Sync README and README.md

[bioperl-live.git] / Bio / SeqFeatureI.pm

#
# BioPerl module for Bio::SeqFeatureI
#
# Please direct questions and support issues to <bioperl-l@bioperl.org>
#
# Cared for by Ewan Birney <birney@ebi.ac.uk>
#
# Copyright Ewan Birney
#
# You may distribute this module under the same terms as perl itself

# POD documentation - main docs before the code

=head1 NAME

Bio::SeqFeatureI - Abstract interface of a Sequence Feature

=head1 SYNOPSIS

    # get a seqfeature somehow, eg, from a Sequence with Features attached

    foreach $feat ( $seq->get_SeqFeatures() ) {
        print "Feature from ", $feat->start, "to ",
              $feat->end, " Primary tag  ", $feat->primary_tag,
              ", produced by ", $feat->source_tag(), "\n";

        if ( $feat->strand == 0 ) {
            print "Feature applicable to either strand\n";
        }
        else {
            print "Feature on strand ", $feat->strand,"\n"; # -1,1
        }

        print "feature location is ",$feat->start, "..",
              $feat->end, " on strand ", $feat->strand, "\n";
        print "easy utility to print locations in GenBank/EMBL way ",
              $feat->location->to_FTstring(), "\n";

        foreach $tag ( $feat->get_all_tags() ) {
            print "Feature has tag ", $tag, " with values, ",
                  join(' ',$feat->get_tag_values($tag)), "\n";
        }
        print "new feature\n" if $feat->has_tag('new');
        # features can have sub features
        my @subfeat = $feat->get_SeqFeatures();
    }

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This interface is the functions one can expect for any Sequence
Feature, whatever its implementation or whether it is a more complex
type (eg, a Gene). This object does not actually provide any
implementation, it just provides the definitions of what methods one can
call. See Bio::SeqFeature::Generic for a good standard implementation
of this object

=head1 FEEDBACK

User feedback is an integral part of the evolution of this and other
Bioperl modules. Send your comments and suggestions preferably to one
of the Bioperl mailing lists.  Your participation is much appreciated.

  bioperl-l@bioperl.org                  - General discussion
  http://bioperl.org/wiki/Mailing_lists  - About the mailing lists

=head2 Support

Please direct usage questions or support issues to the mailing list:

I<bioperl-l@bioperl.org>

rather than to the module maintainer directly. Many experienced and
reponsive experts will be able look at the problem and quickly
address it. Please include a thorough description of the problem
with code and data examples if at all possible.

=head2 Reporting Bugs

Report bugs to the Bioperl bug tracking system to help us keep track
the bugs and their resolution.  Bug reports can be submitted via the
web:

  https://github.com/bioperl/bioperl-live/issues

=head1 APPENDIX

The rest of the documentation details each of the object
methods. Internal methods are usually preceded with a _

=cut


# Let the code begin...


package Bio::SeqFeatureI;
use vars qw($HasInMemory);
use strict;
BEGIN {
    eval { require Bio::DB::InMemoryCache };
    if( $@ ) { $HasInMemory = 0 }
    else { $HasInMemory = 1 }
}

use Bio::Seq;

use Carp;

use base qw(Bio::RangeI);

=head1 Bio::SeqFeatureI specific methods

New method interfaces.

=cut

=head2 get_SeqFeatures

 Title   : get_SeqFeatures
 Usage   : @feats = $feat->get_SeqFeatures();
 Function: Returns an array of sub Sequence Features
 Returns : An array
 Args    : none

=cut

sub get_SeqFeatures{
   my ($self,@args) = @_;

   $self->throw_not_implemented();
}

=head2 display_name

 Title   : display_name
 Usage   : $name = $feat->display_name()
 Function: Returns the human-readable name of the feature for displays.
 Returns : a string
 Args    : none

=cut

sub display_name {
    shift->throw_not_implemented();
}

=head2 primary_tag

 Title   : primary_tag
 Usage   : $tag = $feat->primary_tag()
 Function: Returns the primary tag for a feature,
           eg 'exon'
 Returns : a string
 Args    : none


=cut

sub primary_tag{
   my ($self,@args) = @_;

   $self->throw_not_implemented();

}

=head2 source_tag

 Title   : source_tag
 Usage   : $tag = $feat->source_tag()
 Function: Returns the source tag for a feature,
           eg, 'genscan'
 Returns : a string
 Args    : none


=cut

sub source_tag{
   my ($self,@args) = @_;

   $self->throw_not_implemented();
}

=head2 has_tag

 Title   : has_tag
 Usage   : $tag_exists = $self->has_tag('some_tag')
 Function:
 Returns : TRUE if the specified tag exists, and FALSE otherwise
 Args    :

=cut

sub has_tag{
   my ($self,@args) = @_;

   $self->throw_not_implemented();

}

=head2 get_tag_values

 Title   : get_tag_values
 Usage   : @values = $self->get_tag_values('some_tag')
 Function:
 Returns : An array comprising the values of the specified tag.
 Args    : a string

throws an exception if there is no such tag

=cut

sub get_tag_values {
    shift->throw_not_implemented();
}

=head2 get_tagset_values

 Title   : get_tagset_values
 Usage   : @values = $self->get_tagset_values(qw(label transcript_id product))
 Function:
 Returns : An array comprising the values of the specified tags, in order of tags
 Args    : An array of strings

does NOT throw an exception if none of the tags are not present

this method is useful for getting a human-readable label for a
SeqFeatureI; not all tags can be assumed to be present, so a list of
possible tags in preferential order is provided

=cut

# interface + abstract method
sub get_tagset_values {
    my ($self, @args) = @_;
    my @vals = ();
    foreach my $arg (@args) {
        if ($self->has_tag($arg)) {
            push(@vals, $self->get_tag_values($arg));
        }
    }
    return @vals;
}

=head2 get_all_tags

 Title   : get_all_tags
 Usage   : @tags = $feat->get_all_tags()
 Function: gives all tags for this feature
 Returns : an array of strings
 Args    : none


=cut

sub get_all_tags{
    shift->throw_not_implemented();
}

=head2 attach_seq

 Title   : attach_seq
 Usage   : $sf->attach_seq($seq)
 Function: Attaches a Bio::Seq object to this feature. This
           Bio::Seq object is for the *entire* sequence: ie
           from 1 to 10000

           Note that it is not guaranteed that if you obtain a feature from
           an object in bioperl, it will have a sequence attached. Also,
           implementors of this interface can choose to provide an empty
           implementation of this method. I.e., there is also no guarantee
           that if you do attach a sequence, seq() or entire_seq() will not
           return undef.

           The reason that this method is here on the interface is to enable
           you to call it on every SeqFeatureI compliant object, and
           that it will be implemented in a useful way and set to a useful
           value for the great majority of use cases. Implementors who choose
           to ignore the call are encouraged to specifically state this in
           their documentation.

 Example :
 Returns : TRUE on success
 Args    : a Bio::PrimarySeqI compliant object


=cut

sub attach_seq {
    shift->throw_not_implemented();
}

=head2 seq

 Title   : seq
 Usage   : $tseq = $sf->seq()
 Function: returns the truncated sequence (if there is a sequence attached)
           for this feature
 Example :
 Returns : sub seq (a Bio::PrimarySeqI compliant object) on attached sequence
           bounded by start & end, or undef if there is no sequence attached
 Args    : none


=cut

sub seq {
    shift->throw_not_implemented();
}

=head2 entire_seq

 Title   : entire_seq
 Usage   : $whole_seq = $sf->entire_seq()
 Function: gives the entire sequence that this seqfeature is attached to
 Example :
 Returns : a Bio::PrimarySeqI compliant object, or undef if there is no
           sequence attached
 Args    : none


=cut

sub entire_seq {
    shift->throw_not_implemented();
}


=head2 seq_id

 Title   : seq_id
 Usage   : $obj->seq_id($newval)
 Function: There are many cases when you make a feature that you
           do know the sequence name, but do not know its actual
           sequence. This is an attribute such that you can store
           the ID (e.g., display_id) of the sequence.

           This attribute should *not* be used in GFF dumping, as
           that should come from the collection in which the seq
           feature was found.
 Returns : value of seq_id
 Args    : newvalue (optional)


=cut

sub seq_id {
    shift->throw_not_implemented();
}

=head2 gff_string

 Title   : gff_string
 Usage   : $str = $feat->gff_string;
           $str = $feat->gff_string($gff_formatter);
 Function: Provides the feature information in GFF format.

           The implementation provided here returns GFF2 by default. If you
           want a different version, supply an object implementing a method
           gff_string() accepting a SeqFeatureI object as argument. E.g., to
           obtain GFF1 format, do the following:

                my $gffio = Bio::Tools::GFF->new(-gff_version => 1);
                $gff1str = $feat->gff_string($gff1io);

 Returns : A string
 Args    : Optionally, an object implementing gff_string().


=cut

sub gff_string{
   my ($self,$formatter) = @_;

   $formatter = $self->_static_gff_formatter unless $formatter;
   return $formatter->gff_string($self);
}

my $static_gff_formatter = undef;

=head2 _static_gff_formatter

 Title   : _static_gff_formatter
 Usage   :
 Function:
 Example :
 Returns :
 Args    :


=cut

sub _static_gff_formatter{
   my ($self,@args) = @_;
   require Bio::Tools::GFF; # on the fly inclusion -- is this better?
   if( !defined $static_gff_formatter ) {
       $static_gff_formatter = Bio::Tools::GFF->new('-gff_version' => 2);
   }
   return $static_gff_formatter;
}


=head1 Decorating methods

These methods have an implementation provided by Bio::SeqFeatureI,
but can be validly overwritten by subclasses

=head2 spliced_seq

  Title   : spliced_seq

  Usage   : $seq = $feature->spliced_seq()
            $seq = $feature_with_remote_locations->spliced_seq($db_for_seqs)

  Function: Provides a sequence of the feature which is the most
            semantically "relevant" feature for this sequence. A default
            implementation is provided which for simple cases returns just
            the sequence, but for split cases, loops over the split location
            to return the sequence. In the case of split locations with
            remote locations, eg

            join(AB000123:5567-5589,80..1144)

            in the case when a database object is passed in, it will attempt
            to retrieve the sequence from the database object, and "Do the right thing",
            however if no database object is provided, it will generate the correct
            number of N's (DNA) or X's (protein, though this is unlikely).

            This function is deliberately "magical" attempting to second guess
            what a user wants as "the" sequence for this feature.

            Implementing classes are free to override this method with their
            own magic if they have a better idea what the user wants.

  Args    : [optional]
            -db        A L<Bio::DB::RandomAccessI> compliant object if
                       one needs to retrieve remote seqs.
            -nosort    boolean if the locations should not be sorted
                       by start location.  This may occur, for instance,
                       in a circular sequence where a gene span starts
                       before the end of the sequence and ends after the
                       sequence start. Example : join(15685..16260,1..207)
                       (default = if sequence is_circular(), 1, otherwise 0)
            -phase     truncates the returned sequence based on the
                       intron phase (0,1,2).

  Returns : A L<Bio::PrimarySeqI> object

=cut

sub spliced_seq {
    my $self = shift;
    my @args = @_;
    my ($db, $nosort, $phase) =
       $self->_rearrange([qw(DB NOSORT PHASE)], @args);

    # set no_sort based on the parent sequence status
    if ($self->entire_seq->is_circular) {
        $nosort = 1;
    }

    # (added 7/7/06 to allow use old API (with warnings)
    my $old_api = (!(grep {$_ =~ /(?:nosort|db|phase)/} @args)) ? 1 : 0;
    if (@args && $old_api) {
        $self->warn(  q(API has changed; please use '-db' or '-nosort' )
                    . qq(for args. See POD for more details.));
        $db     = shift @args if @args;
        $nosort = shift @args if @args;
        $phase  = shift @args if @args;
    };

    if (defined($phase) && ($phase < 0 || $phase > 2)) {
        $self->warn("Phase must be 0,1, or 2.  Setting phase to 0...");
        $phase = 0;
    }

    if ( $db && ref($db) && ! $db->isa('Bio::DB::RandomAccessI') ) {
        $self->warn(  "Must pass in a valid Bio::DB::RandomAccessI object"
                    . " for access to remote locations for spliced_seq");
        $db = undef;
    }
    elsif ( defined $db && $HasInMemory && $db->isa('Bio::DB::InMemoryCache') ) {
        $db = Bio::DB::InMemoryCache->new(-seqdb => $db);
    }

    if ( not $self->location->isa("Bio::Location::SplitLocationI") ) {
        if ($phase) {
            $self->debug("Subseq start: ",$phase+1,"\tend: ",$self->end,"\n");
            my $seqstr = substr($self->seq->seq, $phase);
            my $out = Bio::Seq->new( -id  =>   $self->entire_seq->display_id
                                             . "_spliced_feat",
                                     -seq => $seqstr);
            return $out;
        }
        else {
            return $self->seq(); # nice and easy!
        }
    }

    # redundant test, but the above ISA is probably not ideal.
    if ( not $self->location->isa("Bio::Location::SplitLocationI") ) {
        $self->throw("not atomic, not split, yikes, in trouble!");
    }

    my $seqstr = '';
    my $seqid = $self->entire_seq->display_id;
    # This is to deal with reverse strand features
    # so we are really sorting features 5' -> 3' on their strand
    # i.e. rev strand features will be sorted largest to smallest
    # as this how revcom CDSes seem to be annotated in genbank.
    # Might need to eventually allow this to be programable?
    # (can I mention how much fun this is NOT! --jason)

    my ($mixed,$mixedloc, $fstrand) = (0);

    if ( $self->isa('Bio::Das::SegmentI') and not $self->absolute ) {
        $self->warn(  "Calling spliced_seq with a Bio::Das::SegmentI which "
                    . "does have absolute set to 1 -- be warned you may not "
                    . "be getting things on the correct strand");
    }

    my @locset = $self->location->each_Location;
    my @locs;
    if ( not $nosort ) {
#        @locs = map { $_->[0] }
        # sort so that most negative is first basically to order
        # the features on the opposite strand 5'->3' on their strand
        # rather than they way most are input which is on the fwd strand

#        sort { $a->[1] <=> $b->[1] } # Yes Tim, Schwartzian transformation
                my @proc_locs =
        map {
             $fstrand = $_->strand unless defined $fstrand;
             $mixed   = 1 if defined $_->strand && $fstrand != $_->strand;

             if( defined $_->seq_id ) {
                $mixedloc = 1 if( $_->seq_id ne $seqid );
             }
             [ $_, $_->start * ($_->strand || 1) ];
        } @locset;

                my @sort_locs;
                if ( $fstrand == 1 ) {
                        @sort_locs = sort { $a->[1] <=> $b->[1] } @proc_locs; # Yes Tim, Schwartzian transformation
                }elsif ( $fstrand == -1 ){
                        @sort_locs = sort { $b->[1] <=> $a->[1] } @proc_locs; # Yes Tim, Schwartzian transformation
                } else {
                        @sort_locs = @proc_locs;
                }
                @locs = map { $_->[0] } @sort_locs;

        if ( $mixed ) {
            $self->warn(  "Mixed strand locations, spliced seq using the "
                        . "input order rather than trying to sort");
            @locs = @locset;
        }
    }
    else {
        # use the original order instead of trying to sort
        @locs = @locset;
        $fstrand = $locs[0]->strand;
    }


    my $last_id    = undef;
    my $called_seq = undef;
    # This will be left as undefined if 1) db is remote or 2)seq_id is undefined.
    # In that case, old code is used to make exon sequence
    my $called_seq_seq = undef;
    my $called_seq_len = undef;

    foreach my $loc ( @locs ) {
        if ( not $loc->isa("Bio::Location::Atomic") ) {
            $self->throw("Can only deal with one level deep locations");
        }

        if ( $fstrand != $loc->strand ) {
            $self->warn("feature strand is different from location strand!");
        }

        my $loc_seq_id;
        if ( defined $loc->seq_id ) {
            $loc_seq_id = $loc->seq_id;

            # deal with remote sequences
            if ($loc_seq_id ne $seqid ) {
                # might be too big to download whole sequence
                $called_seq_seq = undef;

                if ( defined $db ) {
                    my $sid = $loc_seq_id;
                    $sid =~ s/\.\d+$//g;
                    eval {
                        $called_seq = $db->get_Seq_by_acc($sid);
                    };
                    if( $@ ) {
                        $self->warn(  "In attempting to join a remote location, sequence $sid "
                                    . "was not in database. Will provide padding N's. Full exception \n\n$@");
                        $called_seq = undef;
                    }
                }
                else {
                    $self->warn(  "cannot get remote location for ".$loc_seq_id ." without a valid "
                                . "Bio::DB::RandomAccessI database handle (like Bio::DB::GenBank)");
                    $called_seq = undef;
                }
                if ( !defined $called_seq ) {
                    $seqstr .= 'N' x $loc->length;
                    next;
                }
            }
            # have local sequence available
            else {
                # don't have to pull out source sequence again if it's local unless
                # it's the first exon or different from previous exon
                unless (defined(($last_id) && $last_id eq $loc_seq_id )){
                    $called_seq = $self->entire_seq;
                    $called_seq_seq = $called_seq->seq();  # this is slow
                }
            }
        }
        #undefined $loc->seq->id
        else {
            $called_seq = $self->entire_seq;
            $called_seq_seq = undef;
        }

        my ($start,$end) = ($loc->start,$loc->end);

        # does the called sequence make sense? Bug 1780
        my $called_seq_len;

        # can avoid a seq() call on called_seq
        if (defined($called_seq_seq)) {
            $called_seq_len = length($called_seq_seq);
        }
        # can't avoid a seq() call on called_seq
        else {
            $called_seq_len = $called_seq->length  # this is slow
        }

        if ($called_seq_len < $loc->end) {
            my $accession = $called_seq->accession;
            my $orig_id   = $self->seq_id; # originating sequence
            my ($locus)   = $self->get_tagset_values("locus_tag");
            $self->throw(  "Location end ($end) exceeds length ($called_seq_len) of "
                         . "called sequence $accession.\nCheck sequence version used in "
                         . "$locus locus-tagged SeqFeature in $orig_id.");
        }

        if ( $self->isa('Bio::Das::SegmentI') ) {
            # $called_seq is Bio::DB::GFF::RelSegment, as well as its subseq();
            # Bio::DB::GFF::RelSegment::seq() returns a Bio::PrimarySeq, and using seq()
            # in turn returns a string.  Confused?
            $seqstr .= $called_seq->subseq($start,$end)->seq()->seq(); # this is slow
        }
        else {
            my $exon_seq;
            if (defined ($called_seq_seq)){
                $exon_seq = substr($called_seq_seq, $start-1, $end-$start+1);  # this is quick
            }
            else {
                $exon_seq = $called_seq->subseq($loc->start,$loc->end);  # this is slow
            }

            # If guide_strand is defined, assemble the sequence first and revcom later if needed,
            # if its not defined, apply revcom immediately to proper locations
            if (defined $self->location->guide_strand) {
                $seqstr .= $exon_seq;
            }
            else {
                my $strand = defined ($loc->strand) ? ($loc->strand) : 0;

                # revcomp $exon_seq
                if ($strand == -1) {
                    $exon_seq = reverse($exon_seq);
                    $exon_seq =~ tr/ABCDGHKMNRSTUVWXYabcdghkmnrstuvwxy/TVGHCDMKNYSAABWXRtvghcdmknysaabwxr/;
                    $seqstr .= $exon_seq;
                }
                else {
                    $seqstr .= $exon_seq;
                }
            }
        }

        $last_id = $loc_seq_id if (defined($loc_seq_id));
    } #next $loc

    # Use revcom only after the whole sequence has been assembled
    my $guide_strand = defined ($self->location->guide_strand) ? ($self->location->guide_strand) : 0;
    if ($guide_strand == -1) {
        my $seqstr_obj = Bio::Seq->new(-seq => $seqstr);
        $seqstr = $seqstr_obj->revcom->seq;
    }

    if (defined($phase)) {
        $seqstr = substr($seqstr, $phase);
    }

    my $out = Bio::Seq->new( -id =>   $self->entire_seq->display_id
                                    . "_spliced_feat",
                             -seq => $seqstr);

    return $out;
}

=head2 location

 Title   : location
 Usage   : my $location = $seqfeature->location()
 Function: returns a location object suitable for identifying location
           of feature on sequence or parent feature
 Returns : Bio::LocationI object
 Args    : none


=cut

sub location {
   my ($self) = @_;

   $self->throw_not_implemented();
}


=head2 primary_id

 Title   : primary_id
 Usage   : $obj->primary_id($newval)
 Function:
 Example :
 Returns : value of primary_id (a scalar)
 Args    : on set, new value (a scalar or undef, optional)

Primary ID is a synonym for the tag 'ID'

=cut

sub primary_id{
    my $self = shift;
    # note from cjm@fruitfly.org:
    # I have commented out the following 2 lines:

    #return $self->{'primary_id'} = shift if @_;
    #return $self->{'primary_id'};

    #... and replaced it with the following; see
    # http://bioperl.org/pipermail/bioperl-l/2003-December/014150.html
    # for the discussion that lead to this change

    if (@_) {
        if ($self->has_tag('ID')) {
            $self->remove_tag('ID');
        }
        $self->add_tag_value('ID', shift);
    }
    my ($id) = $self->get_tagset_values('ID');
    return $id;
}

sub generate_unique_persistent_id {
    # DEPRECATED - us IDHandler
    my $self = shift;
    require Bio::SeqFeature::Tools::IDHandler;
    Bio::SeqFeature::Tools::IDHandler->new->generate_unique_persistent_id($self);
}


=head2 phase

 Title   : phase
 Usage   : $obj->phase($newval)
 Function: get/set this feature's phase.
 Example :
 Returns : undef if no phase is set,
           otherwise 0, 1, or 2 (the only valid values for phase)
 Args    : on set, the new value

Most features do not have or need a defined phase.

For features representing a CDS, the phase indicates where the feature
begins with reference to the reading frame.  The phase is one of the
integers 0, 1, or 2, indicating the number of bases that should be
removed from the beginning of this feature to reach the first base of
the next codon. In other words, a phase of "0" indicates that the next
codon begins at the first base of the region described by the current
line, a phase of "1" indicates that the next codon begins at the
second base of this region, and a phase of "2" indicates that the
codon begins at the third base of this region. This is NOT to be
confused with the frame, which is simply start modulo 3.

For forward strand features, phase is counted from the start
field. For reverse strand features, phase is counted from the end
field.

=cut

sub phase {
    my $self = shift;
    if( @_ ) {
        $self->remove_tag('phase') if $self->has_tag('phase');
        my $newphase = shift;
        $self->throw("illegal phase value '$newphase', phase must be either undef, 0, 1, or 2")
            unless !defined $newphase || $newphase == 0 || $newphase == 1 || $newphase == 2;
        $self->add_tag_value('phase', $newphase );
        return $newphase;
    }

    return $self->has_tag('phase') ? ($self->get_tag_values('phase'))[0] : undef;
}


=head1 Bio::RangeI methods

These methods are inherited from RangeI and can be used
directly from a SeqFeatureI interface. Remember that a
SeqFeature is-a RangeI, and so wherever you see RangeI you
can use a feature ($r in the below documentation).

=cut

=head2 start()

 See L<Bio::RangeI>

=head2 end()

 See L<Bio::RangeI>

=head2 strand()

 See L<Bio::RangeI>

=head2 overlaps()

 See L<Bio::RangeI>

=head2 contains()

 See L<Bio::RangeI>

=head2 equals()

 See L<Bio::RangeI>

=head2 intersection()

 See L<Bio::RangeI>

=head2 union()

 See L<Bio::RangeI>

=cut

1;