1 @c Copyright (C) 2000-2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
2 @c This is part of the GAS manual.
3 @c For copying conditions, see the file as.texinfo.
8 @chapter ARC Dependent Features
12 @node Machine Dependencies
13 @chapter ARC Dependent Features
16 @set ARC_CORE_DEFAULT 6
20 * ARC Options:: Options
22 * ARC Directives:: ARC Machine Directives
23 * ARC Modifiers:: ARC Assembler Modifiers
24 * ARC Symbols:: ARC Pre-defined Symbols
25 * ARC Opcodes:: Opcodes
31 @cindex options for ARC
33 The following options control the type of CPU for which code is
34 assembled, and generic constraints on the code generated:
39 @cindex @code{-mcpu=@var{cpu}} command-line option, ARC
40 Set architecture type and register usage for @var{cpu}. There are
41 also shortcut alias options available for backward compatibility and
42 convenience. Supported values for @var{cpu} are
45 @cindex @code{mA6} command-line option, ARC
46 @cindex @code{marc600} command-line option, ARC
48 Assemble for ARC 600. Aliases: @code{-mA6}, @code{-mARC600}.
51 Assemble for ARC 600 with norm instructions.
54 Assemble for ARC 600 with mul64 instructions.
57 Assemble for ARC 600 with mul32x16 instructions.
60 @cindex @code{mARC601} command-line option, ARC
61 Assemble for ARC 601. Alias: @code{-mARC601}.
64 Assemble for ARC 601 with norm instructions.
67 Assemble for ARC 601 with mul64 instructions.
70 Assemble for ARC 601 with mul32x16 instructions.
73 @cindex @code{mA7} command-line option, ARC
74 @cindex @code{mARC700} command-line option, ARC
75 Assemble for ARC 700. Aliases: @code{-mA7}, @code{-mARC700}.
78 @cindex @code{mEM} command-line option, ARC
79 Assemble for ARC EM. Aliases: @code{-mEM}
82 Assemble for ARC EM, identical as arcem variant.
85 Assemble for ARC EM with code-density instructions.
88 Assemble for ARC EM with code-density instructions.
91 Assemble for ARC EM with code-density instructions.
94 Assemble for ARC EM with code-density, and double-precision assist
98 Assemble for QuarkSE-EM cpu.
101 @cindex @code{mHS} command-line option, ARC
102 Assemble for ARC HS. Aliases: @code{-mHS}, @code{-mav2hs}.
108 Assemble for ARC HS34.
111 Assemble for ARC HS38.
114 Assemble for ARC HS38 with floating point support on.
117 @cindex @code{mnps400} command-line option, ARC
118 Assemble for ARC 700 with NPS-400 extended instructions.
122 Note: the @code{.cpu} directive (@pxref{ARC Directives}) can
123 to be used to select a core variant from within assembly code.
125 @cindex @code{-EB} command-line option, ARC
127 This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should
128 be marked as being encoded for a big-endian processor.
130 @cindex @code{-EL} command-line option, ARC
132 This option specifies that the output generated by the assembler should
133 be marked as being encoded for a little-endian processor - this is the
136 @cindex @code{-mcode-density} command-line option, ARC
138 This option turns on Code Density instructions. Only valid for ARC EM
141 @cindex @code{-mrelax} command-line option, ARC
143 Enable support for assembly-time relaxation. The assembler will
144 replace a longer version of an instruction with a shorter one,
145 whenever it is possible.
147 @cindex @code{-mnps400} command-line option, ARC
149 Enable support for NPS-400 extended instructions.
151 @cindex @code{-mspfp} command-line option, ARC
153 Enable support for single-precision floating point instructions.
155 @cindex @code{-mdpfp} command-line option, ARC
157 Enable support for double-precision floating point instructions.
159 @cindex @code{-mfpuda} command-line option, ARC
161 Enable support for double-precision assist floating point instructions.
162 Only valid for ARC EM processors.
169 * ARC-Chars:: Special Characters
170 * ARC-Regs:: Register Names
174 @subsection Special Characters
178 @cindex register name prefix character, ARC
179 @cindex ARC register name prefix character
180 A register name can optionally be prefixed by a @samp{%} character. So
181 register @code{%r0} is equivalent to @code{r0} in the assembly code.
184 @cindex line comment character, ARC
185 @cindex ARC line comment character
186 The presence of a @samp{#} character within a line (but not at the
187 start of a line) indicates the start of a comment that extends to the
188 end of the current line.
190 @emph{Note:} if a line starts with a @samp{#} character then it can
191 also be a logical line number directive (@pxref{Comments}) or a
192 preprocessor control command (@pxref{Preprocessing}).
195 @cindex symbol prefix character, ARC
196 @cindex ARC symbol prefix character
197 Prefixing an operand with an @samp{@@} specifies that the operand is a
198 symbol and not a register. This is how the assembler disambiguates
199 the use of an ARC register name as a symbol. So the instruction
203 moves the address of symbol @code{r0} into register @code{r0}.
206 @cindex line separator, ARC
207 @cindex statement separator, ARC
208 @cindex ARC line separator
209 The @samp{`} (backtick) character is used to separate statements on a
214 @cindex C preprocessor macro separator, ARC
215 @cindex ARC C preprocessor macro separator
216 Used as a separator to obtain a sequence of commands from a C
222 @subsection Register Names
224 @cindex ARC register names
225 @cindex register names, ARC
226 The ARC assembler uses the following register names for its core
231 @cindex core general registers, ARC
232 @cindex ARC core general registers
233 The core general registers. Registers @code{r26} through @code{r31}
234 have special functions, and are usually referred to by those synonyms.
237 @cindex global pointer, ARC
238 @cindex ARC global pointer
239 The global pointer and a synonym for @code{r26}.
242 @cindex frame pointer, ARC
243 @cindex ARC frame pointer
244 The frame pointer and a synonym for @code{r27}.
247 @cindex stack pointer, ARC
248 @cindex ARC stack pointer
249 The stack pointer and a synonym for @code{r28}.
252 @cindex level 1 interrupt link register, ARC
253 @cindex ARC level 1 interrupt link register
254 For ARC 600 and ARC 700, the level 1 interrupt link register and a
255 synonym for @code{r29}. Not supported for ARCv2.
258 @cindex interrupt link register, ARC
259 @cindex ARC interrupt link register
260 For ARCv2, the interrupt link register and a synonym for @code{r29}.
261 Not supported for ARC 600 and ARC 700.
264 @cindex level 2 interrupt link register, ARC
265 @cindex ARC level 2 interrupt link register
266 For ARC 600 and ARC 700, the level 2 interrupt link register and a
267 synonym for @code{r30}. Not supported for ARC v2.
270 @cindex link register, ARC
271 @cindex ARC link register
272 The link register and a synonym for @code{r31}.
275 @cindex extension core registers, ARC
276 @cindex ARC extension core registers
277 The extension core registers.
280 @cindex loop counter, ARC
281 @cindex ARC loop counter
282 The loop count register.
285 @cindex word aligned program counter, ARC
286 @cindex ARC word aligned program counter
287 The word aligned program counter.
291 In addition the ARC processor has a large number of @emph{auxiliary
292 registers}. The precise set depends on the extensions being
293 supported, but the following baseline set are always defined:
297 @cindex Processor Identification register, ARC
298 @cindex ARC Processor Identification register
299 Processor Identification register. Auxiliary register address 0x4.
302 @cindex Program Counter, ARC
303 @cindex ARC Program Counter
304 Program Counter. Auxiliary register address 0x6.
307 @cindex Status register, ARC
308 @cindex ARC Status register
309 Status register. Auxiliary register address 0x0a.
312 @cindex Branch Target Address, ARC
313 @cindex ARC Branch Target Address
314 Branch Target Address. Auxiliary register address 0x412.
317 @cindex Exception Cause Register, ARC
318 @cindex ARC Exception Cause Register
319 Exception Cause Register. Auxiliary register address 0x403.
321 @item int_vector_base
322 @cindex Interrupt Vector Base address, ARC
323 @cindex ARC Interrupt Vector Base address
324 Interrupt Vector Base address. Auxiliary register address 0x25.
327 @cindex Stored STATUS32 register on entry to level P0 interrupts, ARC
328 @cindex ARC Stored STATUS32 register on entry to level P0 interrupts
329 Stored STATUS32 register on entry to level P0 interrupts. Auxiliary
330 register address 0xb.
333 @cindex Saved User Stack Pointer, ARC
334 @cindex ARC Saved User Stack Pointer
335 Saved User Stack Pointer. Auxiliary register address 0xd.
338 @cindex Exception Return Address, ARC
339 @cindex ARC Exception Return Address
340 Exception Return Address. Auxiliary register address 0x400.
343 @cindex BTA saved on exception entry, ARC
344 @cindex ARC BTA saved on exception entry
345 BTA saved on exception entry. Auxiliary register address 0x401.
348 @cindex STATUS32 saved on exception, ARC
349 @cindex ARC STATUS32 saved on exception
350 STATUS32 saved on exception. Auxiliary register address 0x402.
353 @cindex Build Configuration Registers Version, ARC
354 @cindex ARC Build Configuration Registers Version
355 Build Configuration Registers Version. Auxiliary register address 0x60.
358 @cindex Build configuration for: BTA Registers, ARC
359 @cindex ARC Build configuration for: BTA Registers
360 Build configuration for: BTA Registers. Auxiliary register address 0x63.
362 @item vecbase_ac_build
363 @cindex Build configuration for: Interrupts, ARC
364 @cindex ARC Build configuration for: Interrupts
365 Build configuration for: Interrupts. Auxiliary register address 0x68.
368 @cindex Build configuration for: Core Registers, ARC
369 @cindex ARC Build configuration for: Core Registers
370 Build configuration for: Core Registers. Auxiliary register address 0x6e.
373 @cindex DCCM RAM Configuration Register, ARC
374 @cindex ARC DCCM RAM Configuration Register
375 DCCM RAM Configuration Register. Auxiliary register address 0xc1.
379 Additional auxiliary register names are defined according to the
380 processor architecture version and extensions selected by the options.
383 @section ARC Machine Directives
385 @cindex machine directives, ARC
386 @cindex ARC machine directives
387 The ARC version of @code{@value{AS}} supports the following additional
392 @cindex @code{lcomm} directive
393 @item .lcomm @var{symbol}, @var{length}[, @var{alignment}]
394 Reserve @var{length} (an absolute expression) bytes for a local common
395 denoted by @var{symbol}. The section and value of @var{symbol} are
396 those of the new local common. The addresses are allocated in the bss
397 section, so that at run-time the bytes start off zeroed. Since
398 @var{symbol} is not declared global, it is normally not visible to
399 @code{@value{LD}}. The optional third parameter, @var{alignment},
400 specifies the desired alignment of the symbol in the bss section,
401 specified as a byte boundary (for example, an alignment of 16 means
402 that the least significant 4 bits of the address should be zero). The
403 alignment must be an absolute expression, and it must be a power of
404 two. If no alignment is specified, as will set the alignment to the
405 largest power of two less than or equal to the size of the symbol, up
408 @cindex @code{lcommon} directive, ARC
409 @item .lcommon @var{symbol}, @var{length}[, @var{alignment}]
410 The same as @code{lcomm} directive.
412 @cindex @code{cpu} directive, ARC
414 The @code{.cpu} directive must be followed by the desired core
415 version. Permitted values for CPU are:
418 Assemble for the ARC600 instruction set.
421 Assemble for ARC 600 with norm instructions.
424 Assemble for ARC 600 with mul64 instructions.
426 @item arc600_mul32x16
427 Assemble for ARC 600 with mul32x16 instructions.
430 Assemble for ARC 601 instruction set.
433 Assemble for ARC 601 with norm instructions.
436 Assemble for ARC 601 with mul64 instructions.
438 @item arc601_mul32x16
439 Assemble for ARC 601 with mul32x16 instructions.
442 Assemble for the ARC700 instruction set.
445 Assemble for the NPS400 instruction set.
448 Assemble for the ARC EM instruction set.
451 Assemble for ARC EM instruction set
454 Assemble for ARC EM with code-density instructions.
457 Assemble for ARC EM with code-density instructions.
460 Assemble for ARC EM with code-density instructions.
463 Assemble for ARC EM with code-density, and double-precision assist
467 Assemble for QuarkSE-EM instruction set.
470 Assemble for the ARC HS instruction set.
473 Assemble for ARC HS instruction set.
476 Assemble for ARC HS instruction set.
479 Assemble for ARC HS34 instruction set.
482 Assemble for ARC HS38 instruction set.
485 Assemble for ARC HS38 with floating point support on.
489 Note: the @code{.cpu} directive overrides the command-line option
490 @code{-mcpu=@var{cpu}}; a warning is emitted when the version is not
491 consistent between the two.
493 @item .extAuxRegister @var{name}, @var{addr}, @var{mode}
494 @cindex @code{extAuxRegister} directive, ARC
495 Auxiliary registers can be defined in the assembler source code by
496 using this directive. The first parameter, @var{name}, is the name of the
497 new auxiliary register. The second parameter, @var{addr}, is
498 address the of the auxiliary register. The third parameter,
499 @var{mode}, specifies whether the register is readable and/or writable
515 .extAuxRegister mulhi, 0x12, w
517 specifies a write only extension auxiliary register, @var{mulhi} at
520 @item .extCondCode @var{suffix}, @var{val}
521 @cindex @code{extCondCode} directive, ARC
522 ARC supports extensible condition codes. This directive defines a new
523 condition code, to be known by the suffix, @var{suffix} and will
524 depend on the value, @var{val} in the condition code.
528 .extCondCode is_busy,0x14
531 will only execute the @code{add} instruction if the condition code
534 @item .extCoreRegister @var{name}, @var{regnum}, @var{mode}, @var{shortcut}
535 @cindex @code{extCoreRegister} directive, ARC
536 Specifies an extension core register named @var{name} as a synonym for
537 the register numbered @var{regnum}. The register number must be
538 between 32 and 59. The third argument, @var{mode}, indicates whether
539 the register is readable and/or writable and is one of:
552 The final parameter, @var{shortcut} indicates whether the register has
553 a short cut in the pipeline. The valid values are:
556 The register has a short cut in the pipeline;
558 @item cannot_shortcut
559 The register does not have a short cut in the pipeline.
564 .extCoreRegister mlo, 57, r , can_shortcut
566 defines a read only extension core register, @code{mlo}, which is
567 register 57, and can short cut the pipeline.
569 @item .extInstruction @var{name}, @var{opcode}, @var{subopcode}, @var{suffixclass}, @var{syntaxclass}
570 @cindex @code{extInstruction} directive, ARC
571 ARC allows the user to specify extension instructions. These
572 extension instructions are not macros; the assembler creates encodings
573 for use of these instructions according to the specification by the
576 The first argument, @var{name}, gives the name of the instruction.
578 The second argument, @var{opcode}, is the opcode to be used (bits 31:27
581 The third argument, @var{subopcode}, is the sub-opcode to be used, but
582 the correct value also depends on the fifth argument,
585 The fourth argument, @var{suffixclass}, determines the kinds of
586 suffixes to be allowed. Valid values are:
589 No suffixes are permitted;
592 Conditional suffixes are permitted;
595 Flag setting suffixes are permitted.
597 @item SUFFIX_COND|SUFFIX_FLAG
598 Both conditional and flag setting suffices are permitted.
602 The fifth and final argument, @var{syntaxclass}, determines the syntax
603 class for the instruction. It can have the following values:
606 Two Operand Instruction;
609 Three Operand Instruction.
612 One Operand Instruction.
615 No Operand Instruction.
618 The syntax class may be followed by @samp{|} and one of the following
622 @item OP1_MUST_BE_IMM
623 Modifies syntax class @code{SYNTAX_3OP}, specifying that the first
624 operand of a three-operand instruction must be an immediate (i.e., the
625 result is discarded). This is usually used to set the flags using
626 specific instructions and not retain results.
628 @item OP1_IMM_IMPLIED
629 Modifies syntax class @code{SYNTAX_20P}, specifying that there is an
630 implied immediate destination operand which does not appear in the
633 For example, if the source code contains an instruction like:
637 the first argument is an implied immediate (that is, the result is
638 discarded). This is the same as though the source code were: inst
643 For example, defining a 64-bit multiplier with immediate operands:
645 .extInstruction mp64, 0x07, 0x2d, SUFFIX_COND|SUFFIX_FLAG,
646 SYNTAX_3OP|OP1_MUST_BE_IMM
648 which specifies an extension instruction named @code{mp64} with 3
649 operands. It sets the flags and can be used with a condition code,
650 for which the first operand is an immediate, i.e. equivalent to
651 discarding the result of the operation.
653 A two operands instruction variant would be:
655 .extInstruction mul64, 0x07, 0x2d, SUFFIX_COND,
656 SYNTAX_2OP|OP1_IMM_IMPLIED
658 which describes a two operand instruction with an implicit first
659 immediate operand. The result of this operation would be discarded.
661 @cindex @code{.arc_attribute} directive, ARC
662 @item .arc_attribute @var{tag}, @var{value}
663 Set the ARC object attribute @var{tag} to @var{value}.
665 The @var{tag} is either an attribute number, or one of the following:
666 @code{Tag_ARC_PCS_config}, @code{Tag_ARC_CPU_base},
667 @code{Tag_ARC_CPU_variation}, @code{Tag_ARC_CPU_name},
668 @code{Tag_ARC_ABI_rf16}, @code{Tag_ARC_ABI_osver}, @code{Tag_ARC_ABI_sda},
669 @code{Tag_ARC_ABI_pic}, @code{Tag_ARC_ABI_tls}, @code{Tag_ARC_ABI_enumsize},
670 @code{Tag_ARC_ABI_exceptions}, @code{Tag_ARC_ABI_double_size},
671 @code{Tag_ARC_ISA_config}, @code{Tag_ARC_ISA_apex},
672 @code{Tag_ARC_ISA_mpy_option}
674 The @var{value} is either a @code{number}, @code{"string"}, or
675 @code{number, "string"} depending on the tag.
680 @section ARC Assembler Modifiers
682 The following additional assembler modifiers have been added for
683 position-independent code. These modifiers are available only with
684 the ARC 700 and above processors and generate relocation entries,
685 which are interpreted by the linker as follows:
688 @item @@pcl(@var{symbol})
689 @cindex @@pcl(@var{symbol}), ARC modifier
690 Relative distance of @var{symbol}'s from the current program counter
693 @item @@gotpc(@var{symbol})
694 @cindex @@gotpc(@var{symbol}), ARC modifier
695 Relative distance of @var{symbol}'s Global Offset Table entry from the
696 current program counter location.
698 @item @@gotoff(@var{symbol})
699 @cindex @@gotoff(@var{symbol}), ARC modifier
700 Distance of @var{symbol} from the base of the Global Offset Table.
702 @item @@plt(@var{symbol})
703 @cindex @@plt(@var{symbol}), ARC modifier
704 Distance of @var{symbol}'s Procedure Linkage Table entry from the
705 current program counter. This is valid only with branch and link
706 instructions and PC-relative calls.
708 @item @@sda(@var{symbol})
709 @cindex @@sda(@var{symbol}), ARC modifier
710 Relative distance of @var{symbol} from the base of the Small Data
716 @section ARC Pre-defined Symbols
718 The following assembler symbols will prove useful when developing
719 position-independent code. These symbols are available only with the
720 ARC 700 and above processors.
723 @item __GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE__
724 @cindex __GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE__, ARC pre-defined symbol
725 Symbol referring to the base of the Global Offset Table.
728 @cindex __DYNAMIC__, ARC pre-defined symbol
729 An alias for the Global Offset Table
730 @code{Base__GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE__}. It can be used only with
731 @code{@@gotpc} modifiers.
739 @cindex opcodes for ARC
741 For information on the ARC instruction set, see @cite{ARC Programmers
742 Reference Manual}, available where you download the processor IP library.