src/system.h

   1 /* system-dependent definitions for coreutils
   2    Copyright (C) 1989-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
   3
   4    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
   5    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
   6    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
   7    (at your option) any later version.
   8
   9    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  10    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  11    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  12    GNU General Public License for more details.
  13
  14    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  15    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.  */
  16
  17 /* Include this file _after_ system headers if possible.  */
  18
  19 #include <alloca.h>
  20
  21 /* Include <sys/types.h> before this file.
  22    Note this doesn't warn if we're included
  23    before all system headers.  */
  24
  25 #if 2 < __GLIBC__ || ( 2 == ___GLIBC__ && 2 <= __GLIBC_MINOR__ )
  26 # if ! defined _SYS_TYPES_H
  27 you must include <sys/types.h> before including this file
  28 # endif
  29 #endif
  30
  31 #include <sys/stat.h>
  32
  33 /* Commonly used file permission combination.  */
  34 #define MODE_RW_UGO (S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP | S_IROTH | S_IWOTH)
  35
  36 #if !defined HAVE_MKFIFO
  37 # define mkfifo(name, mode) mknod (name, (mode) | S_IFIFO, 0)
  38 #endif
  39
  40 #if HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H
  41 # include <sys/param.h>
  42 #endif
  43
  44 #include <unistd.h>
  45
  46 #include <limits.h>
  47
  48 #include "pathmax.h"
  49 #ifndef PATH_MAX
  50 # define PATH_MAX 8192
  51 #endif
  52
  53 #include "configmake.h"
  54
  55 #include <sys/time.h>
  56 #include <time.h>
  57
  58 /* Since major is a function on SVR4, we can't use 'ifndef major'.  */
  59 #if MAJOR_IN_MKDEV
  60 # include <sys/mkdev.h>
  61 # define HAVE_MAJOR
  62 #endif
  63 #if MAJOR_IN_SYSMACROS
  64 # include <sys/sysmacros.h>
  65 # define HAVE_MAJOR
  66 #endif
  67 #ifdef major                    /* Might be defined in sys/types.h.  */
  68 # define HAVE_MAJOR
  69 #endif
  70
  71 #ifndef HAVE_MAJOR
  72 # define major(dev)  (((dev) >> 8) & 0xff)
  73 # define minor(dev)  ((dev) & 0xff)
  74 # define makedev(maj, min)  (((maj) << 8) | (min))
  75 #endif
  76 #undef HAVE_MAJOR
  77
  78 #if ! defined makedev && defined mkdev
  79 # define makedev(maj, min)  mkdev (maj, min)
  80 #endif
  81
  82 #include <string.h>
  83 #include <errno.h>
  84
  85 /* Some systems don't define this; POSIX mentions it but says it is
  86    obsolete.  gnulib defines it, but only on native Windows systems,
  87    and there only because MSVC 10 does.  */
  88 #ifndef ENODATA
  89 # define ENODATA (-1)
  90 #endif
  91
  92 #include <stdbool.h>
  93 #include <stdlib.h>
  94 #include "version.h"
  95
  96 /* Exit statuses for programs like 'env' that exec other programs.  */
  97 enum
  98 {
  99   EXIT_TIMEDOUT = 124, /* Time expired before child completed.  */
 100   EXIT_CANCELED = 125, /* Internal error prior to exec attempt.  */
 101   EXIT_CANNOT_INVOKE = 126, /* Program located, but not usable.  */
 102   EXIT_ENOENT = 127 /* Could not find program to exec.  */
 103 };
 104
 105 #include "exitfail.h"
 106
 107 /* Set exit_failure to STATUS if that's not the default already.  */
 108 static inline void
 109 initialize_exit_failure (int status)
 110 {
 111   if (status != EXIT_FAILURE)
 112     exit_failure = status;
 113 }
 114
 115 #include <fcntl.h>
 116
 117 #include <dirent.h>
 118 #ifndef _D_EXACT_NAMLEN
 119 # define _D_EXACT_NAMLEN(dp) strlen ((dp)->d_name)
 120 #endif
 121
 122 enum
 123 {
 124   NOT_AN_INODE_NUMBER = 0
 125 };
 126
 127 #ifdef D_INO_IN_DIRENT
 128 # define D_INO(dp) (dp)->d_ino
 129 #else
 130 /* Some systems don't have inodes, so fake them to avoid lots of ifdefs.  */
 131 # define D_INO(dp) NOT_AN_INODE_NUMBER
 132 #endif
 133
 134 /* include here for SIZE_MAX.  */
 135 #include <inttypes.h>
 136
 137 /* Redirection and wildcarding when done by the utility itself.
 138    Generally a noop, but used in particular for native VMS. */
 139 #ifndef initialize_main
 140 # define initialize_main(ac, av)
 141 #endif
 142
 143 #include "stat-macros.h"
 144
 145 #include "timespec.h"
 146
 147 #include <ctype.h>
 148
 149 /* ISDIGIT differs from isdigit, as follows:
 150    - Its arg may be any int or unsigned int; it need not be an unsigned char
 151      or EOF.
 152    - It's typically faster.
 153    POSIX says that only '0' through '9' are digits.  Prefer ISDIGIT to
 154    isdigit unless it's important to use the locale's definition
 155    of 'digit' even when the host does not conform to POSIX.  */
 156 #define ISDIGIT(c) ((unsigned int) (c) - '0' <= 9)
 157
 158 /* Convert a possibly-signed character to an unsigned character.  This is
 159    a bit safer than casting to unsigned char, since it catches some type
 160    errors that the cast doesn't.  */
 161 static inline unsigned char to_uchar (char ch) { return ch; }
 162
 163 #include <locale.h>
 164
 165 /* Take care of NLS matters.  */
 166
 167 #include "gettext.h"
 168 #if ! ENABLE_NLS
 169 # undef textdomain
 170 # define textdomain(Domainname) /* empty */
 171 # undef bindtextdomain
 172 # define bindtextdomain(Domainname, Dirname) /* empty */
 173 #endif
 174
 175 #define _(msgid) gettext (msgid)
 176 #define N_(msgid) msgid
 177
 178 /* Return a value that pluralizes the same way that N does, in all
 179    languages we know of.  */
 180 static inline unsigned long int
 181 select_plural (uintmax_t n)
 182 {
 183   /* Reduce by a power of ten, but keep it away from zero.  The
 184      gettext manual says 1000000 should be safe.  */
 185   enum { PLURAL_REDUCER = 1000000 };
 186   return (n <= ULONG_MAX ? n : n % PLURAL_REDUCER + PLURAL_REDUCER);
 187 }
 188
 189 #define STREQ(a, b) (strcmp (a, b) == 0)
 190 #define STREQ_LEN(a, b, n) (strncmp (a, b, n) == 0)
 191 #define STRPREFIX(a, b) (strncmp(a, b, strlen (b)) == 0)
 192
 193 /* Just like strncmp, but the second argument must be a literal string
 194    and you don't specify the length;  that comes from the literal.  */
 195 #define STRNCMP_LIT(s, literal) \
 196   strncmp (s, "" literal "", sizeof (literal) - 1)
 197
 198 #if !HAVE_DECL_GETLOGIN
 199 char *getlogin ();
 200 #endif
 201
 202 #if !HAVE_DECL_TTYNAME
 203 char *ttyname ();
 204 #endif
 205
 206 #if !HAVE_DECL_GETEUID
 207 uid_t geteuid ();
 208 #endif
 209
 210 #if !HAVE_DECL_GETPWUID
 211 struct passwd *getpwuid ();
 212 #endif
 213
 214 #if !HAVE_DECL_GETGRGID
 215 struct group *getgrgid ();
 216 #endif
 217
 218 /* Interix has replacements for getgr{gid,nam,ent}, that don't
 219    query the domain controller for group members when not required.
 220    This speeds up the calls tremendously (<1 ms vs. >3 s). */
 221 /* To protect any system that could provide _nomembers functions
 222    other than interix, check for HAVE_SETGROUPS, as interix is
 223    one of the very few (the only?) platform that lacks it */
 224 #if ! HAVE_SETGROUPS
 225 # if HAVE_GETGRGID_NOMEMBERS
 226 #  define getgrgid(gid) getgrgid_nomembers(gid)
 227 # endif
 228 # if HAVE_GETGRNAM_NOMEMBERS
 229 #  define getgrnam(nam) getgrnam_nomembers(nam)
 230 # endif
 231 # if HAVE_GETGRENT_NOMEMBERS
 232 #  define getgrent() getgrent_nomembers()
 233 # endif
 234 #endif
 235
 236 #if !HAVE_DECL_GETUID
 237 uid_t getuid ();
 238 #endif
 239
 240 #include "xalloc.h"
 241 #include "verify.h"
 242
 243 /* This is simply a shorthand for the common case in which
 244    the third argument to x2nrealloc would be 'sizeof *(P)'.
 245    Ensure that sizeof *(P) is *not* 1.  In that case, it'd be
 246    better to use X2REALLOC, although not strictly necessary.  */
 247 #define X2NREALLOC(P, PN) ((void) verify_true (sizeof *(P) != 1), \
 248                            x2nrealloc (P, PN, sizeof *(P)))
 249
 250 /* Using x2realloc (when appropriate) usually makes your code more
 251    readable than using x2nrealloc, but it also makes it so your
 252    code will malfunction if sizeof *(P) ever becomes 2 or greater.
 253    So use this macro instead of using x2realloc directly.  */
 254 #define X2REALLOC(P, PN) ((void) verify_true (sizeof *(P) == 1), \
 255                           x2realloc (P, PN))
 256
 257 #include "unlocked-io.h"
 258 #include "same-inode.h"
 259
 260 #include "dirname.h"
 261 #include "openat.h"
 262
 263 static inline bool
 264 dot_or_dotdot (char const *file_name)
 265 {
 266   if (file_name[0] == '.')
 267     {
 268       char sep = file_name[(file_name[1] == '.') + 1];
 269       return (! sep || ISSLASH (sep));
 270     }
 271   else
 272     return false;
 273 }
 274
 275 /* A wrapper for readdir so that callers don't see entries for '.' or '..'.  */
 276 static inline struct dirent const *
 277 readdir_ignoring_dot_and_dotdot (DIR *dirp)
 278 {
 279   while (1)
 280     {
 281       struct dirent const *dp = readdir (dirp);
 282       if (dp == NULL || ! dot_or_dotdot (dp->d_name))
 283         return dp;
 284     }
 285 }
 286
 287 /* Return true if DIR is determined to be an empty directory.  */
 288 static inline bool
 289 is_empty_dir (int fd_cwd, char const *dir)
 290 {
 291   DIR *dirp;
 292   struct dirent const *dp;
 293   int saved_errno;
 294   int fd = openat (fd_cwd, dir,
 295                    (O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY
 296                     | O_NOCTTY | O_NOFOLLOW | O_NONBLOCK));
 297
 298   if (fd < 0)
 299     return false;
 300
 301   dirp = fdopendir (fd);
 302   if (dirp == NULL)
 303     {
 304       close (fd);
 305       return false;
 306     }
 307
 308   errno = 0;
 309   dp = readdir_ignoring_dot_and_dotdot (dirp);
 310   saved_errno = errno;
 311   closedir (dirp);
 312   if (dp != NULL)
 313     return false;
 314   return saved_errno == 0 ? true : false;
 315 }
 316
 317 /* Factor out some of the common --help and --version processing code.  */
 318
 319 /* These enum values cannot possibly conflict with the option values
 320    ordinarily used by commands, including CHAR_MAX + 1, etc.  Avoid
 321    CHAR_MIN - 1, as it may equal -1, the getopt end-of-options value.  */
 322 enum
 323 {
 324   GETOPT_HELP_CHAR = (CHAR_MIN - 2),
 325   GETOPT_VERSION_CHAR = (CHAR_MIN - 3)
 326 };
 327
 328 #define GETOPT_HELP_OPTION_DECL \
 329   "help", no_argument, NULL, GETOPT_HELP_CHAR
 330 #define GETOPT_VERSION_OPTION_DECL \
 331   "version", no_argument, NULL, GETOPT_VERSION_CHAR
 332 #define GETOPT_SELINUX_CONTEXT_OPTION_DECL \
 333   "context", required_argument, NULL, 'Z'
 334
 335 #define case_GETOPT_HELP_CHAR                   \
 336   case GETOPT_HELP_CHAR:                        \
 337     usage (EXIT_SUCCESS);                       \
 338     break;
 339
 340 /* Program_name must be a literal string.
 341    Usually it is just PROGRAM_NAME.  */
 342 #define USAGE_BUILTIN_WARNING \
 343   _("\n" \
 344 "NOTE: your shell may have its own version of %s, which usually supersedes\n" \
 345 "the version described here.  Please refer to your shell's documentation\n" \
 346 "for details about the options it supports.\n")
 347
 348 #define HELP_OPTION_DESCRIPTION \
 349   _("      --help     display this help and exit\n")
 350 #define VERSION_OPTION_DESCRIPTION \
 351   _("      --version  output version information and exit\n")
 352
 353 #include "closein.h"
 354 #include "closeout.h"
 355
 356 #define emit_bug_reporting_address unused__emit_bug_reporting_address
 357 #include "version-etc.h"
 358 #undef emit_bug_reporting_address
 359
 360 #include "propername.h"
 361 /* Define away proper_name (leaving proper_name_utf8, which affects far
 362    fewer programs), since it's not worth the cost of adding ~17KB to
 363    the x86_64 text size of every single program.  This avoids a 40%
 364    (almost ~2MB) increase in the on-disk space utilization for the set
 365    of the 100 binaries. */
 366 #define proper_name(x) (x)
 367
 368 #include "progname.h"
 369
 370 #define case_GETOPT_VERSION_CHAR(Program_name, Authors)                 \
 371   case GETOPT_VERSION_CHAR:                                             \
 372     version_etc (stdout, Program_name, PACKAGE_NAME, Version, Authors,  \
 373                  (char *) NULL);                                        \
 374     exit (EXIT_SUCCESS);                                                \
 375     break;
 376
 377 #ifndef MAX
 378 # define MAX(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
 379 #endif
 380
 381 #ifndef MIN
 382 # define MIN(a,b) (((a) < (b)) ? (a) : (b))
 383 #endif
 384
 385 #include "intprops.h"
 386
 387 #ifndef SSIZE_MAX
 388 # define SSIZE_MAX TYPE_MAXIMUM (ssize_t)
 389 #endif
 390
 391 #ifndef OFF_T_MIN
 392 # define OFF_T_MIN TYPE_MINIMUM (off_t)
 393 #endif
 394
 395 #ifndef OFF_T_MAX
 396 # define OFF_T_MAX TYPE_MAXIMUM (off_t)
 397 #endif
 398
 399 #ifndef UID_T_MAX
 400 # define UID_T_MAX TYPE_MAXIMUM (uid_t)
 401 #endif
 402
 403 #ifndef GID_T_MAX
 404 # define GID_T_MAX TYPE_MAXIMUM (gid_t)
 405 #endif
 406
 407 #ifndef PID_T_MAX
 408 # define PID_T_MAX TYPE_MAXIMUM (pid_t)
 409 #endif
 410
 411 /* Use this to suppress gcc's '...may be used before initialized' warnings. */
 412 #ifdef lint
 413 # define IF_LINT(Code) Code
 414 #else
 415 # define IF_LINT(Code) /* empty */
 416 #endif
 417
 418 #ifndef __attribute__
 419 # if __GNUC__ < 2 || (__GNUC__ == 2 && __GNUC_MINOR__ < 8)
 420 #  define __attribute__(x) /* empty */
 421 # endif
 422 #endif
 423
 424 #ifndef ATTRIBUTE_NORETURN
 425 # define ATTRIBUTE_NORETURN __attribute__ ((__noreturn__))
 426 #endif
 427
 428 #ifndef ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED
 429 # define ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED __attribute__ ((__unused__))
 430 #endif
 431
 432 /* The warn_unused_result attribute appeared first in gcc-3.4.0 */
 433 #undef ATTRIBUTE_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT
 434 #if __GNUC__ < 3 || (__GNUC__ == 3 && __GNUC_MINOR__ < 4)
 435 # define ATTRIBUTE_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT /* empty */
 436 #else
 437 # define ATTRIBUTE_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT __attribute__ ((__warn_unused_result__))
 438 #endif
 439
 440 #if defined strdupa
 441 # define ASSIGN_STRDUPA(DEST, S)                \
 442   do { DEST = strdupa (S); } while (0)
 443 #else
 444 # define ASSIGN_STRDUPA(DEST, S)                \
 445   do                                            \
 446     {                                           \
 447       const char *s_ = (S);                     \
 448       size_t len_ = strlen (s_) + 1;            \
 449       char *tmp_dest_ = alloca (len_);          \
 450       DEST = memcpy (tmp_dest_, s_, len_);      \
 451     }                                           \
 452   while (0)
 453 #endif
 454
 455 #if ! HAVE_SYNC
 456 # define sync() /* empty */
 457 #endif
 458
 459 /* Compute the greatest common divisor of U and V using Euclid's
 460    algorithm.  U and V must be nonzero.  */
 461
 462 static inline size_t _GL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST
 463 gcd (size_t u, size_t v)
 464 {
 465   do
 466     {
 467       size_t t = u % v;
 468       u = v;
 469       v = t;
 470     }
 471   while (v);
 472
 473   return u;
 474 }
 475
 476 /* Compute the least common multiple of U and V.  U and V must be
 477    nonzero.  There is no overflow checking, so callers should not
 478    specify outlandish sizes.  */
 479
 480 static inline size_t _GL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST
 481 lcm (size_t u, size_t v)
 482 {
 483   return u * (v / gcd (u, v));
 484 }
 485
 486 /* Return PTR, aligned upward to the next multiple of ALIGNMENT.
 487    ALIGNMENT must be nonzero.  The caller must arrange for ((char *)
 488    PTR) through ((char *) PTR + ALIGNMENT - 1) to be addressable
 489    locations.  */
 490
 491 static inline void *
 492 ptr_align (void const *ptr, size_t alignment)
 493 {
 494   char const *p0 = ptr;
 495   char const *p1 = p0 + alignment - 1;
 496   return (void *) (p1 - (size_t) p1 % alignment);
 497 }
 498
 499 /* Return whether the buffer consists entirely of NULs.
 500    Note the word after the buffer must be non NUL. */
 501
 502 static inline bool _GL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE
 503 is_nul (const char *buf, size_t bufsize)
 504 {
 505   typedef uintptr_t word;
 506
 507   /* Find first nonzero *word*, or the word with the sentinel.  */
 508   word *wp = (word *) buf;
 509   while (*wp++ == 0)
 510     continue;
 511
 512   /* Find the first nonzero *byte*, or the sentinel.  */
 513   char *cp = (char *) (wp - 1);
 514   while (*cp++ == 0)
 515     continue;
 516
 517   return cp > buf + bufsize;
 518 }
 519
 520 /* If 10*Accum + Digit_val is larger than the maximum value for Type,
 521    then don't update Accum and return false to indicate it would
 522    overflow.  Otherwise, set Accum to that new value and return true.
 523    Verify at compile-time that Type is Accum's type, and that Type is
 524    unsigned.  Accum must be an object, so that we can take its
 525    address.  Accum and Digit_val may be evaluated multiple times.
 526
 527    The "Added check" below is not strictly required, but it causes GCC
 528    to return a nonzero exit status instead of merely a warning
 529    diagnostic, and that is more useful.  */
 530
 531 #define DECIMAL_DIGIT_ACCUMULATE(Accum, Digit_val, Type)                \
 532   (                                                                     \
 533    (void) (&(Accum) == (Type *) NULL),  /* The type matches.  */        \
 534    (void) verify_true (! TYPE_SIGNED (Type)), /* The type is unsigned.  */ \
 535    (void) verify_true (sizeof (Accum) == sizeof (Type)), /* Added check.  */ \
 536    (((Type) -1 / 10 < (Accum)                                           \
 537      || (Type) ((Accum) * 10 + (Digit_val)) < (Accum))                  \
 538     ? false : (((Accum) = (Accum) * 10 + (Digit_val)), true))           \
 539   )
 540
 541 static inline void
 542 emit_size_note (void)
 543 {
 544   fputs (_("\n\
 545 SIZE is an integer and optional unit (example: 10M is 10*1024*1024).  Units\n\
 546 are K, M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y (powers of 1024) or KB, MB, ... (powers of 1000).\n\
 547 "), stdout);
 548 }
 549
 550 static inline void
 551 emit_blocksize_note (char const *program)
 552 {
 553   printf (_("\n\
 554 Display values are in units of the first available SIZE from --block-size,\n\
 555 and the %s_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE and BLOCKSIZE environment variables.\n\
 556 Otherwise, units default to 1024 bytes (or 512 if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set).\n\
 557 "), program);
 558 }
 559
 560 static inline void
 561 emit_ancillary_info (void)
 562 {
 563   printf (_("\nReport %s bugs to %s\n"), last_component (program_name),
 564           PACKAGE_BUGREPORT);
 565   printf (_("%s home page: <%s>\n"), PACKAGE_NAME, PACKAGE_URL);
 566   fputs (_("General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>\n"),
 567          stdout);
 568   /* Don't output this redundant message for English locales.
 569      Note we still output for 'C' so that it gets included in the man page.  */
 570   const char *lc_messages = setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, NULL);
 571   if (lc_messages && STRNCMP_LIT (lc_messages, "en_"))
 572     {
 573       /* TRANSLATORS: Replace LANG_CODE in this URL with your language code
 574          <http://translationproject.org/team/LANG_CODE.html> to form one of
 575          the URLs at http://translationproject.org/team/.  Otherwise, replace
 576          the entire URL with your translation team's email address.  */
 577       printf (_("Report %s translation bugs to "
 578                 "<http://translationproject.org/team/>\n"),
 579                 last_component (program_name));
 580     }
 581   printf (_("For complete documentation, run: "
 582             "info coreutils '%s invocation'\n"), last_component (program_name));
 583 }
 584
 585 static inline void
 586 emit_try_help (void)
 587 {
 588   fprintf (stderr, _("Try '%s --help' for more information.\n"), program_name);
 589 }
 590
 591 #include "inttostr.h"
 592
 593 static inline char *
 594 timetostr (time_t t, char *buf)
 595 {
 596   return (TYPE_SIGNED (time_t)
 597           ? imaxtostr (t, buf)
 598           : umaxtostr (t, buf));
 599 }
 600
 601 static inline char *
 602 bad_cast (char const *s)
 603 {
 604   return (char *) s;
 605 }
 606
 607 /* Return a boolean indicating whether SB->st_size is defined.  */
 608 static inline bool
 609 usable_st_size (struct stat const *sb)
 610 {
 611   return (S_ISREG (sb->st_mode) || S_ISLNK (sb->st_mode)
 612           || S_TYPEISSHM (sb) || S_TYPEISTMO (sb));
 613 }
 614
 615 void usage (int status) ATTRIBUTE_NORETURN;
 616
 617 #define emit_cycle_warning(file_name)   \
 618   do                                    \
 619     {                                   \
 620       error (0, 0, _("\
 621 WARNING: Circular directory structure.\n\
 622 This almost certainly means that you have a corrupted file system.\n\
 623 NOTIFY YOUR SYSTEM MANAGER.\n\
 624 The following directory is part of the cycle:\n  %s\n"), \
 625              quote (file_name));        \
 626     }                                   \
 627   while (0)
 628
 629 /* Like stpncpy, but do ensure that the result is NUL-terminated,
 630    and do not NUL-pad out to LEN.  I.e., when strnlen (src, len) == len,
 631    this function writes a NUL byte into dest[len].  Thus, the length
 632    of the destination buffer must be at least LEN + 1.
 633    The DEST and SRC buffers must not overlap.  */
 634 static inline char *
 635 stzncpy (char *restrict dest, char const *restrict src, size_t len)
 636 {
 637   char const *src_end = src + len;
 638   while (src < src_end && *src)
 639     *dest++ = *src++;
 640   *dest = 0;
 641   return dest;
 642 }
 643
 644 #ifndef ARRAY_CARDINALITY
 645 # define ARRAY_CARDINALITY(Array) (sizeof (Array) / sizeof *(Array))
 646 #endif