1 # @(#)POSIX 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
3 Comments on the IEEE P1003.2 Draft 12
4 Part 2: Shell and Utilities
5 Section 4.55: sed - Stream editor
7 Diomidis Spinellis <dds@doc.ic.ac.uk>
8 Keith Bostic <bostic@cs.berkeley.edu>
10 In the following paragraphs, "wrong" usually means "inconsistent with
11 historic practice", as most of the following comments refer to
12 undocumented inconsistencies between the historical versions of sed and
13 the POSIX 1003.2 standard. All the comments are notes taken while
14 implementing a POSIX-compatible version of sed, and should not be
15 interpreted as official opinions or criticism towards the POSIX committee.
16 All uses of "POSIX" refer to section 4.55, Draft 12 of POSIX 1003.2.
18 1. 32V and BSD derived implementations of sed strip the text
19 arguments of the a, c and i commands of their initial blanks,
34 POSIX does not specify this behavior as the System V versions of
35 sed do not do this stripping. The argument against stripping is
36 that it is difficult to write sed scripts that have leading blanks
37 if they are stripped. The argument for stripping is that it is
38 difficult to write readable sed scripts unless indentation is allowed
39 and ignored, and leading whitespace is obtainable by entering a
40 backslash in front of it. This implementation follows the BSD
43 2. Historical versions of sed required that the w flag be the last
44 flag to an s command as it takes an additional argument. This
45 is obvious, but not specified in POSIX.
47 3. Historical versions of sed required that whitespace follow a w
48 flag to an s command. This is not specified in POSIX. This
49 implementation permits whitespace but does not require it.
51 4. Historical versions of sed permitted any number of whitespace
52 characters to follow the w command. This is not specified in
53 POSIX. This implementation permits whitespace but does not
56 5. The rule for the l command differs from historic practice. Table
57 2-15 includes the various ANSI C escape sequences, including \\
58 for backslash. Some historical versions of sed displayed two
59 digit octal numbers, too, not three as specified by POSIX. POSIX
60 is a cleanup, and is followed by this implementation.
62 6. The POSIX specification for ! does not specify that for a single
63 command the command must not contain an address specification
64 whereas the command list can contain address specifications. The
65 specification for ! implies that "3!/hello/p" works, and it never
66 has, historically. Note,
74 7. POSIX does not specify what happens with consecutive ! commands
75 (e.g. /foo/!!!p). Historic implementations allow any number of
76 !'s without changing the behaviour. (It seems logical that each
77 one might reverse the behaviour.) This implementation follows
80 8. Historic versions of sed permitted commands to be separated
81 by semi-colons, e.g. 'sed -ne '1p;2p;3q' printed the first
82 three lines of a file. This is not specified by POSIX.
83 Note, the ; command separator is not allowed for the commands
84 a, c, i, w, r, :, b, t, # and at the end of a w flag in the s
85 command. This implementation follows historic practice and
86 implements the ; separator.
88 9. Historic versions of sed terminated the script if EOF was reached
89 during the execution of the 'n' command, i.e.:
97 did not produce any output. POSIX does not specify this behavior.
98 This implementation follows historic practice.
102 11. Historical implementations do not output the change text of a c
103 command in the case of an address range whose first line number
104 is greater than the second (e.g. 3,1). POSIX requires that the
105 text be output. Since the historic behavior doesn't seem to have
106 any particular purpose, this implementation follows the POSIX
109 12. POSIX does not specify whether address ranges are checked and
110 reset if a command is not executed due to a jump. The following
111 program will behave in different ways depending on whether the
112 'c' command is triggered at the third line, i.e. will the text
113 be output even though line 3 of the input will never logically
114 encounter that command.
120 Historic implementations, and this implementation, do not output
121 the text in the above example. The general rule, therefore,
122 is that a range whose second address is never matched extends to
123 the end of the input.
125 13. Historical implementations allow an output suppressing #n at the
126 beginning of -e arguments as well as in a script file. POSIX
127 does not specify this. This implementation follows historical
130 14. POSIX does not explicitly specify how sed behaves if no script is
131 specified. Since the sed Synopsis permits this form of the command,
132 and the language in the Description section states that the input
133 is output, it seems reasonable that it behave like the cat(1)
134 command. Historic sed implementations behave differently for "ls |
135 sed", where they produce no output, and "ls | sed -e#", where they
136 behave like cat. This implementation behaves like cat in both cases.
138 15. The POSIX requirement to open all w files at the beginning makes
139 sed behave nonintuitively when the w commands are preceded by
140 addresses or are within conditional blocks. This implementation
141 follows historic practice and POSIX, by default, and provides the
142 -a option which opens the files only when they are needed.
144 16. POSIX does not specify how escape sequences other than \n and \D
145 (where D is the delimiter character) are to be treated. This is
146 reasonable, however, it also doesn't state that the backslash is
147 to be discarded from the output regardless. A strict reading of
148 POSIX would be that "echo xyz | sed s/./\a" would display "\ayz".
149 As historic sed implementations always discarded the backslash,
150 this implementation does as well.
152 17. POSIX specifies that an address can be "empty". This implies
153 that constructs like ",d" or "1,d" and ",5d" are allowed. This
154 is not true for historic implementations or this implementation
157 18. The b t and : commands are documented in POSIX to ignore leading
158 white space, but no mention is made of trailing white space.
159 Historic implementations of sed assigned different locations to
160 the labels "x" and "x ". This is not useful, and leads to subtle
161 programming errors, but it is historic practice and changing it
162 could theoretically break working scripts. This implementation
163 follows historic practice.
165 19. Although POSIX specifies that reading from files that do not exist
166 from within the script must not terminate the script, it does not
167 specify what happens if a write command fails. Historic practice
168 is to fail immediately if the file cannot be opened or written.
169 This implementation follows historic practice.
171 20. Historic practice is that the \n construct can be used for either
172 string1 or string2 of the y command. This is not specified by
173 POSIX. This implementation follows historic practice.
177 22. Historic implementations of sed ignore the RE delimiter characters
178 within character classes. This is not specified in POSIX. This
179 implementation follows historic practice.
181 23. Historic implementations handle empty RE's in a special way: the
182 empty RE is interpreted as if it were the last RE encountered,
183 whether in an address or elsewhere. POSIX does not document this
184 behavior. For example the command:
188 substitutes XXX for the pattern abc. The semantics of "the last
189 RE" can be defined in two different ways:
191 1. The last RE encountered when compiling (lexical/static scope).
192 2. The last RE encountered while running (dynamic scope).
194 While many historical implementations fail on programs depending
195 on scope differences, the SunOS version exhibited dynamic scope
196 behaviour. This implementation does dynamic scoping, as this seems
197 the most useful and in order to remain consistent with historical