1 @c Copyright 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001
2 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc.
3 @c This is part of the GAS manual.
4 @c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
9 @chapter ARM Dependent Features
13 @node Machine Dependencies
14 @chapter ARM Dependent Features
20 * ARM Options:: Options
22 * ARM Floating Point:: Floating Point
23 * ARM Directives:: ARM Machine Directives
24 * ARM Opcodes:: Opcodes
29 @cindex ARM options (none)
30 @cindex options for ARM (none)
34 @cindex @code{-mcpu=} command line option, ARM
35 @item -mcpu=@var{processor}[+@var{extension}@dots{}]
36 This option specifies the target processor. The assembler will issue an
37 error message if an attempt is made to assemble an instruction which
38 will not execute on the target processor. The following processor names are
92 @code{ep9312} (ARM920 with Cirrus Maverick coprocessor),
93 @code{i80200} (Intel XScale processor)
94 @code{iwmmxt} (Intel(r) XScale processor with Wireless MMX(tm) technology coprocessor)
97 The special name @code{all} may be used to allow the
98 assembler to accept instructions valid for any ARM processor.
100 In addition to the basic instruction set, the assembler can be told to
101 accept various extension mnemonics that extend the processor using the
102 co-processor instruction space. For example, @code{-mcpu=arm920+maverick}
103 is equivalent to specifying @code{-mcpu=ep9312}. The following extensions
104 are currently supported:
110 @cindex @code{-march=} command line option, ARM
111 @item -march=@var{architecture}[+@var{extension}@dots{}]
112 This option specifies the target architecture. The assembler will issue
113 an error message if an attempt is made to assemble an instruction which
114 will not execute on the target architecture. The following architecture
115 names are recognized:
134 If both @code{-mcpu} and
135 @code{-march} are specified, the assembler will use
136 the setting for @code{-mcpu}.
138 The architecture option can be extended with the same instruction set
139 extension options as the @code{-mcpu} option.
141 @cindex @code{-mfpu=} command line option, ARM
142 @item -mfpu=@var{floating-point-format}
144 This option specifies the floating point format to assemble for. The
145 assembler will issue an error message if an attempt is made to assemble
146 an instruction which will not execute on the target floating point unit.
147 The following format options are recognized:
167 In addition to determining which instructions are assembled, this option
168 also affects the way in which the @code{.double} assembler directive behaves
169 when assembling little-endian code.
171 The default is dependent on the processor selected. For Architecture 5 or
172 later, the default is to assembler for VFP instructions; for earlier
173 architectures the default is to assemble for FPA instructions.
175 @cindex @code{-mthumb} command line option, ARM
177 This option specifies that the assembler should start assembling Thumb
178 instructions; that is, it should behave as though the file starts with a
179 @code{.code 16} directive.
181 @cindex @code{-mthumb-interwork} command line option, ARM
182 @item -mthumb-interwork
183 This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should
184 be marked as supporting interworking.
186 @cindex @code{-mapcs} command line option, ARM
187 @item -mapcs @code{[26|32]}
188 This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should
189 be marked as supporting the indicated version of the Arm Procedure.
192 @cindex @code{-matpcs} command line option, ARM
194 This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should
195 be marked as supporting the Arm/Thumb Procedure Calling Standard. If
196 enabled this option will cause the assembler to create an empty
197 debugging section in the object file called .arm.atpcs. Debuggers can
198 use this to determine the ABI being used by.
200 @cindex @code{-mapcs-float} command line option, ARM
202 This indicates the the floating point variant of the APCS should be
203 used. In this variant floating point arguments are passed in FP
204 registers rather than integer registers.
206 @cindex @code{-mapcs-reentrant} command line option, ARM
207 @item -mapcs-reentrant
208 This indicates that the reentrant variant of the APCS should be used.
209 This variant supports position independent code.
211 @cindex @code{-EB} command line option, ARM
213 This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should
214 be marked as being encoded for a big-endian processor.
216 @cindex @code{-EL} command line option, ARM
218 This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should
219 be marked as being encoded for a little-endian processor.
221 @cindex @code{-k} command line option, ARM
222 @cindex PIC code generation for ARM
224 This option specifies that the output of the assembler should be marked
225 as position-independent code (PIC).
227 @cindex @code{-moabi} command line option, ARM
229 This indicates that the code should be assembled using the old ARM ELF
230 conventions, based on a beta release release of the ARM-ELF
231 specifications, rather than the default conventions which are based on
232 the final release of the ARM-ELF specifications.
240 * ARM-Chars:: Special Characters
241 * ARM-Regs:: Register Names
245 @subsection Special Characters
247 @cindex line comment character, ARM
248 @cindex ARM line comment character
249 The presence of a @samp{@@} on a line indicates the start of a comment
250 that extends to the end of the current line. If a @samp{#} appears as
251 the first character of a line, the whole line is treated as a comment.
253 @cindex line separator, ARM
254 @cindex statement separator, ARM
255 @cindex ARM line separator
256 The @samp{;} character can be used instead of a newline to separate
259 @cindex immediate character, ARM
260 @cindex ARM immediate character
261 Either @samp{#} or @samp{$} can be used to indicate immediate operands.
263 @cindex identifiers, ARM
264 @cindex ARM identifiers
265 *TODO* Explain about /data modifier on symbols.
268 @subsection Register Names
270 @cindex ARM register names
271 @cindex register names, ARM
272 *TODO* Explain about ARM register naming, and the predefined names.
274 @node ARM Floating Point
275 @section Floating Point
277 @cindex floating point, ARM (@sc{ieee})
278 @cindex ARM floating point (@sc{ieee})
279 The ARM family uses @sc{ieee} floating-point numbers.
284 @section ARM Machine Directives
286 @cindex machine directives, ARM
287 @cindex ARM machine directives
290 @cindex @code{align} directive, ARM
291 @item .align @var{expression} [, @var{expression}]
292 This is the generic @var{.align} directive. For the ARM however if the
293 first argument is zero (ie no alignment is needed) the assembler will
294 behave as if the argument had been 2 (ie pad to the next four byte
295 boundary). This is for compatibility with ARM's own assembler.
297 @cindex @code{req} directive, ARM
298 @item @var{name} .req @var{register name}
299 This creates an alias for @var{register name} called @var{name}. For
306 @cindex @code{code} directive, ARM
307 @item .code @code{[16|32]}
308 This directive selects the instruction set being generated. The value 16
309 selects Thumb, with the value 32 selecting ARM.
311 @cindex @code{thumb} directive, ARM
313 This performs the same action as @var{.code 16}.
315 @cindex @code{arm} directive, ARM
317 This performs the same action as @var{.code 32}.
319 @cindex @code{force_thumb} directive, ARM
321 This directive forces the selection of Thumb instructions, even if the
322 target processor does not support those instructions
324 @cindex @code{thumb_func} directive, ARM
326 This directive specifies that the following symbol is the name of a
327 Thumb encoded function. This information is necessary in order to allow
328 the assembler and linker to generate correct code for interworking
329 between Arm and Thumb instructions and should be used even if
330 interworking is not going to be performed. The presence of this
331 directive also implies @code{.thumb}
333 @cindex @code{thumb_set} directive, ARM
335 This performs the equivalent of a @code{.set} directive in that it
336 creates a symbol which is an alias for another symbol (possibly not yet
337 defined). This directive also has the added property in that it marks
338 the aliased symbol as being a thumb function entry point, in the same
339 way that the @code{.thumb_func} directive does.
341 @cindex @code{.ltorg} directive, ARM
343 This directive causes the current contents of the literal pool to be
344 dumped into the current section (which is assumed to be the .text
345 section) at the current location (aligned to a word boundary).
346 @code{GAS} maintains a separate literal pool for each section and each
347 sub-section. The @code{.ltorg} directive will only affect the literal
348 pool of the current section and sub-section. At the end of assembly
349 all remaining, un-empty literal pools will automatically be dumped.
351 Note - older versions of @code{GAS} would dump the current literal
352 pool any time a section change occurred. This is no longer done, since
353 it prevents accurate control of the placement of literal pools.
355 @cindex @code{.pool} directive, ARM
357 This is a synonym for .ltorg.
365 @cindex opcodes for ARM
366 @code{@value{AS}} implements all the standard ARM opcodes. It also
367 implements several pseudo opcodes, including several synthetic load
372 @cindex @code{NOP} pseudo op, ARM
378 This pseudo op will always evaluate to a legal ARM instruction that does
379 nothing. Currently it will evaluate to MOV r0, r0.
381 @cindex @code{LDR reg,=<label>} pseudo op, ARM
384 ldr <register> , = <expression>
387 If expression evaluates to a numeric constant then a MOV or MVN
388 instruction will be used in place of the LDR instruction, if the
389 constant can be generated by either of these instructions. Otherwise
390 the constant will be placed into the nearest literal pool (if it not
391 already there) and a PC relative LDR instruction will be generated.
393 @cindex @code{ADR reg,<label>} pseudo op, ARM
396 adr <register> <label>
399 This instruction will load the address of @var{label} into the indicated
400 register. The instruction will evaluate to a PC relative ADD or SUB
401 instruction depending upon where the label is located. If the label is
402 out of range, or if it is not defined in the same file (and section) as
403 the ADR instruction, then an error will be generated. This instruction
404 will not make use of the literal pool.
406 @cindex @code{ADRL reg,<label>} pseudo op, ARM
409 adrl <register> <label>
412 This instruction will load the address of @var{label} into the indicated
413 register. The instruction will evaluate to one or two PC relative ADD
414 or SUB instructions depending upon where the label is located. If a
415 second instruction is not needed a NOP instruction will be generated in
416 its place, so that this instruction is always 8 bytes long.
418 If the label is out of range, or if it is not defined in the same file
419 (and section) as the ADRL instruction, then an error will be generated.
420 This instruction will not make use of the literal pool.
424 For information on the ARM or Thumb instruction sets, see @cite{ARM
425 Software Development Toolkit Reference Manual}, Advanced RISC Machines