1 # Flashmap and Flashmap Descriptor in coreboot
5 [Flashmap](https://code.google.com/p/flashmap) (FMAP) is a binary format to
6 describe partitions in a flash chip. It was added to coreboot to support the
7 requirements of Chromium OS firmware but then was also used in other scenarios
8 where precise placement of data in flash was necessary, or for data that is
9 written to at runtime, as CBFS is considered too fragile for such situations.
10 The Flashmap implementation inside coreboot is the de facto standard today.
12 Flashmap partitions the image into clearly delimited sections and some of those
13 sections may be CBFSes that can hold arbitrary-length files (at least one, the
14 default CBFS, called `COREBOOT`). General guidance is that everything with
15 strict layout requirements (e.g. must be aligned to erase blocks or
16 something else) should have its own Flashmap section, and everything else should
17 normally go into CBFS.
19 The Flashmap itself starts with a header `struct fmap` and followed by a list of
20 section descriptions in `struct fmap_area`.
23 The header `struct fmap` has following fields:
24 * `signature`: 8 characters as `"__FMAP__"`.
25 * `ver_major`: one byte for major version (currently only 1).
26 * `ver_minor`: one byte for minor version (current value is 1).
27 * `base`: 64 bit integer for the address of the firmware binary.
28 * `size`: 32 bit integer for the size of firmware binary in bytes.
29 * `name`: 32 characters for the name of the firmware binary.
30 * `nareas`: 16 bit integer for the number of area definitions (i.e., how many
31 sections are in this firmware image) following the header.
34 The section is defined by `struct fmap_area` with following fields:
35 * `offset`: 32 bit integer for where the area starts (relative to `base` in
37 * `size`: 32 bit integer for the size of area in bytes.
38 * `name`: 32 characters for a descriptive name of this area. Should be unique to
39 all sections inside same Flashmap.
40 * `flags`: 16 bit integer for attributes of this area (see below).
43 Currently the defined values for `flags` in `struct fmap_area` are:
44 * `FMAP_AREA_PRESERVE`: suggesting the section should be preserved when
45 updating firmware, usually for product data like serial number, MAC address,
46 or calibration and cache data.
47 * `FMAP_AREA_STATIC`: Not really used today.
48 * `FMAP_AREA_COMPRESSED`: Not really used today.
49 * `FMAP_AREA_RO`: Not really used today.
52 The whole Flashmap (`struct fmap` and list of `struct fmap_area`) should be
53 stored in a standalone section named as `FMAP` (which should be also described
54 by the Flashmap itself in `struct fmap_area`). There's no restriction for where
55 it should be located (or how large), but usually we need to do a linear or
56 binary search on whole firmware binary image to find Flashmap so a properly
57 aligned address would be better.
60 coreboot firmware images (`coreboot.rom`) should have at least one Flashmap
61 section that is reserved for CBFS. Usually it is named as `COREBOOT`.
63 ## Flashmap Descriptor
65 Since coreboot is starting to use a "partition" of Flashmap to describe the
66 flash chip layout (both at runtime and when flashing a new image onto a
67 chip), the project needs a reasonably expressive plain text format for
68 representing such sections in the source tree.
70 Flashmap Descriptor (FMD) is a [language and
71 compiler](https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/#/c/255031) inside coreboot
72 utility folder that can be used to generate final firmware images (i.e.
73 `coreboot.rom`) formatted by Flashmap.
75 The FMD implementation is in coreboot `utils/cbfstool` folder. Here's an
76 informal language description:
80 <image name>[@<memory-mapped address>] <image size> {
81 <section name>[(flags)][@<offset from start of image>] [<section size>] [{
82 <subsection name>[@<offset from start of parent section>] [<subsection size>] [{
83 # Sections can be nested as deeply as desired
84 <subsubsection name>[(flags)][@...] [...] [{...}]
86 [<subsection name>[(flags)][@...] [...] [{...}]]
87 # There can be many subsections at each level of nesting: they will be inserted
88 # sequentially, and although gaps are allowed, any provided offsets are always
89 # relative to the closest parent node's and must be strictly increasing with neither
90 # overlapping nor degenerate-size sections.
95 Note that the above example contains a few symbols that are actually meta
96 syntax, and therefore have neither meaning nor place in a real file. The `<.*>`s
97 indicate placeholders for parameters:
99 * The names are strings, which are provided as single-word (no white space)
100 groups of syntactically unimportant symbols (i.e. every thing except `@`, `{`,
101 and `}`): they are not surrounded by quotes or any other form of delimiter.
102 * The other fields are non-negative integers, which may be given as decimal or
103 hexadecimal; in either case, a `K`, `M`, or `G` may be appended (without
104 intermediate white space) as a multiplier.
105 * Comments consist of anything one manages to enter, provided it doesn't start a
108 The `[.*]`s indicate that a portion of the file could be omitted altogether:
110 * Just because something is noted as optional doesn't mean it is in every case:
111 the answer might actually depend on which other information is---or
113 * The "flag" specifies the attribute or type for given section. The most
114 important supported flag is "CBFS", which indicates the section will contain
116 * In particular, it is only legal to place a (CBFS) flag on a leaf section; that
117 is, choosing to add child sections excludes the possibility of putting a CBFS
118 in their parent. Such flags are only used to decide where CBFS empty file
119 headers should be created, and do not result in the storage of any additional
120 metadata in the resulting FMAP section.
122 Additionally, it's important to note these properties of the overall file and
125 * Other than within would-be strings and numbers, white space is ignored. It
126 goes without saying that such power comes with responsibility, which is why
127 this sentence is here.
128 * Although the `section name` must be globally unique, one of them may (but is
129 not required to) match the image name.
130 * It is a syntax error to supply a number (besides 0) that begins with the
131 character `0`, as there is no intention of adding octals to the mix.
132 * The image's memory address should be present on (and only on) layouts for
134 * Although it may be evident from above, all `section` offsets are relative only
135 to the immediate parent. There is no way to include an absolute offset (i.e.
136 from the beginning of flash), which means that it is "safe" to reorder the
137 sections within a particular level of nesting, as long as the change doesn't
138 cause their positions and sizes to necessitate overlap or zero sizes.
139 * A `section` with omitted offset is assumed to start at as low a position as
140 possible (with no consideration of alignment) and one with omitted size is
141 assumed to fill the remaining space until the next sibling or before the end
143 * It's fine to omit any `section`'s offset, size, or both, provided its position
144 and size are still unambiguous in the context of its *sibling* sections and
145 its parent's *size*. In particular, knowledge of one .*section 's children or
146 the `section`s' common parent's siblings will not be used for this purpose.
147 * Although `section`s are not required to have children, the flash chip as a
148 whole must have at least one.
149 * Though the braces after `section`s may be omitted for those that have no
150 children, if they are present, they must contain at least one child.
152 To see the formal description of the language, please refer to the Lex and Yacc
153 files: `fmd_scanner.l` and `fmd_scanner.y`.