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39 ><P
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48 ><DIV
49 ><DIV
51 ><P
52 ></P
53 ><A
55 ></A
56 ><P
57 >This standard consists of a set of requirements and guidelines for file
58 and directory placement under UNIX-like operating systems. The
59 guidelines are intended to support interoperability of applications,
60 system administration tools, development tools, and scripts as well as
61 greater uniformity of documentation for these systems.</P
62 ><P
63 ></P
64 ></DIV
65 ></DIV
66 ><DIV
68 ><P
69 ></P
70 ><A
72 ></A
73 ><P
74 >All trademarks and copyrights are owned by their owners, unless
75 specifically noted otherwise. Use of a term in this document should not
76 be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service
77 mark.</P
78 ><P
79 >Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
80 this standard provided the copyright and this permission notice are
81 preserved on all copies.</P
82 ><P
83 >Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
84 standard under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that
85 the title page is labeled as modified including a reference to the
86 original standard, provided that information on retrieving the original
87 standard is included, and provided that the entire resulting derived
88 work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to
89 this one.</P
90 ><P
91 >Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
92 standard into another language, under the above conditions for modified
93 versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a
94 translation approved by the copyright holder.</P
95 ><P
96 ></P
97 ></DIV
98 ><HR></DIV
99 ><DIV
101 ><DL
102 ><DT
103 ><B
105 ></DT
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988 ><A
991 ></DT
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996 ></DT
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998 ><A
1001 ></DT
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1003 ><A
1006 ></DT
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1011 ></DT
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1016 ></DT
1017 ></DL
1018 ></DD
1019 ></DL
1020 ></DIV
1021 ><DIV
1023 ><HR><H1
1024 ><A
1026 ></A
1028 ><DIV
1030 ><H2
1032 ><A
1035 ></H2
1036 ><P
1038 ><P
1039 ></P
1040 ><UL
1041 ><LI
1042 ><P
1043 >Software to predict the location of installed files and
1044 directories, and</P
1045 ></LI
1046 ><LI
1047 ><P
1048 >Users to predict the location of installed files and
1049 directories.</P
1050 ></LI
1051 ></UL
1052 ><P
1054 ><P
1055 ></P
1056 ><UL
1057 ><LI
1058 ><P
1060 ></LI
1061 ><LI
1062 ><P
1064 ></LI
1065 ><LI
1066 ><P
1068 ></LI
1069 ><LI
1070 ><P
1072 ></LI
1073 ></UL
1074 ><P
1076 ><P
1077 ></P
1078 ><UL
1079 ><LI
1080 ><P
1081 >Independent software suppliers to create applications which are FHS
1082 compliant, and work with distributions which are FHS complaint,</P
1083 ></LI
1084 ><LI
1085 ><P
1087 ></LI
1088 ><LI
1089 ><P
1091 ></LI
1092 ></UL
1093 ><P
1095 ><P
1096 ></P
1097 ><UL
1098 ><LI
1099 ><P
1100 >Local placement of local files is a local issue, so FHS does not
1101 attempt to usurp system administrators.</P
1102 ></LI
1103 ><LI
1104 ><P
1105 >FHS addresses issues where file placements need to be coordinated
1106 between multiple parties such as local sites, distributions,
1107 applications, documentation, etc.</P
1108 ></LI
1109 ></UL
1110 ></DIV
1111 ><DIV
1113 ><HR><H2
1115 ><A
1118 ></H2
1119 ><P
1120 >We recommend that you read a typeset version of this document rather
1121 than the plain text version. In the typeset version, the names of files
1122 and directories are displayed in a constant-width font.</P
1123 ><P
1124 >Components of filenames that vary are represented by a description
1125 of the contents enclosed in "<SPAN
1127 ><I
1129 ><</I
1130 ></SPAN
1131 >" and
1132 "<SPAN
1134 ><I
1136 >></I
1137 ></SPAN
1140 ><I
1143 ></SPAN
1144 >. Electronic mail addresses are also
1146 typeface.</P
1147 ><P
1148 >Optional components of filenames are enclosed in
1149 "<SPAN
1151 ><I
1153 >[</I
1154 ></SPAN
1157 ><I
1159 >]</I
1160 ></SPAN
1161 >" characters and may
1162 be combined with the "<SPAN
1164 ><I
1166 ><</I
1167 ></SPAN
1168 >" and
1169 "<SPAN
1171 ><I
1173 >></I
1174 ></SPAN
1175 >" convention. For example, if a filename is
1176 allowed to occur either with or without an extension, it might be
1177 represented by
1178 <SPAN
1180 ><I
1183 ></SPAN
1185 ><P
1186 >Variable substrings of directory names and filenames are indicated
1187 by "<SPAN
1189 ><I
1191 >*</I
1192 ></SPAN
1194 ><P
1195 >The sections of the text marked as
1196 <SPAN
1198 ><I
1201 ></SPAN
1202 > are explanatory and are
1203 non-normative.</P
1204 ></DIV
1205 ></DIV
1206 ><DIV
1208 ><HR><H1
1209 ><A
1211 ></A
1213 ><P
1214 >This standard assumes that the operating system underlying an
1215 FHS-compliant file system supports the same basic security features
1216 found in most UNIX filesystems.</P
1217 ><P
1218 >It is possible to define two independent distinctions among
1219 files: shareable vs. unshareable and variable vs. static. In general,
1220 files that differ in either of these respects should be located in
1221 different directories. This makes it easy to store files with
1222 different usage characteristics on different filesystems.</P
1223 ><P
1225 and used on others. "Unshareable" files are those that are not
1226 shareable. For example, the files in user home directories are
1227 shareable whereas device lock files are not.</P
1228 ><P
1230 files and other files that do not change without system administrator
1232 ><DIV
1234 ><P
1235 ></P
1236 ><TABLE
1240 ><TR
1241 ><TD
1245 ><IMG
1249 ><TH
1252 ><B
1254 ></TH
1255 ></TR
1256 ><TR
1257 ><TD
1259 ><TD
1262 ><P
1263 >Shareable files can be stored on one host and used on several
1264 others. Typically, however, not all files in the filesystem
1265 hierarchy are shareable and so each system has local storage
1266 containing at least its unshareable files. It is convenient if all
1267 the files a system requires that are stored on a foreign host can be
1268 made available by mounting one or a few directories from the foreign
1269 host.</P
1270 ><P
1271 >Static and variable files should be segregated because static
1272 files, unlike variable files, can be stored on read-only media and
1273 do not need to be backed up on the same schedule as variable
1274 files.</P
1275 ><P
1276 >Historical UNIX-like filesystem hierarchies contained both
1277 static and variable files under both <TT
1280 > and
1281 <TT
1284 >. In order to realize the advantages
1285 mentioned above, the <TT
1288 > hierarchy was
1289 created and all variable files were transferred from
1290 <TT
1296 >.
1297 Consequently <TT
1300 > can now be mounted read-only
1301 (if it is a separate filesystem). Variable files have been
1302 transferred from <TT
1305 > to
1306 <TT
1309 > over a longer period as technology has
1310 permitted.</P
1311 ><P
1312 >Here is an example of a FHS-compliant system.
1313 (Other FHS-compliant layouts are possible.)</P
1314 ><DIV
1316 ><P
1317 ></P
1318 ><A
1320 ></A
1321 ><TABLE
1325 ><COL><COL><COL><THEAD
1326 ><TR
1327 ><TH
1328 ><SPAN
1330 ><I
1332 ></I
1333 ></SPAN
1334 ></TH
1335 ><TH
1337 ><TH
1339 ></TR
1340 ></THEAD
1341 ><TBODY
1342 ><TR
1343 ><TD
1345 ><TD
1347 ><TD
1349 ></TR
1350 ><TR
1351 ><TD
1353 ><TD
1355 ><TD
1357 ></TR
1358 ><TR
1359 ><TD
1361 ><TD
1363 ><TD
1365 ></TR
1366 ><TR
1367 ><TD
1369 ><TD
1371 ><TD
1373 ></TR
1374 ></TBODY
1375 ></TABLE
1376 ><P
1377 ></P
1378 ></DIV
1379 ></TD
1380 ></TR
1381 ></TABLE
1382 ></DIV
1383 ></DIV
1384 ><DIV
1386 ><HR><H1
1387 ><A
1389 ></A
1391 ><DIV
1393 ><H2
1395 ><A
1398 ></H2
1399 ><P
1400 >The contents of the root filesystem must be adequate to boot,
1401 restore, recover, and/or repair the system.</P
1402 ><P
1403 ></P
1404 ><UL
1405 ><LI
1407 ><P
1408 >To boot a system, enough must be present on the root partition
1409 to mount other filesystems. This includes utilities, configuration,
1410 boot loader information, and other essential start-up data.
1411 <TT
1417 >, and
1418 <TT
1421 > are designed such that they may be located
1422 on other partitions or filesystems.</P
1423 ></LI
1424 ><LI
1426 ><P
1427 >To enable recovery and/or repair of a system, those utilities
1428 needed by an experienced maintainer to diagnose and reconstruct a
1429 damaged system must be present on the root filesystem.</P
1430 ></LI
1431 ><LI
1433 ><P
1434 >To restore a system, those utilities needed to restore from
1435 system backups (on floppy, tape, etc.) must be present on the root
1436 filesystem.</P
1437 ></LI
1438 ></UL
1439 ><DIV
1441 ><P
1442 ></P
1443 ><TABLE
1447 ><TR
1448 ><TD
1452 ><IMG
1456 ><TH
1459 ><B
1461 ></TH
1462 ></TR
1463 ><TR
1464 ><TD
1466 ><TD
1469 ><P
1470 >The primary concern used to balance these considerations, which
1471 favor placing many things on the root filesystem, is the goal of
1472 keeping root as small as reasonably possible. For several reasons, it
1473 is desirable to keep the root filesystem small:</P
1474 ><P
1475 ></P
1476 ><UL
1477 ><LI
1478 ><P
1480 ></LI
1481 ><LI
1482 ><P
1483 >The root filesystem contains many system-specific configuration
1484 files. Possible examples include a kernel that is specific to the
1485 system, a specific hostname, etc. This means that the root filesystem
1486 isn't always shareable between networked systems. Keeping it small on
1487 servers in networked systems minimizes the amount of lost space for
1488 areas of unshareable files. It also allows workstations with smaller
1489 local hard drives.</P
1490 ></LI
1491 ><LI
1492 ><P
1493 >While you may have the root filesystem on a large partition, and
1494 may be able to fill it to your heart's content, there will be people
1495 with smaller partitions. If you have more files installed, you may
1496 find incompatibilities with other systems using root filesystems on
1497 smaller partitions. If you are a developer then you may be turning
1498 your assumption into a problem for a large number of users.</P
1499 ></LI
1500 ><LI
1501 ><P
1502 >Disk errors that corrupt data on the root filesystem are a
1503 greater problem than errors on any other partition. A small root
1504 filesystem is less prone to corruption as the result of a system
1505 crash.</P
1506 ></LI
1507 ></UL
1508 ></TD
1509 ></TR
1510 ></TABLE
1511 ></DIV
1512 ><P
1513 >Applications must never create or require special files or
1514 subdirectories in the root directory. Other locations in the FHS
1515 hierarchy provide more than enough flexibility for any package.</P
1516 ><DIV
1518 ><P
1519 ></P
1520 ><TABLE
1524 ><TR
1525 ><TD
1529 ><IMG
1533 ><TH
1536 ><B
1538 ></TH
1539 ></TR
1540 ><TR
1541 ><TD
1543 ><TD
1546 ><P
1547 >There are several reasons why creating a new subdirectory of
1548 the root filesystem is prohibited:</P
1549 ><P
1550 ></P
1551 ><UL
1552 ><LI
1554 ><P
1555 >It demands space on a root partition which the system
1556 administrator may want kept small and simple for either performance or
1557 security reasons.</P
1558 ></LI
1559 ><LI
1561 ><P
1562 >It evades whatever discipline the system administrator may have
1563 set up for distributing standard file hierarchies across mountable
1564 volumes.</P
1565 ></LI
1566 ></UL
1567 ><P
1568 >Distributions should not create new directories in the root
1569 hierarchy without extremely careful consideration of the consequences
1570 including for application portability.</P
1571 ></TD
1572 ></TR
1573 ></TABLE
1574 ></DIV
1575 ></DIV
1576 ><DIV
1578 ><HR><H2
1580 ><A
1583 ></H2
1584 ><P
1585 >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories, are
1586 required in <TT
1590 ><DIV
1592 ><P
1593 ></P
1594 ><A
1596 ></A
1597 ><TABLE
1601 ><COL><COL><THEAD
1602 ><TR
1603 ><TH
1605 ><TH
1607 ></TR
1608 ></THEAD
1609 ><TBODY
1610 ><TR
1611 ><TD
1612 ><TT
1615 ></TD
1616 ><TD
1618 ></TR
1619 ><TR
1620 ><TD
1621 ><TT
1624 ></TD
1625 ><TD
1627 ></TR
1628 ><TR
1629 ><TD
1630 ><TT
1633 ></TD
1634 ><TD
1636 ></TR
1637 ><TR
1638 ><TD
1639 ><TT
1642 ></TD
1643 ><TD
1645 ></TR
1646 ><TR
1647 ><TD
1648 ><TT
1651 ></TD
1652 ><TD
1654 ></TR
1655 ><TR
1656 ><TD
1657 ><TT
1660 ></TD
1661 ><TD
1663 ></TR
1664 ><TR
1665 ><TD
1666 ><TT
1669 ></TD
1670 ><TD
1672 ></TR
1673 ><TR
1674 ><TD
1675 ><TT
1678 ></TD
1679 ><TD
1681 ></TR
1682 ><TR
1683 ><TD
1684 ><TT
1687 ></TD
1688 ><TD
1690 ></TR
1691 ><TR
1692 ><TD
1693 ><TT
1696 ></TD
1697 ><TD
1699 ></TR
1700 ><TR
1701 ><TD
1702 ><TT
1705 ></TD
1706 ><TD
1708 ></TR
1709 ><TR
1710 ><TD
1711 ><TT
1714 ></TD
1715 ><TD
1717 ></TR
1718 ><TR
1719 ><TD
1720 ><TT
1723 ></TD
1724 ><TD
1726 ></TR
1727 ></TBODY
1728 ></TABLE
1729 ><P
1730 ></P
1731 ></DIV
1732 ><P
1733 >Each directory listed above is specified in detail in separate
1734 subsections below. <TT
1737 > and
1738 <TT
1741 > each have a complete section in this
1742 document due to the complexity of those directories.</P
1743 ></DIV
1744 ><DIV
1746 ><HR><H2
1748 ><A
1751 ></H2
1752 ><P
1753 >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories,
1754 must be in <TT
1757 >, if the corresponding subsystem is
1758 installed:</P
1759 ><DIV
1761 ><P
1762 ></P
1763 ><A
1765 ></A
1766 ><TABLE
1770 ><COL><COL><THEAD
1771 ><TR
1772 ><TH
1774 ><TH
1776 ></TR
1777 ></THEAD
1778 ><TBODY
1779 ><TR
1780 ><TD
1781 ><TT
1784 ></TD
1785 ><TD
1787 ></TR
1788 ><TR
1789 ><TD
1790 ><TT
1793 ></TD
1794 ><TD
1796 ></TR
1797 ><TR
1798 ><TD
1799 ><TT
1802 ></TD
1803 ><TD
1805 ></TR
1806 ></TBODY
1807 ></TABLE
1808 ><P
1809 ></P
1810 ></DIV
1811 ><P
1812 >Each directory listed above is specified in detail in separate
1813 subsections below.</P
1814 ></DIV
1815 ><DIV
1817 ><HR><H2
1819 ><A
1822 ></H2
1823 ><DIV
1825 ><H3
1827 ><A
1830 ></H3
1831 ><P
1832 ><TT
1835 > contains commands that may be used by
1836 both the system administrator and by users, but which are required
1837 when no other filesystems are mounted (e.g. in single user mode). It
1838 may also contain commands which are used indirectly by scripts.
1840 <A
1843 ><SPAN
1846 ></A
1847 ></P
1848 ></DIV
1849 ><DIV
1851 ><HR><H3
1853 ><A
1856 ></H3
1857 ><P
1858 >There must be no subdirectories in
1859 <TT
1863 ><P
1864 >The following commands, or symbolic links to commands, are
1865 required in <TT
1869 ><DIV
1871 ><P
1872 ></P
1873 ><A
1875 ></A
1876 ><TABLE
1880 ><COL><COL><THEAD
1881 ><TR
1882 ><TH
1884 ><TH
1886 ></TR
1887 ></THEAD
1888 ><TBODY
1889 ><TR
1890 ><TD
1891 ><B
1894 ></TD
1895 ><TD
1897 ></TR
1898 ><TR
1899 ><TD
1900 ><B
1903 ></TD
1904 ><TD
1906 ></TR
1907 ><TR
1908 ><TD
1909 ><B
1912 ></TD
1913 ><TD
1915 ></TR
1916 ><TR
1917 ><TD
1918 ><B
1921 ></TD
1922 ><TD
1924 ></TR
1925 ><TR
1926 ><TD
1927 ><B
1930 ></TD
1931 ><TD
1933 ></TR
1934 ><TR
1935 ><TD
1936 ><B
1939 ></TD
1940 ><TD
1942 ></TR
1943 ><TR
1944 ><TD
1945 ><B
1948 ></TD
1949 ><TD
1951 ></TR
1952 ><TR
1953 ><TD
1954 ><B
1957 ></TD
1958 ><TD
1960 ></TR
1961 ><TR
1962 ><TD
1963 ><B
1966 ></TD
1967 ><TD
1969 ></TR
1970 ><TR
1971 ><TD
1972 ><B
1975 ></TD
1976 ><TD
1978 ></TR
1979 ><TR
1980 ><TD
1981 ><B
1984 ></TD
1985 ><TD
1987 ></TR
1988 ><TR
1989 ><TD
1990 ><B
1993 ></TD
1994 ><TD
1996 ></TR
1997 ><TR
1998 ><TD
1999 ><B
2002 ></TD
2003 ><TD
2005 ></TR
2006 ><TR
2007 ><TD
2008 ><B
2011 ></TD
2012 ><TD
2014 ></TR
2015 ><TR
2016 ><TD
2017 ><B
2020 ></TD
2021 ><TD
2023 ></TR
2024 ><TR
2025 ><TD
2026 ><B
2029 ></TD
2030 ><TD
2032 ></TR
2033 ><TR
2034 ><TD
2035 ><B
2038 ></TD
2039 ><TD
2041 ></TR
2042 ><TR
2043 ><TD
2044 ><B
2047 ></TD
2048 ><TD
2050 ></TR
2051 ><TR
2052 ><TD
2053 ><B
2056 ></TD
2057 ><TD
2059 ></TR
2060 ><TR
2061 ><TD
2062 ><B
2065 ></TD
2066 ><TD
2068 ></TR
2069 ><TR
2070 ><TD
2071 ><B
2074 ></TD
2075 ><TD
2077 ></TR
2078 ><TR
2079 ><TD
2080 ><B
2083 ></TD
2084 ><TD
2086 ></TR
2087 ><TR
2088 ><TD
2089 ><B
2092 ></TD
2093 ><TD
2095 ></TR
2096 ><TR
2097 ><TD
2098 ><B
2101 ></TD
2102 ><TD
2104 ></TR
2105 ><TR
2106 ><TD
2107 ><B
2110 ></TD
2111 ><TD
2113 ></TR
2114 ><TR
2115 ><TD
2116 ><B
2119 ></TD
2120 ><TD
2122 ></TR
2123 ><TR
2124 ><TD
2125 ><B
2128 ></TD
2129 ><TD
2131 ></TR
2132 ><TR
2133 ><TD
2134 ><B
2137 ></TD
2138 ><TD
2140 ></TR
2141 ><TR
2142 ><TD
2143 ><B
2146 ></TD
2147 ><TD
2149 ></TR
2150 ><TR
2151 ><TD
2152 ><B
2155 ></TD
2156 ><TD
2158 ></TR
2159 ><TR
2160 ><TD
2161 ><B
2164 ></TD
2165 ><TD
2167 ></TR
2168 ><TR
2169 ><TD
2170 ><B
2173 ></TD
2174 ><TD
2176 ></TR
2177 ><TR
2178 ><TD
2179 ><B
2182 ></TD
2183 ><TD
2185 ></TR
2186 ></TBODY
2187 ></TABLE
2188 ><P
2189 ></P
2190 ></DIV
2191 ><P
2195 > is not a true Bourne shell, it
2196 must be a hard or symbolic link to the real shell command.</P
2197 ><P
2204 >
2205 commands must be placed together in either <TT
2208 >
2209 or <TT
2213 ><DIV
2215 ><P
2216 ></P
2217 ><TABLE
2221 ><TR
2222 ><TD
2226 ><IMG
2230 ><TH
2233 ><B
2235 ></TH
2236 ></TR
2237 ><TR
2238 ><TD
2240 ><TD
2243 ><P
2244 >For example bash behaves differently when called as
2245 <B
2251 >. The use of a
2252 symbolic link also allows users to easily see that
2253 <B
2257 ><P
2261 > and
2262 <B
2265 > commands to be included as binaries (even if
2266 implemented internally by the shell) is shared with the POSIX.2
2268 ></TD
2269 ></TR
2270 ></TABLE
2271 ></DIV
2272 ></DIV
2273 ><DIV
2275 ><HR><H3
2277 ><A
2280 ></H3
2281 ><P
2282 >The following programs, or symbolic links to programs, must be
2283 in <TT
2286 > if the corresponding subsystem is
2287 installed:</P
2288 ><DIV
2290 ><P
2291 ></P
2292 ><A
2294 ></A
2295 ><TABLE
2299 ><COL><COL><THEAD
2300 ><TR
2301 ><TH
2303 ><TH
2305 ></TR
2306 ></THEAD
2307 ><TBODY
2308 ><TR
2309 ><TD
2310 ><B
2313 ></TD
2314 ><TD
2316 ></TR
2317 ><TR
2318 ><TD
2319 ><B
2322 ></TD
2323 ><TD
2325 ></TR
2326 ><TR
2327 ><TD
2328 ><B
2331 ></TD
2332 ><TD
2334 ></TR
2335 ><TR
2336 ><TD
2337 ><B
2340 ></TD
2341 ><TD
2343 ></TR
2344 ><TR
2345 ><TD
2346 ><B
2349 ></TD
2350 ><TD
2352 ></TR
2353 ><TR
2354 ><TD
2355 ><B
2358 ></TD
2359 ><TD
2361 ></TR
2362 ><TR
2363 ><TD
2364 ><B
2367 ></TD
2368 ><TD
2370 ></TR
2371 ><TR
2372 ><TD
2373 ><B
2376 ></TD
2377 ><TD
2379 ></TR
2380 ><TR
2381 ><TD
2382 ><B
2385 ></TD
2386 ><TD
2388 ></TR
2389 ></TBODY
2390 ></TABLE
2391 ><P
2392 ></P
2393 ></DIV
2394 ><P
2401 >
2402 programs exist, they must be symbolic or hard links to
2403 gzip. <B
2406 > may be a symbolic link to
2407 <B
2410 > or
2411 <B
2415 ><DIV
2417 ><P
2418 ></P
2419 ><TABLE
2423 ><TR
2424 ><TD
2428 ><IMG
2432 ><TH
2435 ><B
2437 ></TH
2438 ></TR
2439 ><TR
2440 ><TD
2442 ><TD
2445 ><P
2446 >The tar, gzip and cpio commands have been added to make restoration of a
2447 system possible (provided that <TT
2451 ><P
2452 >Conversely, if no restoration from the root partition is ever
2453 expected, then these binaries might be omitted (e.g., a ROM chip root,
2454 mounting <TT
2457 > through NFS). If restoration of a
2458 system is planned through the network, then <B
2461 >
2462 or <B
2465 > (along with everything necessary to get
2467 ></TD
2468 ></TR
2469 ></TABLE
2470 ></DIV
2471 ></DIV
2472 ></DIV
2473 ><DIV
2475 ><HR><H2
2477 ><A
2480 ></H2
2481 ><DIV
2483 ><H3
2485 ><A
2488 ></H3
2489 ><P
2490 >This directory contains everything required for the boot process
2491 except configuration files not needed at boot time and the map
2492 installer. Thus /boot stores data that is used before the kernel
2493 begins executing user-mode programs. This may include saved master
2494 boot sectors and sector map files.
2496 <A
2499 ><SPAN
2502 ></A
2504 ></DIV
2505 ><DIV
2507 ><HR><H3
2509 ><A
2512 ></H3
2513 ><P
2514 >The operating system kernel must be located in either
2515 <TT
2521 >.
2523 <A
2526 ><SPAN
2529 ></A
2530 ></P
2531 ></DIV
2532 ></DIV
2533 ><DIV
2535 ><HR><H2
2537 ><A
2540 ></H2
2541 ><DIV
2543 ><H3
2545 ><A
2548 ></H3
2549 ><P
2553 > directory is the location of
2554 special or device files.</P
2555 ></DIV
2556 ><DIV
2558 ><HR><H3
2560 ><A
2563 ></H3
2564 ><P
2568 > will
2569 need to be manually created, <TT
2572 > must contain a
2573 command named <TT
2576 >, which can create devices
2577 as needed. It may also contain a <TT
2580 >
2581 for any local devices.</P
2582 ><P
2586 > must have provisions
2587 for creating any device that may be found on the system, not just
2588 those that a particular implementation installs.</P
2589 ></DIV
2590 ></DIV
2591 ><DIV
2593 ><HR><H2
2595 ><A
2598 ></H2
2599 ><DIV
2601 ><H3
2603 ><A
2606 ></H3
2607 ><P
2611 > hierarchy contains configuration
2612 files. A "configuration file" is a local file used to control the
2613 operation of a program; it must be static and cannot be an executable
2614 binary.
2616 <A
2619 ><SPAN
2622 ></A
2623 ></P
2624 ></DIV
2625 ><DIV
2627 ><HR><H3
2629 ><A
2632 ></H3
2633 ><P
2637 >.
2639 <A
2642 ><SPAN
2645 ></A
2646 ></P
2647 ><P
2648 >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories are
2649 required in <TT
2653 ><DIV
2655 ><P
2656 ></P
2657 ><A
2659 ></A
2660 ><TABLE
2664 ><COL><COL><THEAD
2665 ><TR
2666 ><TH
2668 ><TH
2670 ></TR
2671 ></THEAD
2672 ><TBODY
2673 ><TR
2674 ><TD
2676 ><TD
2678 ></TR
2679 ><TR
2680 ><TD
2682 ><TD
2684 ></TR
2685 ><TR
2686 ><TD
2688 ><TD
2690 ></TR
2691 ><TR
2692 ><TD
2694 ><TD
2696 ></TR
2697 ></TBODY
2698 ></TABLE
2699 ><P
2700 ></P
2701 ></DIV
2702 ></DIV
2703 ><DIV
2705 ><HR><H3
2707 ><A
2710 ></H3
2711 ><P
2712 >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories must
2713 be in <TT
2716 >, if the corresponding subsystem is
2717 installed:</P
2718 ><DIV
2720 ><P
2721 ></P
2722 ><A
2724 ></A
2725 ><TABLE
2729 ><COL><COL><THEAD
2730 ><TR
2731 ><TH
2733 ><TH
2735 ></TR
2736 ></THEAD
2737 ><TBODY
2738 ><TR
2739 ><TD
2741 ><TD
2743 ></TR
2744 ></TBODY
2745 ></TABLE
2746 ><P
2747 ></P
2748 ></DIV
2749 ><P
2750 >The following files, or symbolic links to files, must be in
2751 <TT
2754 > if the corresponding subsystem is
2755 installed:
2757 <A
2760 ><SPAN
2763 ></A
2764 ></P
2765 ><DIV
2767 ><P
2768 ></P
2769 ><A
2771 ></A
2772 ><TABLE
2776 ><COL><COL><THEAD
2777 ><TR
2778 ><TH
2780 ><TH
2782 ></TR
2783 ></THEAD
2784 ><TBODY
2785 ><TR
2786 ><TD
2787 ><TT
2790 ></TD
2791 ><TD
2793 ></TR
2794 ><TR
2795 ><TD
2796 ><TT
2799 ></TD
2800 ><TD
2802 ></TR
2803 ><TR
2804 ><TD
2805 ><TT
2808 ></TD
2809 ><TD
2811 ></TR
2812 ><TR
2813 ><TD
2814 ><TT
2817 ></TD
2818 ><TD
2820 ></TR
2821 ><TR
2822 ><TD
2823 ><TT
2826 ></TD
2827 ><TD
2829 ></TR
2830 ><TR
2831 ><TD
2832 ><TT
2835 ></TD
2836 ><TD
2838 ></TR
2839 ><TR
2840 ><TD
2841 ><TT
2844 ></TD
2845 ><TD
2847 ></TR
2848 ><TR
2849 ><TD
2850 ><TT
2853 ></TD
2854 ><TD
2856 ></TR
2857 ><TR
2858 ><TD
2859 ><TT
2862 ></TD
2863 ><TD
2865 ></TR
2866 ><TR
2867 ><TD
2868 ><TT
2871 ></TD
2872 ><TD
2874 ></TR
2875 ><TR
2876 ><TD
2877 ><TT
2880 ></TD
2881 ><TD
2883 ></TR
2884 ><TR
2885 ><TD
2886 ><TT
2889 ></TD
2890 ><TD
2892 ></TR
2893 ><TR
2894 ><TD
2895 ><TT
2898 ></TD
2899 ><TD
2901 ></TR
2902 ><TR
2903 ><TD
2904 ><TT
2907 ></TD
2908 ><TD
2910 ></TR
2911 ><TR
2912 ><TD
2913 ><TT
2916 ></TD
2917 ><TD
2919 ></TR
2920 ><TR
2921 ><TD
2922 ><TT
2925 ></TD
2926 ><TD
2928 ></TR
2929 ><TR
2930 ><TD
2931 ><TT
2934 ></TD
2935 ><TD
2937 ></TR
2938 ><TR
2939 ><TD
2940 ><TT
2943 ></TD
2944 ><TD
2946 ></TR
2947 ><TR
2948 ><TD
2949 ><TT
2952 ></TD
2953 ><TD
2955 ></TR
2956 ><TR
2957 ><TD
2958 ><TT
2961 ></TD
2962 ><TD
2964 ></TR
2965 ><TR
2966 ><TD
2967 ><TT
2970 ></TD
2971 ><TD
2973 ></TR
2974 ><TR
2975 ><TD
2976 ><TT
2979 ></TD
2980 ><TD
2982 ></TR
2983 ><TR
2984 ><TD
2985 ><TT
2988 ></TD
2989 ><TD
2991 ></TR
2992 ><TR
2993 ><TD
2994 ><TT
2997 ></TD
2998 ><TD
3000 ></TR
3001 ><TR
3002 ><TD
3003 ><TT
3006 ></TD
3007 ><TD
3009 ></TR
3010 ><TR
3011 ><TD
3012 ><TT
3015 ></TD
3016 ><TD
3018 ></TR
3019 ><TR
3020 ><TD
3021 ><TT
3024 ></TD
3025 ><TD
3027 ></TR
3028 ><TR
3029 ><TD
3030 ><TT
3033 ></TD
3034 ><TD
3036 ></TR
3037 ><TR
3038 ><TD
3039 ><TT
3042 ></TD
3043 ><TD
3045 ></TR
3046 ><TR
3047 ><TD
3048 ><TT
3051 ></TD
3052 ><TD
3054 ></TR
3055 ><TR
3056 ><TD
3057 ><TT
3060 ></TD
3061 ><TD
3063 ></TR
3064 ></TBODY
3065 ></TABLE
3066 ><P
3067 ></P
3068 ></DIV
3069 ><P
3070 ><TT
3073 > does not fit the static nature of
3074 <TT
3077 >: it is excepted for historical reasons.
3079 <A
3082 ><SPAN
3085 ></A
3087 ></DIV
3088 ><DIV
3090 ><HR><H3
3092 ><A
3095 ></H3
3096 ><DIV
3098 ><H4
3100 ><A
3103 ></H4
3104 ><P
3105 >Host-specific configuration files for add-on application
3106 software packages must be installed within the directory
3107 <TT
3110 >, where
3111 <TT
3114 > is the name of the subtree in
3115 <TT
3118 > where the static data from that package is
3119 stored.</P
3120 ></DIV
3121 ><DIV
3123 ><HR><H4
3125 ><A
3128 ></H4
3129 ><P
3130 >No structure is imposed on the internal arrangement of
3131 <TT
3135 ><P
3136 >If a configuration file must reside in a different location in
3137 order for the package or system to function properly, it may be placed
3138 in a location other than
3139 <TT
3143 ><DIV
3145 ><P
3146 ></P
3147 ><TABLE
3151 ><TR
3152 ><TD
3156 ><IMG
3160 ><TH
3163 ><B
3165 ></TH
3166 ></TR
3167 ><TR
3168 ><TD
3170 ><TD
3173 ><P
3178 ></TD
3179 ></TR
3180 ></TABLE
3181 ></DIV
3182 ></DIV
3183 ></DIV
3184 ><DIV
3186 ><HR><H3
3188 ><A
3191 ></H3
3192 ><DIV
3194 ><H4
3196 ><A
3199 ></H4
3200 ><P
3201 ><SPAN
3203 ><I
3206 ></SPAN
3207 > is the location for all X11
3208 host-specific configuration. This directory is necessary to allow
3209 local control if <SPAN
3211 ><I
3214 ></SPAN
3215 > is mounted read
3216 only.</P
3217 ></DIV
3218 ><DIV
3220 ><HR><H4
3222 ><A
3225 ></H4
3226 ><P
3227 >The following files, or symbolic links to files, must be in
3228 <TT
3231 > if the corresponding subsystem is
3232 installed:</P
3233 ><DIV
3235 ><P
3236 ></P
3237 ><A
3239 ></A
3240 ><TABLE
3244 ><COL
3249 ><TR
3250 ><TH
3252 ><TH
3254 ></TR
3255 ></THEAD
3256 ><TBODY
3257 ><TR
3258 ><TD
3259 ><TT
3262 ></TD
3263 ><TD
3265 ></TR
3266 ><TR
3267 ><TD
3268 ><TT
3271 ></TD
3272 ><TD
3274 ></TR
3275 ><TR
3276 ><TD
3277 ><TT
3280 ></TD
3281 ><TD
3283 ></TR
3284 ></TBODY
3285 ></TABLE
3286 ><P
3287 ></P
3288 ></DIV
3289 ><P
3293 > may include
3294 those for <TT
3297 > and for any other programs (some
3298 window managers, for example) that need them.
3300 <A
3303 ><SPAN
3306 ></A
3307 >
3309 We recommend that window managers with only one configuration file
3310 which is a default <TT
3313 > file must name it
3314 <TT
3317 > (unless there is a widely-accepted
3318 alternative name) and not use a subdirectory. Any window manager
3319 subdirectories must be identically named to the actual window manager
3320 binary.</P
3321 ></DIV
3322 ></DIV
3323 ><DIV
3325 ><HR><H3
3327 ><A
3330 ></H3
3331 ><DIV
3333 ><H4
3335 ><A
3338 ></H4
3339 ><P
3340 >Generic configuration files defining high-level parameters of
3341 the SGML systems are installed here. Files with names
3342 <TT
3345 > indicate generic configuration files.
3346 File with names <TT
3349 > are the DTD-specific
3350 centralized catalogs, containing references to all other catalogs
3351 needed to use the given DTD. The super catalog file
3352 <TT
3355 > references all the centralized
3356 catalogs.</P
3357 ></DIV
3358 ></DIV
3359 ><DIV
3361 ><HR><H3
3363 ><A
3366 ></H3
3367 ><DIV
3369 ><H4
3371 ><A
3374 ></H4
3375 ><P
3376 >Generic configuration files defining high-level parameters of
3377 the XML systems are installed here. Files with names
3378 <TT
3381 > indicate generic configuration files.
3382 The super catalog file
3383 <TT
3386 > references all the centralized
3387 catalogs.</P
3388 ></DIV
3389 ></DIV
3390 ></DIV
3391 ><DIV
3393 ><HR><H2
3395 ><A
3398 ></H2
3399 ><DIV
3401 ><H3
3403 ><A
3406 ></H3
3407 ><P
3408 ><TT
3411 > is a fairly standard concept, but it
3412 is clearly a site-specific filesystem.
3414 <A
3417 ><SPAN
3420 ></A
3421 >
3423 The setup will differ from host to host. Therefore, no program should
3424 rely on this location.
3426 <A
3429 ><SPAN
3432 ></A
3434 ></DIV
3435 ><DIV
3437 ><HR><H3
3439 ><A
3442 ></H3
3443 ><P
3444 >User specific configuration files for applications are stored in the
3445 user's home directory in a file that starts with the '.' character (a
3446 "dot file"). If an application needs to create more than one dot file
3447 then they should be placed in a subdirectory with a name starting with
3448 a '.' character, (a "dot directory"). In this case the configuration
3449 files should not start with the '.' character.
3450 <A
3453 ><SPAN
3456 ></A
3457 ></P
3458 ></DIV
3459 ></DIV
3460 ><DIV
3462 ><HR><H2
3464 ><A
3467 ></H2
3468 ><DIV
3470 ><H3
3472 ><A
3475 ></H3
3476 ><P
3480 > directory contains those shared
3481 library images needed to boot the system and run the commands in the
3482 root filesystem, ie. by binaries in <TT
3485 > and
3486 <TT
3489 >.
3491 <A
3494 ><SPAN
3497 ></A
3498 ></P
3499 ></DIV
3500 ><DIV
3502 ><HR><H3
3504 ><A
3507 ></H3
3508 ><P
3509 >At least one of each of the following filename patterns are
3510 required (they may be files, or symbolic links):</P
3511 ><DIV
3513 ><P
3514 ></P
3515 ><A
3517 ></A
3518 ><TABLE
3522 ><COL><COL><THEAD
3523 ><TR
3524 ><TH
3526 ><TH
3528 ></TR
3529 ></THEAD
3530 ><TBODY
3531 ><TR
3532 ><TD
3533 ><TT
3536 ></TD
3537 ><TD
3539 ></TR
3540 ><TR
3541 ><TD
3542 ><TT
3545 ></TD
3546 ><TD
3548 ></TR
3549 ></TBODY
3550 ></TABLE
3551 ><P
3552 ></P
3553 ></DIV
3554 ><P
3557 ><I
3560 ></SPAN
3561 >
3562 must be a reference to it, for historical reasons.
3564 <A
3567 ><SPAN
3570 ></A
3571 ></P
3572 ></DIV
3573 ><DIV
3575 ><HR><H3
3577 ><A
3580 ></H3
3581 ><P
3582 >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories,
3583 must be in <TT
3586 >, if the corresponding subsystem
3587 is installed:</P
3588 ><DIV
3590 ><P
3591 ></P
3592 ><A
3594 ></A
3595 ><TABLE
3599 ><COL><COL><THEAD
3600 ><TR
3601 ><TH
3603 ><TH
3605 ></TR
3606 ></THEAD
3607 ><TBODY
3608 ><TR
3609 ><TD
3610 ><TT
3613 ></TD
3614 ><TD
3616 ></TR
3617 ></TBODY
3618 ></TABLE
3619 ><P
3620 ></P
3621 ></DIV
3622 ></DIV
3623 ></DIV
3624 ><DIV
3626 ><HR><H2
3628 ><A
3631 ></H2
3632 ><DIV
3634 ><H3
3636 ><A
3639 ></H3
3640 ><P
3641 >There may be one or more variants of the
3642 <TT
3645 > directory on systems which support more than
3646 one binary format requiring separate libraries.
3648 <A
3651 ><SPAN
3654 ></A
3655 ></P
3656 ></DIV
3657 ><DIV
3659 ><HR><H3
3661 ><A
3664 ></H3
3665 ><P
3666 >If one or more of these directories exist, the requirements for
3667 their contents are the same as the normal <TT
3670 >
3671 directory, except that <TT
3674 > is
3675 not required.
3677 <A
3680 ><SPAN
3683 ></A
3684 ></P
3685 ></DIV
3686 ></DIV
3687 ><DIV
3689 ><HR><H2
3691 ><A
3694 ></H2
3695 ><DIV
3697 ><H3
3699 ><A
3702 ></H3
3703 ><P
3704 >This directory contains subdirectories which are used as mount
3705 points for removeable media such as floppy disks, cdroms and zip
3706 disks.</P
3707 ><DIV
3709 ><P
3710 ></P
3711 ><TABLE
3715 ><TR
3716 ><TD
3720 ><IMG
3724 ><TH
3727 ><B
3729 ></TH
3730 ></TR
3731 ><TR
3732 ><TD
3734 ><TD
3737 ><P
3738 >Historically there have been a number of other different places
3739 used to mount removeable media such as <TT
3742 >,
3743 <TT
3749 >. Placing
3750 the mount points for all removeable media directly in the root
3751 directory would potentially result in a large number of extra
3752 directories in <TT
3755 >. Although the use of
3756 subdirectories in <TT
3759 > as a mount point has
3760 recently been common, it conflicts with a much older tradition of
3761 using <TT
3765 ></TD
3766 ></TR
3767 ></TABLE
3768 ></DIV
3769 ></DIV
3770 ><DIV
3772 ><HR><H3
3774 ><A
3777 ></H3
3778 ><P
3779 >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories,
3780 must be in <TT
3783 >, if the corresponding subsystem
3784 is installed:</P
3785 ><DIV
3787 ><P
3788 ></P
3789 ><A
3791 ></A
3792 ><TABLE
3796 ><COL><COL><THEAD
3797 ><TR
3798 ><TH
3800 ><TH
3802 ></TR
3803 ></THEAD
3804 ><TBODY
3805 ><TR
3806 ><TD
3807 ><TT
3810 ></TD
3811 ><TD
3813 ></TR
3814 ><TR
3815 ><TD
3816 ><TT
3819 ></TD
3820 ><TD
3822 ></TR
3823 ><TR
3824 ><TD
3825 ><TT
3828 ></TD
3829 ><TD
3831 ></TR
3832 ><TR
3833 ><TD
3834 ><TT
3837 ></TD
3838 ><TD
3840 ></TR
3841 ></TBODY
3842 ></TABLE
3843 ><P
3844 ></P
3845 ></DIV
3846 ><P
3847 >On systems where more than one device exists for mounting a
3848 certain type of media, mount directories can be created by appending a
3849 digit to the name of those available above starting with '0', but the
3850 unqualified name must also exist.
3852 <A
3855 ><SPAN
3858 ></A
3860 ></DIV
3861 ></DIV
3862 ><DIV
3864 ><HR><H2
3866 ><A
3869 ></H2
3870 ><DIV
3872 ><H3
3874 ><A
3877 ></H3
3878 ><P
3879 >This directory is provided so that the system administrator may
3880 temporarily mount a filesystem as needed. The content of this
3881 directory is a local issue and should not affect the manner in which
3882 any program is run.</P
3883 ><P
3884 >This directory must not be used by installation programs: a
3885 suitable temporary directory not in use by the system must be used
3886 instead.</P
3887 ></DIV
3888 ></DIV
3889 ><DIV
3891 ><HR><H2
3893 ><A
3896 ></H2
3897 ><DIV
3899 ><H3
3901 ><A
3904 ></H3
3905 ><P
3906 ><TT
3909 > is reserved for the installation of
3910 add-on application software packages.</P
3911 ><P
3915 > must
3916 locate its static files in a separate
3917 <TT
3920 > or
3921 <TT
3924 > directory
3925 tree, where <TT
3928 > is a name that
3929 describes the software package and
3930 <TT
3933 > is the provider's LANANA
3934 registered name.</P
3935 ></DIV
3936 ><DIV
3938 ><HR><H3
3940 ><A
3943 ></H3
3944 ><DIV
3946 ><P
3947 ></P
3948 ><A
3950 ></A
3951 ><TABLE
3955 ><COL><COL><THEAD
3956 ><TR
3957 ><TH
3959 ><TH
3961 ></TR
3962 ></THEAD
3963 ><TBODY
3964 ><TR
3965 ><TD
3967 ><TD
3969 ></TR
3970 ><TR
3971 ><TD
3973 ><TD
3975 ></TR
3976 ></TBODY
3977 ></TABLE
3978 ><P
3979 ></P
3980 ></DIV
3981 ><P
3985 >,
3986 <TT
3992 >,
3993 <TT
3999 >, and
4000 <TT
4003 > are reserved for local system
4004 administrator use. Packages may provide "front-end" files intended to
4005 be placed in (by linking or copying) these reserved directories by the
4006 local system administrator, but must function normally in the absence
4007 of these reserved directories.</P
4008 ><P
4009 >Programs to be invoked by users must be located in the directory
4010 <TT
4013 > or under the
4014 <TT
4017 > hierarchy. If the package
4018 includes UNIX manual pages, they must be located in
4019 <TT
4022 > or under the
4023 <TT
4026 > hierarchy, and the same
4027 substructure as <TT
4030 > must be
4031 used.</P
4032 ><P
4033 >Package files that are variable (change in normal operation)
4034 must be installed in <TT
4037 >. See the section
4038 on <TT
4042 ><P
4043 >Host-specific configuration files must be installed in
4044 <TT
4047 >. See the section on
4048 <TT
4052 ><P
4053 >No other package files may exist outside the
4054 <TT
4060 >, and
4061 <TT
4064 > hierarchies except for those package
4065 files that must reside in specific locations within the filesystem
4066 tree in order to function properly. For example, device lock files
4067 must be placed in <TT
4070 > and devices must be
4071 located in <TT
4075 ><P
4079 >,
4080 but must not modify or delete software installed by the local system
4081 administrator without the assent of the local system
4082 administrator.</P
4083 ><DIV
4085 ><P
4086 ></P
4087 ><TABLE
4091 ><TR
4092 ><TD
4096 ><IMG
4100 ><TH
4103 ><B
4105 ></TH
4106 ></TR
4107 ><TR
4108 ><TD
4110 ><TD
4113 ><P
4117 > for add-on software is a
4118 well-established practice in the UNIX community. The System V
4120 Interface Definition (Third Edition), provides for an
4121 <TT
4124 > structure very similar to the one defined
4125 here.</P
4126 ><P
4128 provides a similar structure for <TT
4132 ><P
4133 >Generally, all data required to support a package on a system
4134 must be present within <TT
4137 >,
4138 including files intended to be copied into
4139 <TT
4142 > and
4143 <TT
4146 > as well as reserved
4147 directories in <TT
4151 ><P
4152 >The minor restrictions on distributions using
4153 <TT
4156 > are necessary because conflicts are possible
4157 between distribution-installed and locally-installed software,
4158 especially in the case of fixed pathnames found in some binary
4159 software.</P
4160 ><P
4161 >The structure of the directories below
4162 <TT
4165 > is left up to the packager
4166 of the software, though it is recommended that packages are installed
4167 in <TT
4170 > and
4171 follow a similar structure to the guidelines for
4172 <TT
4175 >. A valid reason for diverging from
4176 this structure is for support packages which may have files installed
4177 in <TT
4180 > or
4181 <TT
4185 ></TD
4186 ></TR
4187 ></TABLE
4188 ></DIV
4189 ></DIV
4190 ></DIV
4191 ><DIV
4193 ><HR><H2
4195 ><A
4198 ></H2
4199 ><DIV
4201 ><H3
4203 ><A
4206 ></H3
4207 ><P
4208 >The root account's home directory may be determined by developer
4209 or local preference, but this is the recommended default
4210 location.
4212 <A
4215 ><SPAN
4218 ></A
4219 ></P
4220 ></DIV
4221 ></DIV
4222 ><DIV
4224 ><HR><H2
4226 ><A
4229 ></H2
4230 ><DIV
4232 ><H3
4234 ><A
4237 ></H3
4238 ><P
4239 >Utilities used for system administration (and other root-only
4240 commands) are stored in <TT
4243 >,
4244 <TT
4247 >, and
4248 <TT
4254 >
4255 contains binaries essential for booting, restoring, recovering, and/or
4256 repairing the system in addition to the binaries in
4257 <TT
4260 >.
4262 <A
4265 ><SPAN
4268 ></A
4269 > Programs executed after
4270 <TT
4273 > is known to be mounted (when there are no
4274 problems) are generally placed into <TT
4277 >.
4278 Locally-installed system administration programs should be placed into
4279 <TT
4282 >.
4284 <A
4287 ><SPAN
4290 ></A
4291 ></P
4292 ></DIV
4293 ><DIV
4295 ><HR><H3
4297 ><A
4300 ></H3
4301 ><P
4302 >The following commands, or symbolic links to commands, are
4303 required in <TT
4307 ><DIV
4309 ><P
4310 ></P
4311 ><A
4313 ></A
4314 ><TABLE
4318 ><COL><COL><THEAD
4319 ><TR
4320 ><TH
4322 ><TH
4324 ></TR
4325 ></THEAD
4326 ><TBODY
4327 ><TR
4328 ><TD
4329 ><B
4332 ></TD
4333 ><TD
4335 ></TR
4336 ></TBODY
4337 ></TABLE
4338 ><P
4339 ></P
4340 ></DIV
4341 ></DIV
4342 ><DIV
4344 ><HR><H3
4346 ><A
4349 ></H3
4350 ><P
4351 >The following files, or symbolic links to files, must be in
4352 <TT
4355 > if the corresponding subsystem is
4356 installed:</P
4357 ><DIV
4359 ><P
4360 ></P
4361 ><A
4363 ></A
4364 ><TABLE
4368 ><COL
4373 ><TR
4374 ><TH
4376 ><TH
4378 ></TR
4379 ></THEAD
4380 ><TBODY
4381 ><TR
4382 ><TD
4383 ><TT
4386 ></TD
4387 ><TD
4389 ></TR
4390 ><TR
4391 ><TD
4392 ><TT
4395 ></TD
4396 ><TD
4398 ></TR
4399 ><TR
4400 ><TD
4401 ><TT
4404 ></TD
4405 ><TD
4407 ></TR
4408 ><TR
4409 ><TD
4410 ><TT
4413 ></TD
4414 ><TD
4416 ></TR
4417 ><TR
4418 ><TD
4419 ><TT
4422 ></TD
4423 ><TD
4425 ></TR
4426 ><TR
4427 ><TD
4428 ><TT
4431 ></TD
4432 ><TD
4434 ></TR
4435 ><TR
4436 ><TD
4437 ><TT
4440 ></TD
4441 ><TD
4443 ></TR
4444 ><TR
4445 ><TD
4446 ><TT
4449 ></TD
4450 ><TD
4452 ></TR
4453 ><TR
4454 ><TD
4455 ><TT
4458 ></TD
4459 ><TD
4461 ></TR
4462 ><TR
4463 ><TD
4464 ><TT
4467 ></TD
4468 ><TD
4470 ></TR
4471 ><TR
4472 ><TD
4473 ><TT
4476 ></TD
4477 ><TD
4479 ></TR
4480 ><TR
4481 ><TD
4482 ><TT
4485 ></TD
4486 ><TD
4488 ></TR
4489 ><TR
4490 ><TD
4491 ><TT
4494 ></TD
4495 ><TD
4497 ></TR
4498 ><TR
4499 ><TD
4500 ><TT
4503 ></TD
4504 ><TD
4506 ></TR
4507 ><TR
4508 ><TD
4509 ><TT
4512 ></TD
4513 ><TD
4515 ></TR
4516 ><TR
4517 ><TD
4518 ><TT
4521 ></TD
4522 ><TD
4524 ></TR
4525 ><TR
4526 ><TD
4527 ><TT
4530 ></TD
4531 ><TD
4533 ></TR
4534 ></TBODY
4535 ></TABLE
4536 ><P
4537 ></P
4538 ></DIV
4539 ></DIV
4540 ></DIV
4541 ><DIV
4543 ><HR><H2
4545 ><A
4548 ></H2
4549 ><DIV
4551 ><H3
4553 ><A
4556 ></H3
4557 ><P
4558 ><TT
4561 > contains site-specific data which is
4562 served by this system.
4564 <DIV
4566 ><P
4567 ></P
4568 ><TABLE
4572 ><TR
4573 ><TD
4577 ><IMG
4581 ><TH
4584 ><B
4586 ></TH
4587 ></TR
4588 ><TR
4589 ><TD
4591 ><TD
4594 ><P
4595 >This main purpose of specifying this is so that users may find the
4596 location of the data files for particular service, and so that
4597 services which require a single tree for readonly data, writable data
4598 and scripts (such as cgi scripts) can be reasonably placed. Data that
4599 is only of interest to a specific user should go in that users' home
4600 directory.</P
4601 ><P
4602 >The methodology used to name subdirectories of
4603 <TT
4606 > is unspecified as there is currently no
4607 consensus on how this should be done. One method for structuring data
4608 under <TT
4611 > is by protocol,
4612 eg. <TT
4618 >,
4619 <TT
4625 >. On large
4626 systems it can be useful to structure <TT
4629 > by
4630 administrative context, such as <TT
4633 >,
4634 <TT
4637 >, etc. This setup will differ
4638 from host to host. Therefore, no program should rely on a specific
4639 subdirectory structure of <TT
4642 > existing or data
4643 necessarily being stored in <TT
4646 >. However
4647 <TT
4650 > should always exist on FHS compliant systems
4651 and should be used as the default location for such data.</P
4652 ><P
4653 >Distributions must take care not to remove locally placed files in
4654 these directories without administrator permission.
4655 <A
4658 ><SPAN
4661 ></A
4662 ></P
4663 ></TD
4664 ></TR
4665 ></TABLE
4666 ></DIV
4668 ></DIV
4669 ></DIV
4670 ><DIV
4672 ><HR><H2
4674 ><A
4677 ></H2
4678 ><DIV
4680 ><H3
4682 ><A
4685 ></H3
4686 ><P
4690 > directory must be made available
4691 for programs that require temporary files.</P
4692 ><P
4693 >Programs must not assume that any files or directories in
4694 <TT
4697 > are preserved between invocations of the
4698 program.</P
4699 ><DIV
4701 ><P
4702 ></P
4703 ><TABLE
4707 ><TR
4708 ><TD
4712 ><IMG
4716 ><TH
4719 ><B
4721 ></TH
4722 ></TR
4723 ><TR
4724 ><TD
4726 ><TD
4729 ><P
4731 are similar to the above section.</P
4732 ><P
4736 > may be deleted
4737 in a site-specific manner, it is recommended that files and
4738 directories located in <TT
4741 > be deleted whenever
4742 the system is booted.</P
4743 ><P
4744 >FHS added this recommendation on the basis of historical
4745 precedent and common practice, but did not make it a requirement
4746 because system administration is not within the scope of this
4748 ></TD
4749 ></TR
4750 ></TABLE
4751 ></DIV
4752 ></DIV
4753 ></DIV
4754 ></DIV
4755 ><DIV
4757 ><HR><H1
4758 ><A
4760 ></A
4762 ><DIV
4764 ><H2
4766 ><A
4769 ></H2
4770 ><P
4771 ><TT
4774 > is the second major section of the
4775 filesystem. <TT
4778 > is shareable, read-only data.
4779 That means that <TT
4782 > should be shareable between
4783 various FHS-compliant hosts and must not be written to. Any
4784 information that is host-specific or varies with time is stored
4785 elsewhere.</P
4786 ><P
4787 >Large software packages must not use a direct subdirectory under
4788 the <TT
4792 ></DIV
4793 ><DIV
4795 ><HR><H2
4797 ><A
4800 ></H2
4801 ><P
4802 >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories, are
4803 required in <TT
4807 ><DIV
4809 ><P
4810 ></P
4811 ><A
4813 ></A
4814 ><TABLE
4818 ><COL><COL><THEAD
4819 ><TR
4820 ><TH
4822 ><TH
4824 ></TR
4825 ></THEAD
4826 ><TBODY
4827 ><TR
4828 ><TD
4829 ><TT
4832 ></TD
4833 ><TD
4835 ></TR
4836 ><TR
4837 ><TD
4838 ><TT
4841 ></TD
4842 ><TD
4844 ></TR
4845 ><TR
4846 ><TD
4847 ><TT
4850 ></TD
4851 ><TD
4853 ></TR
4854 ><TR
4855 ><TD
4856 ><TT
4859 ></TD
4860 ><TD
4862 ></TR
4863 ><TR
4864 ><TD
4865 ><TT
4868 ></TD
4869 ><TD
4871 ></TR
4872 ><TR
4873 ><TD
4874 ><TT
4877 ></TD
4878 ><TD
4880 ></TR
4881 ></TBODY
4882 ></TABLE
4883 ><P
4884 ></P
4885 ></DIV
4886 ></DIV
4887 ><DIV
4889 ><HR><H2
4891 ><A
4894 ></H2
4895 ><DIV
4897 ><P
4898 ></P
4899 ><A
4901 ></A
4902 ><TABLE
4906 ><COL><COL><THEAD
4907 ><TR
4908 ><TH
4910 ><TH
4912 ></TR
4913 ></THEAD
4914 ><TBODY
4915 ><TR
4916 ><TD
4917 ><TT
4920 ></TD
4921 ><TD
4923 ></TR
4924 ><TR
4925 ><TD
4926 ><TT
4929 ></TD
4930 ><TD
4932 ></TR
4933 ><TR
4934 ><TD
4935 ><TT
4938 ></TD
4939 ><TD
4941 ></TR
4942 ><TR
4943 ><TD
4944 ><TT
4947 ></TD
4948 ><TD
4950 ></TR
4951 ></TBODY
4952 ></TABLE
4953 ><P
4954 ></P
4955 ></DIV
4956 ><P
4957 >An exception is made for the X Window System because of
4958 considerable precedent and widely-accepted practice.</P
4959 ><P
4960 >The following symbolic links to directories may be present. This
4961 possibility is based on the need to preserve compatibility with older
4962 systems until all implementations can be assumed to use the
4963 <TT
4967 ><TABLE
4971 ><TR
4972 ><TD
4973 ><PRE
4976 /usr/tmp -> /var/tmp
4978 ></TD
4979 ></TR
4980 ></TABLE
4981 ><P
4982 >Once a system no longer requires any one of the above symbolic links,
4983 the link may be removed, if desired.</P
4984 ></DIV
4985 ><DIV
4987 ><HR><H2
4989 ><A
4992 ></H2
4993 ><DIV
4995 ><H3
4997 ><A
5000 ></H3
5001 ><P
5004 ><P
5005 >To simplify matters and make XFree86 more compatible with the X
5006 Window System on other systems, the following symbolic links must be
5007 present if <TT
5011 ><TABLE
5015 ><TR
5016 ><TD
5017 ><PRE
5020 /usr/lib/X11 -> /usr/X11R6/lib/X11
5022 ></TD
5023 ></TR
5024 ></TABLE
5025 ><P
5026 >In general, software must not be installed or managed via the above
5027 symbolic links. They are intended for utilization by users only. The
5028 difficulty is related to the release version of the X Window System —
5029 in transitional periods, it is impossible to know what release of X11 is
5030 in use.</P
5031 ></DIV
5032 ><DIV
5034 ><HR><H3
5036 ><A
5039 ></H3
5040 ><P
5044 > should be interpreted
5045 as a demonstration file. Applications requiring information about the
5046 current host must reference a configuration file in <TT
5049 >,
5050 which may be linked to a file in <TT
5053 >.
5055 <A
5058 ><SPAN
5061 ></A
5062 ></P
5063 ></DIV
5064 ></DIV
5065 ><DIV
5067 ><HR><H2
5069 ><A
5072 ></H2
5073 ><DIV
5075 ><H3
5077 ><A
5080 ></H3
5081 ><P
5082 >This is the primary directory of executable commands on the
5083 system.</P
5084 ></DIV
5085 ><DIV
5087 ><HR><H3
5089 ><A
5092 ></H3
5093 ><P
5094 >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories,
5095 must be in <TT
5098 >, if the corresponding
5099 subsystem is installed:</P
5100 ><DIV
5102 ><P
5103 ></P
5104 ><A
5106 ></A
5107 ><TABLE
5111 ><COL><COL><THEAD
5112 ><TR
5113 ><TH
5115 ><TH
5117 ></TR
5118 ></THEAD
5119 ><TBODY
5120 ><TR
5121 ><TD
5122 ><TT
5125 ></TD
5126 ><TD
5128 ></TR
5129 ></TBODY
5130 ></TABLE
5131 ><P
5132 ></P
5133 ></DIV
5134 ><P
5135 ><TT
5138 > must be a symlink to
5139 <TT
5143 ><P
5144 >The following files, or symbolic links to files, must be in
5145 <TT
5148 >, if the corresponding subsystem is
5149 installed:</P
5150 ><DIV
5152 ><P
5153 ></P
5154 ><A
5156 ></A
5157 ><TABLE
5161 ><COL><COL><THEAD
5162 ><TR
5163 ><TH
5165 ><TH
5167 ></TR
5168 ></THEAD
5169 ><TBODY
5170 ><TR
5171 ><TD
5172 ><B
5175 ></TD
5176 ><TD
5178 ></TR
5179 ><TR
5180 ><TD
5181 ><B
5184 ></TD
5185 ><TD
5187 ></TR
5188 ><TR
5189 ><TD
5190 ><B
5193 ></TD
5194 ><TD
5196 ></TR
5197 ><TR
5198 ><TD
5199 ><B
5202 ></TD
5203 ><TD
5205 ></TR
5206 ><TR
5207 ><TD
5208 ><B
5211 ></TD
5212 ><TD
5214 ></TR
5215 ></TBODY
5216 ></TABLE
5217 ><P
5218 ></P
5219 ></DIV
5220 ><DIV
5222 ><P
5223 ></P
5224 ><TABLE
5228 ><TR
5229 ><TD
5233 ><IMG
5237 ><TH
5240 ><B
5242 ></TH
5243 ></TR
5244 ><TR
5245 ><TD
5247 ><TD
5250 ><P
5251 >Because shell script interpreters (invoked with
5252 <TT
5255 > on the first line of a shell
5256 script) cannot rely on a path, it is advantageous to standardize their
5257 locations. The Bourne shell and C-shell interpreters are already
5258 fixed in <TT
5261 >, but Perl, Python, and Tcl are
5262 often found in many different places. They may be symlinks to the
5264 ></TD
5265 ></TR
5266 ></TABLE
5267 ></DIV
5268 ></DIV
5269 ></DIV
5270 ><DIV
5272 ><HR><H2
5274 ><A
5277 ></H2
5278 ><DIV
5280 ><H3
5282 ><A
5285 ></H3
5286 ><P
5287 >This is where all of the system's general-use include files for the C
5288 programming language should be placed.</P
5289 ></DIV
5290 ><DIV
5292 ><HR><H3
5294 ><A
5297 ></H3
5298 ><P
5299 >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories,
5300 must be in <TT
5303 >, if the corresponding
5304 subsystem is installed:</P
5305 ><DIV
5307 ><P
5308 ></P
5309 ><A
5311 ></A
5312 ><TABLE
5316 ><COL><COL><THEAD
5317 ><TR
5318 ><TH
5320 ><TH
5322 ></TR
5323 ></THEAD
5324 ><TBODY
5325 ><TR
5326 ><TD
5328 ><TD
5330 ></TR
5331 ></TBODY
5332 ></TABLE
5333 ><P
5334 ></P
5335 ></DIV
5336 ><P
5340 > must
5341 link to <TT
5344 > if the latter
5345 exists.</P
5346 ></DIV
5347 ></DIV
5348 ><DIV
5350 ><HR><H2
5352 ><A
5355 ></H2
5356 ><DIV
5358 ><H3
5360 ><A
5363 ></H3
5364 ><P
5365 ><TT
5368 > includes object files, libraries,
5369 and internal binaries that are not intended to be executed directly by
5370 users or shell scripts.
5371 <A
5374 ><SPAN
5377 ></A
5378 ></P
5379 ><P
5380 >Applications may use a single subdirectory under
5381 <TT
5384 >. If an application uses a subdirectory,
5385 all architecture-dependent data exclusively used by the application
5386 must be placed within that subdirectory.
5388 <A
5391 ><SPAN
5394 ></A
5395 ></P
5396 ></DIV
5397 ><DIV
5399 ><HR><H3
5401 ><A
5404 ></H3
5405 ><P
5409 >
5410 must be a symbolic link to <B
5413 > if
5414 the latter exists.
5416 <A
5419 ><SPAN
5422 ></A
5423 ></P
5424 ><P
5428 > exists,
5429 <TT
5432 > must be a symbolic link to
5433 <TT
5436 >, or to whatever
5437 <TT
5440 > is a symbolic link to.
5442 <A
5445 ><SPAN
5448 ></A
5449 ></P
5450 ></DIV
5451 ></DIV
5452 ><DIV
5454 ><HR><H2
5456 ><A
5459 ></H2
5460 ><DIV
5462 ><H3
5464 ><A
5467 ></H3
5468 ><P
5469 ><TT
5475 > for an
5476 alternate binary format, except that the symbolic links
5477 <TT
5483 > are not required.
5485 <A
5488 ><SPAN
5491 ></A
5492 ></P
5493 ></DIV
5494 ><DIV
5496 ><HR><H3
5498 ><A
5501 ></H3
5502 ><DIV
5504 ><H4
5506 ><A
5509 ></H4
5510 ><P
5514 > hierarchy is for use by the
5515 system administrator when installing software locally. It needs to be
5516 safe from being overwritten when the system software is updated. It
5517 may be used for programs and data that are shareable amongst a group
5518 of hosts, but not found in <TT
5522 ><P
5523 >Locally installed software must be placed within
5524 <TT
5530 >
5531 unless it is being installed to replace or upgrade software in
5532 <TT
5535 >.
5537 <A
5540 ><SPAN
5543 ></A
5544 ></P
5545 ></DIV
5546 ><DIV
5548 ><HR><H4
5550 ><A
5553 ></H4
5554 ><P
5555 >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories,
5556 must be in <TT
5559 ></P
5560 ><DIV
5562 ><P
5563 ></P
5564 ><A
5566 ></A
5567 ><TABLE
5571 ><COL><COL><THEAD
5572 ><TR
5573 ><TH
5575 ><TH
5577 ></TR
5578 ></THEAD
5579 ><TBODY
5580 ><TR
5581 ><TD
5582 ><TT
5585 ></TD
5586 ><TD
5588 ></TR
5589 ><TR
5590 ><TD
5591 ><TT
5594 ></TD
5595 ><TD
5597 ></TR
5598 ><TR
5599 ><TD
5600 ><TT
5603 ></TD
5604 ><TD
5606 ></TR
5607 ><TR
5608 ><TD
5609 ><TT
5612 ></TD
5613 ><TD
5615 ></TR
5616 ><TR
5617 ><TD
5618 ><TT
5621 ></TD
5622 ><TD
5624 ></TR
5625 ><TR
5626 ><TD
5627 ><TT
5630 ></TD
5631 ><TD
5633 ></TR
5634 ><TR
5635 ><TD
5636 ><TT
5639 ></TD
5640 ><TD
5642 ></TR
5643 ><TR
5644 ><TD
5645 ><TT
5648 ></TD
5649 ><TD
5651 ></TR
5652 ><TR
5653 ><TD
5654 ><TT
5657 ></TD
5658 ><TD
5660 ></TR
5661 ></TBODY
5662 ></TABLE
5663 ><P
5664 ></P
5665 ></DIV
5666 ><P
5667 >No other directories, except those listed below, may be in
5668 <TT
5671 > after first installing a FHS-compliant
5672 system.</P
5673 ></DIV
5674 ><DIV
5676 ><HR><H4
5678 ><A
5681 ></H4
5682 ><P
5686 > or
5687 <TT
5690 > exist, the equivalent
5691 directories must also exist in <TT
5695 ><P
5696 ><TT
5699 > may be a symbolic link to
5700 <TT
5704 ><DIV
5706 ><P
5707 ></P
5708 ><TABLE
5712 ><TR
5713 ><TD
5717 ><IMG
5721 ><TH
5724 ><B
5726 ></TH
5727 ></TR
5728 ><TR
5729 ><TD
5731 ><TD
5734 ><P
5738 > is
5739 beneficial to installers, and is already used in other systems. As
5740 all of <TT
5743 > needs to be backed up to
5744 reproduce a system, it introduces no additional maintenance overhead,
5745 but a symlink to <TT
5748 > is suitable if
5749 systems want alltheir configuration under one hierarchy.</P
5750 ><P
5754 > is still not allowed: programs
5755 in <TT
5758 > should place configuration files in
5759 <TT
5763 ></TD
5764 ></TR
5765 ></TABLE
5766 ></DIV
5767 ></DIV
5768 ></DIV
5769 ></DIV
5770 ><DIV
5772 ><HR><H2
5774 ><A
5777 ></H2
5778 ><P
5779 >The requirements for the contents of this directory are the same
5780 as <TT
5783 >. The only additional constraint is
5784 that <TT
5787 > and
5788 <TT
5791 > directories must be synonomous
5792 (usually this means that one of them must be a symbolic link).
5794 <A
5797 ><SPAN
5800 ></A
5801 ></P
5802 ></DIV
5803 ><DIV
5805 ><HR><H2
5807 ><A
5810 ></H2
5811 ><DIV
5813 ><H3
5815 ><A
5818 ></H3
5819 ><P
5820 >This directory contains any non-essential binaries used
5821 exclusively by the system administrator. System administration
5822 programs that are required for system repair, system recovery,
5823 mounting <TT
5826 >, or other essential functions must
5827 be placed in <TT
5830 > instead.
5832 <A
5835 ><SPAN
5838 ></A
5839 ></P
5840 ></DIV
5841 ></DIV
5842 ><DIV
5844 ><HR><H2
5846 ><A
5849 ></H2
5850 ><DIV
5852 ><H3
5854 ><A
5857 ></H3
5858 ><P
5862 > hierarchy is for all
5863 read-only architecture independent data files.
5865 <A
5868 ><SPAN
5871 ></A
5873 ><P
5874 >This hierarchy is intended to be shareable among all
5875 architecture platforms of a given OS; thus, for example, a site with
5876 i386, Alpha, and PPC platforms might maintain a single
5877 <TT
5880 > directory that is centrally-mounted.
5881 Note, however, that <TT
5884 > is generally not
5885 intended to be shared by different OSes or by different releases of
5886 the same OS.</P
5887 ><P
5888 >Any program or package which contains or requires data that
5889 doesn't need to be modified should store that data in
5890 <TT
5893 > (or
5894 <TT
5897 >, if installed locally). It is
5898 recommended that a subdirectory be used in
5899 <TT
5903 ><P
5907 > must
5908 be purely static data. Any modifiable files, such as score files,
5909 game play logs, and so forth, should be placed in
5910 <TT
5914 ></DIV
5915 ><DIV
5917 ><HR><H3
5919 ><A
5922 ></H3
5923 ><P
5924 >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories,
5925 must be in <TT
5928 ></P
5929 ><DIV
5931 ><P
5932 ></P
5933 ><A
5935 ></A
5936 ><TABLE
5940 ><COL><COL><THEAD
5941 ><TR
5942 ><TH
5944 ><TH
5946 ></TR
5947 ></THEAD
5948 ><TBODY
5949 ><TR
5950 ><TD
5951 ><TT
5954 ></TD
5955 ><TD
5957 ></TR
5958 ><TR
5959 ><TD
5960 ><TT
5963 ></TD
5964 ><TD
5966 ></TR
5967 ></TBODY
5968 ></TABLE
5969 ><P
5970 ></P
5971 ></DIV
5972 ></DIV
5973 ><DIV
5975 ><HR><H3
5977 ><A
5980 ></H3
5981 ><P
5985 >, if the corresponding
5986 subsystem is installed:</P
5987 ><DIV
5989 ><P
5990 ></P
5991 ><A
5993 ></A
5994 ><TABLE
5998 ><COL><COL><THEAD
5999 ><TR
6000 ><TH
6002 ><TH
6004 ></TR
6005 ></THEAD
6006 ><TBODY
6007 ><TR
6008 ><TD
6009 ><TT
6012 ></TD
6013 ><TD
6015 ></TR
6016 ><TR
6017 ><TD
6018 ><TT
6021 ></TD
6022 ><TD
6024 ></TR
6025 ><TR
6026 ><TD
6027 ><TT
6030 ></TD
6031 ><TD
6033 ></TR
6034 ><TR
6035 ><TD
6036 ><TT
6039 ></TD
6040 ><TD
6042 ></TR
6043 ><TR
6044 ><TD
6045 ><TT
6048 ></TD
6049 ><TD
6051 ></TR
6052 ><TR
6053 ><TD
6054 ><TT
6057 ></TD
6058 ><TD
6060 ></TR
6061 ><TR
6062 ><TD
6063 ><TT
6066 ></TD
6067 ><TD
6069 ></TR
6070 ><TR
6071 ><TD
6072 ><TT
6075 ></TD
6076 ><TD
6078 ></TR
6079 ><TR
6080 ><TD
6081 ><TT
6084 ></TD
6085 ><TD
6087 ></TR
6088 ><TR
6089 ><TD
6090 ><TT
6093 ></TD
6094 ><TD
6096 ></TR
6097 ><TR
6098 ><TD
6099 ><TT
6102 ></TD
6103 ><TD
6105 ></TR
6106 ></TBODY
6107 ></TABLE
6108 ><P
6109 ></P
6110 ></DIV
6111 ><P
6112 >It is recommended that application-specific,
6113 architecture-independent directories be placed here. Such directories
6114 include <B
6120 >,
6121 <B
6127 >, and
6128 <B
6134 >
6135 (BSD). They may, however, be placed in <TT
6138 >
6139 for backwards compatibility, at the distributor's discretion.
6140 Similarly, a <TT
6143 > hierarchy may be used
6144 in addition to the <TT
6147 > hierarchy if
6148 the distributor wishes to place some game data there.</P
6149 ></DIV
6150 ><DIV
6152 ><HR><H3
6154 ><A
6157 ></H3
6158 ><DIV
6160 ><H4
6162 ><A
6165 ></H4
6166 ><P
6167 >This directory is the home for word lists on the system;
6168 Traditionally this directory contains only the English
6169 <TT
6172 > file, which is used by
6173 <B
6176 > and various spelling programs.
6177 <TT
6180 > may use either American or British
6181 spelling.</P
6182 ><DIV
6184 ><P
6185 ></P
6186 ><TABLE
6190 ><TR
6191 ><TD
6195 ><IMG
6199 ><TH
6202 ><B
6204 ></TH
6205 ></TR
6206 ><TR
6207 ><TD
6209 ><TD
6212 ><P
6213 >The reason that only word lists are located here is that they
6214 are the only files common to all spell checkers.</P
6215 ></TD
6216 ></TR
6217 ></TABLE
6218 ></DIV
6219 ></DIV
6220 ><DIV
6222 ><HR><H4
6224 ><A
6227 ></H4
6228 ><P
6229 >The following files, or symbolic links to files, must be in
6230 <TT
6233 >, if the corresponding subsystem
6234 is installed:</P
6235 ><DIV
6237 ><P
6238 ></P
6239 ><A
6241 ></A
6242 ><TABLE
6246 ><COL><COL><THEAD
6247 ><TR
6248 ><TH
6249 ><TT
6252 ></TH
6253 ><TH
6255 ></TR
6256 ></THEAD
6257 ><TBODY
6258 ><TR
6259 ><TD
6260 ><TT
6263 ></TD
6264 ><TD
6266 ></TR
6267 ></TBODY
6268 ></TABLE
6269 ><P
6270 ></P
6271 ></DIV
6272 ><P
6273 >Sites that require both American and British spelling may link
6274 <TT
6277 > to
6278 <TT
6281 > or
6282 <TT
6286 ><P
6287 >Word lists for other languages may be added using the English
6288 name for that language, e.g.,
6289 <TT
6292 >,
6293 <TT
6296 >, etc. These should, if
6297 possible, use an ISO 8859 character set which is appropriate for the
6299 set should be used (this is often not possible).</P
6300 ><P
6302 ></DIV
6303 ></DIV
6304 ><DIV
6306 ><HR><H3
6308 ><A
6311 ></H3
6312 ><DIV
6314 ><H4
6316 ><A
6319 ></H4
6320 ><P
6321 >This section details the organization for manual pages
6322 throughout the system, including <TT
6325 >.
6326 Also refer to the section on
6327 <TT
6331 ><P
6335 > of the system is
6336 <TT
6339 >.
6340 <TT
6343 > contains manual information for
6344 commands and data under the <TT
6347 > and
6348 <TT
6351 > filesystems.
6353 <A
6356 ><SPAN
6359 ></A
6360 ></P
6361 ><P
6362 >Manual pages are stored in
6363 <TT
6366 >.
6367 An explanation of <TT
6370 >,
6371 <TT
6374 >,
6375 <TT
6378 >, and
6379 <TT
6383 ><P
6385 ><P
6386 ></P
6387 ><UL
6388 ><LI
6390 ><P
6391 ><TT
6394 >: User programs
6395 Manual pages that describe publicly accessible commands are contained in
6396 this chapter. Most program documentation that a user will need to use
6397 is located here.</P
6398 ></LI
6399 ><LI
6401 ><P
6402 ><TT
6405 >: System calls
6406 This section describes all of the system calls (requests for the
6407 kernel to perform operations).</P
6408 ></LI
6409 ><LI
6411 ><P
6412 ><TT
6415 >: Library functions and subroutines
6416 Section 3 describes program library routines that are not direct calls
6417 to kernel services. This and chapter 2 are only really of interest to
6418 programmers.</P
6419 ></LI
6420 ><LI
6422 ><P
6423 ><TT
6426 >: Special files
6427 Section 4 describes the special files, related driver functions, and
6428 networking support available in the system. Typically, this includes
6429 the device files found in <TT
6432 > and the kernel interface to
6433 networking protocol support.</P
6434 ></LI
6435 ><LI
6437 ><P
6438 ><TT
6441 >: File formats
6442 The formats for many data files are documented in the
6443 section 5. This includes various include files, program output files,
6444 and system files.</P
6445 ></LI
6446 ><LI
6448 ><P
6449 ><TT
6452 >: Games
6453 This chapter documents games, demos, and generally trivial programs.
6454 Different people have various notions about how essential this is.</P
6455 ></LI
6456 ><LI
6458 ><P
6459 ><TT
6462 >: Miscellaneous
6463 Manual pages that are difficult to classify are designated as being
6464 section 7. The troff and other text processing macro packages are found
6465 here.</P
6466 ></LI
6467 ><LI
6469 ><P
6470 ><TT
6473 >: System administration
6474 Programs used by system administrators for system operation and
6475 maintenance are documented here. Some of these programs are also
6476 occasionally useful for normal users.</P
6477 ></LI
6478 ></UL
6479 ></DIV
6480 ><DIV
6482 ><HR><H4
6484 ><A
6487 ></H4
6488 ><P
6489 >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories,
6490 must be in
6491 <TT
6494 >, unless
6495 they are empty:
6497 <A
6500 ><SPAN
6503 ></A
6504 ></P
6505 ><DIV
6507 ><P
6508 ></P
6509 ><A
6511 ></A
6512 ><TABLE
6516 ><COL><COL><THEAD
6517 ><TR
6518 ><TH
6520 ><TH
6522 ></TR
6523 ></THEAD
6524 ><TBODY
6525 ><TR
6526 ><TD
6527 ><TT
6530 ></TD
6531 ><TD
6533 ></TR
6534 ><TR
6535 ><TD
6536 ><TT
6539 ></TD
6540 ><TD
6542 ></TR
6543 ><TR
6544 ><TD
6545 ><TT
6548 ></TD
6549 ><TD
6551 ></TR
6552 ><TR
6553 ><TD
6554 ><TT
6557 ></TD
6558 ><TD
6560 ></TR
6561 ><TR
6562 ><TD
6563 ><TT
6566 ></TD
6567 ><TD
6569 ></TR
6570 ><TR
6571 ><TD
6572 ><TT
6575 ></TD
6576 ><TD
6578 ></TR
6579 ><TR
6580 ><TD
6581 ><TT
6584 ></TD
6585 ><TD
6587 ></TR
6588 ><TR
6589 ><TD
6590 ><TT
6593 ></TD
6594 ><TD
6596 ></TR
6597 ></TBODY
6598 ></TABLE
6599 ><P
6600 ></P
6601 ></DIV
6602 ><P
6606 > describes the
6607 manual section.</P
6608 ><P
6609 >Provisions must be made in the structure of
6610 <TT
6613 > to support manual pages which are
6614 written in different (or multiple) languages. These provisions must
6615 take into account the storage and reference of these manual pages.
6616 Relevant factors include language (including geographical-based
6617 differences), and character code set.</P
6618 ><P
6619 >This naming of language subdirectories of
6620 <TT
6623 > is based on Appendix E of the
6624 POSIX 1003.1 standard which describes the locale identification string
6625 — the most well-accepted method to describe a cultural
6626 environment. The <TT
6629 > string
6630 is:</P
6631 ><P
6632 ><TT
6635 ></P
6636 ><P
6640 > field must be taken
6641 from ISO 639 (a code for the representation of names of languages).
6642 It must be two characters wide and specified with lowercase letters
6643 only.</P
6644 ><P
6648 > field must be the
6649 two-letter code of ISO 3166 (a specification of representations of
6650 countries), if possible. (Most people are familiar with the
6651 two-letter codes used for the country codes in email addresses.) It
6652 must be two characters wide and specified with uppercase letters
6653 only.
6654 <A
6657 ><SPAN
6660 ></A
6661 ></P
6662 ><P
6666 > field must
6667 represent the standard describing the character set. If the
6668 <TT
6671 > field is just a
6672 numeric specification, the number represents the number of the
6673 international standard describing the character set. It is
6674 recommended that this be a numeric representation if possible (ISO
6675 standards, especially), not include additional punctuation symbols,
6676 and that any letters be in lowercase.</P
6677 ><P
6681 > of
6682 the profile may be placed after the
6683 <TT
6686 > field, delimited by a
6687 comma. This may be used to discriminate between different cultural
6688 needs; for instance, dictionary order versus a more systems-oriented
6689 collating order. This standard recommends not using the
6690 <TT
6693 > field, unless it is
6694 necessary.</P
6695 ><P
6696 >Systems which use a unique language and code set for all manual
6697 pages may omit the <TT
6700 > substring and
6701 store all manual pages in <TT
6704 >. For
6705 example, systems which only have English manual pages coded with
6706 ASCII, may store manual pages (the
6707 <TT
6710 > directories) directly in
6711 <TT
6714 >. (That is the traditional
6715 circumstance and arrangement, in fact.)</P
6716 ><P
6717 >Countries for which there is a well-accepted standard character
6718 code set may omit the <TT
6721 >
6722 field, but it is strongly recommended that it be included, especially
6723 for countries with several competing standards.</P
6724 ><P
6726 ><DIV
6728 ><P
6729 ></P
6730 ><A
6732 ></A
6733 ><TABLE
6737 ><COL
6746 ><TR
6747 ><TH
6750 ><TH
6753 ><TH
6756 ><TH
6759 ></TR
6760 ></THEAD
6761 ><TBODY
6762 ><TR
6763 ><TD
6766 ><TD
6769 ><TD
6772 ><TD
6775 ></TR
6776 ><TR
6777 ><TD
6780 ><TD
6783 ><TD
6786 ><TD
6789 ></TR
6790 ><TR
6791 ><TD
6794 ><TD
6797 ><TD
6800 ><TD
6803 ></TR
6804 ><TR
6805 ><TD
6808 ><TD
6811 ><TD
6814 ><TD
6817 ></TR
6818 ><TR
6819 ><TD
6822 ><TD
6825 ><TD
6828 ><TD
6831 ></TR
6832 ><TR
6833 ><TD
6836 ><TD
6839 ><TD
6842 ><TD
6845 ></TR
6846 ><TR
6847 ><TD
6850 ><TD
6853 ><TD
6856 ><TD
6859 ></TR
6860 ><TR
6861 ><TD
6864 ><TD
6867 ><TD
6870 ><TD
6873 ></TR
6874 ><TR
6875 ><TD
6878 ><TD
6881 ><TD
6884 ><TD
6887 ></TR
6888 ><TR
6889 ><TD
6892 ><TD
6895 ><TD
6898 ><TD
6901 ></TR
6902 ><TR
6903 ><TD
6906 ><TD
6909 ><TD
6912 ><TD
6915 ></TR
6916 ><TR
6917 ><TD
6920 ><TD
6923 ><TD
6926 ><TD
6929 ></TR
6930 ></TBODY
6931 ></TABLE
6932 ><P
6933 ></P
6934 ></DIV
6935 ><P
6936 >Similarly, provision must be made for manual pages which are
6937 architecture-dependent, such as documentation on device-drivers or
6938 low-level system administration commands. These must be placed under
6939 an <TT
6942 > directory in the appropriate
6943 <TT
6946 > directory; for example, a man
6947 page for the i386 ctrlaltdel(8) command might be placed in
6948 <TT
6952 ><P
6953 >Manual pages for commands and data under
6954 <TT
6957 > are stored in
6958 <TT
6961 >. Manual pages for X11R6 are
6962 stored in <TT
6965 >. It follows that all
6966 manual page hierarchies in the system must have the same structure as
6967 <TT
6971 ><P
6975 >)
6976 containing formatted manual page entries are also found within
6977 subdirectories of <TT
6980 >,
6981 but are not required nor may they be distributed in lieu of nroff
6982 source manual pages.</P
6983 ><P
6985 In general, the file name for manual pages located within a particular
6986 section end with <TT
6990 ><P
6991 >In addition, some large sets of application-specific manual
6992 pages have an additional suffix appended to the manual page filename.
6993 For example, the MH mail handling system manual pages must have
6994 <TT
6997 > appended to all MH manuals. All X Window
6998 System manual pages must have an <TT
7001 > appended to
7002 the filename.</P
7003 ><P
7004 >The practice of placing various language manual pages in
7005 appropriate subdirectories of <TT
7008 > also
7009 applies to the other manual page hierarchies, such as
7010 <TT
7013 > and
7014 <TT
7017 >. (This portion of the standard
7018 also applies later in the section on the optional
7019 <TT
7023 ></DIV
7024 ></DIV
7025 ><DIV
7027 ><HR><H3
7029 ><A
7032 ></H3
7033 ><P
7034 >This directory contains miscellaneous architecture-independent
7035 files which don't require a separate subdirectory under
7036 <TT
7040 ><DIV
7042 ><HR><H4
7044 ><A
7047 ></H4
7048 ><P
7049 >The following files, or symbolic links to files, must be in
7050 <TT
7053 >, if the corresponding subsystem
7054 is installed:</P
7055 ><DIV
7057 ><P
7058 ></P
7059 ><A
7061 ></A
7062 ><TABLE
7066 ><COL
7071 ><TR
7072 ><TH
7074 ><TH
7076 ></TR
7077 ></THEAD
7078 ><TBODY
7079 ><TR
7080 ><TD
7081 ><TT
7084 ></TD
7085 ><TD
7087 ></TR
7088 ><TR
7089 ><TD
7090 ><TT
7093 ></TD
7094 ><TD
7096 ></TR
7097 ><TR
7098 ><TD
7099 ><TT
7102 ></TD
7103 ><TD
7105 ></TR
7106 ><TR
7107 ><TD
7108 ><TT
7111 ></TD
7112 ><TD
7114 ></TR
7115 ></TBODY
7116 ></TABLE
7117 ><P
7118 ></P
7119 ></DIV
7120 ><P
7121 >Other (application-specific) files may appear here, but a distributor
7122 may place them in <TT
7125 > at their discretion.
7126 <A
7129 ><SPAN
7132 ></A
7133 ></P
7134 ></DIV
7135 ></DIV
7136 ><DIV
7138 ><HR><H3
7140 ><A
7143 ></H3
7144 ><DIV
7146 ><H4
7148 ><A
7151 ></H4
7152 ><P
7153 ><TT
7156 > contains
7157 architecture-independent files used by SGML applications, such
7158 as ordinary catalogs (not the centralized ones, see
7159 <TT
7162 >), DTDs, entities, or style
7163 sheets.</P
7164 ></DIV
7165 ><DIV
7167 ><HR><H4
7169 ><A
7172 ></H4
7173 ><P
7174 >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories,
7175 must be in <TT
7178 >, if the corresponding
7179 subsystem is installed:</P
7180 ><DIV
7182 ><P
7183 ></P
7184 ><A
7186 ></A
7187 ><TABLE
7191 ><COL><COL><THEAD
7192 ><TR
7193 ><TH
7195 ><TH
7197 ></TR
7198 ></THEAD
7199 ><TBODY
7200 ><TR
7201 ><TD
7202 ><TT
7205 ></TD
7206 ><TD
7208 ></TR
7209 ><TR
7210 ><TD
7211 ><TT
7214 ></TD
7215 ><TD
7217 ></TR
7218 ><TR
7219 ><TD
7220 ><TT
7223 ></TD
7224 ><TD
7226 ></TR
7227 ><TR
7228 ><TD
7229 ><TT
7232 ></TD
7233 ><TD
7235 ></TR
7236 ></TBODY
7237 ></TABLE
7238 ><P
7239 ></P
7240 ></DIV
7241 ><P
7242 >Other files that are not specific to a given DTD may reside in
7243 their own subdirectory.</P
7244 ></DIV
7245 ></DIV
7246 ><DIV
7248 ><HR><H3
7250 ><A
7253 ></H3
7254 ><DIV
7256 ><H4
7258 ><A
7261 ></H4
7262 ><P
7263 ><TT
7266 > contains
7267 architecture-independent files used by XML applications, such
7268 as ordinary catalogs (not the centralized ones, see
7269 <TT
7272 >), DTDs, entities, or style
7273 sheets.</P
7274 ></DIV
7275 ><DIV
7277 ><HR><H4
7279 ><A
7282 ></H4
7283 ><P
7284 >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories,
7285 must be in <TT
7288 >, if the corresponding
7289 subsystem is installed:</P
7290 ><DIV
7292 ><P
7293 ></P
7294 ><A
7296 ></A
7297 ><TABLE
7301 ><COL><COL><THEAD
7302 ><TR
7303 ><TH
7305 ><TH
7307 ></TR
7308 ></THEAD
7309 ><TBODY
7310 ><TR
7311 ><TD
7312 ><TT
7315 ></TD
7316 ><TD
7318 ></TR
7319 ><TR
7320 ><TD
7321 ><TT
7324 ></TD
7325 ><TD
7327 ></TR
7328 ><TR
7329 ><TD
7330 ><TT
7333 ></TD
7334 ><TD
7336 ></TR
7337 ></TBODY
7338 ></TABLE
7339 ><P
7340 ></P
7341 ></DIV
7342 ></DIV
7343 ></DIV
7344 ></DIV
7345 ><DIV
7347 ><HR><H2
7349 ><A
7352 ></H2
7353 ><DIV
7355 ><H3
7357 ><A
7360 ></H3
7361 ><P
7362 >Source code may be place placed in this
7363 subdirectory, only for reference purposes.
7365 <A
7368 ><SPAN
7371 ></A
7372 ></P
7373 ></DIV
7374 ></DIV
7375 ></DIV
7376 ><DIV
7378 ><HR><H1
7379 ><A
7381 ></A
7383 ><DIV
7385 ><H2
7387 ><A
7390 ></H2
7391 ><P
7392 ><TT
7395 > contains variable data files. This
7396 includes spool directories and files, administrative and logging data,
7397 and transient and temporary files.</P
7398 ><P
7402 > are not shareable
7403 between different systems. For instance,
7404 <TT
7410 >, and
7411 <TT
7414 >. Other portions may be shared, notably
7415 <TT
7421 >,
7422 <TT
7425 >, and
7426 <TT
7430 ><P
7431 ><TT
7434 > is specified here in order to make it
7435 possible to mount <TT
7438 > read-only. Everything
7439 that once went into <TT
7442 > that is written to
7443 during system operation (as opposed to installation and software
7444 maintenance) must be in <TT
7448 ><P
7452 > cannot be made a separate
7453 partition, it is often preferable to move <TT
7456 >
7457 out of the root partition and into the <TT
7460 >
7461 partition. (This is sometimes done to reduce the size of the root
7462 partition or when space runs low in the root partition.) However,
7463 <TT
7466 > must not be linked to
7467 <TT
7470 > because this makes separation of
7471 <TT
7477 > more difficult
7478 and is likely to create a naming conflict. Instead, link
7479 <TT
7486 ><P
7487 >Applications must generally not add directories to the top level
7488 of <TT
7491 >. Such directories should only be added
7492 if they have some system-wide implication, and in consultation with
7493 the FHS mailing list.</P
7494 ></DIV
7495 ><DIV
7497 ><HR><H2
7499 ><A
7502 ></H2
7503 ><P
7504 >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories, are
7505 required in <TT
7509 ><DIV
7511 ><P
7512 ></P
7513 ><A
7515 ></A
7516 ><TABLE
7520 ><COL><COL><THEAD
7521 ><TR
7522 ><TH
7524 ><TH
7526 ></TR
7527 ></THEAD
7528 ><TBODY
7529 ><TR
7530 ><TD
7531 ><TT
7534 ></TD
7535 ><TD
7537 ></TR
7538 ><TR
7539 ><TD
7540 ><TT
7543 ></TD
7544 ><TD
7546 ></TR
7547 ><TR
7548 ><TD
7549 ><TT
7552 ></TD
7553 ><TD
7555 ></TR
7556 ><TR
7557 ><TD
7558 ><TT
7561 ></TD
7562 ><TD
7564 ></TR
7565 ><TR
7566 ><TD
7567 ><TT
7570 ></TD
7571 ><TD
7573 ></TR
7574 ><TR
7575 ><TD
7576 ><TT
7579 ></TD
7580 ><TD
7582 ></TR
7583 ><TR
7584 ><TD
7585 ><TT
7588 ></TD
7589 ><TD
7591 ></TR
7592 ><TR
7593 ><TD
7594 ><TT
7597 ></TD
7598 ><TD
7600 ></TR
7601 ><TR
7602 ><TD
7603 ><TT
7606 ></TD
7607 ><TD
7609 ></TR
7610 ></TBODY
7611 ></TABLE
7612 ><P
7613 ></P
7614 ></DIV
7615 ><P
7616 >Several directories are `reserved' in the sense that they must
7617 not be used arbitrarily by some new application, since they would
7618 conflict with historical and/or local practice. They are:</P
7619 ><TABLE
7623 ><TR
7624 ><TD
7625 ><PRE
7627 > /var/backups
7628 /var/cron
7629 /var/msgs
7630 /var/preserve</PRE
7631 ></TD
7632 ></TR
7633 ></TABLE
7634 ></DIV
7635 ><DIV
7637 ><HR><H2
7639 ><A
7642 ></H2
7643 ><P
7644 >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories,
7645 must be in <TT
7648 >, if the corresponding subsystem
7649 is installed:</P
7650 ><DIV
7652 ><P
7653 ></P
7654 ><A
7656 ></A
7657 ><TABLE
7661 ><COL><COL><THEAD
7662 ><TR
7663 ><TH
7665 ><TH
7667 ></TR
7668 ></THEAD
7669 ><TBODY
7670 ><TR
7671 ><TD
7672 ><TT
7675 ></TD
7676 ><TD
7678 ></TR
7679 ><TR
7680 ><TD
7681 ><TT
7684 ></TD
7685 ><TD
7687 ></TR
7688 ><TR
7689 ><TD
7690 ><TT
7693 ></TD
7694 ><TD
7696 ></TR
7697 ><TR
7698 ><TD
7699 ><TT
7702 ></TD
7703 ><TD
7705 ></TR
7706 ><TR
7707 ><TD
7708 ><TT
7711 ></TD
7712 ><TD
7713 >Network Information Service (NIS) database files (optional)
7714 </TD
7715 ></TR
7716 ></TBODY
7717 ></TABLE
7718 ><P
7719 ></P
7720 ></DIV
7721 ></DIV
7722 ><DIV
7724 ><HR><H2
7726 ><A
7729 ></H2
7730 ><DIV
7732 ><H3
7734 ><A
7737 ></H3
7738 ><P
7739 >This directory holds the current active process accounting log
7740 and the composite process usage data (as used in some UNIX-like
7741 systems by <B
7744 > and
7745 <B
7749 ></DIV
7750 ></DIV
7751 ><DIV
7753 ><HR><H2
7755 ><A
7758 ></H2
7759 ><DIV
7761 ><H3
7763 ><A
7766 ></H3
7767 ><P
7768 ><TT
7771 > is intended for cached data from
7772 applications. Such data is locally generated as a result of
7773 time-consuming I/O or calculation. The application must be able to
7774 regenerate or restore the data. Unlike
7775 <TT
7778 >, the cached files can be deleted
7779 without data loss. The data must remain valid between invocations of
7780 the application and rebooting the system.</P
7781 ><P
7785 > may be
7786 expired in an application specific manner, by the system
7787 administrator, or both. The application must always be able to
7788 recover from manual deletion of these files (generally because of a
7789 disk space shortage). No other requirements are made on the data
7790 format of the cache directories.</P
7791 ><DIV
7793 ><P
7794 ></P
7795 ><TABLE
7799 ><TR
7800 ><TD
7804 ><IMG
7808 ><TH
7811 ><B
7813 ></TH
7814 ></TR
7815 ><TR
7816 ><TD
7818 ><TD
7821 ><P
7822 >The existence of a separate directory for cached data allows
7823 system administrators to set different disk and backup policies from
7824 other directories in <TT
7828 ></TD
7829 ></TR
7830 ></TABLE
7831 ></DIV
7832 ></DIV
7833 ><DIV
7835 ><HR><H3
7837 ><A
7840 ></H3
7841 ><DIV
7843 ><P
7844 ></P
7845 ><A
7847 ></A
7848 ><TABLE
7852 ><COL><COL><THEAD
7853 ><TR
7854 ><TH
7856 ><TH
7858 ></TR
7859 ></THEAD
7860 ><TBODY
7861 ><TR
7862 ><TD
7863 ><TT
7866 ></TD
7867 ><TD
7869 ></TR
7870 ><TR
7871 ><TD
7872 ><TT
7875 ></TD
7876 ><TD
7878 ></TR
7879 ><TR
7880 ><TD
7881 ><TT
7884 ></TD
7885 ><TD
7887 ></TR
7888 ><TR
7889 ><TD
7890 ><TT
7893 ></TD
7894 ><TD
7896 ></TR
7897 ></TBODY
7898 ></TABLE
7899 ><P
7900 ></P
7901 ></DIV
7902 ></DIV
7903 ><DIV
7905 ><HR><H3
7907 ><A
7910 ></H3
7911 ><DIV
7913 ><H4
7915 ><A
7918 ></H4
7919 ><P
7923 > should be used to store any
7924 dynamically-created fonts. In particular, all of the fonts which are
7925 automatically generated by <B
7928 > must be located in
7929 appropriately-named subdirectories of <TT
7932 >.
7934 <A
7937 ><SPAN
7940 ></A
7941 ></P
7942 ></DIV
7943 ><DIV
7945 ><HR><H4
7947 ><A
7950 ></H4
7951 ><P
7952 >Other dynamically created fonts may also be placed in this tree,
7953 under appropriately-named subdirectories of
7954 <TT
7958 ></DIV
7959 ></DIV
7960 ><DIV
7962 ><HR><H3
7964 ><A
7967 ></H3
7968 ><DIV
7970 ><H4
7972 ><A
7975 ></H4
7976 ><P
7977 >This directory provides a standard location for sites that provide a
7978 read-only <TT
7981 > partition, but wish to allow caching of
7982 locally-formatted man pages. Sites that mount <TT
7985 > as writable
7986 (e.g., single-user installations) may choose not to use
7987 <TT
7990 > and may write formatted man pages into the
7991 <TT
7997 > directly. We
7998 recommend that most sites use one of the following options instead:</P
7999 ><P
8000 ></P
8001 ><UL
8002 ><LI
8004 ><P
8006 ></LI
8007 ><LI
8009 ><P
8010 >Allow no caching of formatted man pages, and require formatting to be
8011 done each time a man page is brought up.</P
8012 ></LI
8013 ><LI
8015 ><P
8020 ></LI
8021 ></UL
8022 ><P
8026 > needs to
8027 reflect both the fact of multiple man page hierarchies and the
8028 possibility of multiple language support.</P
8029 ><P
8030 >Given an unformatted manual page that normally appears in
8031 <TT
8034 >,
8035 the directory to place formatted man pages in is
8036 <TT
8039 >,
8040 where <TT
8043 > is derived from
8044 <TT
8047 > by removing any leading
8048 <TT
8054 >
8055 pathname components. (Note that the
8056 <TT
8059 > component may be missing.)
8061 <A
8064 ><SPAN
8067 ></A
8068 ></P
8069 ><P
8073 > may
8074 eventually be transferred to the appropriate preformatted directories
8075 in the source <TT
8078 > hierarchy or expired; likewise
8079 formatted man pages in the source <TT
8082 > hierarchy
8083 may be expired if they are not accessed for a period of time.</P
8084 ><P
8085 >If preformatted manual pages come with a system on read-only
8086 media (a CD-ROM, for instance), they must be installed in the source
8087 <TT
8090 > hierarchy
8091 (e.g. <TT
8094 >).
8095 <TT
8098 > is reserved as a writable cache
8099 for formatted manual pages.</P
8100 ><DIV
8102 ><P
8103 ></P
8104 ><TABLE
8108 ><TR
8109 ><TD
8113 ><IMG
8117 ><TH
8120 ><B
8122 ></TH
8123 ></TR
8124 ><TR
8125 ><TD
8127 ><TD
8130 ><P
8132 <TT
8135 > for this hierarchy. The path has
8136 been moved under <TT
8139 > to better reflect the
8140 dynamic nature of the formatted man pages. The directory name has
8141 been changed to <TT
8144 > to allow for enhancing the
8145 hierarchy to include post-processed formats other than "cat", such as
8147 ></TD
8148 ></TR
8149 ></TABLE
8150 ></DIV
8151 ></DIV
8152 ></DIV
8153 ></DIV
8154 ><DIV
8156 ><HR><H2
8158 ><A
8161 ></H2
8162 ><DIV
8164 ><H3
8166 ><A
8169 ></H3
8170 ><P
8171 >This directory holds system crash dumps. As of the date of this
8172 release of the standard, system crash dumps were not supported under
8173 Linux but may be supported by other systems which may comply with the
8174 FHS.</P
8175 ></DIV
8176 ></DIV
8177 ><DIV
8179 ><HR><H2
8181 ><A
8184 ></H2
8185 ><DIV
8187 ><H3
8189 ><A
8192 ></H3
8193 ><P
8197 >
8198 should be placed here. <TT
8201 > should hold
8202 the variable data previously found in <TT
8205 >;
8206 static data, such as help text, level descriptions, and so on, must
8207 remain elsewhere, such as
8208 <TT
8212 ><DIV
8214 ><P
8215 ></P
8216 ><TABLE
8220 ><TR
8221 ><TD
8225 ><IMG
8229 ><TH
8232 ><B
8234 ></TH
8235 ></TR
8236 ><TR
8237 ><TD
8239 ><TD
8242 ><P
8243 ><TT
8246 > has been given a hierarchy of
8247 its own, rather than leaving it merged in with the old
8248 <TT
8252 allows local control of backup strategies, permissions, and disk
8253 usage, as well as allowing inter-host sharing and reducing clutter in
8254 <TT
8257 >. Additionally,
8258 <TT
8262 ></TD
8263 ></TR
8264 ></TABLE
8265 ></DIV
8266 ></DIV
8267 ></DIV
8268 ><DIV
8270 ><HR><H2
8272 ><A
8275 ></H2
8276 ><DIV
8278 ><H3
8280 ><A
8283 ></H3
8284 ><P
8285 >This hierarchy holds state information pertaining to an
8286 application or the system. State information is data that programs
8287 modify while they run, and that pertains to one specific host. Users
8288 must never need to modify files in <TT
8291 > to
8292 configure a package's operation.</P
8293 ><P
8294 >State information is generally used to preserve the condition of
8295 an application (or a group of inter-related applications) between
8296 invocations and between different instances of the same application.
8297 State information should generally remain valid after a reboot, should
8298 not be logging output, and should not be spooled data.</P
8299 ><P
8300 >An application (or a group of inter-related applications) must
8301 use a subdirectory of <TT
8304 > for its data.
8305 There is one required subdirectory,
8306 <TT
8309 >, which is intended for state files
8310 that don't need a subdirectory; the other subdirectories should only
8311 be present if the application in question is included in the
8312 distribution.
8314 <A
8317 ><SPAN
8320 ></A
8321 ></P
8322 ><P
8323 ><TT
8326 > is the location that
8327 must be used for all distribution packaging support. Different
8328 distributions may use different names, of course.</P
8329 ></DIV
8330 ><DIV
8332 ><HR><H3
8334 ><A
8337 ></H3
8338 ><P
8339 >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories, are
8340 required in <TT
8344 ><DIV
8346 ><P
8347 ></P
8348 ><A
8350 ></A
8351 ><TABLE
8355 ><COL><COL><THEAD
8356 ><TR
8357 ><TH
8359 ><TH
8361 ></TR
8362 ></THEAD
8363 ><TBODY
8364 ><TR
8365 ><TD
8366 ><TT
8369 ></TD
8370 ><TD
8372 ></TR
8373 ></TBODY
8374 ></TABLE
8375 ><P
8376 ></P
8377 ></DIV
8378 ></DIV
8379 ><DIV
8381 ><HR><H3
8383 ><A
8386 ></H3
8387 ><P
8391 >, if the
8392 corresponding subsystem is installed:</P
8393 ><DIV
8395 ><P
8396 ></P
8397 ><A
8399 ></A
8400 ><TABLE
8404 ><COL><COL><THEAD
8405 ><TR
8406 ><TH
8408 ><TH
8410 ></TR
8411 ></THEAD
8412 ><TBODY
8413 ><TR
8414 ><TD
8416 ><TD
8418 ></TR
8419 ><TR
8420 ><TD
8422 ><TD
8424 ></TR
8425 ><TR
8426 ><TD
8428 ><TD
8430 ></TR
8431 ><TR
8432 ><TD
8433 ><B
8436 ></TD
8437 ><TD
8439 ></TR
8440 ><TR
8441 ><TD
8442 ><B
8445 ></TD
8446 ><TD
8448 ></TR
8449 ></TBODY
8450 ></TABLE
8451 ><P
8452 ></P
8453 ></DIV
8454 ></DIV
8455 ><DIV
8457 ><HR><H3
8459 ><A
8462 ></H3
8463 ><DIV
8465 ><H4
8467 ><A
8470 ></H4
8471 ><P
8472 >These directories contain saved files generated by any
8473 unexpected termination of an editor (e.g., <B
8476 >,
8477 <B
8484 ><P
8485 >Other editors may not require a directory for crash-recovery
8486 files, but may require a well-defined place to store other information
8487 while the editor is running. This information should be stored in a
8488 subdirectory under <TT
8491 > (for example, GNU
8492 Emacs would place lock files in
8493 <TT
8497 ><P
8498 >Future editors may require additional state information beyond
8499 crash-recovery files and lock files — this information should
8500 also be placed under
8501 <TT
8505 ><DIV
8507 ><P
8508 ></P
8509 ><TABLE
8513 ><TR
8514 ><TD
8518 ><IMG
8522 ><TH
8525 ><B
8527 ></TH
8528 ></TR
8529 ><TR
8530 ><TD
8532 ><TD
8535 ><P
8536 >Previous Linux releases, as well as all commercial vendors, use
8537 <TT
8540 > for vi or its clones. However,
8541 each editor uses its own format for these crash-recovery files, so a
8542 separate directory is needed for each editor.</P
8543 ><P
8544 >Editor-specific lock files are usually quite different from the
8545 device or resource lock files that are stored in
8546 <TT
8549 > and, hence, are stored under
8550 <TT
8554 ></TD
8555 ></TR
8556 ></TABLE
8557 ></DIV
8558 ></DIV
8559 ></DIV
8560 ><DIV
8562 ><HR><H3
8564 ><A
8567 ></H3
8568 ><DIV
8570 ><H4
8572 ><A
8575 ></H4
8576 ><P
8577 >This directory contains the file
8578 <TT
8582 ><DIV
8584 ><P
8585 ></P
8586 ><TABLE
8590 ><TR
8591 ><TD
8595 ><IMG
8599 ><TH
8602 ><B
8604 ></TH
8605 ></TR
8606 ><TR
8607 ><TD
8609 ><TD
8612 ><P
8616 >, but
8617 as <B
8620 > updates it, that was obviously
8622 ></TD
8623 ></TR
8624 ></TABLE
8625 ></DIV
8626 ></DIV
8627 ></DIV
8628 ><DIV
8630 ><HR><H3
8632 ><A
8635 ></H3
8636 ><DIV
8638 ><H4
8640 ><A
8643 ></H4
8644 ><P
8645 >This directory contains variable data not placed in a
8646 subdirectory in <TT
8649 >. An attempt should be
8650 made to use relatively unique names in this directory to avoid
8651 namespace conflicts.
8653 <A
8656 ><SPAN
8659 ></A
8660 ></P
8661 ></DIV
8662 ></DIV
8663 ></DIV
8664 ><DIV
8666 ><HR><H2
8668 ><A
8671 ></H2
8672 ><DIV
8674 ><H3
8676 ><A
8679 ></H3
8680 ><P
8681 >Lock files should be stored within the
8682 <TT
8686 ><P
8687 >Lock files for devices and other resources shared by multiple
8688 applications, such as the serial device lock files that were
8689 originally found in either <TT
8692 > or
8693 <TT
8696 >, must now be stored in
8697 <TT
8700 >. The naming convention which must be
8701 used is "LCK.." followed by the base name of the device. For example,
8702 to lock /dev/ttyS0 the file "LCK..ttyS0" would be created.
8704 <A
8707 ><SPAN
8710 ></A
8711 ></P
8712 ><P
8713 >The format used for the contents of such lock files must be the
8714 HDB UUCP lock file format. The HDB format is to store the process
8715 identifier (PID) as a ten byte ASCII decimal number, with a trailing
8716 newline. For example, if process 1230 holds a lock file, it would
8717 contain the eleven characters: space, space, space, space, space,
8718 space, one, two, three, zero, and newline.</P
8719 ></DIV
8720 ></DIV
8721 ><DIV
8723 ><HR><H2
8725 ><A
8728 ></H2
8729 ><DIV
8731 ><H3
8733 ><A
8736 ></H3
8737 ><P
8738 >This directory contains miscellaneous log files. Most logs must
8739 be written to this directory or an appropriate subdirectory.</P
8740 ></DIV
8741 ><DIV
8743 ><HR><H3
8745 ><A
8748 ></H3
8749 ><P
8750 >The following files, or symbolic links to files, must be in
8751 <TT
8754 >, if the corresponding subsystem is
8755 installed:</P
8756 ><DIV
8758 ><P
8759 ></P
8760 ><A
8762 ></A
8763 ><TABLE
8767 ><COL><COL><THEAD
8768 ><TR
8769 ><TH
8771 ><TH
8773 ></TR
8774 ></THEAD
8775 ><TBODY
8776 ><TR
8777 ><TD
8778 ><TT
8781 ></TD
8782 ><TD
8784 ></TR
8785 ><TR
8786 ><TD
8787 ><TT
8790 ></TD
8791 ><TD
8795 ></TD
8796 ></TR
8797 ><TR
8798 ><TD
8799 ><TT
8802 ></TD
8803 ><TD
8805 ></TR
8806 ></TBODY
8807 ></TABLE
8808 ><P
8809 ></P
8810 ></DIV
8811 ></DIV
8812 ></DIV
8813 ><DIV
8815 ><HR><H2
8817 ><A
8820 ></H2
8821 ><DIV
8823 ><H3
8825 ><A
8828 ></H3
8829 ><P
8830 >The mail spool must be accessible through
8831 <TT
8834 > and the mail spool files must take the
8835 form <TT
8838 >.
8839 <A
8842 ><SPAN
8845 ></A
8846 ></P
8847 ><P
8848 >User mailbox files in this location must be stored in the standard
8849 UNIX mailbox format.</P
8850 ><DIV
8852 ><P
8853 ></P
8854 ><TABLE
8858 ><TR
8859 ><TD
8863 ><IMG
8867 ><TH
8870 ><B
8872 ></TH
8873 ></TR
8874 ><TR
8875 ><TD
8877 ><TD
8880 ><P
8881 >The logical location for this directory was changed from
8882 <TT
8885 > in order to bring FHS in-line
8886 with nearly every UNIX implementation. This change is important for
8887 inter-operability since a single <TT
8890 > is
8891 often shared between multiple hosts and multiple UNIX implementations
8892 (despite NFS locking issues).</P
8893 ><P
8894 >It is important to note that there is no requirement to
8895 physically move the mail spool to this location. However, programs
8896 and header files must be changed to use
8897 <TT
8901 ></TD
8902 ></TR
8903 ></TABLE
8904 ></DIV
8905 ></DIV
8906 ></DIV
8907 ><DIV
8909 ><HR><H2
8911 ><A
8914 ></H2
8915 ><DIV
8917 ><H3
8919 ><A
8922 ></H3
8923 ><P
8927 > must
8928 be installed in <TT
8931 >, where
8932 <TT
8935 > is the name of the subtree in
8936 <TT
8939 > where the static data from an add-on
8940 software package is stored, except where superseded by another file in
8941 <TT
8944 >. No structure is imposed on the internal
8945 arrangement of <TT
8949 ><DIV
8951 ><P
8952 ></P
8953 ><TABLE
8957 ><TR
8958 ><TD
8962 ><IMG
8966 ><TH
8969 ><B
8971 ></TH
8972 ></TR
8973 ><TR
8974 ><TD
8976 ><TD
8979 ><P
8984 ></TD
8985 ></TR
8986 ></TABLE
8987 ></DIV
8988 ></DIV
8989 ></DIV
8990 ><DIV
8992 ><HR><H2
8994 ><A
8997 ></H2
8998 ><DIV
9000 ><H3
9002 ><A
9005 ></H3
9006 ><P
9007 >This directory contains system information data describing the
9008 system since it was booted. Files under this directory must be
9009 cleared (removed or truncated as appropriate) at the beginning of the
9010 boot process. Programs may have a subdirectory of
9011 <TT
9014 >; this is encouraged for programs that
9015 use more than one run-time file.
9017 <A
9020 ><SPAN
9023 ></A
9024 >
9026 Process identifier (PID) files, which were originally placed in
9027 <TT
9030 >, must be placed in
9031 <TT
9034 >. The naming convention for PID files is
9035 <TT
9038 >. For example, the
9039 <B
9042 > PID file is named
9043 <TT
9047 ></DIV
9048 ><DIV
9050 ><HR><H3
9052 ><A
9055 ></H3
9056 ><P
9057 >The internal format of PID files remains unchanged. The file
9058 must consist of the process identifier in ASCII-encoded decimal,
9059 followed by a newline character. For example, if
9060 <B
9064 <TT
9067 > would contain three
9068 characters: two, five, and newline.</P
9069 ><P
9070 >Programs that read PID files should be somewhat flexible in what
9071 they accept; i.e., they should ignore extra whitespace, leading
9072 zeroes, absence of the trailing newline, or additional lines in the
9073 PID file. Programs that create PID files should use the simple
9074 specification located in the above paragraph.</P
9075 ><P
9079 > file, which stores information
9080 about who is currently using the system, is located in this
9081 directory.</P
9082 ><P
9083 >System programs that maintain transient UNIX-domain sockets must place
9084 them in this directory.</P
9085 ></DIV
9086 ></DIV
9087 ><DIV
9089 ><HR><H2
9091 ><A
9094 ></H2
9095 ><DIV
9097 ><H3
9099 ><A
9102 ></H3
9103 ><P
9104 ><TT
9107 > contains data which is awaiting
9108 some kind of later processing. Data in
9109 <TT
9112 > represents work to be done in the
9113 future (by a program, user, or administrator); often data is deleted
9114 after it has been processed.
9116 <A
9119 ><SPAN
9122 ></A
9123 ></P
9124 ></DIV
9125 ><DIV
9127 ><HR><H3
9129 ><A
9132 ></H3
9133 ><P
9134 >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories,
9135 must be in <TT
9138 >, if the corresponding
9139 subsystem is installed:</P
9140 ><DIV
9142 ><P
9143 ></P
9144 ><A
9146 ></A
9147 ><TABLE
9151 ><COL><COL><THEAD
9152 ><TR
9153 ><TH
9155 ><TH
9157 ></TR
9158 ></THEAD
9159 ><TBODY
9160 ><TR
9161 ><TD
9162 ><TT
9165 ></TD
9166 ><TD
9168 ></TR
9169 ><TR
9170 ><TD
9171 ><TT
9174 ></TD
9175 ><TD
9177 ></TR
9178 ><TR
9179 ><TD
9180 ><TT
9183 ></TD
9184 ><TD
9186 ></TR
9187 ><TR
9188 ><TD
9189 ><TT
9192 ></TD
9193 ><TD
9195 ></TR
9196 ><TR
9197 ><TD
9198 ><TT
9201 ></TD
9202 ><TD
9204 ></TR
9205 ></TBODY
9206 ></TABLE
9207 ><P
9208 ></P
9209 ></DIV
9210 ></DIV
9211 ><DIV
9213 ><HR><H3
9215 ><A
9218 ></H3
9219 ><DIV
9221 ><H4
9223 ><A
9226 ></H4
9227 ><P
9231 >,
9232 <TT
9235 >, must be placed in
9236 <TT
9239 >. It is suggested that the lock
9240 file for each printer be placed in the spool directory for that
9241 specific printer and named <TT
9245 ></DIV
9246 ><DIV
9248 ><HR><H4
9250 ><A
9253 ></H4
9254 ><DIV
9256 ><P
9257 ></P
9258 ><A
9260 ></A
9261 ><TABLE
9265 ><COL><COL><THEAD
9266 ><TR
9267 ><TH
9269 ><TH
9271 ></TR
9272 ></THEAD
9273 ><TBODY
9274 ><TR
9275 ><TD
9276 ><TT
9279 ></TD
9280 ><TD
9282 ></TR
9283 ></TBODY
9284 ></TABLE
9285 ><P
9286 ></P
9287 ></DIV
9288 ></DIV
9289 ></DIV
9290 ><DIV
9292 ><HR><H3
9294 ><A
9297 ></H3
9298 ><DIV
9300 ><H4
9302 ><A
9305 ></H4
9306 ><P
9310 > information
9311 for other systems on the local net.</P
9312 ><DIV
9314 ><P
9315 ></P
9316 ><TABLE
9320 ><TR
9321 ><TD
9325 ><IMG
9329 ><TH
9332 ><B
9334 ></TH
9335 ></TR
9336 ><TR
9337 ><TD
9339 ><TD
9342 ><P
9346 > for this
9347 data; given its historical location in <TT
9350 >
9351 on other systems and its approximate fit to the definition of
9352 `spooled' data, this location was deemed more appropriate.</P
9353 ></TD
9354 ></TR
9355 ></TABLE
9356 ></DIV
9357 ></DIV
9358 ></DIV
9359 ></DIV
9360 ><DIV
9362 ><HR><H2
9364 ><A
9367 ></H2
9368 ><DIV
9370 ><H3
9372 ><A
9375 ></H3
9376 ><P
9380 > directory is made available
9381 for programs that require temporary files or directories that are
9382 preserved between system reboots. Therefore, data stored in
9383 <TT
9386 > is more persistent than data in
9387 <TT
9391 ><P
9395 >
9396 must not be deleted when the system is booted. Although data stored
9397 in <TT
9400 > is typically deleted in a
9401 site-specific manner, it is recommended that deletions occur at a less
9402 frequent interval than <TT
9406 ></DIV
9407 ></DIV
9408 ><DIV
9410 ><HR><H2
9412 ><A
9415 ></H2
9416 ><DIV
9418 ><H3
9420 ><A
9423 ></H3
9424 ><P
9425 >Variable data for the Network Information Service (NIS),
9426 formerly known as the Sun Yellow Pages (YP), must be placed in this
9427 directory.</P
9428 ><DIV
9430 ><P
9431 ></P
9432 ><TABLE
9436 ><TR
9437 ><TD
9441 ><IMG
9445 ><TH
9448 ><B
9450 ></TH
9451 ></TR
9452 ><TR
9453 ><TD
9455 ><TD
9458 ><P
9459 ><TT
9462 > is the standard directory for NIS
9463 (YP) data and is almost exclusively used in NIS documentation and
9464 systems.
9466 <A
9469 ><SPAN
9472 ></A
9473 ></P
9474 ></TD
9475 ></TR
9476 ></TABLE
9477 ></DIV
9478 ></DIV
9479 ></DIV
9480 ></DIV
9481 ><DIV
9483 ><HR><H1
9484 ><A
9486 ></A
9488 ><P
9489 >This section is for additional requirements and recommendations
9490 that only apply to a specific operating system. The material in this
9491 section should never conflict with the base standard.</P
9492 ><DIV
9494 ><HR><H2
9496 ><A
9499 ></H2
9500 ><P
9502 ><DIV
9504 ><HR><H3
9506 ><A
9509 ></H3
9510 ><P
9511 >On Linux systems, if the kernel is located in
9512 <TT
9515 >, we recommend using the names
9516 <TT
9522 >, which
9523 have been used in recent Linux kernel source packages.</P
9524 ></DIV
9525 ><DIV
9527 ><HR><H3
9529 ><A
9532 ></H3
9533 ><P
9534 >Linux systems which require them place these additional files into
9535 <TT
9539 ><P
9540 ></P
9541 ><UL
9542 ><LI
9543 ><P
9544 ><B
9547 ></P
9548 ></LI
9549 ></UL
9550 ></DIV
9551 ><DIV
9553 ><HR><H3
9555 ><A
9558 ></H3
9559 ><P
9560 >The following devices must exist under /dev.
9562 <P
9563 ></P
9564 ><DIV
9566 ><DL
9567 ><DT
9568 ><TT
9571 ></DT
9572 ><DD
9573 ><P
9574 >All data written to this device is discarded. A read from this device
9575 will return an EOF condition.</P
9576 ></DD
9577 ><DT
9578 ><TT
9581 ></DT
9582 ><DD
9583 ><P
9584 >This device is a source of zeroed out data. All data written to this
9585 device is discarded. A read from this device will return as many bytes
9586 containing the value zero as was requested.</P
9587 ></DD
9588 ><DT
9589 ><TT
9592 ></DT
9593 ><DD
9594 ><P
9595 >This device is a synonym for the controlling terminal of a
9596 process. Once this device is opened, all reads and writes will behave
9597 as if the actual controlling terminal device had been opened.</P
9598 ></DD
9599 ></DL
9600 ></DIV
9601 >
9603 <DIV
9605 ><P
9606 ></P
9607 ><TABLE
9611 ><TR
9612 ><TD
9616 ><IMG
9620 ><TH
9623 ><B
9625 ></TH
9626 ></TR
9627 ><TR
9628 ><TD
9630 ><TD
9633 ><P
9634 >Previous versions of the FHS had stricter requirements for
9635 <TT
9638 >. Other devices may also exist in
9639 /dev. Device names may exist as symbolic links to other device nodes
9640 located in /dev or subdirectories of /dev. There is no requirement
9641 concerning major/minor number values.</P
9642 ></TD
9643 ></TR
9644 ></TABLE
9645 ></DIV
9647 ></DIV
9648 ><DIV
9650 ><HR><H3
9652 ><A
9655 ></H3
9656 ><P
9657 >Linux systems which require them place these additional files into
9658 <TT
9662 ><P
9663 ></P
9664 ><UL
9665 ><LI
9666 ><P
9667 ><TT
9670 ></P
9671 ></LI
9672 ></UL
9673 ></DIV
9674 ><DIV
9676 ><HR><H3
9678 ><A
9681 ></H3
9682 ><P
9692 ><P
9694 <TT
9697 >.
9699 <DIV
9701 ><P
9702 ></P
9703 ><TABLE
9707 ><TR
9708 ><TD
9712 ><IMG
9716 ><TH
9719 ><B
9721 ></TH
9722 ></TR
9723 ><TR
9724 ><TD
9726 ><TD
9729 ><P
9730 >This is a refinement of the general rules for
9731 <TT
9734 > and
9735 <TT
9738 >. The architectures PPC64,
9739 s390x, sparc64 and AMD64 support support both 32-bit (for s390 more
9743 >
9745 to work without any changes: such binaries are expected to be numerous.
9747 binaries (and hence libraries) on that architecture.</P
9748 ></TD
9749 ></TR
9750 ></TABLE
9751 ></DIV
9752 ></P
9753 ></DIV
9754 ><DIV
9756 ><HR><H3
9758 ><A
9761 ></H3
9762 ><P
9766 > filesystem is the de-facto
9767 standard Linux method for handling process and system information,
9768 rather than <TT
9771 > and other similar methods.
9772 We strongly encourage this for the storage and retrieval of process
9773 information as well as other kernel and memory information.</P
9774 ></DIV
9775 ><DIV
9777 ><HR><H3
9779 ><A
9782 ></H3
9783 ><P
9788 ><P
9789 ></P
9790 ><UL
9791 ><LI
9793 ><P
9795 ><P
9796 ></P
9797 ><UL
9798 ><LI
9800 ><P
9801 ><B
9804 ></P
9805 ></LI
9806 ><LI
9808 ><P
9809 ><B
9812 ></P
9813 ></LI
9814 ><LI
9816 ><P
9817 ><B
9820 ></P
9821 ></LI
9822 ><LI
9824 ><P
9825 ><B
9828 ></P
9829 ></LI
9830 ><LI
9832 ><P
9833 ><B
9836 ></P
9837 ></LI
9838 ><LI
9840 ><P
9841 ><B
9844 ></P
9845 ></LI
9846 ></UL
9847 ></LI
9848 ><LI
9850 ><P
9852 ><P
9853 ></P
9854 ><UL
9855 ><LI
9857 ><P
9858 ><B
9861 ></P
9862 ></LI
9863 ></UL
9864 ></LI
9865 ></UL
9866 ><P
9868 ><P
9869 ></P
9870 ><UL
9871 ><LI
9873 ><P
9875 ><P
9876 ></P
9877 ><UL
9878 ><LI
9880 ><P
9881 ><B
9884 ></P
9885 ></LI
9886 ><LI
9888 ><P
9889 ><B
9892 ></P
9893 ></LI
9894 ><LI
9896 ><P
9897 ><B
9900 ></P
9901 ></LI
9902 ></UL
9903 ><P
9910 >) and
9911 static <B
9917 >) are
9918 useful when things go wrong. The primary use of
9919 <B
9922 > (to repair incorrect symlinks in
9923 <TT
9926 > after a poorly orchestrated upgrade) is no
9927 longer a major concern now that the <B
9930 >
9931 program (usually located in <TT
9934 >) exists and
9935 can act as a guiding hand in upgrading the dynamic libraries. Static
9936 <B
9939 > is useful in some emergency situations.
9940 Note that these need not be statically linked versions of the standard
9941 <B
9947 >, but may
9948 be.</P
9949 ><P
9953 > binary is optional for
9954 <TT
9957 > since a site may choose to run
9958 <B
9961 > at boot time, rather than only when
9962 upgrading the shared libraries. (It's not clear whether or not it is
9963 advantageous to run <B
9966 > on each boot.) Even
9967 so, some people like <B
9970 > around for the
9971 following (all too common) situation:</P
9972 ><P
9973 ></P
9974 ><OL
9976 ><LI
9978 ><P
9983 ></LI
9984 ><LI
9986 ><P
9990 > is
9991 dynamically linked, I'm using a shell that doesn't have <B
9994 >
9995 built-in, and I don't know about using "<B
9997 >echo *</B
9998 >" as a
9999 replacement.</P
10000 ></LI
10001 ><LI
10003 ><P
10008 ></LI
10009 ></OL
10010 ></LI
10011 ><LI
10013 ><P
10015 ><P
10016 ></P
10017 ><UL
10018 ><LI
10020 ><P
10021 ><B
10024 ></P
10025 ></LI
10026 ><LI
10028 ><P
10029 ><B
10032 ></P
10033 ></LI
10034 ></UL
10035 ><P
10036 >So as to cope with the fact that some keyboards come up with
10037 such a high repeat rate as to be unusable,
10038 <B
10041 > may be installed in
10042 <TT
10046 ><P
10047 >Since the default action in the kernel for the Ctrl-Alt-Del key
10048 combination is an instant hard reboot, it is generally advisable to
10049 disable the behavior before mounting the root filesystem in read-write
10050 mode. Some <B
10053 > suites are able to disable
10054 Ctrl-Alt-Del, but others may require the
10055 <B
10058 > program, which may be installed in
10059 <TT
10063 ></LI
10064 ></UL
10065 ></DIV
10066 ><DIV
10068 ><HR><H3
10070 ><A
10073 ></H3
10074 ><P
10075 >These symbolic links are required if a C or C++ compiler is
10076 installed and only for systems not based on glibc.</P
10077 ><TABLE
10081 ><TR
10082 ><TD
10083 ><PRE
10087 ></TD
10088 ></TR
10089 ></TABLE
10090 ></DIV
10091 ><DIV
10093 ><HR><H3
10095 ><A
10098 ></H3
10099 ><P
10100 >For systems based on glibc, there are no specific guidelines for
10101 this directory. For systems based on Linux libc revisions prior to
10102 glibc, the following guidelines and rationale apply:</P
10103 ><P
10104 >The only source code that should be placed in a specific
10105 location is the Linux kernel source code. It is located in
10106 <TT
10110 ><P
10111 >If a C or C++ compiler is installed, but the complete Linux
10112 kernel source code is not installed, then the include files from the
10113 kernel source code must be located in these directories:</P
10114 ><TABLE
10118 ><TR
10119 ><TD
10120 ><PRE
10123 /usr/src/linux/include/linux</PRE
10124 ></TD
10125 ></TR
10126 ></TABLE
10127 ><P
10128 ><TT
10131 > is the name of the system
10132 architecture.</P
10133 ><DIV
10135 ><P
10136 ></P
10137 ><TABLE
10141 ><TR
10142 ><TD
10146 ><IMG
10150 ><TH
10153 ><B
10155 ></TH
10156 ></TR
10157 ><TR
10158 ><TD
10160 ><TD
10163 ><P
10164 > <TT
10167 >
10168 may be a symbolic link to a kernel source code tree.</P
10169 ></TD
10170 ></TR
10171 ></TABLE
10172 ></DIV
10173 ><DIV
10175 ><P
10176 ></P
10177 ><TABLE
10181 ><TR
10182 ><TD
10186 ><IMG
10190 ><TH
10193 ><B
10195 ></TH
10196 ></TR
10197 ><TR
10198 ><TD
10200 ><TD
10203 ><P
10204 >It is important that the kernel include files be located in
10205 <TT
10208 > and not in
10209 <TT
10212 > so there are no problems when system
10214 ></TD
10215 ></TR
10216 ></TABLE
10217 ></DIV
10218 ></DIV
10219 ><DIV
10221 ><HR><H3
10223 ><A
10226 ></H3
10227 ><P
10228 >This directory contains the variable data for the
10229 <B
10236 ></DIV
10237 ></DIV
10238 ></DIV
10239 ><DIV
10241 ><HR><H1
10242 ><A
10244 ></A
10246 ><DIV
10248 ><H2
10250 ><A
10253 ></H2
10254 ><P
10255 >The FHS mailing list is located at
10257 subscribe to the mailing list at this page <A
10262 ><P
10263 >Thanks to Network Operations at the University of California at
10264 San Diego who allowed us to use their excellent mailing list
10265 server.</P
10266 ><P
10267 >As noted in the introduction, please do not send mail to the mailing
10268 list without first contacting the FHS editor or a listed contributor.</P
10269 ></DIV
10270 ><DIV
10272 ><HR><H2
10274 ><A
10277 ></H2
10278 ><P
10279 >The process of developing a standard filesystem hierarchy began
10280 in August 1993 with an effort to restructure the file and directory
10281 structure of Linux. The FSSTND, a filesystem hierarchy standard
10282 specific to the Linux operating system, was released on February 14,
10285 ><P
10287 version of FSSTND to address not only Linux, but other UNIX-like
10288 systems was adopted with the help of members of the BSD development
10289 community. As a result, a concerted effort was made to focus on
10290 issues that were general to UNIX-like systems. In recognition of this
10291 widening of scope, the name of the standard was changed to Filesystem
10292 Hierarchy Standard or FHS for short.</P
10293 ><P
10294 >Volunteers who have contributed extensively to this standard are
10295 listed at the end of this document. This standard represents a
10296 consensus view of those and other contributors.</P
10297 ></DIV
10298 ><DIV
10300 ><HR><H2
10302 ><A
10305 ></H2
10306 ><P
10307 >Here are some of the guidelines that have been used in the development
10308 of this standard:</P
10309 ><P
10310 ></P
10311 ><UL
10312 ><LI
10314 ><P
10316 ></LI
10317 ><LI
10319 ><P
10321 ></LI
10322 ><LI
10324 ><P
10325 >Gain the approval of distributors, developers, and other decision-makers
10326 in relevant development groups and encourage their participation.</P
10327 ></LI
10328 ><LI
10330 ><P
10331 >Provide a standard that is attractive to the implementors of different
10332 UNIX-like systems.</P
10333 ></LI
10334 ></UL
10335 ></DIV
10336 ><DIV
10338 ><HR><H2
10340 ><A
10343 ></H2
10344 ><P
10345 >This document specifies a standard filesystem hierarchy for FHS
10346 filesystems by specifying the location of files and directories, and
10347 the contents of some system files.</P
10348 ><P
10349 >This standard has been designed to be used by system
10350 integrators, package developers, and system administrators in the
10351 construction and maintenance of FHS compliant filesystems. It is
10352 primarily intended to be a reference and is not a tutorial on how to
10353 manage a conforming filesystem hierarchy.</P
10354 ><P
10355 >The FHS grew out of earlier work on FSSTND, a filesystem
10356 organization standard for the Linux operating system. It builds on
10357 FSSTND to address interoperability issues not just in the Linux
10358 community but in a wider arena including 4.4BSD-based operating
10359 systems. It incorporates lessons learned in the BSD world and
10360 elsewhere about multi-architecture support and the demands of
10361 heterogeneous networking.</P
10362 ><P
10363 >Although this standard is more comprehensive than previous
10364 attempts at filesystem hierarchy standardization, periodic updates may
10365 become necessary as requirements change in relation to emerging
10366 technology. It is also possible that better solutions to the problems
10367 addressed here will be discovered so that our solutions will no longer
10368 be the best possible solutions. Supplementary drafts may be released
10369 in addition to periodic updates to this document. However, a specific
10370 goal is backwards compatibility from one release of this document to
10371 the next.</P
10372 ><P
10373 >Comments related to this standard are welcome. Any comments or
10374 suggestions for changes may be directed to the FHS editor (Daniel
10376 Typographical or grammatical comments should be directed to the FHS
10377 editor.</P
10378 ><P
10379 >Before sending mail to the mailing list it is requested that you
10380 first contact the FHS editor in order to avoid excessive re-discussion
10381 of old topics.</P
10382 ><P
10383 >Questions about how to interpret items in this document may
10384 occasionally arise. If you have need for a clarification, please
10385 contact the FHS editor. Since this standard represents a consensus of
10386 many participants, it is important to make certain that any
10387 interpretation also represents their collective opinion. For this
10388 reason it may not be possible to provide an immediate response unless
10389 the inquiry has been the subject of previous discussion.</P
10390 ></DIV
10391 ><DIV
10393 ><HR><H2
10395 ><A
10398 ></H2
10399 ><P
10400 >The developers of the FHS wish to thank the developers, system
10401 administrators, and users whose input was essential to this standard.
10402 We wish to thank each of the contributors who helped to write,
10403 compile, and compose this standard.</P
10404 ><P
10405 >The FHS Group also wishes to thank those Linux developers who
10406 supported the FSSTND, the predecessor to this standard. If they
10407 hadn't demonstrated that the FSSTND was beneficial, the FHS could
10408 never have evolved.</P
10409 ></DIV
10410 ><DIV
10412 ><HR><H2
10414 ><A
10417 ></H2
10418 ><DIV
10420 ><P
10421 ></P
10422 ><A
10424 ></A
10425 ><TABLE
10429 ><COL
10434 ><TR
10435 ><TD
10438 ><TD
10441 ></TR
10442 ><TR
10443 ><TD
10446 ><TD
10449 ></TR
10450 ><TR
10451 ><TD
10454 ><TD
10457 ></TR
10458 ><TR
10459 ><TD
10462 ><TD
10465 ></TR
10466 ><TR
10467 ><TD
10470 ><TD
10473 ></TR
10474 ><TR
10475 ><TD
10478 ><TD
10481 ></TR
10482 ><TR
10483 ><TD
10486 ><TD
10489 ></TR
10490 ><TR
10491 ><TD
10494 ><TD
10497 ></TR
10498 ><TR
10499 ><TD
10502 ><TD
10505 ></TR
10506 ><TR
10507 ><TD
10510 ><TD
10513 ></TR
10514 ><TR
10515 ><TD
10518 ><TD
10521 ></TR
10522 ><TR
10523 ><TD
10526 ><TD
10529 ></TR
10530 ><TR
10531 ><TD
10534 ><TD
10537 ></TR
10538 ><TR
10539 ><TD
10542 ><TD
10545 ></TR
10546 ><TR
10547 ><TD
10550 ><TD
10553 ></TR
10554 ><TR
10555 ><TD
10558 ><TD
10561 ></TR
10562 ><TR
10563 ><TD
10566 ><TD
10569 ></TR
10570 ><TR
10571 ><TD
10574 ><TD
10577 ></TR
10578 ><TR
10579 ><TD
10582 ><TD
10585 ></TR
10586 ><TR
10587 ><TD
10590 ><TD
10593 ></TR
10594 ><TR
10595 ><TD
10598 ><TD
10601 ></TR
10602 ><TR
10603 ><TD
10606 ><TD
10609 ></TR
10610 ><TR
10611 ><TD
10614 ><TD
10617 ></TR
10618 ></TBODY
10619 ></TABLE
10620 ><P
10621 ></P
10622 ></DIV
10623 ></DIV
10624 ></DIV
10625 ></DIV
10626 ><H3
10629 ><TABLE
10633 ><TR
10634 ><TD
10638 ><A
10641 ><SPAN
10644 ></A
10645 ></TD
10646 ><TD
10650 ><P
10651 >Command binaries that are not essential enough to place into
10652 <TT
10655 > must be placed in
10656 <TT
10659 >, instead. Items that are required only
10660 by non-root users (the X Window System, <TT
10663 >,
10664 etc.) are generally not essential enough to be placed into the root
10665 partition.</P
10666 ></TD
10667 ></TR
10668 ><TR
10669 ><TD
10673 ><A
10676 ><SPAN
10679 ></A
10680 ></TD
10681 ><TD
10685 ><P
10686 > Programs necessary to arrange for the boot loader to be
10687 able to boot a file must be placed in <TT
10690 >.
10691 Configuration files for boot loaders must be placed in
10692 <TT
10696 ><P
10697 >The GRUB bootloader reads its configurations file before
10698 booting, so that must be placed in <TT
10701 >. However, it is a
10702 configuration file, so should be in <TT
10705 >. The answer here is a
10706 symbolic link such as <TT
10713 ></TD
10714 ></TR
10715 ><TR
10716 ><TD
10720 ><A
10723 ><SPAN
10726 ></A
10727 ></TD
10728 ><TD
10732 ><P
10733 >On some i386 machines, it may be necessary for
10734 <TT
10737 > to be located on a separate partition
10738 located completely below cylinder 1024 of the boot device due to
10739 hardware constraints.</P
10740 ><P
10744 >
10745 partition that is a mounted MS-DOS filesystem or whatever other
10746 filesystem type is accessible for the firmware. This may result in
10747 restrictions with respect to usable filenames within
10748 <TT
10752 ></TD
10753 ></TR
10754 ><TR
10755 ><TD
10759 ><A
10762 ><SPAN
10765 ></A
10766 ></TD
10767 ><TD
10771 ><P
10772 >The setup of command scripts invoked at boot time may resemble System
10773 V, BSD or other models. Further specification in this area may be
10774 added to a future version of this standard.</P
10775 ></TD
10776 ></TR
10777 ><TR
10778 ><TD
10782 ><A
10785 ><SPAN
10788 ></A
10789 ></TD
10790 ><TD
10794 ><P
10795 >It is recommended that files be stored in subdirectories of
10796 <TT
10799 > rather than directly in
10800 <TT
10804 ></TD
10805 ></TR
10806 ><TR
10807 ><TD
10811 ><A
10814 ><SPAN
10817 ></A
10818 ></TD
10819 ><TD
10823 ><P
10824 >Systems that use the shadow password suite will have additional
10825 configuration files in <TT
10828 >
10829 (<TT
10832 > and others) and programs in
10833 <TT
10839 >,
10840 <B
10844 ></TD
10845 ></TR
10846 ><TR
10847 ><TD
10851 ><A
10854 ><SPAN
10857 ></A
10858 ></TD
10859 ><TD
10863 ><P
10864 >On some Linux systems, this may be a symbolic link to
10865 <TT
10868 >, in which case this exception is not
10869 required.</P
10870 ></TD
10871 ></TR
10872 ><TR
10873 ><TD
10877 ><A
10880 ><SPAN
10883 ></A
10884 ></TD
10885 ><TD
10889 ><P
10890 ><TT
10893 > holds the configuration files for
10894 <TT
10897 >. These are most of the files previously
10898 found in <TT
10901 >. Some local variable
10902 data for <TT
10905 > is stored in
10906 <TT
10910 ></TD
10911 ></TR
10912 ><TR
10913 ><TD
10917 ><A
10920 ><SPAN
10923 ></A
10924 ></TD
10925 ><TD
10929 ><P
10930 >Different people prefer to place user accounts in a variety of places.
10931 This section describes only a suggested placement for user home
10932 directories; nevertheless we recommend that all FHS-compliant
10933 distributions use this as the default location for home
10934 directories.</P
10935 ><P
10936 >On small systems, each user's directory is typically one of the
10937 many subdirectories of <TT
10940 > such as
10941 <TT
10947 >,
10948 <TT
10951 >, etc. On large systems
10952 (especially when the <TT
10955 > directories are shared
10956 amongst many hosts using NFS) it is useful to subdivide user home
10957 directories. Subdivision may be accomplished by using subdirectories
10958 such as <TT
10961 >,
10962 <TT
10965 >,
10966 <TT
10970 ></TD
10971 ></TR
10972 ><TR
10973 ><TD
10977 ><A
10980 ><SPAN
10983 ></A
10984 ></TD
10985 ><TD
10989 ><P
10990 >If you want to find out a user's home directory, you should use the
10991 <TT
10994 > library function rather than relying
10995 on <TT
10998 > because user information may be
10999 stored remotely using systems such as NIS.</P
11000 ></TD
11001 ></TR
11002 ><TR
11003 ><TD
11007 ><A
11010 ><SPAN
11013 ></A
11014 ></TD
11015 ><TD
11019 ><P
11020 >It is recommended that apart from autosave and lock files programs
11021 should refrain from creating non dot files or directories in a home
11022 directory without user intervention.</P
11023 ></TD
11024 ></TR
11025 ><TR
11026 ><TD
11030 ><A
11033 ><SPAN
11036 ></A
11037 ></TD
11038 ><TD
11042 ><P
11043 >Shared libraries that are only necessary for binaries in
11044 <TT
11047 > (such as any X Window binaries) must not be
11048 in <TT
11051 >. Only the shared libraries required to
11052 run binaries in <TT
11055 > and
11056 <TT
11059 > may be here. In particular, the library
11060 <TT
11063 > may also be placed in
11064 <TT
11067 > if it is not required by anything in
11068 <TT
11075 ></TD
11076 ></TR
11077 ><TR
11078 ><TD
11082 ><A
11085 ><SPAN
11088 ></A
11089 ></TD
11090 ><TD
11094 ><P
11099 ></TD
11100 ></TR
11101 ><TR
11102 ><TD
11106 ><A
11109 ><SPAN
11112 ></A
11113 ></TD
11114 ><TD
11118 ><P
11120 systems which support multiple binary formats, but require libraries
11121 of the same name. In this case, <TT
11124 > and
11125 <TT
11128 > might be the library directories, and
11129 <TT
11133 ></TD
11134 ></TR
11135 ><TR
11136 ><TD
11140 ><A
11143 ><SPAN
11146 ></A
11147 ></TD
11148 ><TD
11152 ><P
11153 ><TT
11156 > is still permitted: this
11157 allows the case where <TT
11160 > and
11161 <TT
11164 > are the same (one is a symbolic
11165 link to the other). </P
11166 ></TD
11167 ></TR
11168 ><TR
11169 ><TD
11173 ><A
11176 ><SPAN
11179 ></A
11180 ></TD
11181 ><TD
11185 ><P
11186 >A compliant implementation with two CDROM drives might have
11187 <TT
11190 > and
11191 <TT
11194 > with
11195 <TT
11199 ></TD
11200 ></TR
11201 ><TR
11202 ><TD
11206 ><A
11209 ><SPAN
11212 ></A
11213 ></TD
11214 ><TD
11218 ><P
11219 >If the home directory of the root account is not
11220 stored on the root partition it will be necessary to make certain it
11221 will default to <TT
11224 > if it can not be
11225 located.</P
11226 ><P
11227 >We recommend against using the root account for tasks that can be
11228 performed as an unprivileged user, and that it be used solely for system
11229 administration. For this reason, we recommend that subdirectories for
11230 mail and other applications not appear in the root account's home
11231 directory, and that mail for administration roles such as root,
11232 postmaster, and webmaster be forwarded to an appropriate user.</P
11233 ></TD
11234 ></TR
11235 ><TR
11236 ><TD
11240 ><A
11243 ><SPAN
11246 ></A
11247 ></TD
11248 ><TD
11252 ><P
11256 > binaries were kept in
11257 <TT
11261 ></TD
11262 ></TR
11263 ><TR
11264 ><TD
11268 ><A
11271 ><SPAN
11274 ></A
11275 ></TD
11276 ><TD
11280 ><P
11281 >Deciding what things go into
11282 <SPAN
11284 ><I
11287 ></SPAN
11288 > directories is simple: if a normal (not a
11289 system administrator) user will ever run it directly, then it must be
11290 placed in one of the <SPAN
11292 ><I
11295 ></SPAN
11296 > directories. Ordinary
11297 users should not have to place any of the <TT
11300 >
11301 directories in their path.</P
11302 ><P
11306 > which users
11307 only occasionally use must still be placed in
11308 <TT
11314 >, although it
11315 is absolutely necessary for root (network recovery and diagnosis) is
11316 often used by users and must live in <TT
11319 > for
11320 that reason.</P
11321 ><P
11322 >We recommend that users have read and execute permission for
11323 everything in <TT
11326 > except, perhaps, certain
11327 setuid and setgid programs. The division between
11328 <TT
11334 > was not
11335 created for security reasons or to prevent users from seeing the
11336 operating system, but to provide a good partition between binaries
11337 that everyone uses and ones that are primarily used for administration
11338 tasks. There is no inherent security advantage in making
11339 <TT
11343 ></TD
11344 ></TR
11345 ><TR
11346 ><TD
11350 ><A
11353 ><SPAN
11356 ></A
11357 ></TD
11358 ><TD
11362 ><P
11363 >This is particularly important as these areas will often contain both
11364 files initially installed by the distributor, and those added by the
11365 administrator.</P
11366 ></TD
11367 ></TR
11368 ><TR
11369 ><TD
11373 ><A
11376 ><SPAN
11379 ></A
11380 ></TD
11381 ><TD
11385 ><P
11386 >Examples of such configuration files include
11387 <TT
11393 >, or
11394 <TT
11398 ></TD
11399 ></TR
11400 ><TR
11401 ><TD
11405 ><A
11408 ><SPAN
11411 ></A
11412 ></TD
11413 ><TD
11417 ><P
11418 > Miscellaneous
11419 architecture-independent application-specific static files and
11420 subdirectories must be placed in <TT
11424 ></TD
11425 ></TR
11426 ><TR
11427 ><TD
11431 ><A
11434 ><SPAN
11437 ></A
11438 ></TD
11439 ><TD
11443 ><P
11447 > subdirectory for
11449 ></TD
11450 ></TR
11451 ><TR
11452 ><TD
11456 ><A
11459 ><SPAN
11462 ></A
11463 ></TD
11464 ><TD
11468 ><P
11472 > and
11473 <B
11476 > have also been traditionally placed in
11477 <TT
11483 > is an
11484 internal binary and must be placed in a binary directory; users access
11485 only <B
11491 >
11492 binaries are now placed by default in <TT
11495 >.
11496 Additionally, systems using a <SPAN
11498 ><I
11501 ></SPAN
11502 >-compatible
11503 mail transfer agent must provide
11504 <B
11507 > as a symbolic link to the
11508 appropriate executable. </P
11509 ></TD
11510 ></TR
11511 ><TR
11512 ><TD
11516 ><A
11519 ><SPAN
11522 ></A
11523 ></TD
11524 ><TD
11528 ><P
11529 >Host-specific data for the X Window System must not be stored in
11530 <TT
11533 >. Host-specific configuration files
11534 such as <TT
11537 > or
11538 <TT
11541 > must be stored in
11542 <TT
11545 >. This includes configuration data such
11546 as <TT
11549 > even if it is only made a
11550 symbolic link to a more global configuration file (probably in
11551 <TT
11555 ></TD
11556 ></TR
11557 ><TR
11558 ><TD
11562 ><A
11565 ><SPAN
11568 ></A
11569 ></TD
11570 ><TD
11574 ><P
11581 > are the
11582 same (one is a symbolic link to the other) these files and the
11583 per-application subdirectories will exist.</P
11584 ></TD
11585 ></TR
11586 ><TR
11587 ><TD
11591 ><A
11594 ><SPAN
11597 ></A
11598 ></TD
11599 ><TD
11603 ><P
11607 > or
11608 <TT
11611 > may be overwritten by system upgrades
11612 (though we recommend that distributions do not overwrite data in
11613 <TT
11616 > under these circumstances). For this
11617 reason, local software must not be placed outside of
11618 <TT
11622 ></TD
11623 ></TR
11624 ><TR
11625 ><TD
11629 ><A
11632 ><SPAN
11635 ></A
11636 ></TD
11637 ><TD
11641 ><P
11642 ><TT
11645 > may be deprecated in future FHS
11646 releases, so if all else is equal, making that one a symlink seems
11647 sensible.</P
11648 ></TD
11649 ></TR
11650 ><TR
11651 ><TD
11655 ><A
11658 ><SPAN
11661 ></A
11662 ></TD
11663 ><TD
11667 ><P
11668 >Locally installed system administration programs should be placed in
11669 <TT
11673 ><P
11674 ></P
11675 ></TD
11676 ></TR
11677 ><TR
11678 ><TD
11682 ><A
11685 ><SPAN
11688 ></A
11689 ></TD
11690 ><TD
11694 ><P
11698 >
11699 (<TT
11705 >) or
11706 <TT
11712 >,
11713 <TT
11720 ></TD
11721 ></TR
11722 ><TR
11723 ><TD
11727 ><A
11730 ><SPAN
11733 ></A
11734 ></TD
11735 ><TD
11739 ><P
11743 >
11744 because they are not required at boot time nor are they required in
11745 emergencies. Really.</P
11746 ></TD
11747 ></TR
11748 ><TR
11749 ><TD
11753 ><A
11756 ><SPAN
11759 ></A
11760 ></TD
11761 ><TD
11765 ><P
11769 >
11770 has no manual pages in section 4 (Devices), then
11771 <TT
11775 ></TD
11776 ></TR
11777 ><TR
11778 ><TD
11782 ><A
11785 ><SPAN
11788 ></A
11789 ></TD
11790 ><TD
11794 ><P
11795 > A major exception to this rule is the
11796 United Kingdom, which is `GB' in the ISO 3166, but `UK' for most email
11797 addresses.</P
11798 ></TD
11799 ></TR
11800 ><TR
11801 ><TD
11805 ><A
11808 ><SPAN
11811 ></A
11812 ></TD
11813 ><TD
11817 ><P
11818 >Some such files include:
11820 <TT
11844 >,
11845 <TT
11860 >,
11861 <TT
11867 >,
11868 <TT
11874 >,
11875 <TT
11881 >,
11882 <TT
11888 >,
11889 <TT
11895 >,
11896 <TT
11902 >,
11903 <TT
11907 ></TD
11908 ></TR
11909 ><TR
11910 ><TD
11914 ><A
11917 ><SPAN
11920 ></A
11921 ></TD
11922 ><TD
11926 ><P
11928 ></TD
11929 ></TR
11930 ><TR
11931 ><TD
11935 ><A
11938 ><SPAN
11941 ></A
11942 ></TD
11943 ><TD
11947 ><P
11948 >This standard does not currently incorporate the TeX Directory
11949 Structure (a document that describes the layout TeX files and
11950 directories), but it may be useful reading. It is located at
11951 <A
11955 ></P
11956 ></TD
11957 ></TR
11958 ><TR
11959 ><TD
11963 ><A
11966 ><SPAN
11969 ></A
11970 ></TD
11971 ><TD
11975 ><P
11979 > is
11980 formatted into <TT
11983 >, and
11984 <TT
11987 > into
11988 <TT
11992 ></TD
11993 ></TR
11994 ><TR
11995 ><TD
11999 ><A
12002 ><SPAN
12005 ></A
12006 ></TD
12007 ><TD
12011 ><P
12012 >An important difference between this version of this standard and
12013 previous ones is that applications are now required to use a
12014 subdirectory of <TT
12018 ><P
12019 ></P
12020 ></TD
12021 ></TR
12022 ><TR
12023 ><TD
12027 ><A
12030 ><SPAN
12033 ></A
12034 ></TD
12035 ><TD
12039 ><P
12040 >This hierarchy should contain files stored in
12041 <TT
12044 > in current BSD releases. These include
12045 <TT
12048 > and
12049 <TT
12053 ></TD
12054 ></TR
12055 ><TR
12056 ><TD
12060 ><A
12063 ><SPAN
12066 ></A
12067 ></TD
12068 ><TD
12072 ><P
12076 >
12077 can read the lock file and act accordingly (all locks in
12078 <TT
12082 ></TD
12083 ></TR
12084 ><TR
12085 ><TD
12089 ><A
12092 ><SPAN
12095 ></A
12096 ></TD
12097 ><TD
12101 ><P
12105 > may be a symbolic link to
12106 another directory.</P
12107 ></TD
12108 ></TR
12109 ><TR
12110 ><TD
12114 ><A
12117 ><SPAN
12120 ></A
12121 ></TD
12122 ><TD
12126 ><P
12127 ><TT
12130 > should be unwritable for unprivileged
12131 users (root or users running daemons); it is a major security problem
12132 if any user can write in this directory.</P
12133 ></TD
12134 ></TR
12135 ><TR
12136 ><TD
12140 ><A
12143 ><SPAN
12146 ></A
12147 ></TD
12148 ><TD
12152 ><P
12156 >. See
12157 the above section on <TT
12161 ></TD
12162 ></TR
12163 ><TR
12164 ><TD
12168 ><A
12171 ><SPAN
12174 ></A
12175 ></TD
12176 ><TD
12180 ><P
12181 >NIS should not be confused with Sun NIS+, which uses a different
12182 directory, <TT
12186 ></TD
12187 ></TR
12188 ></TABLE
12189 ></BODY
12190 ></HTML
12191 >