3 RCU on Uniprocessor Systems
4 ===========================
6 A common misconception is that, on UP systems, the call_rcu() primitive
7 may immediately invoke its function. The basis of this misconception
8 is that since there is only one CPU, it should not be necessary to
9 wait for anything else to get done, since there are no other CPUs for
10 anything else to be happening on. Although this approach will *sort of*
11 work a surprising amount of the time, it is a very bad idea in general.
12 This document presents three examples that demonstrate exactly how bad
15 Example 1: softirq Suicide
16 --------------------------
18 Suppose that an RCU-based algorithm scans a linked list containing
19 elements A, B, and C in process context, and can delete elements from
20 this same list in softirq context. Suppose that the process-context scan
21 is referencing element B when it is interrupted by softirq processing,
22 which deletes element B, and then invokes call_rcu() to free element B
25 Now, if call_rcu() were to directly invoke its arguments, then upon return
26 from softirq, the list scan would find itself referencing a newly freed
27 element B. This situation can greatly decrease the life expectancy of
30 This same problem can occur if call_rcu() is invoked from a hardware
33 Example 2: Function-Call Fatality
34 ---------------------------------
36 Of course, one could avert the suicide described in the preceding example
37 by having call_rcu() directly invoke its arguments only if it was called
38 from process context. However, this can fail in a similar manner.
40 Suppose that an RCU-based algorithm again scans a linked list containing
41 elements A, B, and C in process contexts, but that it invokes a function
42 on each element as it is scanned. Suppose further that this function
43 deletes element B from the list, then passes it to call_rcu() for deferred
44 freeing. This may be a bit unconventional, but it is perfectly legal
45 RCU usage, since call_rcu() must wait for a grace period to elapse.
46 Therefore, in this case, allowing call_rcu() to immediately invoke
47 its arguments would cause it to fail to make the fundamental guarantee
48 underlying RCU, namely that call_rcu() defers invoking its arguments until
49 all RCU read-side critical sections currently executing have completed.
52 Why is it *not* legal to invoke synchronize_rcu() in this case?
54 :ref:`Answers to Quick Quiz <answer_quick_quiz_up>`
56 Example 3: Death by Deadlock
57 ----------------------------
59 Suppose that call_rcu() is invoked while holding a lock, and that the
60 callback function must acquire this same lock. In this case, if
61 call_rcu() were to directly invoke the callback, the result would
64 In some cases, it would possible to restructure to code so that
65 the call_rcu() is delayed until after the lock is released. However,
66 there are cases where this can be quite ugly:
68 1. If a number of items need to be passed to call_rcu() within
69 the same critical section, then the code would need to create
70 a list of them, then traverse the list once the lock was
73 2. In some cases, the lock will be held across some kernel API,
74 so that delaying the call_rcu() until the lock is released
75 requires that the data item be passed up via a common API.
76 It is far better to guarantee that callbacks are invoked
77 with no locks held than to have to modify such APIs to allow
78 arbitrary data items to be passed back up through them.
80 If call_rcu() directly invokes the callback, painful locking restrictions
81 or API changes would be required.
84 What locking restriction must RCU callbacks respect?
86 :ref:`Answers to Quick Quiz <answer_quick_quiz_up>`
91 Permitting call_rcu() to immediately invoke its arguments breaks RCU,
92 even on a UP system. So do not do it! Even on a UP system, the RCU
93 infrastructure *must* respect grace periods, and *must* invoke callbacks
94 from a known environment in which no locks are held.
96 Note that it *is* safe for synchronize_rcu() to return immediately on
97 UP systems, including PREEMPT SMP builds running on UP systems.
100 Why can't synchronize_rcu() return immediately on UP systems running
103 .. _answer_quick_quiz_up:
105 Answer to Quick Quiz #1:
106 Why is it *not* legal to invoke synchronize_rcu() in this case?
108 Because the calling function is scanning an RCU-protected linked
109 list, and is therefore within an RCU read-side critical section.
110 Therefore, the called function has been invoked within an RCU
111 read-side critical section, and is not permitted to block.
113 Answer to Quick Quiz #2:
114 What locking restriction must RCU callbacks respect?
116 Any lock that is acquired within an RCU callback must be acquired
117 elsewhere using an _bh variant of the spinlock primitive.
118 For example, if "mylock" is acquired by an RCU callback, then
119 a process-context acquisition of this lock must use something
120 like spin_lock_bh() to acquire the lock. Please note that
121 it is also OK to use _irq variants of spinlocks, for example,
124 If the process-context code were to simply use spin_lock(),
125 then, since RCU callbacks can be invoked from softirq context,
126 the callback might be called from a softirq that interrupted
127 the process-context critical section. This would result in
130 This restriction might seem gratuitous, since very few RCU
131 callbacks acquire locks directly. However, a great many RCU
132 callbacks do acquire locks *indirectly*, for example, via
133 the kfree() primitive.
135 Answer to Quick Quiz #3:
136 Why can't synchronize_rcu() return immediately on UP systems
137 running preemptable RCU?
139 Because some other task might have been preempted in the middle
140 of an RCU read-side critical section. If synchronize_rcu()
141 simply immediately returned, it would prematurely signal the
142 end of the grace period, which would come as a nasty shock to
143 that other thread when it started running again.