1 # Firmware and Computer Acronyms, Initialisms and Definitions
3 ** Note that this document even more of a work in progress than most **
4 ** of the coreboot documentation **
8 * _XXX - An underscore followed by 3 uppercase letters will typically be
9 an ACPI specified method. Look in the [ACPI
10 Spec](https://uefi.org/specifications) for details, or run the tool
12 * 2FA - [**Two-factor Authentication**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-factor_authentication)
13 * 4G - In coreboot, this typically refers to the 4 gibibyte boundary of 32-bit addressable memory space.
14 * 5G - Telecommunication: [**Fifth-Generation Cellular Network**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G)
17 * ABI - [**Application Binary Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_binary_interface)
18 * ABL - AMD: AGESA BootLoader (or AMD BootLoader) - The portion of the AMD processor
19 initialization that happens from the PSP. Significantly, Memory
21 * AC - Electricity: [**Alternating Current**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current)
22 * Ack - Acknowledgment
23 * ACM – [**Authenticated Code Module**](https://doc.coreboot.org/security/intel/acm.html)
24 * ACP - [**Average CPU power**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_design_power)
25 * ACPI - The [**Advanced Configuration and Power
26 Interface**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface)
27 is an industry standard for letting the OS control power management.
28 * [http://www.acpi.info/](http://www.acpi.info/)
29 * [http://kernelslacker.livejournal.com/88243.html](http://kernelslacker.livejournal.com/88243.html)
30 * ADC - [**Analog-to-Digital Converter**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter)
31 * ADL - Intel: [**Alder Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/microarchitectures/alder_lake)
32 * AES - [**Advanced Encryption Standard**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard)
33 * AGESA - [**AMD Generic Encapsulated Software Architecture**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGESA_)
34 * AGP - The [**Accelerated Graphics
35 Port**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port) is an
36 older (1997-2004) point-to-point bus for video cards to communicate
38 * AHCI - The [**Advanced Host Controller
39 Interface**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface)
40 is a standard register set for communicating with a SATA controller.
41 * [http://www.intel.com/technology/serialata/ahci.htm](http://www.intel.com/technology/serialata/ahci.htm)
42 * [http://download.intel.com/technology/serialata/pdf/rev1_3.pdf](http://download.intel.com/technology/serialata/pdf/rev1_3.pdf)
44 * AIO - Computer formfactor: [**All In One**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computer#All-in-one)
45 * ALIB - AMD: ACPI-ASL Library
46 * ALS - [**Ambient Light Sensor**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_light_sensor)
47 * ALU - [**Arithmetic Logic Unit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit)
48 * AMD64 - Another name for [**x86-64**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64)
49 * AMPL - AMD: [**Advanced Platform Management Link**](https://web.archive.org/web/20220509053546/https://developer.amd.com/wordpress/media/2012/10/419181.pdf) - Also referred to as
50 SBI: Sideband Interface
51 * AMT - Intel: [**Active Management Technology**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Active_Management_Technology)
52 * ANSI - [**American National Standards Institute**](American_National_Standards_Institute)
53 * AOAC - AMD: Always On, Always Connected
54 * AP - Application processor - The main processor on the board (as
55 opposed to the embedded controller or other processors that may be on
56 the system), any cores in processor chip that isn’t the BSP - Boot
58 * APCB - AMD: AMD PSP Customization Block
59 * API - [**Application Programming Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API)
60 * APIC - [**Advanced Programmable Interrupt
61 Controller**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Programmable_Interrupt_Controller)
62 this is an advanced version of a PIC that can handle interrupts from
63 and for multiple CPUs. Modern systems usually have several APICs:
64 Local APICs (LAPIC) are CPU-bound, IO-APICs are bridge-bound.
65 * [http://osdev.berlios.de/pic.html](http://osdev.berlios.de/pic.html)
66 * APL - Intel: [**Apollo Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/cores/apollo_lake)
67 * APM - [**Advanced Power Management**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management) - The standard for power management
68 before ACPI (Yes, they’re both advanced). APM was managed entirely by
69 the firmware and the operating system had no control or even awareness
70 of the power management.
71 * APOB - AMD: [**AGESA PSP Output Buffer**](https://doc.coreboot.org/soc/amd/family17h.html#additional-definitions)
72 * APU - AMD: [**Accelerated Processing Unit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_Accelerated_Processing_Unit)
73 * ARC - HDMI: [**Audio Return Channel**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI#ARC)
74 * ARM - [**Advanced RISC Machines**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_%28company%29) - Originally Acorn RISC Machine. This
75 may refer to either the company or the instruction set.
76 * ARP - Networking: [**Address Resolution Protocol**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol)
77 * ASCII - [**American Standard Code for Information Interchange**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII)
78 * ASEG - The A_0000h-B_FFFFh memory segment - this area was typically
79 hidden by the Video BIOS
80 * ASF - [**Alert Standard Format**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert_Standard_Format)
81 * ASL - [**ACPI Source Language**](https://uefi.org/htmlspecs/ACPI_Spec_6_4_html/19_ASL_Reference/ACPI_Source_Language_Reference.html)
82 * ASLR - Address Space Layout Randomization
83 * ASP - AMD: AMD Security Processor (Formerly the PSP - Platform
85 * ASPM - PCI: [**Active State Power
86 Management**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_State_Power_Management)
87 * ATA - [**Advanced Technology Attachment**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_ATA)
88 * ATAPI - [**ATA Packet Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_ATA#ATAPI)
89 * ATX - [**Advanced Technology eXtended**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATX)
90 * AVX - [**Advanced Vector Extensions**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Vector_Extensions)
95 * BAR - [**Base Address Register**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Address_Register) This generally refers to one of the
96 base address registers in the PCI config space of a PCI device
97 * Baud - [**Baud**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baud) - Not an acronym - Symbol rate unit of symbols per second, named
99 * BBS - [**BIOS boot specification**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Option_ROM#BIOS_Boot_Specification)
100 * BCD - [**Binary-Coded Decimal**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal)
101 * BCT - Intel: [**Binary Configuration Tool**](https://github.com/intel/BCT)
102 * BDA - [**BIOS Data Area**](http://www.bioscentral.com/misc/bda.htm) This refers to the memory area of 0x40:0000 which is where the original PC-BIOS stored its data tables.
103 * BDF - [**BUS, Device, Function**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_configuration_space#Technical_information) - A way of referencing a PCI Device
105 * BDS - UEFI: [**Boot-Device Select**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface#BDS_%E2%80%93_Boot_Device_Select)
106 * BDW - Intel: [**Broadwell**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/microarchitectures/broadwell_%28client%29)
107 * BERT - ACPI: [**Boot Error Record Table**](https://uefi.org/specs/ACPI/6.4/18_ACPI_Platform_Error_Interfaces/error-source-discovery.html)
108 * BGA - [**Ball Grid Array**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_grid_array)
109 * BGP - Networking: [**Border Gateway Protocol**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol)
110 * Big Real mode - Real mode running in a way that allows it to access
111 the entire 4GiB of the 32-bit address space. Also known as flat mode
112 or [**Unreal mode**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreal_mode).
113 * BIOS - [**Basic Input/Output
114 System**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS)
115 * BIST - The [**Built-in Self Test**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built-in_self-test) is a test run by the processor on
116 itself when it is first started. Usually, any nonzero value indicates
117 that the selftest failed.
118 * Bit-banging - [**Bit-banging**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_banging) - A term for the method of emulating a more complex
119 protocol by using GPIOs.
120 * BKDG - AMD: [**Bios & Kernel Developers' guide**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/amd/List_of_AMD_publications) (Replaced by the PPR -
121 Processor Programming Reference)
122 * BLOB - [**Binary Large OBject**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_large_object) - Originally a collection of binary files
123 stored as a single object, this was co-opted by the open source
124 communities to mean any proprietary binary file that is not available
126 * BMC - [**Baseboard Management Controller**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Platform_Management_Interface#Baseboard_management_controller)
127 * BMP - [**Bitmap**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP_file_format)
128 * BOM - [**Bill of Materials**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_materials)
129 * BPDT - Boot Partition Description Table
130 * bps - Bits Per Second
131 * BS - coreboot: Boot State - coreboot's ramstage sequence are made up
132 of boot states. Each of these states can be hooked to run functions
133 before the stat, during the state, or after the state is complete.
134 * BSF - Intel: [**Boot Specification File**](https://www.intel.com/content/dam/develop/external/us/en/documents/boot-setting-1-0-820293.pdf)
135 * BSP - BootStrap Processor - The initialization core of the main
136 system processor. This is the processor core that starts the boot
138 * BSS - [**Block Starting Symbol**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bss)
139 * BT - [**Bluetooth**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth)
140 * Bus - Initially a term for a number of connectors wired together in
141 parallel, this is now used as a term for any hardware communication
143 * BWG - Intel: BIOS Writers Guide
147 * C-states: ACPI Processor Idle states.
148 [**C-States**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/acpi/c-states) C0-Cx: Each
149 higher number saves more power, but takes longer to return to a fully
151 * C0 - ACPI Defined Processor Idle state: Active - CPU is running
152 * C1 - ACPI Defined Processor Idle state: Halt - Nothing currently
153 running, but can start running again immediately
154 * C2 - ACPI Defined Processor Idle state: Stop-clock - core clocks off
155 * C3 - ACPI Defined Processor Idle state: Sleep - L1 & L2 caches may be
156 saved to Last Level Cache (LLC), core powered down.
157 * C4+ - Processor Specific idle states
158 * CAR - [**Cache As RAM**](https://web.archive.org/web/20140818050214/https://www.coreboot.org/data/yhlu/cache_as_ram_lb_09142006.pdf)
159 * CBFS - coreboot filesystem
160 * CBMEM - coreboot Memory
161 * CBI - Google: [**CrOS Board Information**](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromiumos/docs/+/HEAD/design_docs/cros_board_info.md)
162 * CDN - [**Content Delivery Network**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network)
163 * CEM - PCIe: [**Card ElectroMechanical**](https://members.pcisig.com/wg/PCI-SIG/document/folder/839) specification
164 * CFL - [**Coffee Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/microarchitectures/coffee_lake)
165 * CID - [**Coverity ID**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coverity)
166 * CIM - [**Common Information Model**](https://www.dmtf.org/standards/cim)
167 * CISC - [**Complex Instruction Set Computer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computer)
168 * CL - Change List - A git patch in gerrit
169 * CLK - Clock - Used when there isn't enough room for 2 additional
170 characters - similar to RST, for people who hate vowels.
171 * CML - Intel: [**Comet Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/microarchitectures/comet_lake)
172 * CMOS - [**Complementary Metal Oxide
173 Semiconductor**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory)
174 - This is a method of making ICs (Integrated Circuits). For BIOS, it’s
175 generally used to describe a section of NVRAM (Non-volatile RAM), in
176 this case a section battery-backed memory in the RTC (Real Time Clock)
177 that is typically used to store BIOS settings.
178 *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory)
179 * CNL - Intel: [**Cannon Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/microarchitectures/cannon_lake) (formerly Skymont)
180 * CNVi - Intel: [**Connectivity Integration**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNVi)
181 * CPL - x86: Current Privilege Level - Privilege levels range from 0-3; lower numbers are more privileged.
182 * CPLD - [**Complex Programmable Logic Device**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_programmable_logic_device)
183 * CPS - Characters Per Second
184 * CPU - [**Central Processing
185 Unit**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit)
186 * CPUID - x86: [**CPU Identification**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPUID) opcode
187 * Cr50 - Google: The first generation Google Security Chip (GSC) used on
189 * CRB - Customer Reference Board
190 * CRLF - Carriage Return, Line Feed - \\r\\n - The standard window EOL
191 (End-of-Line) marker.
192 * crt0 - [**C Run Time 0**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crt0)
193 * crt0s - crt0 Source code
194 * CRT - [**Cathode Ray Tube**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube)
195 * CSE - Intel: Converged Security Engine
196 * CSI - MIPI: [**Camera Serial
197 Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_Serial_Interface)
198 * CSME - Intel: Converged Security and Management Engine
199 * CVE - [**Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Vulnerabilities_and_Exposures)
200 * CZN - AMD: Cezanne - CPU Family 19h, Model 50h
205 * D-States - [**ACPI Device power
206 states**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface#Device_states)
207 D0-D3 - These are device specific power states, with each higher
208 number requiring less power, and typically taking a longer time to get
209 back to D0, fully running.
210 * D0 - ACPI Device power state: Active - Device fully on and running
211 * D1 - ACPI Device power state: Lower power than D0
212 * D2 - ACPI Device power state: Lower power than D1
213 * D3 Hot - ACPI Device power state: Device is in a low power state, but
215 * D3 Cold - ACPI Device power state: Power is completely removed from
217 * DASH - [**Desktop and mobile Architecture for System Hardware**](Desktop_and_mobile_Architecture_for_System_Hardware)
219 * DC - Electricity: Direct Current
220 * DCP - Digital Content Protection
221 * DCR - **Decode Control Register** This is a way of identifying the
222 hardware in question. This is generally paired with a Vendor ID (VID)
223 * DDC - [**Display Data Channel**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_Data_Channel)
224 * DDI - Intel: Digital Display Interface
225 * DDR - [**Double Data Rate**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_data_rate)
226 * DHCP - [**Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol)
227 * DID - Device Identifier
228 * DIMM - [**Dual Inline Memory Module**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIMM)
229 * DIP - [**Dual inline package**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_in-line_package)
230 * DMA - [**Direct Memory
231 Access**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_memory_access) Allows
232 certain hardware subsystems within a computer to access system memory
233 for reading and/or writing independently of the main CPU. Examples of
234 systems that use DMA: Hard Disk Controller, Disk Drive Controller,
235 Graphics Card, Sound Card. DMA is an essential feature of all modern
236 computers, as it allows devices of different speeds to communicate
237 without subjecting the CPU to a massive interrupt load.
238 * DMI - [**Desktop Management Interface**](Desktop_Management_Interface)
239 * DMIC - Digital Microphone
240 * DMTF - [**Distributed Management Task Force**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Management_Task_Force)
241 * DMZ - Demilitarized Zone
242 * DNS - [**Domain Name Service**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System)
243 * DNV - Intel: [**Denverton**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/cores/denverton)
244 * DOS - Disk Operating System
246 * DPTF - Intel: Dynamic Power and Thermal Framework
247 * DRAM - Memory: [**Dynamic Random Access Memory**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory)
248 * DRTM - Dynamic Root of Trust for Measurement
249 * DQ - Memory: Data I/O signals. On a D-flipflop, used for SRAM, the
250 data-in pin is generally referred to as D, and the data-out pin is Q,
251 thus the IO Data signal lines are referred to as DQ lines.
252 * DQS - Memory: Data Q Strobe - Data valid signal for DDR memory.
253 * DRM - [**Digital Rights Management**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management)
255 * DRTU - Intel: Diagnostics and Regulatory Testing Utility
256 * DSDT - The [**Differentiated System Descriptor
257 Table**](http://acpi.sourceforge.net/dsdt/index.php), is generated by
258 BIOS and necessary for ACPI. Implementation of ACPI in coreboot needs
259 to be done in a "cleanroom" development process and **MAY NOT BE
260 COPIED** from an existing firmware to avoid legal issues.
261 * DSC - [**Digital Signal Controller**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_controller)
262 * DSL - [**Digital subscriber line**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line)
263 * DSP - [**Digital Signal Processor**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processor)
264 * DTB - U-Boot: Device Tree Binary
265 * dTPM - Discrete Trusted Platform Module
266 * DTS - U-Boot: Device Tree Source
267 * DVFS - ARM: Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling
268 * DVI - [**Digital Video Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface)
269 * DVT - Production Timeline: Design Validation Test
271 * DXE - UEFI: [**Driver Execution Environment**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface#DXE_%E2%80%93_Driver_Execution_Environment_)
272 * DXIO - AMD: Distributed CrossBar I/O
277 * EBDA - Extended BIOS Data Area
278 * ECC - [**Error Correction Code**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_correction_code) - Typically used to refer to a type of
279 memory that can detect and correct memory errors.
280 * EDID - [**Extended Display Identification Data**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Display_Identification_Data)
281 * edk2 - EFI Development Kit 2
282 * EDO - Memory: [**Extended Data
283 Out**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory#Extended_data_out_DRAM)
284 - A DRAM standard introduced in 1994 that improved upon, but was
285 backwards compatible with FPM (Fast Page Mode) memory.
286 * EDP - [**Embedded DisplayPort**](DisplayPort)
287 * EDS - Intel: External Design Specification
288 * EEPROM - [**Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROM) (common mistake:
289 electrical erasable programmable ROM).
290 * EFI - [**Extensible Firmware Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface)
291 * EHCI - [**Enhanced Host Controller Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_controller_interface_%28USB%2C_Firewire%29#EHCI) - USB 2.0
292 * EHL - Intel: [**Elkhart Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/cores/elkhart_lake)
293 * EIDE - Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics
294 * EMI - [**ElectroMagnetic
295 Interference**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference)
296 * eMMC - [**embedded MultiMedia
297 Card**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiMediaCard#eMMC)
300 * EPP - Intel: Energy-Performance Preference
301 * EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
302 * ESD - Electrostatic discharge
303 * eSPI - Enhanced System Peripheral Interface
304 * EVT - Production Timeline: Engineering Validation Test
309 * FADT - ACPI Table: Fixed ACPI Description Table
310 * FAE - Field Application Engineer
311 * FAT - File Allocation Table
312 * FCH - AMD: Firmware Control Hub
313 * FCS - Production Timeline: First Customer Shipment
314 * FDD - Floppy Disk Drive
315 * FFS - UEFI: Firmware File System
316 * FIFO - First In, First Out
317 * FIT - Intel: Firmware Interface Table
318 * FIT - Flattened-Image Tree
319 * FIVR - Intel: Fully Integrated Voltage Regulators
320 * Flashing - Flashing means the writing of flash memory. The BIOS on
321 modern mainboards is stored in a NOR flash EEPROM chip.
322 * Flat mode - Real mode running in a way that allows it to access the
323 entire 4GiB of the 32-bit address space. Also known as Unreal mode or
325 * FMAP - coreboot: [**Flash map**](https://doc.coreboot.org/lib/flashmap.html)
326 * FPDT - ACPI: Firmware Performance Data Table
327 * FPGA - [**Field-Programmable Gate Array**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array)
329 [**framebuffer**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framebuffer) is a part
330 of RAM in a computer which is allocated to hold the graphics
331 information for one frame or picture. This information typically
332 consists of color values for every pixel on the screen. A framebuffer
334 * Off-screen, meaning that writes to the framebuffer don't appear on
336 * On-screen, meaning that the framebuffer is directly coupled to the
338 * FPM - Memory: [**Fast Page Mode**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory#Page_mode_DRAM) - A DRAM standard introduced in 1990.
339 * FPU - [**Floating-Point Unit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_unit)
340 * FSB - [**Front-Side Bus**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front-side_bus)
341 * FSP - Intel: Firmware Support Package
342 * FTP - Network Protocol: [**File Transfer Protocol**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol)
343 * FTPM - Firmware TPM
348 * G0 - ACPI Global Power State: System is running
349 * G0-G3 - ACPI Global Power States
350 * G1 - ACPI Global Power State: System is suspended
351 * G2 - ACPI Global Power State: Soft power-off. The mainboard is off,
352 but can be woken up electronically, by a button, wake-on-lan, a
353 keypress, or some other method.
354 * G3 - ACPI Global Power State: Mechanical Off. There is no power going
355 to the system except for a small battery to keep the CMOS contents,
356 Real Time Clock, and maybe a few other registers running.
357 * GART - AMD: [**Graphics Address Remapping Table**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_address_remapping_table)
358 * GATT - Graphics Aperture Translation Table
359 * GLK - Intel: [**Gemini Lake**](https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/intel/cores/gemini_lake)
360 * GMA - Intel: [**Graphics Media
361 Accelerator**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_GMA)
362 * GNB - Graphics NorthBridge
363 * GNVS - Global Non-Volatile Storage
364 * GPD - PCH GPIO in Deep Sleep well (D5 power)
365 * GPI - GPIOs: GPIO Input
366 * GPIO - [**General Purpose Input/Output**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-purpose_Input/Output) (Pin)
367 * GPMR - Intel: General Purpose Memory Range
368 * GPO - GPIOs: GPIO Output
369 * GPP - AMD: General Purpose (PCI/PCIe) port
370 * GPP - Intel: PCH GPIO in Primary Well (S0 power only)
371 * GPS - Nvidia: GPU Performance Scale
372 * GPT - UEFI: [**GUID Partition Table**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table)
373 * GPU - [**Graphics Processing Unit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit)
374 * GSoC - [**Google Summer of Code**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Summer_of_Code)
375 * GSC - Google Security Chip - Typically Cr50/Ti50, though could also refer to the titan chips
376 * GUID - UEFI: [**Globally Unique IDentifier**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_unique_identifier)
381 * HDA - [**High Definition Audio**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_High_Definition_Audio)
382 * HDCP - [**High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-bandwidth_Digital_Content_Protection)
383 * HDD - Hard Disk Drive
384 * HDMI - [**High-Definition Multimedia Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI)
385 * HDR - [**High Dynamic Range**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_dynamic_range)
386 * HECI - Intel: [**Host Embedded Controller Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_Embedded_Controller_Interface) (Replaced by MEI)
387 * HID - [**Human Interface
388 Device**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_interface_device)
389 * HOB - UEFI: Hand-Off Block
390 * HPET - [**High Precision Event Timer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Precision_Event_Timer)
391 * HSTI - Hardware Security Test Interface
392 * HSW - Intel: Haswell
393 * Hybrid S3 - System Power State: This is where the operating system
394 saves the contents of RAM out to the Hard drive, as if preparing to go
395 to S4, but then goes into suspend to RAM. This allows the system to
396 resume quickly from S3 if the system stays powered, and resume from
397 the disk if power is lost.
398 * Hypertransport - AMD: The
399 [**Hypertransport**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertransport) bus
400 is an older (2001-2017) high-speed electrical interconnection protocol
401 specification between CPU, Memory, and (occasionally) peripheral
402 devices. This was originally called the Lightning Data Transport
403 (LDT), which could be seen reflected in various register names.
404 Hypertransport was replaced by AMD's Infinity Fabric (IF) on AMD's Zen
410 * I2C - **Inter-Integrated Circuit** is a bidirectional 2-wire bus for
411 communication generally between different ICs on a circuit board.
412 * [https://www.esacademy.com/en/library/technical-articles-and-documents/miscellaneous/i2c-bus.html](https://www.esacademy.com/en/library/technical-articles-and-documents/miscellaneous/i2c-bus.html)
413 * I2S - [**Inter-IC Sound**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2S)
414 * I3C - [**I3c**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I3C_%28bus%29) is not an
415 acronym - The follower to I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit)
416 - Also known as SenseWire
417 * IA - Intel Architecture
418 * IA-64 - Intel Itanium 64-bit architecture
419 * IBB – Initial Boot Block
420 * IBV - Independent BIOS Vendor
421 * IC - Integrated Circuit
422 * ICL - Intel: Ice Lake
423 * IDE - Software: Integrated Development Environment
424 * IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics - A type of hard drive - Used
425 interchangeable with ATA, though IDE describes the drive, and ATA
426 describes the interface. Generally replaced by SATA (Though again,
427 SATA describes the interface, not actually the drive)
428 * IDSEL/AD - Initialization Device SELect/Address and Data. Each PCI
429 slot has a signal called IDSEL. It is used to differentiate between
431 * IF - AMD: [**Infinity
432 Fabric**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperTransport#Infinity_Fabric)
433 is a superset of AMD's earlier Hypertransport interconnect.
434 * IMC - AMD: Integrated micro-controller - An 8051 microcontroller built
435 into some AMD FCHs (Fusion Controller Hubs) and Southbridge chips.
436 This never worked well for anything beyond fan control and caused
437 numerous issues by reading from the BIOS flash chip, preventing other
438 devices from communicating with the flash chip at runtime.
439 * IMC - Integrated Memory Controller - This is a less usual use of the
440 IMC acronym, but seems to be growing somewhat.
441 * IO or I/O - Input/Output
442 * IoC - Security: Indicator of Compromise
443 * IOC - Intel: I/O Cache
444 * IOE - Intel: I/O Expander
445 * IOM - Intel: I/O Manager
446 * IOMMU - [**I/O Memory Management Unit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_memory_management_unit)
447 * IOMUX - AMD: The I/O Mux block controls how each GPIO is configured.
448 * IOSF - Intel: Intel On-chip System Fabric
449 * IP - Intellectual Property
450 * IP - Internet Protocol
451 * IPC - Inter-Processor Communication/Inter-Process Communication
452 * IPI - Inter Processor Interrupt
453 * IPMI - Intelligent Platform Management Interface
454 * IRQ - Interrupt Request
455 * ISA - Instruction set architecture
456 * ISA (bus) - Industry standard architecture - Replaced generally by PCI
457 (Peripheral Control Interface)
458 * ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network
459 * ISH - AMD PSP: Image Slot Header
460 * ISH - Intel: Integrated Sensor Hub - A microcontroller built into the
461 processor to help offload data processing from various sensors on a
463 * ISP - Internet Service Provider
464 * IVHD - ACPI: I/O Virtualization Hardware Definition
465 * IVMD - ACPI: I/O Virtualization Memory Definition
466 * IVRS - I/O Virtualization Reporting Structure
471 * JEDEC - Joint Electron Device Engineering Council
472 * JSL - Intel: Jasper Lake
473 * JTAG - The [**Joint Test Action
474 Group**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTAG) created a standard for
475 communicating between chips to verify and test ICs and PCB designs.
476 The standard was named after the group, and has become a standard
477 method of accessing special debug functions on a chip allowing for
478 hardware-level debug of both the hardware and software.
483 * KBL - Intel: Kaby Lake
484 * KVM - Keyboard Video Mouse
488 * L0s - ASPM Power State: Turn off power for one direction of the PCIe
490 * L1-Cache - The fastest but smallest memory cache on a processor.
491 Frequently split into Instruction and Data caches (I-Cache / D-Cache,
492 also occasionally abbreviated as i$ and d$)
493 * L1 - ASPM Power State: The L1 power state shuts the PCIe link off
494 completely until triggered to resume by the CLKREQ# signal.
495 * L2-Cache - The second level of memory cache on a processor, this is a
496 larger cache than L1, but takes longer to access. Typically checked
497 only after data has not been found in the L1-cache.
498 * L3-Cache - The Third, and typically final memory cache level on a
499 processor. The L3 cache is typically quite a bit larger than the L1 &
500 L2 caches, but again takes longer to access, though it's still much
501 faster than reading memory. The L3 cache is frequently shared between
502 multiple cores on a modern CPU.
503 * LAN - Local Area Network
505 * LBA - Logical Block Address
506 * LCD - Liquid Crystal Display
507 * LCAP - PCIe:Link Capabilities
508 * LED - Light Emitting Diode
509 * LF - Line Feed - The standard Unix EOL (End-of-Line) marker.
510 * LGTM - Looks Good To Me
511 * LLC - Last Level Cache
512 * LLVM - Initially stood for Low Level Virtual Machine, but now is just
513 the name of the project, as it has expanded past its original goal.
515 * LPDDR5 - [**Low-Power DDR 5 SDRAM**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPDDR)
516 * LPC - The [**Low Pin
517 count**](http://www.intel.com/design/chipsets/industry/lpc.htm) bus
518 was a replacement for the ISA bus, created by serializing a number of
519 parallel signals to get rid of those connections.
520 * LPT - Line Print Terminal, Local Print Terminal, or Line Printer. -
522 * LRU - Least Recently Used - a rule used in operating systems that
523 utilises a paging system. LRU selects a page to be paged out if it has
524 been used less recently than any other page. This may be applied to a
525 cache system as well.
526 * LSB - Least Significant Bit
527 * LTE - Telecommunication: [**Long-Term
528 Evolution**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_%28telecommunication%29)
529 * LVDS - Low-Voltage Differential Signaling
534 * M.2 - An interface specification for small peripheral cards.
535 * MAC Address - Media Access Control Address
536 * MBR - Master Boot Record
537 * MCA - [**Machine Check Architecture**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Check_Architecture)
538 * MCR - Machine Check Registers
539 * MCU - Memory Control Unit
540 * MCU - [**MicroController
541 Unit**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller)
542 * MDFIO - Intel: Multi-Die Fabric IO
543 * ME - Intel: Management Engine
544 * MEI - Intel: ME Interface (Previously known as HECI)
545 * Memory training - the process of finding the best speeds, voltages,
546 and delays for system memory.
547 * MHU: ARM: Message Handling Unit
548 * MIPI: The [**Mobile Industry Processor
549 Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPI_Alliance) Alliance has
550 developed a number of different specifications for mobile devices.
551 The Camera Serial Interface (CSI) is a widely used interface that has
552 made its way into laptops.
553 * MIPS - Millions of Instructions per Second
554 * MIPS (processor) - Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipelined
556 * MKBP - Matrix Keyboard Protocol
557 * MMC - [**MultiMedia
558 Card**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiMediaCard)
559 * MMIO - [**Memory Mapped I/O**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMIO)
560 allows peripherals' memory or registers to be accessed directly
561 through the memory bus. When the memory bus size was very small, this
562 was initially done by hiding any memory at that address, effectively
563 wasting that memory. In modern systems, that memory is typically
564 moved to the end of the physical memory space, freeing a 'hole' to map
566 * MMU - Memory Management Unit
567 * MMX - Officially, not an acronym, trademarked by Intel. Unofficially,
568 Matrix Math eXtension.
569 * MODEM - Modulator-Demodulator
570 * Modern Standby - Microsoft's name for the S0iX states
571 * MOP - Macro-Operation
572 * MOS - Metal-Oxide-Silicon
573 * MP - Production Timeline: Mass Production
574 * MPU - Memory Protection Unit
575 * MPTable - The Intel [**MultiProcessor
576 specification**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiProcessor_Specification)
577 is a hardware compatibility guide for machine hardware designers and
578 OS software writers to produce SMP-capable machines and OSes in a
579 vendor-independent manner. Version 1.1 of the spec was released in
580 1994, and the 1.4 version was released in 1995. This has been
582 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiProcessor_Specification by the ACPI
584 * MRC - Intel: Memory Reference Code
585 * MSB - Most Significant Bit
586 * MSI - Message Signaled Interrupt
587 * MSR - Machine-Specific Register
588 * MT/s - MegaTransfers per second
589 * MTL - Intel: Meteor Lake
590 * MTL - ARM: MHU Transport Layer
591 * MTRR - [**Memory Type and Range
592 Register**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTRR)
597 * Nack - Negative Acknowledgement
598 * NBCI - Nvidia: NoteBook Common Interface
599 * NC - GPIOs: No Connect
600 * NDA - Non-Disclosure Agreement.
601 * NF - GPIOs: Native Function - GPIOs frequently have multiple different
602 functions, one of which is defined as the default, or Native function.
603 * NFC - [**Near Field
604 Communication**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field_communication)
605 * NGFF - [**Next Generation Form
606 Factor**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.2) - The original name for
608 * NHLT - ACPI Table - Non-HDA Link Table
609 * NIC - Network Interface Card
610 * NMI - Non-maskable interrupt
611 * Nonce - Cryptography: [**Number used once**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_nonce)
613 * NTFS - New Technology File System
614 * NVME - Non-Volatile Memory Express - An SSD interface that allows
615 access to the flash memory through a PCIe bus.
616 * NVPCF - Nvidia Platform and Control Framework
622 * ODH - GPIOs: Open Drain High - High is driven to the reference voltage, low is a high-impedance state
623 * ODL - GPIOs: Open Drain Low - Low is driven to ground, High is a high-impedance state.
624 * ODM - Original Design Manufacturer
625 * OEM - Original Equipment Manufacturer
626 * OHCI - [**Open Host Controller
627 Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_Controller_Interface_%28USB%29)
628 - non-proprietary USB Host controller for USB 1.1 (May also refer to
629 the open host controller for IEEE 1394, but this is less common).
630 * OOBE - Out Of the Box Experience
631 * OPP - ARM: Operating Performance Points
632 * OS - Operating System
634 * OTP - One Time Programmable
639 * PAE - physical address extension
640 * PAL - Programmable Array Logic
641 * PAM - Intel: Programmable Attribute Map - This is the legacy BIOS
642 region from 0xC_0000 to 0xF_FFFF
643 * PAT - [**Page Attribute
644 Table**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_attribute_table) This can
645 be used independently or in combination with MTRR to setup memory type
646 access ranges. Allows more finely-grained control than MTRR.
647 * PAT - Intel: [**Performance Acceleration
648 Technology**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_acceleration_technology)
649 * PATA - Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment - A renaming of ATA
650 after SATA became the standard.
651 * PAVP - [**Intel: Protected Audio-Video
652 Path**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_GMA#Protected_Audio_Video_Path)
653 * PC - Personal Computer
654 * PC AT - Personal Computer Advanced Technology
655 * PC100 - An SDRAM specification for a 100MHz memory bus.
656 * PCB - Printed Circuit Board
657 * PCD - UEFI: Platform Configuration Database
658 * PCH - Intel: [**Platform Controller Hub**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_Controller_Hub)
659 * PCI - [**Peripheral Control
660 Interconnect**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect)
661 - Replaced generally by PCIe (PCI Express)
662 * PCI Configuration Space - The [**PCI Config
663 space**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Configuration_Space) is an
664 [address space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_space) for all
665 PCI devices. Originally, this address space was accessed through an
666 index/data pair by writing the address that you wanted to read/write
667 into the I/O address 0xCF8, then reading or writing I/O Address 0xCFC.
668 This has been updated to an MMIO method which increases each PCI
669 function's configuration space from 256 bytes to 4K.
670 * PCIe - [**PCI Express**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pci_express)
671 * PCMCIA: Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
673 * PCR: TPM: Platform Configuration Register
674 * PD - GPIOs: Pull-Down - Setting the pin high drives it to the reference voltage. Setting it low drives it to ground through a resistor.
675 * PD - Power Delivery - This is a specification for communicating power
676 needs and availability between two devices, typically over USB type C.
677 * PEG - PCIe Graphics - A (typically) x16 PCIe slot connected to the CPU
678 for higher graphics bandwidth and lower latency.
679 * PEI - UEFI: Pre-EFI Initialization
680 * PEIM - UEFI: PEI Module
681 * PEP - Intel: Power Engine Plug-in
682 * PHY - [**PHYsical layer**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHY) - The
683 hardware that implements the send/receive functionality of a
684 communication protocol.
685 * PI - Platform Initialization
686 * PIC - [**Programmable Interrupt
687 Controller**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_interrupt_controller)
688 * PII - [**Personally Identifiable
689 Information**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_data)
690 * PIO - [**Programmed
691 I/O**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_input%E2%80%93output)
692 * PIR - PCI Interrupt Router
693 * PIR Table - The [**PCI Interrupt Routing
694 Table**](https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072638/http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/archive/pciirq.mspx)
695 was a Microsoft specification that allowed windows to determine how
696 each PCI slot was wired to the interrupt router.
698 * PIT - Generally refers to the 8253/8254 [**Programmable Interval
699 Timer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_interval_timer).
700 * PLCC - [**Plastic leaded chip
701 carrier**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_leaded_chip_carrier)
702 * PLL - [**Phase-Locked
703 Loop**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-locked_loop)
704 * PM - Platform Management
705 * PM - Power Management
706 * PMC Intel: Power Management Controller
707 * PMIC - Power Management IC (Pronounced "P-mick")
708 * PMIO - Port-Mapped I/O
709 * PMU - Power Management Unit
710 * PNP - Plug aNd Play
711 * PoP - Point-of-Presence
712 * POR - Plan of Record
713 * POR - Power On Reset
714 * Port80 - The [**I/O port
715 0x80**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-on_self-test#Progress_and_error_reporting)
716 is the address for BIOS writes to update diagnostic information during
718 * POST - [**Power-On Self
719 Test**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-on_self-test)
720 * POTS - [**Plain Old Telephone
721 Service**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service)
722 * PPI - UEFI: PEIM-to-PEIM Interface
723 * PPR: Processor Programming Reference
724 * PPT - AMD: Package Power Tracking
725 * PROM: Programmable Read Only Memory
726 * Proto - Production Timeline: The first initial production to test key
728 * PSE - Page Size Extention
729 * PSP - AMD: Platform Security Processor
730 * PSPP - AMD: PCIE Speed Power Policy
731 * PU - GPIOs: Pull-Up - Setting the pin low drives it to ground. Setting it high drives it to the reference voltage through a resistor.
732 * PVT - Production Timeline: (Production Validation Test
733 * PWM - Pulse Width Modulation
734 * PXE - Pre-boot Execution Environment
739 * QOS - Quality of Service
744 * RAID - redundant array of inexpensive disks - as opposed to SLED -
745 single large expensive disk.
746 * RAM - Random Access Memory
747 * RAMID - Boards that have soldered-down memory (no DIMMs) can have
748 various different sizes, speeds, and brands of memory chips attached.
749 Because there is no SPD, (for cost savings) the memory needs to be
750 identified in a different manner. The simplest of these is done using
751 a set of 3 or 4 GPIOs to allow 8 to 16 different memory chips to be
753 * RAPL - Running Average Power Limit
754 * RCS - [**Revision control
755 system**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revision_Control_System)
756 * Real mode - The original 20-bit addressing mode of the 8086 & 8088
757 computers, allowing the system to access 1MiB of memory through a
758 Segment:Offset index pair. In 2022, this is still the mode that
759 x86-64 processors are in at the reset vector!
760 * RDMA - [**Remote Direct Memory
761 Access**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Direct_Memory_Access) is
762 a concept whereby two or more computers communicate via DMA directly
763 from main memory of one system to the main memory of another.
764 * RFC - Request for Comment
765 * RFI - [**Radio-Frequency
766 Interference**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference)
767 * RGB - Red, Green, Blue
768 * RISC - Reduced Instruction Set Computer
769 * RMA - Return Merchandise Authorization
771 * ROM - Read Only Memory
772 * RoT - Root of Trust
773 * RPL - Intel: [**Raptor Lake**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor_Lake)
774 * RRG - AMD (ATI): Register Reference Guide
775 * RSDP - Root System Description Pointer
776 * RTC - Real Time Clock
777 * RTFM - Read the Fucking Manual
778 * RTOS - Real-Time Operating System
779 * RVP - Intel: Reference Validation Platform
786 * S-states - ACPI System Power States: [**Sleep states**](https://uefi.org/specs/ACPI/6.4/16_Waking_and_Sleeping/sleeping-states.html)
787 * S0 - ACPI System Power State: Fully running
788 * S0 - S5 - ACPI System power states level 0 - 5, with each higher
789 numbered power state being (theoretically) lower power than the
790 previous, and (again theoretically) taking longer to get back to a
791 fully running system than the previous.
792 * S1 - ACPI System Power State: Standby - This isn’t use much anymore,
793 but it used to put the Processor into a powered, but idle state, power
794 down any drives, and turn off the display. This would wake up almost
795 instantly because no processor context was lost in this state.
796 * S2 - ACPI System Power State: Lower power than S1, Higher power than
797 S3, I don’t know that this state was ever well defined by any group.
798 * S3 - ACPI System Power State: Suspend to RAM - A low-power state where
799 the processor context is copied to the system Memory, then the
800 processor and all peripherals are powered off. On wake, or resume,
801 the system starts to boot normally, then switches to restore the
802 memory registers to the previous settings, restore the processor
803 context from memory, and jump back to the operating system to pick up
805 * S4 - ACPI System Power State: Suspend to Disk. The processor context
806 and all the contents of memory are copied to the hard drive. This is
807 typically fully handled by the operating system, so resume is a normal
808 boot through all of the firmware, then the OS restore the original
809 contents of memory. Any critical processor state is restored.
810 * S5 - ACPI System Power State: System is “completely powered off”, but
811 still has power going to the board.
812 * SAR - The [**Specific Absorption
813 Rate**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_absorption_rate) is the
814 measurement for the amount of Radio Frequency (RF) energy absorbed by
815 the body in units of Watts per Kilogram. This may be built into
817 * SAS - Serial Attached SCSI - A serialized version of SCSI used mostly
818 for high performance hard drives and tape drives.
819 * SATA - Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
821 * SB-RMI - AMD: Sideband Remote Management Interface
822 * SB-TSI - SideBand Temperature Sensor Interface
823 * SBA - SideBand Addressing
824 * SBI - SideBand Interface
825 * SBOM - Software Bill of Materials
826 * SCI - System Control Interrupt
827 * SCP - ARM: System Control Processor
828 * SCP - Network Protocol: Secure Copy
829 * SCSI - Small Computer System Interface - A high-bandwidth
830 communication interface for peripherals. This is a very old interface
831 that has seen numerous updates and is still used today, primarily in
832 SAS (Serial Attached SCSI). The initial version is now often referred
834 * SD - [**Secure Digital**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_card) card
835 * SDRAM - Synchronous DRAM
836 * SDLE: AMD: Stardust Dynamic Load Emulator
837 * SEEP - Serial EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only
839 * SEV - AMD: Secure Encrypted Virtualization
840 * Shadow RAM - RAM which content is copied from ROM residing at the same
841 address for speedup purposes.
842 * Shim - A small piece of code whose only purpose is to act as an
843 interface to load another piece of code.
844 * SIMD - Single Instruction, Multiple Data
845 * SIMM - Single Inline Memory Module
846 * SIPI - Startup Inter Processor Interrupt
847 * SIO - [**Super I/O**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_I/O)
848 * SKL - Intel: SkyLake
849 * SKU - Stock Keeping Unit
850 * SMART: [**Self-Monitoring Analysis And Reporting
851 Technology**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.M.A.R.T.)
852 * SMBIOS - [**System Management
853 BIOS**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Management_BIOS)
854 * SMBus - [**System Management
855 Bus**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Management_Bus)
856 * [http://www.smbus.org/](http://www.smbus.org/)
857 * SMI - System management interrupt
858 * SMM - [**System management
859 mode**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Management_Mode)
860 * SMN - AMD: System Management Network
861 * SMRAM - System Management RAM
862 * SMT - Simultaneous Multithreading
863 * SMT - Surface Mount
864 * SMT - Symmetric Multithreading
865 * SNP - AMD: Secure Nested Paging
866 * SMU - AMD: System Management Unit
867 * SO-DIMM: Small Outline Dual In-Line Memory Module
868 * SoC - System on a Chip
869 * SOIC - [**Small-Outline Integrated
870 Circuit**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-outline_integrated_circuit)
871 * SPD - [**Serial Presence
872 Detect**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_presence_detect)
873 * SPI - [**Serial Peripheral
874 Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface)
875 * SPL - AMD: Security Patch Level
876 * SPMI - MIPI: System Power Management Interface
877 * SRAM - Static Random Access Memory
878 * SSD - Solid State Drive
879 * SSDT - Secondary System Descriptor Table - ACPI table
880 * SSE - Streaming SIMD Extensions
881 * SSH - Network Protocol: Secure Shell
882 * SSI - **Server System Infrastructure**
883 * SSI-CEB - Physical board format: [**SSI Compact Electronics
884 Bay**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSI_CEB)
885 * SSI-EEB - Physical board format: [**SSI Enterprise Electronics
886 Bay**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSI_CEB) is a wider version of
887 ATX with different standoff placement.
888 * SSI-MEB - Physical board format: [**SSI Midrange Electronics
889 Bay**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSI_CEB)
890 * SSI-TEB - Physical board format: [**SSI Thin Electronics
891 Bay**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSI_CEB)
892 * STAPM - AMD: Skin Temperature Aware Power Management
893 * SuperIO - The [**Super I/O**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_I/O)
894 (SIO) device provides a system with any of a number of different
895 peripherals. Most common are: A PS/2 Keyboard and mouse port, LPT
896 Ports, UARTS, Watchdog Timers, Floppy drive Controllers, GPIOs, or any
897 of a number of various other devices.
898 * SVI2/3 - Serial VID (Voltage Identification) Interface 2.0 / 3.0
904 * TBT - Intel: Turbo Boost Technology
905 * TCC - Intel: Thermal Control Circuit
906 * TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
907 * TCPC - Type C Port Controller
908 * TCSS - Intel: Type C SubSystem
909 * TDMA - Time-Division Multiple Access
910 * TDP - [**Thermal Design
911 Power**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_design_power)
912 * TEE - Trusted Execution Environment
913 * TFTP - Network Protocol: Trivial File Transfer Protocol
914 * TGL - Intel: Tigerlake
915 * THC - Touch Host Controller
916 * Ti50 - Google: The next generation GSC (Google Security chip) on
917 ChromeOS devices after Cr50
918 * TLA - Techtronics Logic Analyzer
919 * TLA - Three Letter Acronym
920 * TLB - [**Translation Lookside
921 Buffer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_lookaside_buffer)
922 * TOCTOU - Time-Of-Check to Time-Of-Use
923 * TOLUM - Top of Low Usable Memory
924 * ToM - Top of Memory
925 * TPM - Trusted Platform Module
927 * TSC - [**Time Stamp
928 Counter**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Stamp_Counter)
929 * TSEG - TOM (Top of Memory) Segment
930 * TWAIN - Technology without an interesting name.
932 * TXE - Intel: Trusted eXecution Engine
937 * UART - Universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter
938 * UC - UnCacheable. Memory type setting in MTRR/PAT.
939 * uCode - [**Microcode**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcode)
940 * UDK - UEFI: UEFI Development Kit
941 * UDP - User Datagram Protocol
942 * UEFI - Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
943 * UFS - Universal Flash storage
944 * UHCI - USB: [**Universal Host Controller
945 Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_controller_interface_%28USB%2C_Firewire%29%23UHCI)
946 - Intel proprietary USB 1.x Host controller
947 * Unreal mode - Real mode running in a way that allows it to access the
948 entire 4GiB of the 32-bit address space - Also known as Big real mode
950 * UMA - Unified Memory Architecture
951 * UMI - AMD: [**Unified Media
952 Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Media_Interface)
953 * UPD - Updatable Product Data
954 * UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supply
955 * USART - Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
956 * USB - Universal Serial Bus
962 * VBNV - Vboot Non-Volatile storage
963 * VBT - [**Video BIOS
964 Table**](https://01.org/linuxgraphics/gfx-docs/drm/ch04s02.html#id-1.4.3.4.16)
965 * VESA - Video Electronics Standards Association
966 * VGA: Video Graphics Array
967 * VID: Vendor Identifier
968 * VID: AMD: Voltage Identifier
969 * VLB - VESA Local Bus
970 * VOIP - Voice over IP
971 * Voodoo mode - a silly name for Big Real mode.
972 * VPD - Vital Product Data
973 * VPN - Virtual Private Network
974 * VR - Voltage Regulator
975 * VRAM - Video Random Access Memory
976 * VRM - Voltage Regulator Module
977 * VT-d - Intel: Virtualization Technology for Directed I/O
982 * WAN - [**Wide Area Network**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network)
983 * WB - Cache Policy: [**Write-Back**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_%28computing%29)
984 * WC - Cache Policy: [**Write-Combining**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_%28computing%29)
985 * WCAM - World-facing Camera - A camera on a device that is not intended
986 to be used as a webcam, but instead to film scenes away from the user.
987 For clamshell devices, his may be on the keyboard panel for devices
988 devices that open 360 degrees, or on the outside of the cover. For
989 tablets, it's on the the side away from the screen.
990 * WDT - [**WatchDog Timer**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchdog_timer)
991 * WLAN - Wireless LAN (Local Area Network)
992 * WP - Cache policy: [**Write-Protected**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_%28computing%29)
994 * WOL - [**Wake-on-LAN**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake-on-LAN)
995 * WT - Cache Policy: [**Write Through**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_%28computing%29)
1000 * x64 - Another name for [**x86-64**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64) or AMD64.
1001 * x86 - [**x86**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86) Originally referred to any device compatible with the 8088/8086
1002 architectures, this now typically means compatibility with the 80386
1003 32-bit instruction set (also referred to as IA-32)
1004 * x86-64 - The 64-bit extension to the x86 architecture. Also known as
1005 [**AMD64**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64) as it was developed by AMD. Long-mode refers to when the
1006 processor is running in the 64-bit mode.
1007 * XBAR - AMD: Abbreviation for crossbar, their command packet switch
1008 which determines what data goes where within the processor or SoC
1009 * XHCI - USB: [**Extensible Host Controller Interface**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Host_Controller_Interface) - USB Host controller
1010 supporting 1.x, 2.0, and 3.x devices.
1019 * ZIF - Zero Insertion Force
1023 * [AMD Glossary of terms](https://www.amd.com/system/files/documents/glossary-of-terms-20220505-for-web.pdf)