
997 # in Melbourne, Australia.
998 #
999 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
1000 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
1001 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
1002 # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
1003 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
1004 # expected time.
1005 #
1006 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
1007 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
1008 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
1009 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
1010 #
1011 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
1012 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
1014 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1015 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1017 # New South Wales
1019 # From Arthur David Olson:
1020 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
1021 # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
1022 # who notes:
1023 # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
1024 # individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
1025 # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
1026 # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
1027 # legislation. This is very important to understand.
1028 # I have researched New South Wales time only...
1030 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1031 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1032 # October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore,
1033 # <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html">
1034 # Two months more daylight saving
1035 # </a>
1036 # Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
1038 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1039 # See the following official NSW source:
1040 # <a href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ">
1041 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1042 # </a>
1043 #
1044 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1045 # daylight saving next year. See:
1046 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm">
1047 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1048 # </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1049 #
1050 # Victoria will following NSW. See:
1051 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm">
1052 # Vic to extend daylight saving
1053 # </a> (1999-07-28).
1054 #
1055 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
1056 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm">
1057 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
1058 # </a> (1999-07-19).
1059 #
1060 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
1061 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm">
1062 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1063 # </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1064 # ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1065 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1066 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1067 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1068 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
1069 #
1070 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
1071 # <a href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm">
1072 # Broken Hill to be behind the times
1073 # </a> (1999-07-21).
1075 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1076 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1077 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1079 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1080 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1081 # towns to use Queensland time.
1083 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1084 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1086 # Yancowinna
1088 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1089 # `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1091 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1092 # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1093 # # [ Dec 1990 ]
1094 # ...
1095 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1096 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1097 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1098 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1099 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1100 # # presently available.
1101 # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1102 # ...
1103 # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1104 # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1105 # [followed by other Rules]
1107 # Lord Howe Island
1109 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1110 # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
1111 # [ Dec 1990 ]
1112 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1113 # hour ahead of NSW time.
1115 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1116 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1117 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1118 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1119 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1120 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1121 # instead of only 30 minutes. Dependant on the wishes of residents
1122 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1123 # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1124 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1126 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1127 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1128 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1129 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1130 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1131 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1133 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1134 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
1135 # Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
1137 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1138 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1140 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
1141 # According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
1142 # saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
1143 # summer (southern hemisphere).
1144 #
1145 # From
1146 # <a href="http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf">
1147 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
1148 # </a>
1149 # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
1150 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
1151 # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
1152 # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
1153 # Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
1154 # with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
1155 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
1156 #
1157 # We have a wrap-up here:
1158 # <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html">
1159 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
1160 # </a>
1161 ###############################################################################
1163 # New Zealand
1165 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1166 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1167 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1168 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1169 # source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1171 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1172 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1173 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1174 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1175 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1176 # ...
1177 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1178 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1179 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1180 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1181 # ...
1182 # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1183 # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1185 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1186 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1187 # rather than the October 1 value.
1189 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1190 # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1191 # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1192 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1193 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1194 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1195 #
1196 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1197 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1198 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
1199 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1200 #
1201 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1202 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1203 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1205 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1206 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1207 # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1208 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1209 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1211 ###############################################################################
1214 # Fiji
1216 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1217 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1218 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1220 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1221 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1222 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1223 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1225 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1226 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1228 # From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC):
1229 # The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1230 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents. But correspondents say it
1231 # also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific
1232 # islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new
1233 # millenium.
1235 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1236 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1238 # Johnston
1240 # Johnston data is from usno1995.
1243 # Kiribati
1245 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1246 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1247 # ``declared it the same day throught the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
1248 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1251 # Kwajalein
1253 # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1254 # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1255 # 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1256 # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1257 # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1260 # N Mariana Is, Guam
1262 # Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1263 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
1264 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1265 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1266 # see Asia/Manila.
1268 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
1269 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1270 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1271 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1274 # Micronesia
1276 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1277 # ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
1278 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
1279 #
1280 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
1281 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
1283 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1284 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1285 # <a href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html">
1286 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
1287 # </a> (1999-01-26)
1288 # that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
1289 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
1292 # Midway
1294 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1295 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1296 # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1297 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1298 # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1299 # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1300 # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1301 # air at 6am your time.
1302 #
1303 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1304 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1305 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1306 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1309 # Pitcairn
1311 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1312 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1313 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1314 #
1315 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1316 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1317 # as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1318 #
1319 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1320 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1321 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1323 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1324 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1325 # ... at midnight.
1327 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1328 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1329 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1330 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1333 # Samoa
1335 # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1336 # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1337 # ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1338 # ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
1339 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
1342 # Tonga
1344 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1345 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
1346 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
1347 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1349 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1350 # <a href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm">
1351 # How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
1352 # </a>:
1354 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1355 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1356 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1357 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1358 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1359 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1360 #
1361 # Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1362 # Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1363 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1364 #
1365 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1366 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1367 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1368 # minutes we have lost?"
1369 #
1370 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1371 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1372 # to say your prayers in the morning."
1374 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1375 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1377 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1378 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium
1379 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1380 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1381 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1382 # Government.
1384 # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1385 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1386 #
1387 # I was given this link by John Letts:
1388 # <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">
1389 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1390 # </a>
1391 #
1392 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1393 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1394 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1395 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
1397 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
1398 # According to <a href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html">
1399 # http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html
1400 # </a>:
1401 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1402 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1403 # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1404 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1405 # set back an hour on the closing date."
1406 # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1408 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1409 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1410 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1412 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1413 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1414 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1415 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1416 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1417 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1418 # (Original URL was: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm )
1420 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1421 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1423 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1424 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1425 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1426 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1427 # hour to 1:00am.
1429 # From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
1430 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1433 # Wake
1435 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
1436 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
1437 #
1438 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ... The time was all the
1439 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
1440 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
1441 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
1442 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
1443 # impossible.
1444 #
1445 # http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
1447 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1448 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
1450 ###############################################################################
1452 # The International Date Line
1454 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1455 #
1456 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1457 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1458 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1459 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1460 #
1461 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1462 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1463 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1464 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1465 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1466 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1467 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
1468 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1469 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1470 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1471 # correct date is ambiguous.
1473 # From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
1474 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
1475 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
1476 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
1477 # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
1478 # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
1479 # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
1480 # on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
1481 # nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
1482 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
1483 # entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight. These zones were
1484 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
1485 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
1487 # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
1488 # (2005-03-20):
1489 #
1490 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
1491 # <http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187>
1492 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
1493 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.