Introduce @ovar from Autoconf.

[automake/plouj.git] / doc / automake.texi

\input texinfo   @c -*-texinfo-*-
@c %**start of header
@setfilename automake.info
@settitle automake
@setchapternewpage off
@c %**end of header

@include version.texi

@c @ovar(ARG, DEFAULT)
@c -------------------
@c The ARG is an optional argument.  To be used for macro arguments in
@c their documentation (@defmac).
@macro ovar{varname}
@r{[}@var{\varname\}@r{]}
@end macro

@copying

This manual is for @acronym{GNU} Automake (version @value{VERSION},
@value{UPDATED}), a program that creates GNU standards-compliant
Makefiles from template files.

Copyright @copyright{} 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002,
2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

@quotation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the @acronym{GNU} Free Documentation License,
Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover texts,
and with no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the
section entitled ``@acronym{GNU} Free Documentation License.''

@end quotation
@end copying

@c info Automake  points to the Automake package's documentation
@c info automake  points to the automake script's documentation
@c (Autoconf has a similar setup.)
@dircategory Software development
@direntry
* Automake: (automake).         Making GNU standards-compliant Makefiles.
@end direntry

@dircategory Individual utilities
@direntry
* aclocal: (automake)Invoking aclocal.          Generating aclocal.m4.
* automake: (automake)Invoking Automake.        Generating Makefile.in.
@end direntry

@titlepage
@title GNU Automake
@subtitle For version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}
@author David MacKenzie
@author Tom Tromey
@author Alexandre Duret-Lutz
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
@insertcopying
@end titlepage


@c We use the following macros to define indices:
@c   @cindex   concepts, and anything that does not fit elsewhere
@c   @vindex   Makefile variables
@c   @trindex  targets
@c   @acindex  Autoconf/Automake/Libtool/M4/... macros
@c   @opindex  tool options

@c Define an index of configure macros.
@defcodeindex ac
@c Define an index of options.
@defcodeindex op
@c Define an index of targets.
@defcodeindex tr
@c Define an index of commands.
@defcodeindex cm

@c Put the macros in the function index.
@syncodeindex ac fn

@c Put everything else into one index (arbitrarily chosen to be the concept index).
@syncodeindex op cp
@syncodeindex tr cp
@syncodeindex cm cp

@ifnottex
@node Top
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@top GNU Automake

@insertcopying

@menu
* Introduction::                Automake's purpose
* Autotools Introduction::      An Introduction to the Autotools
* Generalities::                General ideas
* Examples::                    Some example packages
* Invoking Automake::           Creating a Makefile.in
* configure::                   Scanning configure.ac or configure.in
* Directories::                 Declaring subdirectories
* Programs::                    Building programs and libraries
* Other objects::               Other derived objects
* Other GNU Tools::             Other GNU Tools
* Documentation::               Building documentation
* Install::                     What gets installed
* Clean::                       What gets cleaned
* Dist::                        What goes in a distribution
* Tests::                       Support for test suites
* Rebuilding::                  Automatic rebuilding of Makefile
* Options::                     Changing Automake's behavior
* Miscellaneous::               Miscellaneous rules
* Include::                     Including extra files in an Automake template.
* Conditionals::                Conditionals
* Gnits::                       The effect of @option{--gnu} and @option{--gnits}
* Cygnus::                      The effect of @option{--cygnus}
* Not Enough::                  When Automake is not Enough
* Distributing::                Distributing the Makefile.in
* API versioning::              About compatibility between Automake versions
* Upgrading::                   Upgrading to a Newer Automake Version
* FAQ::                         Frequently Asked Questions
* History::                     Notes about the history of Automake
* Copying This Manual::         How to make copies of this manual
* Indices::                     Indices of variables, macros, and concepts

@detailmenu
 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---

An Introduction to the Autotools

* GNU Build System::            Introducing the GNU Build System
* Use Cases::                   Use Cases for the GNU Build System
* Why Autotools::               How Autotools Help
* Hello World::                 A Small Hello World Package

Use Cases for the GNU Build System

* Basic Installation::          Common installation procedure
* Standard Targets::            A list of standard Makefile targets
* Standard Directory Variables::  A list of standard directory variables
* Standard Configuration Variables::  Using configuration variables
* config.site::                 Using a config.site file
* VPATH Builds::                Parallel build trees
* Two-Part Install::            Installing data and programs separately
* Cross-Compilation::           Building for other architectures
* Renaming::                    Renaming programs at install time
* DESTDIR::                     Building binary packages with DESTDIR
* Preparing Distributions::     Rolling out tarballs
* Dependency Tracking::         Automatic dependency tracking
* Nested Packages::             The GNU Build Systems can be nested

A Small Hello World

* Creating amhello::            Create @file{amhello-1.0.tar.gz} from scratch
* amhello Explained::           @file{configure.ac} and @file{Makefile.am} explained

General ideas

* General Operation::           General operation of Automake
* Strictness::                  Standards conformance checking
* Uniform::                     The Uniform Naming Scheme
* Canonicalization::            How derived variables are named
* User Variables::              Variables reserved for the user
* Auxiliary Programs::          Programs automake might require

Some example packages

* Complete::                    A simple example, start to finish
* true::                        Building true and false

Scanning @file{configure.ac}

* Requirements::                Configuration requirements
* Optional::                    Other things Automake recognizes
* Invoking aclocal::            Auto-generating aclocal.m4
* Macros::                      Autoconf macros supplied with Automake

Auto-generating aclocal.m4

* aclocal options::             Options supported by aclocal
* Macro search path::           How aclocal finds .m4 files
* Extending aclocal::           Writing your own aclocal macros
* Local Macros::                Organizing local macros
* Serials::                     Serial lines in Autoconf macros
* Future of aclocal::           aclocal's scheduled death

Autoconf macros supplied with Automake

* Public macros::               Macros that you can use.
* Obsolete macros::             Macros that you should stop using.
* Private macros::              Macros that you should not use.

Directories

* Subdirectories::              Building subdirectories recursively
* Conditional Subdirectories::  Conditionally not building directories
* Alternative::                 Subdirectories without recursion
* Subpackages::                 Nesting packages

Building Programs and Libraries

* A Program::                   Building a program
* A Library::                   Building a library
* A Shared Library::            Building a Libtool library
* Program and Library Variables::  Variables controlling program and
                                library builds
* Default _SOURCES::            Default source files
* LIBOBJS::                     Special handling for LIBOBJS and ALLOCA
* Program variables::           Variables used when building a program
* Yacc and Lex::                Yacc and Lex support
* C++ Support::                 Compiling C++ sources
* Objective C Support::         Compiling Objective C sources
* Unified Parallel C Support::  Compiling Unified Parallel C sources
* Assembly Support::            Compiling assembly sources
* Fortran 77 Support::          Compiling Fortran 77 sources
* Fortran 9x Support::          Compiling Fortran 9x sources
* Java Support::                Compiling Java sources
* Support for Other Languages::  Compiling other languages
* ANSI::                        Automatic de-ANSI-fication (obsolete)
* Dependencies::                Automatic dependency tracking
* EXEEXT::                      Support for executable extensions

Building a program

* Program Sources::             Defining program sources
* Linking::                     Linking with libraries or extra objects
* Conditional Sources::         Handling conditional sources
* Conditional Programs::        Building program conditionally

Building a Shared Library

* Libtool Concept::             Introducing Libtool
* Libtool Libraries::           Declaring Libtool Libraries
* Conditional Libtool Libraries::  Building Libtool Libraries Conditionally
* Conditional Libtool Sources::  Choosing Library Sources Conditionally
* Libtool Convenience Libraries::  Building Convenience Libtool Libraries
* Libtool Modules::             Building Libtool Modules
* Libtool Flags::               Using _LIBADD, _LDFLAGS, and _LIBTOOLFLAGS
* LTLIBOBJS::                   Using $(LTLIBOBJS) and $(LTALLOCA)
* Libtool Issues::              Common Issues Related to Libtool's Use

Fortran 77 Support

* Preprocessing Fortran 77::    Preprocessing Fortran 77 sources
* Compiling Fortran 77 Files::  Compiling Fortran 77 sources
* Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++::  Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++

Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++

* How the Linker is Chosen::    Automatic linker selection

Fortran 9x Support

* Compiling Fortran 9x Files::  Compiling Fortran 9x sources

Other Derived Objects

* Scripts::                     Executable scripts
* Headers::                     Header files
* Data::                        Architecture-independent data files
* Sources::                     Derived sources

Built sources

* Built sources example::       Several ways to handle built sources.

Other GNU Tools

* Emacs Lisp::                  Emacs Lisp
* gettext::                     Gettext
* Libtool::                     Libtool
* Java::                        Java
* Python::                      Python

Building documentation

* Texinfo::                     Texinfo
* Man pages::                   Man pages

Miscellaneous Rules

* Tags::                        Interfacing to etags and mkid
* Suffixes::                    Handling new file extensions
* Multilibs::                   Support for multilibs.

When Automake Isn't Enough

* Extending::                   Adding new rules or overriding existing ones.
* Third-Party Makefiles::       Integrating Non-Automake @file{Makefile}s.

Frequently Asked Questions about Automake

* CVS::                         CVS and generated files
* maintainer-mode::             missing and AM_MAINTAINER_MODE
* wildcards::                   Why doesn't Automake support wildcards?
* limitations on file names::   Limitations on source and installed file names
* distcleancheck::              Files left in build directory after distclean
* Flag Variables Ordering::     CFLAGS vs.@: AM_CFLAGS vs.@: mumble_CFLAGS
* renamed objects::             Why are object files sometimes renamed?
* Per-Object Flags::            How to simulate per-object flags?
* Multiple Outputs::            Writing rules for tools with many output files
* Hard-Coded Install Paths::    Installing to Hard-Coded Locations

History of Automake

* Timeline::                    The Automake story.
* Dependency Tracking Evolution::  Evolution of Automatic Dependency Tracking
* Releases::                    Statistics about Automake Releases

Copying This Manual

* GNU Free Documentation License::  License for copying this manual

Indices

* Macro Index::                 Index of Autoconf macros
* Variable Index::              Index of Makefile variables
* General Index::               General index

@end detailmenu
@end menu

@end ifnottex


@node Introduction
@chapter Introduction

Automake is a tool for automatically generating @file{Makefile.in}s
from files called @file{Makefile.am}.  Each @file{Makefile.am} is
basically a series of @command{make} variable
definitions@footnote{These variables are also called @dfn{make macros}
in Make terminology, however in this manual we reserve the term
@dfn{macro} for Autoconf's macros.}, with rules being thrown in
occasionally.  The generated @file{Makefile.in}s are compliant with
the GNU Makefile standards.

@cindex GNU Makefile standards

The GNU Makefile Standards Document
(@pxref{Makefile Conventions, , , standards, The GNU Coding Standards})
is long, complicated, and subject to change.  The goal of Automake is to
remove the burden of Makefile maintenance from the back of the
individual GNU maintainer (and put it on the back of the Automake
maintainers).

The typical Automake input file is simply a series of variable definitions.
Each such file is processed to create a @file{Makefile.in}.  There
should generally be one @file{Makefile.am} per directory of a project.

@cindex Constraints of Automake
@cindex Automake constraints

Automake does constrain a project in certain ways; for instance, it
assumes that the project uses Autoconf (@pxref{Top, , Introduction,
autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}), and enforces certain restrictions on
the @file{configure.ac} contents@footnote{Older Autoconf versions used
@file{configure.in}.  Autoconf 2.50 and greater promotes
@file{configure.ac} over @file{configure.in}.  The rest of this
documentation will refer to @file{configure.ac}, but Automake also
supports @file{configure.in} for backward compatibility.}.

@cindex Automake requirements
@cindex Requirements, Automake

Automake requires @command{perl} in order to generate the
@file{Makefile.in}s.  However, the distributions created by Automake are
fully GNU standards-compliant, and do not require @command{perl} in order
to be built.

@cindex Bugs, reporting
@cindex Reporting bugs
@cindex E-mail, bug reports

Mail suggestions and bug reports for Automake to
@email{bug-automake@@gnu.org}.

@node Autotools Introduction
@chapter An Introduction to the Autotools

If you are new to Automake, maybe you know that it is part of a set of
tools called @emph{The Autotools}.  Maybe you've already delved into a
package full of files named @file{configure}, @file{configure.ac},
@file{Makefile.in}, @file{Makefile.am}, @file{aclocal.m4}, @dots{},
some of them claiming to be @emph{generated by} Autoconf or Automake.
But the exact purpose of these files and their relations is probably
fuzzy.  The goal of this chapter is to introduce you to this machinery,
to show you how it works and how powerful it is.  If you've never
installed or seen such a package, do not worry: this chapter will walk
you through it.

If you need some teaching material, more illustrations, or a less
@command{automake}-centered continuation, some slides for this
introduction are available in Alexandre Duret-Lutz's
@uref{http://www-src.lip6.fr/@/~Alexandre.Duret-Lutz/@/autotools.html,
Autotools Tutorial}.
This chapter is the written version of the first part of his tutorial.

@menu
* GNU Build System::            Introducing the GNU Build System
* Use Cases::                   Use Cases for the GNU Build System
* Why Autotools::               How Autotools Help
* Hello World::                 A Small Hello World Package
@end menu

@node GNU Build System
@section Introducing the GNU Build System
@cindex GNU Build System, introduction

It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a developer in
possession of a new package, must be in want of a build system.

In the Unix world, such a build system is traditionally achieved using
the command @command{make} (@pxref{Top, , Overview, make, The GNU Make
Manual}).  The developer expresses the recipe to build his package in
a @file{Makefile}.  This file is a set of rules to build the files in
the package.  For instance the program @file{prog} may be built by
running the linker on the files @file{main.o}, @file{foo.o}, and
@file{bar.o}; the file @file{main.o} may be built by running the
compiler on @file{main.c}; etc.  Each time @command{make} is run, it
reads @file{Makefile}, checks the existence and modification time of
the files mentioned, decides what files need to be built (or rebuilt),
and runs the associated commands.

When a package needs to be built on a different platform than the one
it was developed on, its @file{Makefile} usually needs to be adjusted.
For instance the compiler may have another name or require more
options.  In 1991, David J. MacKenzie got tired of customizing
@file{Makefile} for the 20 platforms he had to deal with.  Instead, he
handcrafted a little shell script called @file{configure} to
automatically adjust the @file{Makefile} (@pxref{Genesis, , Genesis,
autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}).  Compiling his package was now
as simple as running @code{./configure && make}.

@cindex GNU Coding Standards

Today this process has been standardized in the GNU project.  The GNU
Coding Standards (@pxref{Managing Releases, The Release Process, ,
standards, The GNU Coding Standards}) explains how each package of the
GNU project should have a @file{configure} script, and the minimal
interface it should have.  The @file{Makefile} too should follow some
established conventions.  The result?  A unified build system that
makes all packages almost indistinguishable by the installer.  In its
simplest scenario, all the installer has to do is to unpack the
package, run @code{./configure && make && make install}, and repeat
with the next package to install.

We call this build system the @dfn{GNU Build System}, since it was
grown out of the GNU project.  However it is used by a vast number of
other packages: following any existing convention has its advantages.

@cindex Autotools, introduction

The Autotools are tools that will create a GNU Build System for your
package.  Autoconf mostly focuses on @file{configure} and Automake on
@file{Makefile}s.  It is entirely possible to create a GNU Build
System without the help of these tools.  However it is rather
burdensome and error-prone.  We will discuss this again after some
illustration of the GNU Build System in action.

@node Use Cases
@section Use Cases for the GNU Build System
@cindex GNU Build System, use cases
@cindex GNU Build System, features
@cindex Features of the GNU Build System
@cindex Use Cases for the GNU Build System
@cindex @file{amhello-1.0.tar.gz}, location
@cindex @file{amhello-1.0.tar.gz}, use cases

In this section we explore several use cases for the GNU Build System.
You can replay all these examples on the @file{amhello-1.0.tar.gz}
package distributed with Automake.  If Automake is installed on your
system, you should find a copy of this file in
@file{@var{prefix}/share/doc/automake/amhello-1.0.tar.gz}, where
@var{prefix} is the installation prefix specified during configuration
(@var{prefix} defaults to @file{/usr/local}, however if Automake was
installed by some GNU/Linux distribution it most likely has been set
to @file{/usr}).  If you do not have a copy of Automake installed,
you can find a copy of this file inside the @file{doc/} directory of
the Automake package.

Some of the following use cases present features that are in fact
extensions to the GNU Build System.  Read: they are not specified by
the GNU Coding Standards, but they are nonetheless part of the build
system created by the Autotools.  To keep things simple, we do not
point out the difference.  Our objective is to show you many of the
features that the build system created by the Autotools will offer to
you.

@menu
* Basic Installation::          Common installation procedure
* Standard Targets::            A list of standard Makefile targets
* Standard Directory Variables::  A list of standard directory variables
* Standard Configuration Variables::  Using configuration variables
* config.site::                 Using a config.site file
* VPATH Builds::                Parallel build trees
* Two-Part Install::            Installing data and programs separately
* Cross-Compilation::           Building for other architectures
* Renaming::                    Renaming programs at install time
* DESTDIR::                     Building binary packages with DESTDIR
* Preparing Distributions::     Rolling out tarballs
* Dependency Tracking::         Automatic dependency tracking
* Nested Packages::             The GNU Build Systems can be nested
@end menu

@node Basic Installation
@subsection Basic Installation
@cindex Configuration, basics
@cindex Installation, basics
@cindex GNU Build System, basics

The most common installation procedure looks as follows.

@example
~ % @kbd{tar zxf amhello-1.0.tar.gz}
~ % @kbd{cd amhello-1.0}
~/amhello-1.0 % @kbd{./configure}
@dots{}
config.status: creating Makefile
config.status: creating src/Makefile
@dots{}
~/amhello-1.0 % @kbd{make}
@dots{}
~/amhello-1.0 % @kbd{make check}
@dots{}
~/amhello-1.0 % @kbd{su}
Password:
/home/adl/amhello-1.0 # @kbd{make install}
@dots{}
/home/adl/amhello-1.0 # @kbd{exit}
~/amhello-1.0 % @kbd{make installcheck}
@dots{}
@end example

@cindex Unpacking

The user first unpacks the package.  Here, and in the following
examples, we will use the non-portable @code{tar zxf} command for
simplicity.  On a system without GNU @command{tar} installed, this
command should read @code{gunzip -c amhello-1.0.tar.gz | tar xf -}.

The user then enters the newly created directory to run the
@file{configure} script.  This script probes the system for various
features, and finally creates the @file{Makefile}s.  In this toy
example there are only two @file{Makefile}s, but in real-world projects,
there may be many more, usually one @file{Makefile} per directory.

It is now possible to run @code{make}.  This will construct all the
programs, libraries, and scripts that need to be constructed for the
package.  In our example, this compiles the @file{hello} program.
All files are constructed in place, in the source tree; we will see
later how this can be changed.

@code{make check} causes the package's tests to be run.  This step is
not mandatory, but it is often good to make sure the programs that
have been built behave as they should, before you decide to install
them.  Our example does not contain any tests, so running @code{make
check} is a no-op.

@cindex su, before @code{make install}
After everything has been built, and maybe tested, it is time to
install it on the system.  That means copying the programs,
libraries, header files, scripts, and other data files from the
source directory to their final destination on the system.  The
command @code{make install} will do that.  However, by default
everything will be installed in subdirectories of @file{/usr/local}:
binaries will go into @file{/usr/local/bin}, libraries will end up in
@file{/usr/local/lib}, etc.  This destination is usually not writable
by any user, so we assume that we have to become root before we can
run @code{make install}.  In our example, running @code{make install}
will copy the program @file{hello} into @file{/usr/local/bin}
and @file{README} into @file{/usr/local/share/doc/amhello}.

A last and optional step is to run @code{make installcheck}.  This
command may run tests on the installed files.  @code{make check} tests
the files in the source tree, while @code{make installcheck} tests
their installed copies.  The tests run by the latter can be different
from those run by the former.  For instance, there are tests that
cannot be run in the source tree.  Conversely, some packages are set
up so that @code{make installcheck} will run the very same tests as
@code{make check}, only on different files (non-installed
vs.@: installed).  It can make a difference, for instance when the
source tree's layout is different from that of the installation.
Furthermore it may help to diagnose an incomplete installation.

Presently most packages do not have any @code{installcheck} tests
because the existence of @code{installcheck} is little known, and its
usefulness is neglected.  Our little toy package is no better: @code{make
installcheck} does nothing.

@node Standard Targets
@subsection Standard @file{Makefile} Targets

So far we have come across four ways to run @command{make} in the GNU
Build System: @code{make}, @code{make check}, @code{make install}, and
@code{make installcheck}.  The words @code{check}, @code{install}, and
@code{installcheck}, passed as arguments to @command{make}, are called
@dfn{targets}.  @code{make} is a shorthand for @code{make all},
@code{all} being the default target in the GNU Build System.

Here is a list of the most useful targets that the GNU Coding Standards
specify.

@table @code
@item make all
@trindex all
Build programs, libraries, documentation, etc.@: (same as @code{make}).
@item make install
@trindex install
Install what needs to be installed, copying the files from the
package's tree to system-wide directories.
@item make install-strip
@trindex install-strip
Same as @code{make install}, then strip debugging symbols.  Some
users like to trade space for useful bug reports@enddots{}
@item make uninstall
@trindex uninstall
The opposite of @code{make install}: erase the installed files.
(This needs to be run from the same build tree that was installed.)
@item make clean
@trindex clean
Erase from the build tree the files built by @code{make all}.
@item make distclean
@trindex distclean
Additionally erase anything @code{./configure} created.
@item make check
@trindex check
Run the test suite, if any.
@item make installcheck
@trindex installcheck
Check the installed programs or libraries, if supported.
@item make dist
@trindex dist
Recreate @file{@var{package}-@var{version}.tar.gz} from all the source
files.
@end table

@node Standard Directory Variables
@subsection Standard Directory Variables
@cindex directory variables

The GNU Coding Standards also specify a hierarchy of variables to
denote installation directories.  Some of these are:

@multitable {Directory variable} {@code{$@{datarootdir@}/doc/$@{PACKAGE@}}}
@headitem Directory variable    @tab Default value
@item @code{prefix}              @tab @code{/usr/local}
@item @w{@ @ @code{exec_prefix}} @tab @code{$@{prefix@}}
@item @w{@ @ @ @ @code{bindir}}  @tab @code{$@{exec_prefix@}/bin}
@item @w{@ @ @ @ @code{libdir}}  @tab @code{$@{exec_prefix@}/lib}
@item @w{@ @ @ @ @dots{}}
@item @w{@ @ @code{includedir}}  @tab @code{$@{prefix@}/include}
@item @w{@ @ @code{datarootdir}} @tab @code{$@{prefix@}/share}
@item @w{@ @ @ @ @code{datadir}} @tab @code{$@{datarootdir@}}
@item @w{@ @ @ @ @code{mandir}}  @tab @code{$@{datarootdir@}/man}
@item @w{@ @ @ @ @code{infodir}} @tab @code{$@{datarootdir@}/info}
@item @w{@ @ @ @ @code{docdir}}  @tab @code{$@{datarootdir@}/doc/$@{PACKAGE@}}
@item @w{@ @ @dots{}}
@end multitable

@c We should provide a complete table somewhere, but not here.  The
@c complete list of directory variables it too confusing as-is.  It
@c requires some explanations that are too complicated for this
@c introduction.  Besides listing directories like localstatedir
@c would make the explanations in ``Two-Part Install'' harder.

Each of these directories has a role which is often obvious from its
name.  In a package, any installable file will be installed in one of
these directories.  For instance in @code{amhello-1.0}, the program
@file{hello} is to be installed in @var{bindir}, the directory for
binaries.  The default value for this directory is
@file{/usr/local/bin}, but the user can supply a different value when
calling @command{configure}.  Also the file @file{README} will be
installed into @var{docdir}, which defaults to
@file{/usr/local/share/doc/amhello}.

@opindex --prefix

A user who wishes to install a package on his own account could proceed
as follows:

@example
~/amhello-1.0 % @kbd{./configure --prefix ~/usr}
@dots{}
~/amhello-1.0 % @kbd{make}
@dots{}
~/amhello-1.0 % @kbd{make install}
@dots{}
@end example

This would install @file{~/usr/bin/hello} and
@file{~/usr/share/doc/amhello/README}.

The list of all such directory options is shown by
@code{./configure --help}.

@node Standard Configuration Variables
@subsection Standard Configuration Variables
@cindex configuration variables, overriding

The GNU Coding Standards also define a set of standard configuration
variables used during the build.  Here are some:

@table @asis
@item @code{CC}
C compiler command
@item @code{CFLAGS}
C compiler flags
@item @code{CXX}
C++ compiler command
@item @code{CXXFLAGS}
C++ compiler flags
@item @code{LDFLAGS}
linker flags
@item @code{CPPFLAGS}
C/C++ preprocessor flags
@item @dots{}
@end table

@command{configure} usually does a good job at setting appropriate
values for these variables, but there are cases where you may want to
override them.  For instance you may have several versions of a
compiler installed and would like to use another one, you may have
header files installed outside the default search path of the
compiler, or even libraries out of the way of the linker.

Here is how one would call @command{configure} to force it to use
@command{gcc-3} as C compiler, use header files from
@file{~/usr/include} when compiling, and libraries from
@file{~/usr/lib} when linking.

@example
~/amhello-1.0 % @kbd{./configure --prefix ~/usr CC=gcc-3 \
CPPFLAGS=-I$HOME/usr/include LDFLAGS=-L$HOME/usr/lib}
@end example

Again, a full list of these variables appears in the output of
@code{./configure --help}.

@node config.site
@subsection Overriding Default Configuration Setting with @file{config.site}
@cindex @file{config.site} example

When installing several packages using the same setup, it can be
convenient to create a file to capture common settings.
If a file named @file{@var{prefix}/share/config.site} exists,
@command{configure} will source it at the beginning of its execution.

Recall the command from the previous section:

@example
~/amhello-1.0 % @kbd{./configure --prefix ~/usr CC=gcc-3 \
CPPFLAGS=-I$HOME/usr/include LDFLAGS=-L$HOME/usr/lib}
@end example

Assuming we are installing many package in @file{~/usr}, and will
always want to use these definitions of @code{CC}, @code{CPPFLAGS}, and
@code{LDFLAGS}, we can automate this by creating the following
@file{~/usr/share/config.site} file:

@example
test -z "$CC" && CC=gcc-3
test -z "$CPPFLAGS" && CPPFLAGS=-I$HOME/usr/include
test -z "$LDFLAGS" && LDFLAGS=-L$HOME/usr/lib
@end example

Now, any time a @file{configure} script is using the @file{~/usr}
prefix, it will execute the above @file{config.site} and define
these three variables.

@example
~/amhello-1.0 % @kbd{./configure --prefix ~/usr}
configure: loading site script /home/adl/usr/share/config.site
@dots{}
@end example

@xref{Site Defaults, , Setting Site Defaults, autoconf, The Autoconf
Manual}, for more information about this feature.


@node VPATH Builds
@subsection Parallel Build Trees (a.k.a.@: VPATH Builds)
@cindex Parallel build trees
@cindex VPATH builds
@cindex source tree and build tree
@cindex build tree and source tree
@cindex trees, source vs.@: build

The GNU Build System distinguishes two trees: the source tree, and
the build tree.

The source tree is rooted in the directory containing
@file{configure}.  It contains all the sources files (those that are
distributed), and may be arranged using several subdirectories.

The build tree is rooted in the directory in which @file{configure}
was run, and is populated with all object files, programs, libraries,
and other derived files built from the sources (and hence not
distributed).  The build tree usually has the same subdirectory layout
as the source tree; its subdirectories are created automatically by
the build system.

If @file{configure} is executed in its own directory, the source and
build trees are combined: derived files are constructed in the same
directories as their sources.  This was the case in our first
installation example (@pxref{Basic Installation}).

A common request from users is that they want to confine all derived
files to a single directory, to keep their source directories
uncluttered.  Here is how we could run @file{configure} to build
everything in a subdirectory called @file{build/}.

@example
~ % @kbd{tar zxf ~/amhello-1.0.tar.gz}
~ % @kbd{cd amhello-1.0}
~/amhello-1.0 % @kbd{mkdir build && cd build}
~/amhello-1.0/build % @kbd{../configure}
@dots{}
~/amhello-1.0/build % @kbd{make}
@dots{}
@end example

These setups, where source and build trees are different, are often
called @dfn{parallel builds} or @dfn{VPATH builds}.  The expression
@emph{parallel build} is misleading: the word @emph{parallel} is a
reference to the way the build tree shadows the source tree, it is not
about some concurrency in the way build commands are run.  For this
reason we refer to such setups using the name @emph{VPATH builds} in
the following.  @emph{VPATH} is the name of the @command{make} feature
used by the @file{Makefile}s to allow these builds (@pxref{General
Search, , @code{VPATH}: Search Path for All Prerequisites, make, The
GNU Make Manual}).

@cindex multiple configurations, example
@cindex debug build, example
@cindex optimized build, example

VPATH builds have other interesting uses.  One is to build the same
sources with multiple configurations.  For instance:

@example
~ % @kbd{tar zxf ~/amhello-1.0.tar.gz}
~ % @kbd{cd amhello-1.0}
~/amhello-1.0 % @kbd{mkdir debug optim && cd debug}
~/amhello-1.0/debug % @kbd{../configure CFLAGS='-g -O0'}
@dots{}
~/amhello-1.0/debug % @kbd{make}
@dots{}
~/amhello-1.0/debug % cd ../optim
~/amhello-1.0/optim % @kbd{../configure CFLAGS='-O3 -fomit-frame-pointer'}
@dots{}
~/amhello-1.0/optim % @kbd{make}
@dots{}
@end example

With network file systems, a similar approach can be used to build the
same sources on different machines.  For instance, suppose that the
sources are installed on a directory shared by two hosts: @code{HOST1}
and @code{HOST2}, which may be different platforms.

@example
~ % @kbd{cd /nfs/src}
/nfs/src % @kbd{tar zxf ~/amhello-1.0.tar.gz}
@end example

On the first host, you could create a local build directory:
@example
[HOST1] ~ % @kbd{mkdir /tmp/amh && cd /tmp/amh}
[HOST1] /tmp/amh % @kbd{/nfs/src/amhello-1.0/configure}
...
[HOST1] /tmp/amh % @kbd{make && sudo make install}
...
@end example

@noindent
(Here we assume the that installer has configured @command{sudo} so it
can execute @code{make install} with root privileges; it is more convenient
than using @command{su} like in @ref{Basic Installation}).

On the second host, you would do exactly the same, possibly at
the same time:
@example
[HOST2] ~ % @kbd{mkdir /tmp/amh && cd /tmp/amh}
[HOST2] /tmp/amh % @kbd{/nfs/src/amhello-1.0/configure}
...
[HOST2] /tmp/amh % @kbd{make && sudo make install}
...
@end example

@cindex read-only source tree
@cindex source tree, read-only

In this scenario, nothing forbids the @file{/nfs/src/amhello-1.0}
directory from being read-only.  In fact VPATH builds are also a means
of building packages from a read-only medium such as a CD-ROM.  (The
FSF used to sell CD-ROM with unpacked source code, before the GNU
project grew so big.)

@node Two-Part Install
@subsection Two-Part Installation

In our last example (@pxref{VPATH Builds}), a source tree was shared
by two hosts, but compilation and installation were done separately on
each host.

The GNU Build System also supports networked setups where part of the
installed files should be shared amongst multiple hosts.  It does so
by distinguishing architecture-dependent files from
architecture-independent files, and providing two @file{Makefile}
targets to install each of these classes of files.

@trindex install-exec
@trindex install-data

These targets are @code{install-exec} for architecture-dependent files
and @code{install-data} for architecture-independent files.
The command we used up to now, @code{make install}, can be thought of
as a shorthand for @code{make install-exec install-data}.

From the GNU Build System point of view, the distinction between
architecture-dependent files and architecture-independent files is
based exclusively on the directory variable used to specify their
installation destination.  In the list of directory variables we
provided earlier (@pxref{Standard Directory Variables}), all the
variables based on @var{exec-prefix} designate architecture-dependent
directories whose files will be installed by @code{make install-exec}.
The others designate architecture-independent directories and will
serve files installed by @code{make install-data}.  @xref{Install},
for more details.

Here is how we could revisit our two-host installation example,
assuming that (1) we want to install the package directly in
@file{/usr}, and (2) the directory @file{/usr/share} is shared by the
two hosts.

On the first host we would run
@example
[HOST1] ~ % @kbd{mkdir /tmp/amh && cd /tmp/amh}
[HOST1] /tmp/amh % @kbd{/nfs/src/amhello-1.0/configure --prefix /usr}
...
[HOST1] /tmp/amh % @kbd{make && sudo make install}
...
@end example

On the second host, however, we need only install the
architecture-specific files.
@example
[HOST2] ~ % @kbd{mkdir /tmp/amh && cd /tmp/amh}
[HOST2] /tmp/amh % @kbd{/nfs/src/amhello-1.0/configure --prefix /usr}
...
[HOST2] /tmp/amh % @kbd{make && sudo make install-exec}
...
@end example

In packages that have installation checks, it would make sense to run
@code{make installcheck} (@pxref{Basic Installation}) to verify that
the package works correctly despite the apparent partial installation.

@node Cross-Compilation
@subsection Cross-Compilation
@cindex cross-compilation

To @dfn{cross-compile} is to build on one platform a binary that will
run on another platform.  When speaking of cross-compilation, it is
important to distinguish between the @dfn{build platform} on which
the compilation is performed, and the @dfn{host platform} on which the
resulting executable is expected to run.  The following
@command{configure} options are used to specify each of them:

@table @option
@item --build=@var{BUILD}
@opindex --build=@var{BUILD}
The system on which the package is built.
@item --host=@var{HOST}
@opindex --host=@var{HOST}
The system where built programs and libraries will run.
@end table

When the @option{--host} is used, @command{configure} will search for
the cross-compiling suite for this platform.  Cross-compilation tools
commonly have their target architecture as prefix of their name.  For
instance my cross-compiler for MinGW32 has its binaries called
@code{i586-mingw32msvc-gcc}, @code{i586-mingw32msvc-ld},
@code{i586-mingw32msvc-as}, etc.

@cindex MinGW cross-compilation example
@cindex cross-compilation example

Here is how we could build @code{amhello-1.0} for
@code{i586-mingw32msvc} on a GNU/Linux PC.

@smallexample
~/amhello-1.0 % @kbd{./configure --build i686-pc-linux-gnu --host i586-mingw32msvc}
checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
checking whether build environment is sane... yes
checking for gawk... gawk
checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes
checking for i586-mingw32msvc-strip... i586-mingw32msvc-strip
checking for i586-mingw32msvc-gcc... i586-mingw32msvc-gcc
checking for C compiler default output file name... a.exe
checking whether the C compiler works... yes
checking whether we are cross compiling... yes
checking for suffix of executables... .exe
checking for suffix of object files... o
checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes
checking whether i586-mingw32msvc-gcc accepts -g... yes
checking for i586-mingw32msvc-gcc option to accept ANSI C...
@dots{}
~/amhello-1.0 % @kbd{make}
@dots{}
~/amhello-1.0 % @kbd{cd src; file hello.exe}
hello.exe: MS Windows PE 32-bit Intel 80386 console executable not relocatable
@end smallexample

The @option{--host} and @option{--build} options are usually all we
need for cross-compiling.  The only exception is if the package being
built is itself a cross-compiler: we need a third option to specify
its target architecture.

@table @option
@item --target=@var{TARGET}
@opindex --target=@var{TARGET}
When building compiler tools: the system for which the tools will
create output.
@end table

For instance when installing GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection, we can
use @option{--target=@var{TARGET}} to specify that we want to build
GCC as a cross-compiler for @var{TARGET}.  Mixing @option{--build} and
@option{--target}, we can actually cross-compile a cross-compiler;
such a three-way cross-compilation is known as a @dfn{Canadian cross}.

@xref{Specifying Names, , Specifying the System Type, autoconf, The
Autoconf Manual}, for more information about these @command{configure}
options.

@node Renaming
@subsection Renaming Programs at Install Time
@cindex Renaming programs
@cindex Transforming program names
@cindex Programs, renaming during installation

The GNU Build System provides means to automatically rename
executables and manpages before they are installed (@pxref{Man pages}).
This is especially convenient
when installing a GNU package on a system that already has a
proprietary implementation you do not want to overwrite.  For instance,
you may want to install GNU @command{tar} as @command{gtar} so you can
distinguish it from your vendor's @command{tar}.

This can be done using one of these three @command{configure} options.

@table @option
@item --program-prefix=@var{PREFIX}
@opindex --program-prefix=@var{PREFIX}
Prepend @var{PREFIX} to installed program names.
@item --program-suffix=@var{SUFFIX}
@opindex --program-suffix=@var{SUFFIX}
Append @var{SUFFIX} to installed program names.
@item --program-transform-name=@var{PROGRAM}
@opindex --program-transform-name=@var{PROGRAM}
Run @code{sed @var{PROGRAM}} on installed program names.
@end table

The following commands would install @file{hello}
as @file{/usr/local/bin/test-hello}, for instance.

@example
~/amhello-1.0 % @kbd{./configure --program-prefix test-}
@dots{}
~/amhello-1.0 % @kbd{make}
@dots{}
~/amhello-1.0 % @kbd{sudo make install}
@dots{}
@end example

@node DESTDIR
@subsection Building Binary Packages Using DESTDIR
@vindex DESTDIR

The GNU Build System's @code{make install} and @code{make uninstall}
interface does not exactly fit the needs of a system administrator
who has to deploy and upgrade packages on lots of hosts.  In other
words, the GNU Build System does not replace a package manager.

Such package managers usually need to know which files have been
installed by a package, so a mere @code{make install} is
inappropriate.

@cindex Staged installation

The @code{DESTDIR} variable can be used to perform a staged
installation.  The package should be configured as if it was going to
be installed in its final location (e.g., @code{--prefix /usr}), but
when running @code{make install}, the @code{DESTDIR} should be set to
the absolute name of a directory into which the installation will be
diverted.  From this directory it is easy to review which files are
being installed where, and finally copy them to their final location
by some means.

@cindex Binary package

For instance here is how we could create a binary package containing a
snapshot of all the files to be installed.

@example
~/amhello-1.0 % @kbd{./configure --prefix /usr}
@dots{}
~/amhello-1.0 % @kbd{make}
@dots{}
~/amhello-1.0 % @kbd{make DESTDIR=$HOME/inst install}
@dots{}
~/amhello-1.0 % @kbd{cd ~/inst}
~/inst % @kbd{find . -type f -print > ../files.lst}
~/inst % @kbd{tar zcvf ~/amhello-1.0-i686.tar.gz `cat ../file.lst`}
./usr/bin/hello
./usr/share/doc/amhello/README
@end example

After this example, @code{amhello-1.0-i686.tar.gz} is ready to be
uncompressed in @file{/} on many hosts.  (Using @code{`cat ../file.lst`}
instead of @samp{.} as argument for @command{tar} avoids entries for
each subdirectory in the archive: we would not like @command{tar} to
restore the modification time of @file{/}, @file{/usr/}, etc.)

Note that when building packages for several architectures, it might
be convenient to use @code{make install-data} and @code{make
install-exec} (@pxref{Two-Part Install}) to gather
architecture-independent files in a single package.

@xref{Install}, for more information.

@c We should document PRE_INSTALL/POST_INSTALL/NORMAL_INSTALL and their
@c UNINSTALL counterparts.

@node Preparing Distributions
@subsection Preparing Distributions
@cindex Preparing distributions
@cindex Packages, preparation
@cindex Distributions, preparation

We have already mentioned @code{make dist}.  This target collects all
your source files and the necessary parts of the build system to
create a tarball named @file{@var{package}-@var{version}.tar.gz}.

@cindex @code{distcheck} better than @code{dist}

Another, more useful command is @code{make distcheck}.  The
@code{distcheck} target constructs
@file{@var{package}-@var{version}.tar.gz} just as well as @code{dist},
but it additionally ensures most of the use cases presented so far
work:

@itemize @bullet
@item
It attempts a full compilation of the package (@pxref{Basic
Installation}), unpacking the newly constructed tarball, running
@code{make}, @code{make check}, @code{make install}, as well as
@code{make installcheck}, and even @code{make dist},
@item
it tests VPATH builds with read-only source tree (@pxref{VPATH Builds}),
@item
it makes sure @code{make clean}, @code{make distclean}, and @code{make
uninstall} do not omit any file (@pxref{Standard Targets}),
@item
and it checks that @code{DESTDIR} installations work (@pxref{DESTDIR}).
@end itemize

All of these actions are performed in a temporary subdirectory, so
that no root privileges are required.

Releasing a package that fails @code{make distcheck} means that one of
the scenarios we presented will not work and some users will be
disappointed.  Therefore it is a good practice to release a package
only after a successful @code{make distcheck}.  This of course does
not imply that the package will be flawless, but at least it will
prevent some of the embarrassing errors you may find in packages
released by people who have never heard about @code{distcheck} (like
@code{DESTDIR} not working because of a typo, or a distributed file
being erased by @code{make clean}, or even @code{VPATH} builds not
working).

@xref{Creating amhello}, to recreate @file{amhello-1.0.tar.gz} using
@code{make distcheck}.  @xref{Dist}, for more information about
@code{distcheck}.

@node Dependency Tracking
@subsection Automatic Dependency Tracking
@cindex Dependency tracking

Dependency tracking is performed as a side-effect of compilation.
Each time the build system compiles a source file, it computes its
list of dependencies (in C these are the header files included by the
source being compiled).  Later, any time @command{make} is run and a
dependency appears to have changed, the dependent files will be
rebuilt.

When @command{configure} is executed, you can see it probing each
compiler for the dependency mechanism it supports (several mechanisms
can be used):

@example
~/amhello-1.0 % @kbd{./configure --prefix /usr}
@dots{}
checking dependency style of gcc... gcc3
@dots{}
@end example

Because dependencies are only computed as a side-effect of the
compilation, no dependency information exists the first time a package
is built.  This is OK because all the files need to be built anyway:
@code{make} does not have to decide which files need to be rebuilt.
In fact, dependency tracking is completely useless for one-time builds
and there is a @command{configure} option to disable this:

@table @option
@item --disable-dependency-tracking
@opindex --disable-dependency-tracking
Speed up one-time builds.
@end table

Some compilers do not offer any practical way to derive the list of
dependencies as a side-effect of the compilation, requiring a separate
run (maybe of another tool) to compute these dependencies.  The
performance penalty implied by these methods is important enough to
disable them by default.  The option @option{--enable-dependency-tracking}
must be passed to @command{configure} to activate them.

@table @option
@item --enable-dependency-tracking
@opindex --enable-dependency-tracking
Do not reject slow dependency extractors.
@end table

@xref{Dependency Tracking Evolution}, for some discussion about the
different dependency tracking schemes used by Automake over the years.

@node Nested Packages
@subsection Nested Packages
@cindex Nested packages
@cindex Packages, nested
@cindex Subpackages

Although nesting packages isn't something we would recommend to
someone who is discovering the Autotools, it is a nice feature worthy
of mention in this small advertising tour.

Autoconfiscated packages (that means packages whose build system have
been created by Autoconf and friends) can be nested to arbitrary
depth.

A typical setup is that a package A will distribute one of the libraries
it needs in a subdirectory.  This library B is a complete package with
its own GNU Build System.  The @command{configure} script of A will
run the @command{configure} script of B as part of its execution,
building and installing A will also build and install B.  Generating a
distribution for A will also include B.

It is possible to gather several package like this.  GCC is a heavy
user of this feature.  This gives installers a single package to
configure, build and install, while it allows developers to work on
subpackages independently.

When configuring nested packages, the @command{configure} options
given to the top-level @command{configure} are passed recursively to
nested @command{configure}s.  A package that does not understand an
option will ignore it, assuming it is meaningful to some other
package.

@opindex --help=recursive

The command @code{configure --help=recursive} can be used to display
the options supported by all the included packages.

@xref{Subpackages}, for an example setup.

@node Why Autotools
@section How Autotools Help
@cindex Autotools, purpose

There are several reasons why you may not want to implement the GNU
Build System yourself (read: write a @file{configure} script and
@file{Makefile}s yourself).

@itemize @bullet
@item
As we have seen, the GNU Build System has a lot of
features (@pxref{Use Cases}).
Some users may expect features you have not implemented because
you did not need them.
@item
Implementing these features portably is difficult and exhausting.
Think of writing portable shell scripts, and portable
@file{Makefile}s, for systems you may not have handy.  @xref{Portable
Shell, , Portable Shell Programming, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}, to
convince yourself.
@item
You will have to upgrade your setup to follow changes to the GNU
Coding Standards.
@end itemize

The GNU Autotools take all this burden off your back and provide:

@itemize @bullet
@item
Tools to create a portable, complete, and self-contained GNU Build
System, from simple instructions.
@emph{Self-contained} meaning the resulting build system does not
require the GNU Autotools.
@item
A central place where fixes and improvements are made:
a bug-fix for a portability issue will benefit every package.
@end itemize

Yet there also exist reasons why you may want NOT to use the
Autotools@enddots{} For instance you may be already using (or used to)
another incompatible build system.  Autotools will only be useful if
you do accept the concepts of the GNU Build System.  People who have their
own idea of how a build system should work will feel frustrated by the
Autotools.

@node Hello World
@section A Small Hello World
@cindex Example Hello World
@cindex Hello World example
@cindex @file{amhello-1.0.tar.gz}, creation

In this section we recreate the @file{amhello-1.0} package from
scratch.  The first subsection shows how to call the Autotools to
instantiate the GNU Build System, while the second explains the
meaning of the @file{configure.ac} and @file{Makefile.am} files read
by the Autotools.

@menu
* Creating amhello::            Create @file{amhello-1.0.tar.gz} from scratch
* amhello Explained::           @file{configure.ac} and @file{Makefile.am} explained
@end menu

@node Creating amhello
@subsection Creating @file{amhello-1.0.tar.gz}

Here is how we can recreate @file{amhello-1.0.tar.gz} from scratch.
The package is simple enough so that we will only need to write 5
files.  (You may copy them from the final @file{amhello-1.0.tar.gz}
that is distributed with Automake if you do not want to write them.)

Create the following files in an empty directory.

@itemize @bullet

@item
@file{src/main.c} is the source file for the @file{hello} program.  We
store it in the @file{src/} subdirectory, because later, when the package
evolves, it will ease the addition of a @file{man/} directory for man
pages, a @file{data/} directory for data files, etc.
@example
~/amhello % @kbd{cat src/main.c}
#include <config.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int
main (void)
@{
  puts ("Hello World!");
  puts ("This is " PACKAGE_STRING ".");
  return 0;
@}
@end example

@item
@file{README} contains some very limited documentation for our little
package.
@example
~/amhello % @kbd{cat README}
This is a demonstration package for GNU Automake.
Type `info Automake' to read the Automake manual.
@end example

@item
@file{Makefile.am} and @file{src/Makefile.am} contain Automake
instructions for these two directories.

@example
~/amhello % @kbd{cat src/Makefile.am}
bin_PROGRAMS = hello
hello_SOURCES = main.c
~/amhello % @kbd{cat Makefile.am}
SUBDIRS = src
dist_doc_DATA = README
@end example

@item
Finally, @file{configure.ac} contains Autoconf instructions to
create the @command{configure} script.

@example
~/amhello % @kbd{cat configure.ac}
AC_INIT([amhello], [1.0], [bug-automake@@gnu.org])
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([-Wall -Werror foreign])
AC_PROG_CC
AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([
 Makefile
 src/Makefile
])
AC_OUTPUT
@end example
@end itemize

@cindex @command{autoreconf}, example

Once you have these five files, it is time to run the Autotools to
instantiate the build system.  Do this using the @command{autoreconf}
command as follows:

@example
~/amhello % @kbd{autoreconf --install}
configure.ac: installing `./install-sh'
configure.ac: installing `./missing'
src/Makefile.am: installing `./depcomp'
@end example

At this point the build system is complete.

In addition to the three scripts mentioned in its output, you can see
that @command{autoreconf} created four other files: @file{configure},
@file{config.h.in}, @file{Makefile.in}, and @file{src/Makefile.in}.
The latter three files are templates that will be adapted to the
system by @command{configure} under the names @file{config.h},
@file{Makefile}, and @file{src/Makefile}.  Let's do this:

@example
~/amhello % @kbd{./configure}
checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
checking whether build environment is sane... yes
checking for gawk... no
checking for mawk... mawk
checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes
checking for gcc... gcc
checking for C compiler default output file name... a.out
checking whether the C compiler works... yes
checking whether we are cross compiling... no
checking for suffix of executables...
checking for suffix of object files... o
checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes
checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes
checking for gcc option to accept ISO C89... none needed
checking for style of include used by make... GNU
checking dependency style of gcc... gcc3
configure: creating ./config.status
config.status: creating Makefile
config.status: creating src/Makefile
config.status: creating config.h
config.status: executing depfiles commands
@end example

@trindex distcheck
@cindex @code{distcheck} example

You can see @file{Makefile}, @file{src/Makefile}, and @file{config.h}
being created at the end after @command{configure} has probed the
system.  It is now possible to run all the targets we wish
(@pxref{Standard Targets}).  For instance:

@example
~/amhello % @kbd{make}
@dots{}
~/amhello % @kbd{src/hello}
Hello World!
This is amhello 1.0.
~/amhello % @kbd{make distcheck}
@dots{}
=============================================
amhello-1.0 archives ready for distribution:
amhello-1.0.tar.gz
=============================================
@end example

Note that running @command{autoreconf} is only needed initially when
the GNU Build System does not exist.  When you later change some
instructions in a @file{Makefile.am} or @file{configure.ac}, the
relevant part of the build system will be regenerated automatically
when you execute @command{make}.

@command{autoreconf} is a script that calls @command{autoconf},
@command{automake}, and a bunch of other commands in the right order.
If you are beginning with these tools, it is not important to figure
out in which order all these tools should be invoked and why.  However,
because Autoconf and Automake have separate manuals, the important
point to understand is that @command{autoconf} is in charge of
creating @file{configure} from @file{configure.ac}, while
@command{automake} is in charge of creating @file{Makefile.in}s from
@file{Makefile.am}s and @file{configure.ac}.  This should at least
direct you to the right manual when seeking answers.


@node amhello Explained
@subsection @file{amhello-1.0} Explained

Let us begin with the contents of @file{configure.ac}.

@example
AC_INIT([amhello], [1.0], [bug-automake@@gnu.org])
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([-Wall -Werror foreign])
AC_PROG_CC
AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([
 Makefile
 src/Makefile
])
AC_OUTPUT
@end example

This file is read by both @command{autoconf} (to create
@file{configure}) and @command{automake} (to create the various
@file{Makefile.in}s).  It contains a series of M4 macros that will be
expanded as shell code to finally form the @file{configure} script.
We will not elaborate on the syntax of this file, because the Autoconf
manual has a whole section about it (@pxref{Writing configure.ac, ,
Writing @file{configure.ac}, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}).

The macros prefixed with @code{AC_} are Autoconf macros, documented
in the Autoconf manual (@pxref{Autoconf Macro Index, , Autoconf Macro
Index, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}).  The macros that start with
@code{AM_} are Automake macros, documented later in this manual
(@pxref{Macro Index}).

The first two lines of @file{configure.ac} initialize Autoconf and
Automake.  @code{AC_INIT} takes in as parameters the name of the package,
its version number, and a contact address for bug-reports about the
package (this address is output at the end of @code{./configure
--help}, for instance).  When adapting this setup to your own package,
by all means please do not blindly copy Automake's address: use the
mailing list of your package, or your own mail address.

@opindex -Wall
@opindex -Werror
@opindex foreign

The argument to @code{AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE} is a list of options for
@command{automake} (@pxref{Options}).  @option{-Wall} and
@option{-Werror} ask @command{automake} to turn on all warnings and
report them as errors.  We are speaking of @strong{Automake} warnings
here, such as dubious instructions in @file{Makefile.am}.  This has
absolutely nothing to do with how the compiler will be called, even
though it may support options with similar names.  Using @option{-Wall
-Werror} is a safe setting when starting to work on a package: you do
not want to miss any issues.  Later you may decide to relax things a
bit.  The @option{foreign} option tells Automake that this package
will not follow the GNU Standards.  GNU packages should always
distribute additional files such as @file{ChangeLog}, @file{AUTHORS},
etc.  We do not want @command{automake} to complain about these
missing files in our small example.

The @code{AC_PROG_CC} line causes the @command{configure} script to
search for a C compiler and define the variable @code{CC} with its
name.  The @file{src/Makefile.in} file generated by Automake uses the
variable @code{CC} to build @file{hello}, so when @command{configure}
creates @file{src/Makefile} from @file{src/Makefile.in}, it will define
@code{CC} with the value it has found.  If Automake is asked to create
a @file{Makefile.in} that uses @code{CC} but @file{configure.ac} does
not define it, it will suggest you add a call to @code{AC_PROG_CC}.

The @code{AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([config.h])} invocation causes the
@command{configure} script to create a @file{config.h} file gathering
@samp{#define}s defined by other macros in @file{configure.ac}.  In our
case, the @code{AC_INIT} macro already defined a few of them.  Here
is an excerpt of @file{config.h} after @command{configure} has run:

@smallexample
@dots{}
/* Define to the address where bug reports for this package should be sent. */
#define PACKAGE_BUGREPORT "bug-automake@@gnu.org"

/* Define to the full name and version of this package. */
#define PACKAGE_STRING "amhello 1.0"
@dots{}
@end smallexample

As you probably noticed, @file{src/main.c} includes @file{config.h} so
it can use @code{PACKAGE_STRING}.  In a real-world project,
@file{config.h} can grow really big, with one @samp{#define} per
feature probed on the system.

The @code{AC_CONFIG_FILES} macro declares the list of files that
@command{configure} should create from their @file{*.in} templates.
Automake also scans this list to find the @file{Makefile.am} files it must
process.  (This is important to remember: when adding a new directory
to your project, you should add its @file{Makefile} to this list,
otherwise Automake will never process the new @file{Makefile.am} you
wrote in that directory.)

Finally, the @code{AC_OUTPUT} line is a closing command that actually
produces the part of the script in charge of creating the files
registered with @code{AC_CONFIG_HEADERS} and @code{AC_CONFIG_FILES}.

@cindex @command{autoscan}

When starting a new project, we suggest you start with such a simple
@file{configure.ac}, and gradually add the other tests it requires.
The command @command{autoscan} can also suggest a few of the tests
your package may need (@pxref{autoscan Invocation, , Using
@command{autoscan} to Create @file{configure.ac}, autoconf, The
Autoconf Manual}).

@cindex @file{Makefile.am}, Hello World

We now turn to @file{src/Makefile.am}.  This file contains
Automake instructions to build and install @file{hello}.

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = hello
hello_SOURCES = main.c
@end example

A @file{Makefile.am} has the same syntax as an ordinary
@file{Makefile}.  When @command{automake} processes a
@file{Makefile.am} it copies the entire file into the output
@file{Makefile.in} (that will be later turned into @file{Makefile} by
@command{configure}) but will react to certain variable definitions
by generating some build rules and other variables.
Often @file{Makefile.am}s contain only a list of variable definitions as
above, but they can also contain other variable and rule definitions that
@command{automake} will pass along without interpretation.

Variables that end with @code{_PROGRAMS} are special variables
that list programs that the resulting @file{Makefile} should build.
In Automake speak, this @code{_PROGRAMS} suffix is called a
@dfn{primary}; Automake recognizes other primaries such as
@code{_SCRIPTS}, @code{_DATA}, @code{_LIBRARIES}, etc.@: corresponding
to different types of files.

The @samp{bin} part of the @code{bin_PROGRAMS} tells
@command{automake} that the resulting programs should be installed in
@var{bindir}.  Recall that the GNU Build System uses a set of variables
to denote destination directories and allow users to customize these
locations (@pxref{Standard Directory Variables}).  Any such directory
variable can be put in front of a primary (omitting the @code{dir}
suffix) to tell @command{automake} where to install the listed files.

Programs need to be built from source files, so for each program
@code{@var{prog}} listed in a @code{@w{_PROGRAMS}} variable,
@command{automake} will look for another variable named
@code{@var{prog}_SOURCES} listing its source files.  There may be more
than one source file: they will all be compiled and linked together.

Automake also knows that source files need to be distributed when
creating a tarball (unlike built programs).  So a side-effect of this
@code{hello_SOURCES} declaration is that @file{main.c} will be
part of the tarball created by @code{make dist}.

Finally here are some explanations regarding the top-level
@file{Makefile.am}.

@example
SUBDIRS = src
dist_doc_DATA = README
@end example

@code{SUBDIRS} is a special variable listing all directories that
@command{make} should recurse into before processing the current
directory.  So this line is responsible for @command{make} building
@file{src/hello} even though we run it from the top-level.  This line
also causes @code{make install} to install @file{src/hello} before
installing @file{README} (not that this order matters).

The line @code{dist_doc_DATA = README} causes @file{README} to be
distributed and installed in @var{docdir}.  Files listed with the
@code{_DATA} primary are not automatically part of the tarball built
with @code{make dist}, so we add the @code{dist_} prefix so they get
distributed.  However, for @file{README} it would not have been
necessary: @command{automake} automatically distributes any
@file{README} file it encounters (the list of other files
automatically distributed is presented by @code{automake --help}).
The only important effect of this second line is therefore to install
@file{README} during @code{make install}.


@node Generalities
@chapter General ideas

The following sections cover a few basic ideas that will help you
understand how Automake works.

@menu
* General Operation::           General operation of Automake
* Strictness::                  Standards conformance checking
* Uniform::                     The Uniform Naming Scheme
* Canonicalization::            How derived variables are named
* User Variables::              Variables reserved for the user
* Auxiliary Programs::          Programs automake might require
@end menu


@node General Operation
@section General Operation

Automake works by reading a @file{Makefile.am} and generating a
@file{Makefile.in}.  Certain variables and rules defined in the
@file{Makefile.am} instruct Automake to generate more specialized code;
for instance, a @code{bin_PROGRAMS} variable definition will cause rules
for compiling and linking programs to be generated.

@cindex Non-standard targets
@cindex @code{cvs-dist}, non-standard example
@trindex cvs-dist
@trindex git-dist

The variable definitions and rules in the @file{Makefile.am} are
copied verbatim into the generated file.  This allows you to add
arbitrary code into the generated @file{Makefile.in}.  For instance,
the Automake distribution includes a non-standard rule for the
@code{git-dist} target, which the Automake maintainer uses to make
distributions from his source control system.

@cindex GNU make extensions

Note that most GNU make extensions are not recognized by Automake.  Using
such extensions in a @file{Makefile.am} will lead to errors or confusing
behavior.

@cindex Append operator
@cmindex +=
A special exception is that the GNU make append operator, @samp{+=}, is
supported.  This operator appends its right hand argument to the variable
specified on the left.  Automake will translate the operator into
an ordinary @samp{=} operator; @samp{+=} will thus work with any make program.

Automake tries to keep comments grouped with any adjoining rules or
variable definitions.

@cindex Make targets, overriding
@cindex Make rules, overriding
@cindex Overriding make rules
@cindex Overriding make targets

A rule defined in @file{Makefile.am} generally overrides any such
rule of a similar name that would be automatically generated by
@command{automake}.  Although this is a supported feature, it is generally
best to avoid making use of it, as sometimes the generated rules are
very particular.

@cindex Variables, overriding
@cindex Overriding make variables

Similarly, a variable defined in @file{Makefile.am} or
@code{AC_SUBST}ed from @file{configure.ac} will override any
definition of the variable that @command{automake} would ordinarily
create.  This feature is more often useful than the ability to
override a rule.  Be warned that many of the variables generated by
@command{automake} are considered to be for internal use only, and their
names might change in future releases.

@cindex Recursive operation of Automake
@cindex Automake, recursive operation
@cindex Example of recursive operation

When examining a variable definition, Automake will recursively examine
variables referenced in the definition.  For example, if Automake is
looking at the content of @code{foo_SOURCES} in this snippet

@example
xs = a.c b.c
foo_SOURCES = c.c $(xs)
@end example

it would use the files @file{a.c}, @file{b.c}, and @file{c.c} as the
contents of @code{foo_SOURCES}.

@cindex @code{##} (special Automake comment)
@cindex Special Automake comment
@cindex Comment, special to Automake

Automake also allows a form of comment that is @emph{not} copied into
the output; all lines beginning with @samp{##} (leading spaces allowed)
are completely ignored by Automake.

It is customary to make the first line of @file{Makefile.am} read:

@cindex Makefile.am, first line
@cindex First line of Makefile.am

@example
## Process this file with automake to produce Makefile.in
@end example

@c FIXME discuss putting a copyright into Makefile.am here?  I would but
@c I don't know quite what to say.

@c FIXME document customary ordering of Makefile.am here!


@node Strictness
@section Strictness

@cindex Non-GNU packages

While Automake is intended to be used by maintainers of GNU packages, it
does make some effort to accommodate those who wish to use it, but do
not want to use all the GNU conventions.

@cindex Strictness, defined
@cindex Strictness, @option{foreign}
@cindex @option{foreign} strictness
@cindex Strictness, @option{gnu}
@cindex @option{gnu} strictness
@cindex Strictness, @option{gnits}
@cindex @option{gnits} strictness

To this end, Automake supports three levels of @dfn{strictness}---the
strictness indicating how stringently Automake should check standards
conformance.

The valid strictness levels are:

@table @option
@item foreign
Automake will check for only those things that are absolutely
required for proper operations.  For instance, whereas GNU standards
dictate the existence of a @file{NEWS} file, it will not be required in
this mode.  The name comes from the fact that Automake is intended to be
used for GNU programs; these relaxed rules are not the standard mode of
operation.

@item gnu
Automake will check---as much as possible---for compliance to the GNU
standards for packages.  This is the default.

@item gnits
Automake will check for compliance to the as-yet-unwritten @dfn{Gnits
standards}.  These are based on the GNU standards, but are even more
detailed.  Unless you are a Gnits standards contributor, it is
recommended that you avoid this option until such time as the Gnits
standard is actually published (which may never happen).
@end table

@xref{Gnits}, for more information on the precise implications of the
strictness level.

Automake also has a special ``cygnus'' mode that is similar to
strictness but handled differently.  This mode is useful for packages
that are put into a ``Cygnus'' style tree (e.g., the GCC tree).
@xref{Cygnus}, for more information on this mode.


@node Uniform
@section The Uniform Naming Scheme

@cindex Uniform naming scheme

Automake variables generally follow a @dfn{uniform naming scheme} that
makes it easy to decide how programs (and other derived objects) are
built, and how they are installed.  This scheme also supports
@command{configure} time determination of what should be built.

@cindex @code{_PROGRAMS} primary variable
@cindex @code{PROGRAMS} primary variable
@cindex Primary variable, @code{PROGRAMS}
@cindex Primary variable, defined
@vindex _PROGRAMS

At @command{make} time, certain variables are used to determine which
objects are to be built.  The variable names are made of several pieces
that are concatenated together.

The piece that tells automake what is being built is commonly called
the @dfn{primary}.  For instance, the primary @code{PROGRAMS} holds a
list of programs that are to be compiled and linked.
@vindex PROGRAMS

@cindex @code{pkgdatadir}, defined
@cindex @code{pkgincludedir}, defined
@cindex @code{pkglibdir}, defined
@cindex @code{pkglibexecdir}, defined

@vindex pkgdatadir
@vindex pkgincludedir
@vindex pkglibdir
@vindex pkglibexecdir

@cindex @code{PACKAGE}, directory
A different set of names is used to decide where the built objects
should be installed.  These names are prefixes to the primary, and they
indicate which standard directory should be used as the installation
directory.  The standard directory names are given in the GNU standards
(@pxref{Directory Variables, , , standards, The GNU Coding Standards}).
Automake extends this list with @code{pkgdatadir}, @code{pkgincludedir},
@code{pkglibdir}, and @code{pkglibexecdir}; these are the same as the
non-@samp{pkg} versions, but with @samp{$(PACKAGE)} appended.  For instance,
@code{pkglibdir} is defined as @samp{$(libdir)/$(PACKAGE)}.

@cindex @code{EXTRA_}, prepending
For each primary, there is one additional variable named by prepending
@samp{EXTRA_} to the primary name.  This variable is used to list
objects that may or may not be built, depending on what
@command{configure} decides.  This variable is required because Automake
must statically know the entire list of objects that may be built in
order to generate a @file{Makefile.in} that will work in all cases.

@cindex @code{EXTRA_PROGRAMS}, defined
@cindex Example, @code{EXTRA_PROGRAMS}
@cindex @command{cpio} example

For instance, @command{cpio} decides at configure time which programs
should be built.  Some of the programs are installed in @code{bindir},
and some are installed in @code{sbindir}:

@example
EXTRA_PROGRAMS = mt rmt
bin_PROGRAMS = cpio pax
sbin_PROGRAMS = $(MORE_PROGRAMS)
@end example

Defining a primary without a prefix as a variable, e.g.,
@samp{PROGRAMS}, is an error.

Note that the common @samp{dir} suffix is left off when constructing the
variable names; thus one writes @samp{bin_PROGRAMS} and not
@samp{bindir_PROGRAMS}.

Not every sort of object can be installed in every directory.  Automake
will flag those attempts it finds in error.
Automake will also diagnose obvious misspellings in directory names.

@cindex Extending list of installation directories
@cindex Installation directories, extending list

Sometimes the standard directories---even as augmented by
Automake---are not enough.  In particular it is sometimes useful, for
clarity, to install objects in a subdirectory of some predefined
directory.  To this end, Automake allows you to extend the list of
possible installation directories.  A given prefix (e.g., @samp{zar})
is valid if a variable of the same name with @samp{dir} appended is
defined (e.g., @samp{zardir}).

For instance, the following snippet will install @file{file.xml} into
@samp{$(datadir)/xml}.

@example
xmldir = $(datadir)/xml
xml_DATA = file.xml
@end example

@cindex @samp{noinst_} primary prefix, definition
@vindex noinst_

The special prefix @samp{noinst_} indicates that the objects in question
should be built but not installed at all.  This is usually used for
objects required to build the rest of your package, for instance static
libraries (@pxref{A Library}), or helper scripts.

@cindex @samp{check_} primary prefix, definition
@vindex check_

The special prefix @samp{check_} indicates that the objects in question
should not be built until the @samp{make check} command is run.  Those
objects are not installed either.

The current primary names are @samp{PROGRAMS}, @samp{LIBRARIES},
@samp{LISP}, @samp{PYTHON}, @samp{JAVA}, @samp{SCRIPTS}, @samp{DATA},
@samp{HEADERS}, @samp{MANS}, and @samp{TEXINFOS}.
@vindex PROGRAMS
@vindex LIBRARIES
@vindex LISP
@vindex PYTHON
@vindex JAVA
@vindex SCRIPTS
@vindex DATA
@vindex HEADERS
@vindex MANS
@vindex TEXINFOS

Some primaries also allow additional prefixes that control other
aspects of @command{automake}'s behavior.  The currently defined prefixes
are @samp{dist_}, @samp{nodist_}, @samp{nobase_}, and @samp{notrans_}.
These prefixes are explained later (@pxref{Program and Library Variables})
(@pxref{Man pages}).


@node Canonicalization
@section How derived variables are named

@cindex canonicalizing Automake variables

Sometimes a Makefile variable name is derived from some text the
maintainer supplies.  For instance, a program name listed in
@samp{_PROGRAMS} is rewritten into the name of a @samp{_SOURCES}
variable.  In cases like this, Automake canonicalizes the text, so that
program names and the like do not have to follow Makefile variable naming
rules.  All characters in the name except for letters, numbers, the
strudel (@@), and the underscore are turned into underscores when making
variable references.

For example, if your program is named @file{sniff-glue}, the derived
variable name would be @samp{sniff_glue_SOURCES}, not
@samp{sniff-glue_SOURCES}.  Similarly the sources for a library named
@file{libmumble++.a} should be listed in the
@samp{libmumble___a_SOURCES} variable.

The strudel is an addition, to make the use of Autoconf substitutions in
variable names less obfuscating.


@node User Variables
@section Variables reserved for the user

@cindex variables, reserved for the user
@cindex user variables

Some @file{Makefile} variables are reserved by the GNU Coding Standards
for the use of the ``user''---the person building the package.  For
instance, @code{CFLAGS} is one such variable.

Sometimes package developers are tempted to set user variables such as
@code{CFLAGS} because it appears to make their job easier.  However,
the package itself should never set a user variable, particularly not
to include switches that are required for proper compilation of the
package.  Since these variables are documented as being for the
package builder, that person rightfully expects to be able to override
any of these variables at build time.

To get around this problem, Automake introduces an automake-specific
shadow variable for each user flag variable.  (Shadow variables are
not introduced for variables like @code{CC}, where they would make no
sense.)  The shadow variable is named by prepending @samp{AM_} to the
user variable's name.  For instance, the shadow variable for
@code{YFLAGS} is @code{AM_YFLAGS}.  The package maintainer---that is,
the author(s) of the @file{Makefile.am} and @file{configure.ac}
files---may adjust these shadow variables however necessary.

@xref{Flag Variables Ordering}, for more discussion about these
variables and how they interact with per-target variables.

@node Auxiliary Programs
@section Programs automake might require

@cindex Programs, auxiliary
@cindex Auxiliary programs

Automake sometimes requires helper programs so that the generated
@file{Makefile} can do its work properly.  There are a fairly large
number of them, and we list them here.

Although all of these files are distributed and installed with
Automake, a couple of them are maintained separately.  The Automake
copies are updated before each release, but we mention the original
source in case you need more recent versions.

@table @code
@item ansi2knr.c
@itemx ansi2knr.1
These two files are used by the obsolete de-ANSI-fication support
(@pxref{ANSI}).

@item compile
This is a wrapper for compilers that do not accept options @option{-c}
and @option{-o} at the same time.  It is only used when absolutely
required.  Such compilers are rare.

@item config.guess
@itemx config.sub
These two programs compute the canonical triplets for the given build,
host, or target architecture.  These programs are updated regularly to
support new architectures and fix probes broken by changes in new
kernel versions.  Each new release of Automake comes with up-to-date
copies of these programs.  If your copy of Automake is getting old,
you are encouraged to fetch the latest versions of these files from
@url{http://savannah.gnu.org/cvs/?group=config} before making a
release.

@item config-ml.in
This file is not a program, it is a @file{configure} fragment used for
multilib support (@pxref{Multilibs}).  This file is maintained in the
GCC tree at @url{http://gcc.gnu.org/svn.html}.

@item depcomp
This program understands how to run a compiler so that it will
generate not only the desired output but also dependency information
that is then used by the automatic dependency tracking feature
(@pxref{Dependencies}).

@item elisp-comp
This program is used to byte-compile Emacs Lisp code.

@item install-sh
This is a replacement for the @command{install} program that works on
platforms where @command{install} is unavailable or unusable.

@item mdate-sh
This script is used to generate a @file{version.texi} file.  It examines
a file and prints some date information about it.

@item missing
This wraps a number of programs that are typically only required by
maintainers.  If the program in question doesn't exist,
@command{missing} prints an informative warning and attempts to fix
things so that the build can continue.

@item mkinstalldirs
This script used to be a wrapper around @samp{mkdir -p}, which is not
portable.  Now we prefer to use @samp{install-sh -d} when configure
finds that @samp{mkdir -p} does not work, this makes one less script to
distribute.

For backward compatibility @file{mkinstalldirs} is still used and
distributed when @command{automake} finds it in a package.  But it is no
longer installed automatically, and it should be safe to remove it.

@item py-compile
This is used to byte-compile Python scripts.

@item symlink-tree
This program duplicates a tree of directories, using symbolic links
instead of copying files.  Such operation is performed when building
multilibs (@pxref{Multilibs}).  This file is maintained in the GCC
tree at @url{http://gcc.gnu.org/svn.html}.

@item texinfo.tex
Not a program, this file is required for @samp{make dvi}, @samp{make
ps} and @samp{make pdf} to work when Texinfo sources are in the
package.  The latest version can be downloaded from
@url{http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/}.

@item ylwrap
This program wraps @command{lex} and @command{yacc} to rename their
output files.  It also ensures that, for instance, multiple
@command{yacc} instances can be invoked in a single directory in
parallel.

@end table


@node Examples
@chapter Some example packages

This section contains two small examples.

The first example (@pxref{Complete}) assumes you have an existing
project already using Autoconf, with handcrafted @file{Makefile}s, and
that you want to convert it to using Automake.  If you are discovering
both tools, it is probably better that you look at the Hello World
example presented earlier (@pxref{Hello World}).

The second example (@pxref{true}) shows how two programs can be built
from the same file, using different compilation parameters.  It
contains some technical digressions that are probably best skipped on
first read.

@menu
* Complete::                    A simple example, start to finish
* true::                        Building true and false
@end menu


@node Complete
@section A simple example, start to finish

@cindex Complete example

Let's suppose you just finished writing @code{zardoz}, a program to make
your head float from vortex to vortex.  You've been using Autoconf to
provide a portability framework, but your @file{Makefile.in}s have been
ad-hoc.  You want to make them bulletproof, so you turn to Automake.

@cindex @code{AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE}, example use

The first step is to update your @file{configure.ac} to include the
commands that @command{automake} needs.  The way to do this is to add an
@code{AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE} call just after @code{AC_INIT}:

@example
AC_INIT([zardoz], [1.0])
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE
@dots{}
@end example

Since your program doesn't have any complicating factors (e.g., it
doesn't use @code{gettext}, it doesn't want to build a shared library),
you're done with this part.  That was easy!

@cindex @command{aclocal} program, introduction
@cindex @file{aclocal.m4}, preexisting
@cindex @file{acinclude.m4}, defined

Now you must regenerate @file{configure}.  But to do that, you'll need
to tell @command{autoconf} how to find the new macro you've used.  The
easiest way to do this is to use the @command{aclocal} program to
generate your @file{aclocal.m4} for you.  But wait@dots{} maybe you
already have an @file{aclocal.m4}, because you had to write some hairy
macros for your program.  The @command{aclocal} program lets you put
your own macros into @file{acinclude.m4}, so simply rename and then
run:

@example
mv aclocal.m4 acinclude.m4
aclocal
autoconf
@end example

@cindex @command{zardoz} example

Now it is time to write your @file{Makefile.am} for @code{zardoz}.
Since @code{zardoz} is a user program, you want to install it where the
rest of the user programs go: @code{bindir}.  Additionally,
@code{zardoz} has some Texinfo documentation.  Your @file{configure.ac}
script uses @code{AC_REPLACE_FUNCS}, so you need to link against
@samp{$(LIBOBJS)}.  So here's what you'd write:

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = zardoz
zardoz_SOURCES = main.c head.c float.c vortex9.c gun.c
zardoz_LDADD = $(LIBOBJS)

info_TEXINFOS = zardoz.texi
@end example

Now you can run @samp{automake --add-missing} to generate your
@file{Makefile.in} and grab any auxiliary files you might need, and
you're done!


@node true
@section Building true and false

@cindex Example, @command{false} and @command{true}
@cindex @command{false} Example
@cindex @command{true} Example

Here is another, trickier example.  It shows how to generate two
programs (@code{true} and @code{false}) from the same source file
(@file{true.c}).  The difficult part is that each compilation of
@file{true.c} requires different @code{cpp} flags.

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = true false
false_SOURCES =
false_LDADD = false.o

true.o: true.c
        $(COMPILE) -DEXIT_CODE=0 -c true.c

false.o: true.c
        $(COMPILE) -DEXIT_CODE=1 -o false.o -c true.c
@end example

Note that there is no @code{true_SOURCES} definition.  Automake will
implicitly assume that there is a source file named @file{true.c}, and
define rules to compile @file{true.o} and link @file{true}.  The
@samp{true.o: true.c} rule supplied by the above @file{Makefile.am},
will override the Automake generated rule to build @file{true.o}.

@code{false_SOURCES} is defined to be empty---that way no implicit value
is substituted.  Because we have not listed the source of
@file{false}, we have to tell Automake how to link the program.  This is
the purpose of the @code{false_LDADD} line.  A @code{false_DEPENDENCIES}
variable, holding the dependencies of the @file{false} target will be
automatically generated by Automake from the content of
@code{false_LDADD}.

The above rules won't work if your compiler doesn't accept both
@option{-c} and @option{-o}.  The simplest fix for this is to introduce a
bogus dependency (to avoid problems with a parallel @command{make}):

@example
true.o: true.c false.o
        $(COMPILE) -DEXIT_CODE=0 -c true.c

false.o: true.c
        $(COMPILE) -DEXIT_CODE=1 -c true.c && mv true.o false.o
@end example

Also, these explicit rules do not work if the obsolete de-ANSI-fication feature
is used (@pxref{ANSI}).  Supporting de-ANSI-fication requires a little
more work:

@example
true_.o: true_.c false_.o
        $(COMPILE) -DEXIT_CODE=0 -c true_.c

false_.o: true_.c
        $(COMPILE) -DEXIT_CODE=1 -c true_.c && mv true_.o false_.o
@end example

As it turns out, there is also a much easier way to do this same task.
Some of the above techniques are useful enough that we've kept the
example in the manual.  However if you were to build @code{true} and
@code{false} in real life, you would probably use per-program
compilation flags, like so:

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = false true

false_SOURCES = true.c
false_CPPFLAGS = -DEXIT_CODE=1

true_SOURCES = true.c
true_CPPFLAGS = -DEXIT_CODE=0
@end example

In this case Automake will cause @file{true.c} to be compiled twice,
with different flags.  De-ANSI-fication will work automatically.  In
this instance, the names of the object files would be chosen by
automake; they would be @file{false-true.o} and @file{true-true.o}.
(The name of the object files rarely matters.)


@node Invoking Automake
@chapter Creating a @file{Makefile.in}

@cindex Multiple @file{configure.ac} files
@cindex Invoking @command{automake}
@cindex @command{automake}, invoking

To create all the @file{Makefile.in}s for a package, run the
@command{automake} program in the top level directory, with no
arguments.  @command{automake} will automatically find each
appropriate @file{Makefile.am} (by scanning @file{configure.ac};
@pxref{configure}) and generate the corresponding @file{Makefile.in}.
Note that @command{automake} has a rather simplistic view of what
constitutes a package; it assumes that a package has only one
@file{configure.ac}, at the top.  If your package has multiple
@file{configure.ac}s, then you must run @command{automake} in each
directory holding a @file{configure.ac}.  (Alternatively, you may rely
on Autoconf's @command{autoreconf}, which is able to recurse your
package tree and run @command{automake} where appropriate.)

You can optionally give @command{automake} an argument; @file{.am} is
appended to the argument and the result is used as the name of the
input file.  This feature is generally only used to automatically
rebuild an out-of-date @file{Makefile.in}.  Note that
@command{automake} must always be run from the topmost directory of a
project, even if being used to regenerate the @file{Makefile.in} in
some subdirectory.  This is necessary because @command{automake} must
scan @file{configure.ac}, and because @command{automake} uses the
knowledge that a @file{Makefile.in} is in a subdirectory to change its
behavior in some cases.

@vindex AUTOCONF
Automake will run @command{autoconf} to scan @file{configure.ac} and
its dependencies (i.e., @file{aclocal.m4} and any included file),
therefore @command{autoconf} must be in your @env{PATH}.  If there is
an @env{AUTOCONF} variable in your environment it will be used
instead of @command{autoconf}, this allows you to select a particular
version of Autoconf.  By the way, don't misunderstand this paragraph:
@command{automake} runs @command{autoconf} to @strong{scan} your
@file{configure.ac}, this won't build @file{configure} and you still
have to run @command{autoconf} yourself for this purpose.

@cindex @command{automake} options
@cindex Options, @command{automake}
@cindex Strictness, command line

@command{automake} accepts the following options:

@cindex Extra files distributed with Automake
@cindex Files distributed with Automake
@cindex @file{config.guess}

@table @code
@item -a
@itemx --add-missing
@opindex -a
@opindex --add-missing
Automake requires certain common files to exist in certain situations;
for instance, @file{config.guess} is required if @file{configure.ac} runs
@code{AC_CANONICAL_HOST}.  Automake is distributed with several of these
files (@pxref{Auxiliary Programs}); this option will cause the missing
ones to be automatically added to the package, whenever possible.  In
general if Automake tells you a file is missing, try using this option.
By default Automake tries to make a symbolic link pointing to its own
copy of the missing file; this can be changed with @option{--copy}.

Many of the potentially-missing files are common scripts whose
location may be specified via the @code{AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR} macro.
Therefore, @code{AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR}'s setting affects whether a
file is considered missing, and where the missing file is added
(@pxref{Optional}).

@item --libdir=@var{dir}
@opindex --libdir
Look for Automake data files in directory @var{dir} instead of in the
installation directory.  This is typically used for debugging.

@item -c
@opindex -c
@itemx --copy
@opindex --copy
When used with @option{--add-missing}, causes installed files to be
copied.  The default is to make a symbolic link.

@item --cygnus
@opindex --cygnus
Causes the generated @file{Makefile.in}s to follow Cygnus rules, instead
of GNU or Gnits rules.  For more information, see @ref{Cygnus}.

@item -f
@opindex -f
@itemx --force-missing
@opindex --force-missing
When used with @option{--add-missing}, causes standard files to be reinstalled
even if they already exist in the source tree.  This involves removing
the file from the source tree before creating the new symlink (or, with
@option{--copy}, copying the new file).

@item --foreign
@opindex --foreign
Set the global strictness to @option{foreign}.  For more information, see
@ref{Strictness}.

@item --gnits
@opindex --gnits
Set the global strictness to @option{gnits}.  For more information, see
@ref{Gnits}.

@item --gnu
@opindex --gnu
Set the global strictness to @option{gnu}.  For more information, see
@ref{Gnits}.  This is the default strictness.

@item --help
@opindex --help
Print a summary of the command line options and exit.

@item -i
@itemx --ignore-deps
@opindex -i
This disables the dependency tracking feature in generated
@file{Makefile}s; see @ref{Dependencies}.

@item --include-deps
@opindex --include-deps
This enables the dependency tracking feature.  This feature is enabled
by default.  This option is provided for historical reasons only and
probably should not be used.

@item --no-force
@opindex --no-force
Ordinarily @command{automake} creates all @file{Makefile.in}s mentioned in
@file{configure.ac}.  This option causes it to only update those
@file{Makefile.in}s that are out of date with respect to one of their
dependents.

@item -o @var{dir}
@itemx --output-dir=@var{dir}
@opindex -o
@opindex --output-dir
Put the generated @file{Makefile.in} in the directory @var{dir}.
Ordinarily each @file{Makefile.in} is created in the directory of the
corresponding @file{Makefile.am}.  This option is deprecated and will be
removed in a future release.

@item -v
@itemx --verbose
@opindex -v
@opindex --verbose
Cause Automake to print information about which files are being read or
created.

@item --version
@opindex --version
Print the version number of Automake and exit.

@item -W CATEGORY
@item --warnings=@var{category}
@opindex -W
@opindex --warnings
Output warnings falling in @var{category}.  @var{category} can be
one of:
@table @code
@item gnu
warnings related to the GNU Coding Standards
(@pxref{Top, , , standards, The GNU Coding Standards}).
@item obsolete
obsolete features or constructions
@item override
user redefinitions of Automake rules or variables
@item portability
portability issues (e.g., use of @command{make} features that are
known to be not portable)
@item syntax
weird syntax, unused variables, typos
@item unsupported
unsupported or incomplete features
@item all
all the warnings
@item none
turn off all the warnings
@item error
treat warnings as errors
@end table

A category can be turned off by prefixing its name with @samp{no-}.  For
instance, @option{-Wno-syntax} will hide the warnings about unused
variables.

The categories output by default are @samp{syntax} and
@samp{unsupported}.  Additionally, @samp{gnu} and @samp{portability}
are enabled in @option{--gnu} and @option{--gnits} strictness.

@vindex WARNINGS
The environment variable @env{WARNINGS} can contain a comma separated
list of categories to enable.  It will be taken into account before the
command-line switches, this way @option{-Wnone} will also ignore any
warning category enabled by @env{WARNINGS}.  This variable is also used
by other tools like @command{autoconf}; unknown categories are ignored
for this reason.

@end table


@node configure
@chapter Scanning @file{configure.ac}

@cindex @file{configure.ac}, scanning
@cindex Scanning @file{configure.ac}

Automake scans the package's @file{configure.ac} to determine certain
information about the package.  Some @command{autoconf} macros are required
and some variables must be defined in @file{configure.ac}.  Automake
will also use information from @file{configure.ac} to further tailor its
output.

Automake also supplies some Autoconf macros to make the maintenance
easier.  These macros can automatically be put into your
@file{aclocal.m4} using the @command{aclocal} program.

@menu
* Requirements::                Configuration requirements
* Optional::                    Other things Automake recognizes
* Invoking aclocal::            Auto-generating aclocal.m4
* Macros::                      Autoconf macros supplied with Automake
@end menu


@node Requirements
@section Configuration requirements

@cindex Automake requirements
@cindex Requirements of Automake

@acindex AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE
The one real requirement of Automake is that your @file{configure.ac}
call @code{AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE}.  This macro does several things that are
required for proper Automake operation (@pxref{Macros}).

Here are the other macros that Automake requires but which are not run
by @code{AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE}:

@table @code
@item AC_CONFIG_FILES
@itemx AC_OUTPUT
@acindex AC_CONFIG_FILES
@acindex AC_OUTPUT
These two macros are usually invoked as follows near the end of
@file{configure.ac}.

@example
@dots{}
AC_CONFIG_FILES([
  Makefile
  doc/Makefile
  src/Makefile
  src/lib/Makefile
  @dots{}
])
AC_OUTPUT
@end example

Automake uses these to determine which files to create (@pxref{Output, ,
Creating Output Files, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}).  A listed file
is considered to be an Automake generated @file{Makefile} if there
exists a file with the same name and the @file{.am} extension appended.
Typically, @samp{AC_CONFIG_FILES([foo/Makefile])} will cause Automake to
generate @file{foo/Makefile.in} if @file{foo/Makefile.am} exists.

When using @code{AC_CONFIG_FILES} with multiple input files, as in

@example
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile:top.in:Makefile.in:bot.in])
@end example

@noindent
@command{automake} will generate the first @file{.in} input file for
which a @file{.am} file exists.  If no such file exists the output
file is not considered to be generated by Automake.

Files created by @code{AC_CONFIG_FILES}, be they Automake
@file{Makefile}s or not, are all removed by @samp{make distclean}.
Their inputs are automatically distributed, except for inputs that
turn out the be outputs of prior @code{AC_CONFIG_FILES} commands.
Finally, rebuild rules are generated in the Automake @file{Makefile}
existing in the subdirectory of the output file, if there is one, or
in the top-level @file{Makefile} otherwise.

The above machinery (cleaning, distributing, and rebuilding) works
fine if the @code{AC_CONFIG_FILES} specifications contain only
literals.  If part of the specification uses shell variables,
@command{automake} will not be able to fulfill this setup, and you will
have to complete the missing bits by hand.  For instance, on

@example
file=input
@dots{}
AC_CONFIG_FILES([output:$file],, [file=$file])
@end example

@noindent
@command{automake} will output rules to clean @file{output}, and
rebuild it.  However the rebuild rule will not depend on @file{input},
and this file will not be distributed either.  (You must add
@samp{EXTRA_DIST = input} to your @file{Makefile} if @file{input} is a
source file.)

Similarly

@example
file=output
file2=out:in
@dots{}
AC_CONFIG_FILES([$file:input],, [file=$file])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([$file2],, [file2=$file2])
@end example

@noindent
will only cause @file{input} to be distributed.  No file will be
cleaned automatically (add @samp{DISTCLEANFILES = output out}
yourself), and no rebuild rule will be output.

Obviously @command{automake} cannot guess what value @samp{$file} is
going to hold later when @file{configure} is run, and it cannot use
the shell variable @samp{$file} in a @file{Makefile}.  However, if you
make reference to @samp{$file} as @samp{$@{file@}} (i.e., in a way
that is compatible with @command{make}'s syntax) and furthermore use
@code{AC_SUBST} to ensure that @samp{$@{file@}} is meaningful in a
@file{Makefile}, then @command{automake} will be able to use
@samp{$@{file@}} to generate all these rules.  For instance, here is
how the Automake package itself generates versioned scripts for its
test suite:

@example
AC_SUBST([APIVERSION], @dots{})
@dots{}
AC_CONFIG_FILES(
  [tests/aclocal-$@{APIVERSION@}:tests/aclocal.in],
  [chmod +x tests/aclocal-$@{APIVERSION@}],
  [APIVERSION=$APIVERSION])
AC_CONFIG_FILES(
  [tests/automake-$@{APIVERSION@}:tests/automake.in],
  [chmod +x tests/automake-$@{APIVERSION@}])
@end example

@noindent
Here cleaning, distributing, and rebuilding are done automatically,
because @samp{$@{APIVERSION@}} is known at @command{make}-time.

Note that you should not use shell variables to declare
@file{Makefile} files for which @command{automake} must create
@file{Makefile.in}.  Even @code{AC_SUBST} does not help here, because
@command{automake} needs to know the file name when it runs in order
to check whether @file{Makefile.am} exists.  (In the very hairy case
that your setup requires such use of variables, you will have to tell
Automake which @file{Makefile.in}s to generate on the command-line.)

To summarize:
@itemize @bullet
@item
Use literals for @file{Makefile}s, and for other files whenever possible.
@item
Use @samp{$file} (or @samp{$@{file@}} without @samp{AC_SUBST([file])})
for files that @command{automake} should ignore.
@item
Use @samp{$@{file@}} and @samp{AC_SUBST([file])} for files
that @command{automake} should not ignore.
@end itemize

@end table


@node Optional
@section Other things Automake recognizes

@cindex Macros Automake recognizes
@cindex Recognized macros by Automake

Every time Automake is run it calls Autoconf to trace
@file{configure.ac}.  This way it can recognize the use of certain
macros and tailor the generated @file{Makefile.in} appropriately.
Currently recognized macros and their effects are:

@ftable @code
@item AC_CANONICAL_BUILD
@itemx AC_CANONICAL_HOST
@itemx AC_CANONICAL_TARGET
@vindex build_triplet
@vindex host_triplet
@vindex target_triplet
Automake will ensure that @file{config.guess} and @file{config.sub}
exist.  Also, the @file{Makefile} variables @code{build_triplet},
@code{host_triplet} and @code{target_triplet} are introduced.  See
@ref{Canonicalizing, , Getting the Canonical System Type, autoconf,
The Autoconf Manual}.

@item AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR
Automake will look for various helper scripts, such as
@file{install-sh}, in the directory named in this macro invocation.
@c This list is accurate relative to version 1.8
(The full list of scripts is: @file{config.guess}, @file{config.sub},
@file{depcomp}, @file{elisp-comp}, @file{compile}, @file{install-sh},
@file{ltmain.sh}, @file{mdate-sh}, @file{missing}, @file{mkinstalldirs},
@file{py-compile}, @file{texinfo.tex}, and @file{ylwrap}.)  Not all
scripts are always searched for; some scripts will only be sought if the
generated @file{Makefile.in} requires them.

If @code{AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR} is not given, the scripts are looked for in
their standard locations.  For @file{mdate-sh},
@file{texinfo.tex}, and @file{ylwrap}, the standard location is the
source directory corresponding to the current @file{Makefile.am}.  For
the rest, the standard location is the first one of @file{.}, @file{..},
or @file{../..} (relative to the top source directory) that provides any
one of the helper scripts.  @xref{Input, , Finding `configure' Input,
autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}.

Required files from @code{AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR} are automatically
distributed, even if there is no @file{Makefile.am} in this directory.

@item AC_CONFIG_LIBOBJ_DIR
Automake will require the sources file declared with
@code{AC_LIBSOURCE} (see below) in the directory specified by this
macro.

@item AC_CONFIG_HEADERS
Automake will generate rules to rebuild these headers.  Older versions
of Automake required the use of @code{AM_CONFIG_HEADER}
(@pxref{Macros}); this is no longer the case today.

As for @code{AC_CONFIG_FILES} (@pxref{Requirements}), parts of the
specification using shell variables will be ignored as far as
cleaning, distributing, and rebuilding is concerned.

@item AC_CONFIG_LINKS
Automake will generate rules to remove @file{configure} generated
links on @samp{make distclean} and to distribute named source files as
part of @samp{make dist}.

As for @code{AC_CONFIG_FILES} (@pxref{Requirements}), parts of the
specification using shell variables will be ignored as far as cleaning
and distributing is concerned.  (There is no rebuild rules for links.)

@item AC_LIBOBJ
@itemx AC_LIBSOURCE
@itemx AC_LIBSOURCES
@vindex LIBOBJS
Automake will automatically distribute any file listed in
@code{AC_LIBSOURCE} or @code{AC_LIBSOURCES}.

Note that the @code{AC_LIBOBJ} macro calls @code{AC_LIBSOURCE}.  So if
an Autoconf macro is documented to call @samp{AC_LIBOBJ([file])}, then
@file{file.c} will be distributed automatically by Automake.  This
encompasses many macros like @code{AC_FUNC_ALLOCA},
@code{AC_FUNC_MEMCMP}, @code{AC_REPLACE_FUNCS}, and others.

By the way, direct assignments to @code{LIBOBJS} are no longer
supported.  You should always use @code{AC_LIBOBJ} for this purpose.
@xref{AC_LIBOBJ vs LIBOBJS, , @code{AC_LIBOBJ} vs.@: @code{LIBOBJS},
autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}.

@item AC_PROG_RANLIB
This is required if any libraries are built in the package.
@xref{Particular Programs, , Particular Program Checks, autoconf, The
Autoconf Manual}.

@item AC_PROG_CXX
This is required if any C++ source is included.  @xref{Particular
Programs, , Particular Program Checks, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}.

@item AC_PROG_OBJC
This is required if any Objective C source is included.  @xref{Particular
Programs, , Particular Program Checks, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}.

@item AC_PROG_F77
This is required if any Fortran 77 source is included.  This macro is
distributed with Autoconf version 2.13 and later.  @xref{Particular
Programs, , Particular Program Checks, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}.

@item AC_F77_LIBRARY_LDFLAGS
This is required for programs and shared libraries that are a mixture of
languages that include Fortran 77 (@pxref{Mixing Fortran 77 With C and
C++}).  @xref{Macros, , Autoconf macros supplied with Automake}.

@item AC_FC_SRCEXT
Automake will add the flags computed by @code{AC_FC_SRCEXT} to compilation
of files with the respective source extension (@pxref{Fortran Compiler, ,
Fortran Compiler Characteristics, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}).

@item AC_PROG_FC
This is required if any Fortran 90/95 source is included.  This macro is
distributed with Autoconf version 2.58 and later.  @xref{Particular
Programs, , Particular Program Checks, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}.

@item AC_PROG_LIBTOOL
Automake will turn on processing for @command{libtool} (@pxref{Top, ,
Introduction, libtool, The Libtool Manual}).

@item AC_PROG_YACC
@vindex YACC
If a Yacc source file is seen, then you must either use this macro or
define the variable @code{YACC} in @file{configure.ac}.  The former is
preferred (@pxref{Particular Programs, , Particular Program Checks,
autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}).

@item AC_PROG_LEX
If a Lex source file is seen, then this macro must be used.
@xref{Particular Programs, , Particular Program Checks, autoconf, The
Autoconf Manual}.

@item AC_REQUIRE_AUX_FILE
@command{automake} will ensure each file for which this macro is
called exists in the aux directory, and will complain otherwise.  It
will also automatically distribute the file.  This macro should be
used by third-party Autoconf macros that requires some supporting
files in the aux directory specified with @code{AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR}
above.  @xref{Input, , Finding @command{configure} Input, autoconf,
The Autoconf Manual}.

@item AC_SUBST
The first argument is automatically defined as a variable in each
generated @file{Makefile.in}.  @xref{Setting Output Variables, , Setting
Output Variables, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}.

If the Autoconf manual says that a macro calls @code{AC_SUBST} for
@var{var}, or defines the output variable @var{var} then @var{var} will
be defined in each @file{Makefile.in} generated by Automake.
E.g.@: @code{AC_PATH_XTRA} defines @code{X_CFLAGS} and @code{X_LIBS}, so
you can use these variables in any @file{Makefile.am} if
@code{AC_PATH_XTRA} is called.

@item AM_C_PROTOTYPES
This is required when using the obsolete de-ANSI-fication feature; see
@ref{ANSI}.

@item AM_GNU_GETTEXT
This macro is required for packages that use GNU gettext
(@pxref{gettext}).  It is distributed with gettext.  If Automake sees
this macro it ensures that the package meets some of gettext's
requirements.

@item AM_GNU_GETTEXT_INTL_SUBDIR
This macro specifies that the @file{intl/} subdirectory is to be built,
even if the @code{AM_GNU_GETTEXT} macro was invoked with a first argument
of @samp{external}.

@item AM_MAINTAINER_MODE
@opindex --enable-maintainer-mode
This macro adds a @option{--enable-maintainer-mode} option to
@command{configure}.  If this is used, @command{automake} will cause
``maintainer-only'' rules to be turned off by default in the
generated @file{Makefile.in}s.  This macro defines the
@code{MAINTAINER_MODE} conditional, which you can use in your own
@file{Makefile.am}.  @xref{maintainer-mode}.

@item m4_include
Files included by @file{configure.ac} using this macro will be
detected by Automake and automatically distributed.  They will also
appear as dependencies in @file{Makefile} rules.

@code{m4_include} is seldom used by @file{configure.ac} authors, but
can appear in @file{aclocal.m4} when @command{aclocal} detects that
some required macros come from files local to your package (as opposed
to macros installed in a system-wide directory, @pxref{Invoking
aclocal}).

@end ftable


@node Invoking aclocal
@section Auto-generating aclocal.m4

@cindex Invoking @command{aclocal}
@cindex @command{aclocal}, Invoking

Automake includes a number of Autoconf macros that can be used in
your package (@pxref{Macros}); some of them are actually required by
Automake in certain situations.  These macros must be defined in your
@file{aclocal.m4}; otherwise they will not be seen by
@command{autoconf}.

The @command{aclocal} program will automatically generate
@file{aclocal.m4} files based on the contents of @file{configure.ac}.
This provides a convenient way to get Automake-provided macros,
without having to search around.  The @command{aclocal} mechanism
allows other packages to supply their own macros (@pxref{Extending
aclocal}).  You can also use it to maintain your own set of custom
macros (@pxref{Local Macros}).

At startup, @command{aclocal} scans all the @file{.m4} files it can
find, looking for macro definitions (@pxref{Macro search path}).  Then
it scans @file{configure.ac}.  Any mention of one of the macros found
in the first step causes that macro, and any macros it in turn
requires, to be put into @file{aclocal.m4}.

@emph{Putting} the file that contains the macro definition into
@file{aclocal.m4} is usually done by copying the entire text of this
file, including unused macro definitions as well as both @samp{#} and
@samp{dnl} comments.  If you want to make a comment that will be
completely ignored by @command{aclocal}, use @samp{##} as the comment
leader.

When a file selected by @command{aclocal} is located in a subdirectory
specified as a relative search path with @command{aclocal}'s @option{-I}
argument, @command{aclocal} assumes the file belongs to the package
and uses @code{m4_include} instead of copying it into
@file{aclocal.m4}.  This makes the package smaller, eases dependency
tracking, and cause the file to be distributed automatically.
(@xref{Local Macros}, for an example.)  Any macro that is found in a
system-wide directory, or via an absolute search path will be copied.
So use @samp{-I `pwd`/reldir} instead of @samp{-I reldir} whenever
some relative directory need to be considered outside the package.

The contents of @file{acinclude.m4}, if this file exists, are also
automatically included in @file{aclocal.m4}.  We recommend against
using @file{acinclude.m4} in new packages (@pxref{Local Macros}).

@vindex AUTOM4TE
@cindex autom4te
While computing @file{aclocal.m4}, @command{aclocal} runs
@command{autom4te} (@pxref{Using autom4te, , Using @command{Autom4te},
autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}) in order to trace the macros that are
really used, and omit from @file{aclocal.m4} all macros that are
mentioned but otherwise unexpanded (this can happen when a macro is
called conditionally).  @command{autom4te} is expected to be in the
@env{PATH}, just as @command{autoconf}.  Its location can be
overridden using the @env{AUTOM4TE} environment variable.

@menu
* aclocal options::             Options supported by aclocal
* Macro search path::           How aclocal finds .m4 files
* Extending aclocal::           Writing your own aclocal macros
* Local Macros::                Organizing local macros
* Serials::                     Serial lines in Autoconf macros
* Future of aclocal::           aclocal's scheduled death
@end menu

@node aclocal options
@subsection aclocal options

@cindex @command{aclocal}, Options
@cindex Options, @command{aclocal}

@command{aclocal} accepts the following options:

@table @code
@item --acdir=@var{dir}
@opindex --acdir
Look for the macro files in @var{dir} instead of the installation
directory.  This is typically used for debugging.

@item --diff[=@var{command}]
@opindex --diff
Run @var{command} on M4 file that would be installed or overwritten
by @option{--install}.  The default @var{command} is @samp{diff -u}.
This option implies @option{--install} and @option{--dry-run}.

@item --dry-run
@opindex --dry-run
Do not actually overwrite (or create) @file{aclocal.m4} and M4
files installed by @option{--install}.

@item --help
@opindex --help
Print a summary of the command line options and exit.

@item -I @var{dir}
@opindex -I
Add the directory @var{dir} to the list of directories searched for
@file{.m4} files.

@item --install
@opindex --install
Install system-wide third-party macros into the first directory
specified with @samp{-I @var{dir}} instead of copying them in the
output file.

@cindex serial number and @option{--install}
When this option is used, and only when this option is used,
@command{aclocal} will also honor @samp{#serial @var{NUMBER}} lines
that appear in macros: an M4 file is ignored if there exists another
M4 file with the same basename and a greater serial number in the
search path (@pxref{Serials}).

@item --force
@opindex --force
Always overwrite the output file.  The default is to overwrite the output
file only when really needed, i.e., when its contents changes or if one
of its dependencies is younger.

This option forces the update of @file{aclocal.m4} (or the file
specified with @file{--output} below) and only this file, it has
absolutely no influence on files that may need to be installed by
@option{--install}.

@item --output=@var{file}
@opindex --output
Cause the output to be put into @var{file} instead of @file{aclocal.m4}.

@item --print-ac-dir
@opindex --print-ac-dir
Prints the name of the directory that @command{aclocal} will search to
find third-party @file{.m4} files.  When this option is given, normal
processing is suppressed.  This option can be used by a package to
determine where to install a macro file.

@item --verbose
@opindex --verbose
Print the names of the files it examines.

@item --version
@opindex --version
Print the version number of Automake and exit.

@item -W CATEGORY
@item --warnings=@var{category}
@opindex -W
@opindex --warnings
Output warnings falling in @var{category}.  @var{category} can be
one of:
@table @code
@item syntax
dubious syntactic constructs, underquoted macros, unused macros, etc.
@item unsupported
unknown macros
@item all
all the warnings, this is the default
@item none
turn off all the warnings
@item error
treat warnings as errors
@end table

All warnings are output by default.

@vindex WARNINGS
The environment variable @env{WARNINGS} is honored in the same
way as it is for @command{automake} (@pxref{Invoking Automake}).

@end table

@node Macro search path
@subsection Macro search path

@cindex Macro search path
@cindex @command{aclocal} search path

By default, @command{aclocal} searches for @file{.m4} files in the following
directories, in this order:

@table @code
@item @var{acdir-APIVERSION}
This is where the @file{.m4} macros distributed with automake itself
are stored.  @var{APIVERSION} depends on the automake release used;
for automake 1.6.x, @var{APIVERSION} = @code{1.6}.

@item @var{acdir}
This directory is intended for third party @file{.m4} files, and is
configured when @command{automake} itself is built.  This is
@file{@@datadir@@/aclocal/}, which typically
expands to @file{$@{prefix@}/share/aclocal/}.  To find the compiled-in
value of @var{acdir}, use the @option{--print-ac-dir} option
(@pxref{aclocal options}).
@end table

As an example, suppose that @command{automake-1.6.2} was configured with
@option{--prefix=@-/usr/local}.  Then, the search path would be:

@enumerate
@item @file{/usr/local/share/aclocal-1.6/}
@item @file{/usr/local/share/aclocal/}
@end enumerate

As explained in (@pxref{aclocal options}), there are several options that
can be used to change or extend this search path.

@subsubsection Modifying the macro search path: @option{--acdir}

The most erroneous option to modify the search path is
@option{--acdir=@var{dir}}, which changes default directory and
drops the @var{APIVERSION} directory.  For example, if one specifies
@samp{--acdir=/opt/private/}, then the search path becomes:

@enumerate
@item @file{/opt/private/}
@end enumerate

This option, @option{--acdir}, is intended for use by the internal
automake test suite only; it is not ordinarily needed by end-users.

@subsubsection Modifying the macro search path: @samp{-I @var{dir}}

Any extra directories specified using @option{-I} options
(@pxref{aclocal options}) are @emph{prepended} to this search list.  Thus,
@samp{aclocal -I /foo -I /bar} results in the following search path:

@enumerate
@item @file{/foo}
@item @file{/bar}
@item @var{acdir}-@var{APIVERSION}
@item @var{acdir}
@end enumerate

@subsubsection Modifying the macro search path: @file{dirlist}
@cindex @file{dirlist}

There is a third mechanism for customizing the search path.  If a
@file{dirlist} file exists in @var{acdir}, then that file is assumed to
contain a list of directory patterns, one per line.  @command{aclocal}
expands these patterns to directory names, and adds them to the search
list @emph{after} all other directories.  @file{dirlist} entries may
use shell wildcards such as @samp{*}, @samp{?}, or @code{[...]}.

For example, suppose
@file{@var{acdir}/dirlist} contains the following:

@example
/test1
/test2
/test3*
@end example

@noindent
and that @command{aclocal} was called with the @samp{-I /foo -I /bar} options.
Then, the search path would be

@c @code looks better than @file here
@enumerate
@item @code{/foo}
@item @code{/bar}
@item @var{acdir}-@var{APIVERSION}
@item @var{acdir}
@item @code{/test1}
@item @code{/test2}
@end enumerate

@noindent
and all directories with path names starting with @code{/test3}.

If the @option{--acdir=@var{dir}} option is used, then @command{aclocal}
will search for the @file{dirlist} file in @var{dir}.  In the
@samp{--acdir=/opt/private/} example above, @command{aclocal} would look
for @file{/opt/private/dirlist}.  Again, however, the @option{--acdir}
option is intended for use by the internal automake test suite only;
@option{--acdir} is not ordinarily needed by end-users.

@file{dirlist} is useful in the following situation: suppose that
@command{automake} version @code{1.6.2} is installed with
@samp{--prefix=/usr} by the system vendor.  Thus, the default search
directories are

@c @code looks better than @file here
@enumerate
@item @code{/usr/share/aclocal-1.6/}
@item @code{/usr/share/aclocal/}
@end enumerate

However, suppose further that many packages have been manually
installed on the system, with $prefix=/usr/local, as is typical.  In
that case, many of these ``extra'' @file{.m4} files are in
@file{/usr/local/share/aclocal}.  The only way to force
@file{/usr/bin/aclocal} to find these ``extra'' @file{.m4} files is to
always call @samp{aclocal -I /usr/local/share/aclocal}.  This is
inconvenient.  With @file{dirlist}, one may create a file
@file{/usr/share/aclocal/dirlist} containing only the single line

@example
/usr/local/share/aclocal
@end example

Now, the ``default'' search path on the affected system is

@c @code looks better than @file here
@enumerate
@item @code{/usr/share/aclocal-1.6/}
@item @code{/usr/share/aclocal/}
@item @code{/usr/local/share/aclocal/}
@end enumerate

without the need for @option{-I} options; @option{-I} options can be reserved
for project-specific needs (@file{my-source-dir/m4/}), rather than
using it to work around local system-dependent tool installation
directories.

Similarly, @file{dirlist} can be handy if you have installed a local
copy Automake on your account and want @command{aclocal} to look for
macros installed at other places on the system.


@node Extending aclocal
@subsection Writing your own aclocal macros

@cindex @command{aclocal}, extending
@cindex Extending @command{aclocal}

The @command{aclocal} program doesn't have any built-in knowledge of any
macros, so it is easy to extend it with your own macros.

This can be used by libraries that want to supply their own Autoconf
macros for use by other programs.  For instance, the @command{gettext}
library supplies a macro @code{AM_GNU_GETTEXT} that should be used by
any package using @command{gettext}.  When the library is installed, it
installs this macro so that @command{aclocal} will find it.

A macro file's name should end in @file{.m4}.  Such files should be
installed in @file{$(datadir)/aclocal}.  This is as simple as writing:

@example
aclocaldir = $(datadir)/aclocal
aclocal_DATA = mymacro.m4 myothermacro.m4
@end example

@noindent
Please do use @file{$(datadir)/aclocal}, and not something based on
the result of @samp{aclocal --print-ac-dir}.  @xref{Hard-Coded Install
Paths}, for arguments.

A file of macros should be a series of properly quoted
@code{AC_DEFUN}'s (@pxref{Macro Definitions, , , autoconf, The
Autoconf Manual}).  The @command{aclocal} programs also understands
@code{AC_REQUIRE} (@pxref{Prerequisite Macros, , , autoconf, The
Autoconf Manual}), so it is safe to put each macro in a separate file.
Each file should have no side effects but macro definitions.
Especially, any call to @code{AC_PREREQ} should be done inside the
defined macro, not at the beginning of the file.

@cindex underquoted @code{AC_DEFUN}
@acindex AC_DEFUN
@acindex AC_PREREQ

Starting with Automake 1.8, @command{aclocal} will warn about all
underquoted calls to @code{AC_DEFUN}.  We realize this will annoy a
lot of people, because @command{aclocal} was not so strict in the past
and many third party macros are underquoted; and we have to apologize
for this temporary inconvenience.  The reason we have to be stricter
is that a future implementation of @command{aclocal} (@pxref{Future of
aclocal}) will have to temporarily include all these third party
@file{.m4} files, maybe several times, including even files that are
not actually needed.  Doing so should alleviate many problems of the
current implementation, however it requires a stricter style from the
macro authors.  Hopefully it is easy to revise the existing macros.
For instance,
@example
# bad style
AC_PREREQ(2.57)
AC_DEFUN(AX_FOOBAR,
[AC_REQUIRE([AX_SOMETHING])dnl
AX_FOO
AX_BAR
])
@end example
@noindent
should be rewritten as
@example
AC_DEFUN([AX_FOOBAR],
[AC_PREREQ([2.57])dnl
AC_REQUIRE([AX_SOMETHING])dnl
AX_FOO
AX_BAR
])
@end example

Wrapping the @code{AC_PREREQ} call inside the macro ensures that
Autoconf 2.57 will not be required if @code{AX_FOOBAR} is not actually
used.  Most importantly, quoting the first argument of @code{AC_DEFUN}
allows the macro to be redefined or included twice (otherwise this
first argument would be expanded during the second definition).  For
consistency we like to quote even arguments such as @code{2.57} that
do not require it.

If you have been directed here by the @command{aclocal} diagnostic but
are not the maintainer of the implicated macro, you will want to
contact the maintainer of that macro.  Please make sure you have the
last version of the macro and that the problem already hasn't been
reported before doing so: people tend to work faster when they aren't
flooded by mails.

Another situation where @command{aclocal} is commonly used is to
manage macros that are used locally by the package, @ref{Local
Macros}.

@node Local Macros
@subsection Handling Local Macros

Feature tests offered by Autoconf do not cover all needs.  People
often have to supplement existing tests with their own macros, or
with third-party macros.

There are two ways to organize custom macros in a package.

The first possibility (the historical practice) is to list all your
macros in @file{acinclude.m4}.  This file will be included in
@file{aclocal.m4} when you run @command{aclocal}, and its macro(s) will
henceforth be visible to @command{autoconf}.  However if it contains
numerous macros, it will rapidly become difficult to maintain, and it
will be almost impossible to share macros between packages.

@vindex ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS
The second possibility, which we do recommend, is to write each macro
in its own file and gather all these files in a directory.  This
directory is usually called @file{m4/}.  To build @file{aclocal.m4},
one should therefore instruct @command{aclocal} to scan @file{m4/}.
From the command line, this is done with @samp{aclocal -I m4}.  The
top-level @file{Makefile.am} should also be updated to define

@example
ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS = -I m4
@end example

@code{ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS} contains options to pass to @command{aclocal}
when @file{aclocal.m4} is to be rebuilt by @command{make}.  This line is
also used by @command{autoreconf} (@pxref{autoreconf Invocation, ,
Using @command{autoreconf} to Update @file{configure} Scripts,
autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}) to run @command{aclocal} with suitable
options, or by @command{autopoint} (@pxref{autopoint Invocation, ,
Invoking the @command{autopoint} Program, gettext, GNU gettext tools})
and @command{gettextize} (@pxref{gettextize Invocation, , Invoking the
@command{gettextize} Program, gettext, GNU gettext tools}) to locate
the place where Gettext's macros should be installed.  So even if you
do not really care about the rebuild rules, you should define
@code{ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS}.

When @samp{aclocal -I m4} is run, it will build a @file{aclocal.m4}
that @code{m4_include}s any file from @file{m4/} that defines a
required macro.  Macros not found locally will still be searched in
system-wide directories, as explained in @ref{Macro search path}.

Custom macros should be distributed for the same reason that
@file{configure.ac} is: so that other people have all the sources of
your package if they want to work on it.  Actually, this distribution
happens automatically because all @code{m4_include}d files are
distributed.

However there is no consensus on the distribution of third-party
macros that your package may use.  Many libraries install their own
macro in the system-wide @command{aclocal} directory (@pxref{Extending
aclocal}).  For instance, Guile ships with a file called
@file{guile.m4} that contains the macro @code{GUILE_FLAGS} that can
be used to define setup compiler and linker flags appropriate for
using Guile.  Using @code{GUILE_FLAGS} in @file{configure.ac} will
cause @command{aclocal} to copy @file{guile.m4} into
@file{aclocal.m4}, but as @file{guile.m4} is not part of the project,
it will not be distributed.  Technically, that means a user who
needs to rebuild @file{aclocal.m4} will have to install Guile first.
This is probably OK, if Guile already is a requirement to build the
package.  However, if Guile is only an optional feature, or if your
package might run on architectures where Guile cannot be installed,
this requirement will hinder development.  An easy solution is to copy
such third-party macros in your local @file{m4/} directory so they get
distributed.

Since Automake 1.10, @command{aclocal} offers an option to copy these
system-wide third-party macros in your local macro directory, solving
the above problem.  Simply use:

@example
ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS = -I m4 --install
@end example

@noindent
With this setup, system-wide macros will be copied to @file{m4/}
the first time you run @command{autoreconf}.  Then the locally
installed macros will have precedence over the system-wide installed
macros each time @command{aclocal} is run again.

One reason why you should keep @option{--install} in the flags even
after the first run is that when you later edit @file{configure.ac}
and depend on a new macro, this macro will be installed in your
@file{m4/} automatically.  Another one is that serial numbers
(@pxref{Serials}) can be used to update the macros in your source tree
automatically when new system-wide versions are installed.  A serial
number should be a single line of the form

@example
#serial @var{NNN}
@end example

@noindent
where @var{NNN} contains only digits and dots.  It should appear in
the M4 file before any macro definition.  It is a good practice to
maintain a serial number for each macro you distribute, even if you do
not use the @option{--install} option of @command{aclocal}: this allows
other people to use it.


@node Serials
@subsection Serial Numbers
@cindex serial numbers in macros
@cindex macro serial numbers
@cindex @code{#serial} syntax
@cindex @command{aclocal} and serial numbers

Because third-party macros defined in @file{*.m4} files are naturally
shared between multiple projects, some people like to version them.
This makes it easier to tell which of two M4 files is newer.  Since at
least 1996, the tradition is to use a @samp{#serial} line for this.

A serial number should be a single line of the form

@example
# serial @var{version}
@end example

@noindent
where @var{version} is a version number containing only digits and
dots.  Usually people use a single integer, and they increment it each
time they change the macro (hence the name of ``serial'').  Such a
line should appear in the M4 file before any macro definition.

The @samp{#} must be the first character on the line,
and it is OK to have extra words after the version, as in

@example
#serial @var{version} @var{garbage}
@end example

Normally these serial numbers are completely ignored by
@command{aclocal} and @command{autoconf}, like any genuine comment.
However when using @command{aclocal}'s @option{--install} feature, these
serial numbers will modify the way @command{aclocal} selects the
macros to install in the package: if two files with the same basename
exists in your search path, and if at least one of them use a
@samp{#serial} line, @command{aclocal} will ignore the file that has
the older @samp{#serial} line (or the file that has none).

Note that a serial number applies to a whole M4 file, not to any macro
it contains.  A file can contains multiple macros, but only one
serial.

Here is a use case that illustrate the use of @option{--install} and
its interaction with serial numbers.  Let's assume we maintain a
package called MyPackage, the @file{configure.ac} of which requires a
third-party macro @code{AX_THIRD_PARTY} defined in
@file{/usr/share/aclocal/thirdparty.m4} as follows:

@example
# serial 1
AC_DEFUN([AX_THIRD_PARTY], [...])
@end example

MyPackage uses an @file{m4/} directory to store local macros as
explained in @ref{Local Macros}, and has

@example
ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS = -I m4 --install
@end example

@noindent
in its top-level @file{Makefile.am}.

Initially the @file{m4/} directory is empty.  The first time we run
@command{autoreconf}, it will fetch the options to pass to
@command{aclocal} in @file{Makefile.am}, and run @samp{aclocal -I m4
--install}.  @command{aclocal} will notice that

@itemize @bullet
@item
@file{configure.ac} uses @code{AX_THIRD_PARTY}
@item
No local macros define @code{AX_THIRD_PARTY}
@item
@file{/usr/share/aclocal/thirdparty.m4} defines @code{AX_THIRD_PARTY}
with serial 1.
@end itemize

@noindent
Because @file{/usr/share/aclocal/thirdparty.m4} is a system-wide macro
and @command{aclocal} was given the @option{--install} option, it will
copy this file in @file{m4/thirdparty.m4}, and output an
@file{aclocal.m4} that contains @samp{m4_include([m4/thirdparty.m4])}.

The next time @samp{aclocal -I m4 --install} is run (either via
@command{autoreconf}, by hand, or from the @file{Makefile} rebuild
rules) something different happens.  @command{aclocal} notices that

@itemize @bullet
@item
@file{configure.ac} uses @code{AX_THIRD_PARTY}
@item
@file{m4/thirdparty.m4} defines @code{AX_THIRD_PARTY}
with serial 1.
@item
@file{/usr/share/aclocal/thirdparty.m4} defines @code{AX_THIRD_PARTY}
with serial 1.
@end itemize

@noindent
Because both files have the same serial number, @command{aclocal} uses
the first it found in its search path order (@pxref{Macro search
path}).  @command{aclocal} therefore ignores
@file{/usr/share/aclocal/thirdparty.m4} and outputs an
@file{aclocal.m4} that contains @samp{m4_include([m4/thirdparty.m4])}.

Local directories specified with @option{-I} are always searched before
system-wide directories, so a local file will always be preferred to
the system-wide file in case of equal serial numbers.

Now suppose the system-wide third-party macro is changed.  This can
happen if the package installing this macro is updated.  Let's suppose
the new macro has serial number 2.  The next time @samp{aclocal -I m4
--install} is run the situation is the following:

@itemize @bullet
@item
@file{configure.ac} uses @code{AX_THIRD_PARTY}
@item
@file{m4/thirdparty.m4} defines @code{AX_THIRD_PARTY}
with serial 1.
@item
@file{/usr/share/aclocal/thirdparty.m4} defines @code{AX_THIRD_PARTY}
with serial 2.
@end itemize

@noindent
When @command{aclocal} sees a greater serial number, it immediately
forgets anything it knows from files that have the same basename and a
smaller serial number.  So after it has found
@file{/usr/share/aclocal/thirdparty.m4} with serial 2,
@command{aclocal} will proceed as if it had never seen
@file{m4/thirdparty.m4}.  This brings us back to a situation similar
to that at the beginning of our example, where no local file defined
the macro.  @command{aclocal} will install the new version of the
macro in @file{m4/thirdparty.m4}, in this case overriding the old
version.  MyPackage just had its macro updated as a side effect of
running @command{aclocal}.

If you are leery of letting @command{aclocal} update your local macro,
you can run @samp{aclocal -I m4 --diff} to review the changes
@samp{aclocal -I m4 --install} would perform on these macros.

Finally, note that the @option{--force} option of @command{aclocal} has
absolutely no effect on the files installed by @option{--install}.  For
instance, if you have modified your local macros, do not expect
@option{--install --force} to replace the local macros by their
system-wide versions.  If you want to do so, simply erase the local
macros you want to revert, and run @samp{aclocal -I m4 --install}.


@node Future of aclocal
@subsection The Future of @command{aclocal}
@cindex @command{aclocal}'s scheduled death

@command{aclocal} is expected to disappear.  This feature really
should not be offered by Automake.  Automake should focus on
generating @file{Makefile}s; dealing with M4 macros really is
Autoconf's job.  That some people install Automake just to use
@command{aclocal}, but do not use @command{automake} otherwise is an
indication of how that feature is misplaced.

The new implementation will probably be done slightly differently.
For instance, it could enforce the @file{m4/}-style layout discussed in
@ref{Local Macros}.

We have no idea when and how this will happen.  This has been
discussed several times in the past, but someone still has to commit
itself to that non-trivial task.

From the user point of view, @command{aclocal}'s removal might turn
out to be painful.  There is a simple precaution that you may take to
make that switch more seamless: never call @command{aclocal} yourself.
Keep this guy under the exclusive control of @command{autoreconf} and
Automake's rebuild rules.  Hopefully you won't need to worry about
things breaking, when @command{aclocal} disappears, because everything
will have been taken care of.  If otherwise you used to call
@command{aclocal} directly yourself or from some script, you will
quickly notice the change.

Many packages come with a script called @file{bootstrap.sh} or
@file{autogen.sh}, that will just call @command{aclocal},
@command{libtoolize}, @command{gettextize} or @command{autopoint},
@command{autoconf}, @command{autoheader}, and @command{automake} in
the right order.  Actually this is precisely what @command{autoreconf}
can do for you.  If your package has such a @file{bootstrap.sh} or
@file{autogen.sh} script, consider using @command{autoreconf}.  That
should simplify its logic a lot (less things to maintain, yum!), it's
even likely you will not need the script anymore, and more to the point
you will not call @command{aclocal} directly anymore.

For the time being, third-party packages should continue to install
public macros into @file{/usr/share/aclocal/}.  If @command{aclocal}
is replaced by another tool it might make sense to rename the
directory, but supporting @file{/usr/share/aclocal/} for backward
compatibility should be really easy provided all macros are properly
written (@pxref{Extending aclocal}).



@node Macros
@section Autoconf macros supplied with Automake

Automake ships with several Autoconf macros that you can use from your
@file{configure.ac}.  When you use one of them it will be included by
@command{aclocal} in @file{aclocal.m4}.

@menu
* Public macros::               Macros that you can use.
* Obsolete macros::             Macros that you should stop using.
* Private macros::              Macros that you should not use.
@end menu

@c consider generating the following subsections automatically from m4 files.

@node Public macros
@subsection Public macros

@table @code

@item AM_ENABLE_MULTILIB
@acindex AM_ENABLE_MULTILIB
This is used when a ``multilib'' library is being built.  The first
optional argument is the name of the @file{Makefile} being generated; it
defaults to @samp{Makefile}.  The second option argument is used to find
the top source directory; it defaults to the empty string (generally
this should not be used unless you are familiar with the internals).
@xref{Multilibs}.

@item AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([OPTIONS])
@itemx AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE(PACKAGE, VERSION, [NO-DEFINE])
@acindex AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE
Runs many macros required for proper operation of the generated Makefiles.

@vindex AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS
This macro has two forms, the first of which is preferred.
In this form, @code{AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE} is called with a
single argument: a space-separated list of Automake options that should
be applied to every @file{Makefile.am} in the tree.  The effect is as if
each option were listed in @code{AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS} (@pxref{Options}).

@acindex AC_INIT
The second, deprecated, form of @code{AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE} has two required
arguments: the package and the version number.  This form is
obsolete because the @var{package} and @var{version} can be obtained
from Autoconf's @code{AC_INIT} macro (which itself has an old and a new
form).

If your @file{configure.ac} has:

@example
AC_INIT([src/foo.c])
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([mumble], [1.5])
@end example

@noindent
you can modernize it as follows:

@example
AC_INIT([mumble], [1.5])
AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR([src/foo.c])
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE
@end example

Note that if you're upgrading your @file{configure.ac} from an earlier
version of Automake, it is not always correct to simply move the
package and version arguments from @code{AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE} directly to
@code{AC_INIT}, as in the example above.  The first argument to
@code{AC_INIT} should be the name of your package (e.g., @samp{GNU
Automake}), not the tarball name (e.g., @samp{automake}) that you used
to pass to @code{AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE}.  Autoconf tries to derive a
tarball name from the package name, which should work for most but not
all package names.  (If it doesn't work for yours, you can use the
four-argument form of @code{AC_INIT} to provide the tarball name
explicitly).

@cindex @code{PACKAGE}, prevent definition
@cindex @code{VERSION}, prevent definition
@opindex no-define
By default this macro @code{AC_DEFINE}'s @code{PACKAGE} and
@code{VERSION}.  This can be avoided by passing the @option{no-define}
option, as in:
@example
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([gnits 1.5 no-define dist-bzip2])
@end example
or by passing a third non-empty argument to the obsolete form.

@item AM_PATH_LISPDIR
@acindex AM_PATH_LISPDIR
@vindex EMACS
@vindex lispdir
Searches for the program @command{emacs}, and, if found, sets the
output variable @code{lispdir} to the full path to Emacs' site-lisp
directory.

Note that this test assumes the @command{emacs} found to be a version
that supports Emacs Lisp (such as @sc{gnu} Emacs or XEmacs).  Other
emacsen can cause this test to hang (some, like old versions of
MicroEmacs, start up in interactive mode, requiring @kbd{C-x C-c} to
exit, which is hardly obvious for a non-emacs user).  In most cases,
however, you should be able to use @kbd{C-c} to kill the test.  In
order to avoid problems, you can set @env{EMACS} to ``no'' in the
environment, or use the @option{--with-lispdir} option to
@command{configure} to explicitly set the correct path (if you're sure
you have an @command{emacs} that supports Emacs Lisp.

@item AM_PROG_AS
@acindex AM_PROG_AS
@vindex CCAS
@vindex CCASFLAGS
Use this macro when you have assembly code in your project.  This will
choose the assembler for you (by default the C compiler) and set
@code{CCAS}, and will also set @code{CCASFLAGS} if required.

@item AM_PROG_CC_C_O
@acindex AM_PROG_CC_C_O
@acindex AC_PROG_CC_C_O
This is like @code{AC_PROG_CC_C_O}, but it generates its results in
the manner required by automake.  You must use this instead of
@code{AC_PROG_CC_C_O} when you need this functionality, that is, when
using per-target flags or subdir-objects with C sources.

@item AM_PROG_LEX
@acindex AM_PROG_LEX
@acindex AC_PROG_LEX
@cindex HP-UX 10, @command{lex} problems
@cindex @command{lex} problems with HP-UX 10
Like @code{AC_PROG_LEX} (@pxref{Particular Programs, , Particular
Program Checks, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}), but uses the
@command{missing} script on systems that do not have @command{lex}.
HP-UX 10 is one such system.

@item AM_PROG_GCJ
@acindex AM_PROG_GCJ
@vindex GCJ
@vindex GCJFLAGS
This macro finds the @command{gcj} program or causes an error.  It sets
@code{GCJ} and @code{GCJFLAGS}.  @command{gcj} is the Java front-end to the
GNU Compiler Collection.

@item AM_PROG_UPC([@var{compiler-search-list}])
@acindex AM_PROG_UPC
@vindex UPC
Find a compiler for Unified Parallel C and define the @code{UPC}
variable.  The default @var{compiler-search-list} is @samp{upcc upc}.
This macro will abort @command{configure} if no Unified Parallel C
compiler is found.

@item AM_WITH_DMALLOC
@acindex AM_WITH_DMALLOC
@cindex @command{dmalloc}, support for
@vindex WITH_DMALLOC
@opindex --with-dmalloc
Add support for the @uref{http://dmalloc.com/, Dmalloc package}.  If
the user runs @command{configure} with @option{--with-dmalloc}, then
define @code{WITH_DMALLOC} and add @option{-ldmalloc} to @code{LIBS}.

@item AM_WITH_REGEX
@acindex AM_WITH_REGEX
@vindex WITH_REGEX
@opindex --with-regex
@cindex regex package
@cindex rx package
Adds @option{--with-regex} to the @command{configure} command line.  If
specified (the default), then the @samp{regex} regular expression
library is used, @file{regex.o} is put into @code{LIBOBJS}, and
@code{WITH_REGEX} is defined.  If @option{--without-regex} is given, then
the @code{rx} regular expression library is used, and @file{rx.o} is put
into @code{LIBOBJS}.

@end table


@node Obsolete macros
@subsection Obsolete macros
@cindex obsolete macros
@cindex autoupdate

Although using some of the following macros was required in past
releases, you should not use any of them in new code.  Running
@command{autoupdate} should adjust your @file{configure.ac}
automatically (@pxref{autoupdate Invocation, , Using
@command{autoupdate} to Modernize @file{configure.ac}, autoconf, The
Autoconf Manual}).

@table @code
@item AM_C_PROTOTYPES
@acindex AM_C_PROTOTYPES
@vindex ANSI2KNR
@vindex U
Check to see if function prototypes are understood by the compiler.  If
so, define @samp{PROTOTYPES} and set the output variables @code{U} and
@code{ANSI2KNR} to the empty string.  Otherwise, set @code{U} to
@samp{_} and @code{ANSI2KNR} to @samp{./ansi2knr}.  Automake uses these
values to implement the obsolete de-ANSI-fication feature.

@item AM_CONFIG_HEADER
@acindex AM_CONFIG_HEADER
Automake will generate rules to automatically regenerate the config
header.  This obsolete macro is a synonym of @code{AC_CONFIG_HEADERS}
today (@pxref{Optional}).

@item AM_HEADER_TIOCGWINSZ_NEEDS_SYS_IOCTL
@acindex AM_HEADER_TIOCGWINSZ_NEEDS_SYS_IOCTL
If the use of @code{TIOCGWINSZ} requires @file{<sys/ioctl.h>}, then
define @code{GWINSZ_IN_SYS_IOCTL}.  Otherwise @code{TIOCGWINSZ} can be
found in @file{<termios.h>}.  This macro is obsolete, you should
use Autoconf's @code{AC_HEADER_TIOCGWINSZ} instead.

@item AM_PROG_MKDIR_P
@acindex AM_PROG_MKDIR_P
@cindex @code{mkdir -p}, macro check
@vindex MKDIR_P
@vindex mkdir_p

From Automake 1.8 to 1.9.6 this macro used to define the output
variable @code{mkdir_p} to one of @code{mkdir -p}, @code{install-sh
-d}, or @code{mkinstalldirs}.

Nowadays Autoconf provides a similar functionality with
@code{AC_PROG_MKDIR_P} (@pxref{Particular Programs, , Particular
Program Checks, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}), however this defines
the output variable @code{MKDIR_P} instead.  Therefore
@code{AM_PROG_MKDIR_P} has been rewritten as a thin wrapper around
@code{AC_PROG_MKDIR_P} to define @code{mkdir_p} to the same value as
@code{MKDIR_P} for backward compatibility.

If you are using Automake, there is normally no reason to call this
macro, because @code{AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE} already does so.  However, make
sure that the custom rules in your @file{Makefile}s use
@code{$(MKDIR_P)} and not @code{$(mkdir_p)}.  Even if both variables
still work, the latter should be considered obsolete.

If you are not using Automake, please call @code{AC_PROG_MKDIR_P}
instead of @code{AM_PROG_MKDIR_P}.

@item AM_SYS_POSIX_TERMIOS
@acindex AM_SYS_POSIX_TERMIOS
@cindex POSIX termios headers
@cindex termios POSIX headers
Check to see if POSIX termios headers and functions are available on the
system.  If so, set the shell variable @code{am_cv_sys_posix_termios} to
@samp{yes}.  If not, set the variable to @samp{no}.  This macro is obsolete,
you should use Autoconf's @code{AC_SYS_POSIX_TERMIOS} instead.

@end table


@node Private macros
@subsection Private macros

The following macros are private macros you should not call directly.
They are called by the other public macros when appropriate.  Do not
rely on them, as they might be changed in a future version.  Consider
them as implementation details; or better, do not consider them at all:
skip this section!

@ftable @code
@item _AM_DEPENDENCIES
@itemx AM_SET_DEPDIR
@itemx AM_DEP_TRACK
@itemx AM_OUTPUT_DEPENDENCY_COMMANDS
These macros are used to implement Automake's automatic dependency
tracking scheme.  They are called automatically by automake when
required, and there should be no need to invoke them manually.

@item AM_MAKE_INCLUDE
This macro is used to discover how the user's @command{make} handles
@code{include} statements.  This macro is automatically invoked when
needed; there should be no need to invoke it manually.

@item AM_PROG_INSTALL_STRIP
This is used to find a version of @code{install} that can be used to
strip a program at installation time.  This macro is automatically
included when required.

@item AM_SANITY_CHECK
This checks to make sure that a file created in the build directory is
newer than a file in the source directory.  This can fail on systems
where the clock is set incorrectly.  This macro is automatically run
from @code{AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE}.

@end ftable


@node Directories
@chapter Directories

For simple projects that distributes all files in the same directory
it is enough to have a single @file{Makefile.am} that builds
everything in place.

In larger projects it is common to organize files in different
directories, in a tree.  For instance one directory per program, per
library or per module.  The traditional approach is to build these
subdirectory recursively: each directory contains its @file{Makefile}
(generated from @file{Makefile.am}), and when @command{make} is run
from the top level directory it enters each subdirectory in turn to
build its contents.

@menu
* Subdirectories::              Building subdirectories recursively
* Conditional Subdirectories::  Conditionally not building directories
* Alternative::                 Subdirectories without recursion
* Subpackages::                 Nesting packages
@end menu

@node Subdirectories
@section Recursing subdirectories

@cindex @code{SUBDIRS}, explained

In packages with subdirectories, the top level @file{Makefile.am} must
tell Automake which subdirectories are to be built.  This is done via
the @code{SUBDIRS} variable.
@vindex SUBDIRS

The @code{SUBDIRS} variable holds a list of subdirectories in which
building of various sorts can occur.  The rules for many targets
(e.g., @code{all}) in the generated @file{Makefile} will run commands
both locally and in all specified subdirectories.  Note that the
directories listed in @code{SUBDIRS} are not required to contain
@file{Makefile.am}s; only @file{Makefile}s (after configuration).
This allows inclusion of libraries from packages that do not use
Automake (such as @code{gettext}; see also @ref{Third-Party
Makefiles}).

In packages that use subdirectories, the top-level @file{Makefile.am} is
often very short.  For instance, here is the @file{Makefile.am} from the
GNU Hello distribution:

@example
EXTRA_DIST = BUGS ChangeLog.O README-alpha
SUBDIRS = doc intl po src tests
@end example

When Automake invokes @command{make} in a subdirectory, it uses the value
of the @code{MAKE} variable.  It passes the value of the variable
@code{AM_MAKEFLAGS} to the @command{make} invocation; this can be set in
@file{Makefile.am} if there are flags you must always pass to
@command{make}.
@vindex MAKE
@vindex AM_MAKEFLAGS

The directories mentioned in @code{SUBDIRS} are usually direct
children of the current directory, each subdirectory containing its
own @file{Makefile.am} with a @code{SUBDIRS} pointing to deeper
subdirectories.  Automake can be used to construct packages of
arbitrary depth this way.

By default, Automake generates @file{Makefiles} that work depth-first
in postfix order: the subdirectories are built before the current
directory.  However, it is possible to change this ordering.  You can
do this by putting @samp{.} into @code{SUBDIRS}.  For instance,
putting @samp{.} first will cause a prefix ordering of
directories.

Using

@example
SUBDIRS = lib src . test
@end example

@noindent
will cause @file{lib/} to be built before @file{src/}, then the
current directory will be built, finally the @file{test/} directory
will be built.  It is customary to arrange test directories to be
built after everything else since they are meant to test what has
been constructed.

All @code{clean} rules are run in reverse order of build rules.

@node Conditional Subdirectories
@section Conditional Subdirectories
@cindex Subdirectories, building conditionally
@cindex Conditional subdirectories
@cindex @code{SUBDIRS}, conditional
@cindex Conditional @code{SUBDIRS}

It is possible to define the @code{SUBDIRS} variable conditionally if,
like in the case of GNU Inetutils, you want to only build a subset of
the entire package.

To illustrate how this works, let's assume we have two directories
@file{src/} and @file{opt/}.  @file{src/} should always be built, but we
want to decide in @command{configure} whether @file{opt/} will be built
or not.  (For this example we will assume that @file{opt/} should be
built when the variable @samp{$want_opt} was set to @samp{yes}.)

Running @command{make} should thus recurse into @file{src/} always, and
then maybe in @file{opt/}.

However @samp{make dist} should always recurse into both @file{src/}
and @file{opt/}.  Because @file{opt/} should be distributed even if it
is not needed in the current configuration.  This means
@file{opt/Makefile} should be created @emph{unconditionally}.

There are two ways to setup a project like this.  You can use Automake
conditionals (@pxref{Conditionals}) or use Autoconf @code{AC_SUBST}
variables (@pxref{Setting Output Variables, , Setting Output
Variables, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}).  Using Automake
conditionals is the preferred solution.  Before we illustrate these
two possibilities, let's introduce @code{DIST_SUBDIRS}.

@subsection @code{SUBDIRS} vs.@: @code{DIST_SUBDIRS}
@cindex @code{DIST_SUBDIRS}, explained

Automake considers two sets of directories, defined by the variables
@code{SUBDIRS} and @code{DIST_SUBDIRS}.

@code{SUBDIRS} contains the subdirectories of the current directory
that must be built (@pxref{Subdirectories}).  It must be defined
manually; Automake will never guess a directory is to be built.  As we
will see in the next two sections, it is possible to define it
conditionally so that some directory will be omitted from the build.

@code{DIST_SUBDIRS} is used in rules that need to recurse in all
directories, even those that have been conditionally left out of the
build.  Recall our example where we may not want to build subdirectory
@file{opt/}, but yet we want to distribute it?  This is where
@code{DIST_SUBDIRS} come into play: @samp{opt} may not appear in
@code{SUBDIRS}, but it must appear in @code{DIST_SUBDIRS}.

Precisely, @code{DIST_SUBDIRS} is used by @samp{make
maintainer-clean}, @samp{make distclean} and @samp{make dist}.  All
other recursive rules use @code{SUBDIRS}.

If @code{SUBDIRS} is defined conditionally using Automake
conditionals, Automake will define @code{DIST_SUBDIRS} automatically
from the possibles values of @code{SUBDIRS} in all conditions.

If @code{SUBDIRS} contains @code{AC_SUBST} variables,
@code{DIST_SUBDIRS} will not be defined correctly because Automake
does not know the possible values of these variables.  In this case
@code{DIST_SUBDIRS} needs to be defined manually.

@subsection Conditional subdirectories with @code{AM_CONDITIONAL}
@cindex @code{SUBDIRS} and @code{AM_CONDITIONAL}
@cindex @code{AM_CONDITIONAL} and @code{SUBDIRS}

@c The test case for the setup described here is
@c     test/subdircond2.test
@c Try to keep it in sync.

@file{configure} should output the @file{Makefile} for each directory
and define a condition into which @file{opt/} should be built.

@example
@dots{}
AM_CONDITIONAL([COND_OPT], [test "$want_opt" = yes])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile src/Makefile opt/Makefile])
@dots{}
@end example

Then @code{SUBDIRS} can be defined in the top-level @file{Makefile.am}
as follows.

@example
if COND_OPT
  MAYBE_OPT = opt
endif
SUBDIRS = src $(MAYBE_OPT)
@end example

As you can see, running @command{make} will rightly recurse into
@file{src/} and maybe @file{opt/}.

@vindex DIST_SUBDIRS
As you can't see, running @samp{make dist} will recurse into both
@file{src/} and @file{opt/} directories because @samp{make dist}, unlike
@samp{make all}, doesn't use the @code{SUBDIRS} variable.  It uses the
@code{DIST_SUBDIRS} variable.

In this case Automake will define @samp{DIST_SUBDIRS = src opt}
automatically because it knows that @code{MAYBE_OPT} can contain
@samp{opt} in some condition.

@subsection Conditional Subdirectories with @code{AC_SUBST}
@cindex @code{SUBDIRS} and @code{AC_SUBST}
@cindex @code{AC_SUBST} and @code{SUBDIRS}

@c The test case for the setup described here is
@c     test/subdircond3.test
@c Try to keep it in sync.

Another possibility is to define @code{MAYBE_OPT} from
@file{./configure} using @code{AC_SUBST}:

@example
@dots{}
if test "$want_opt" = yes; then
  MAYBE_OPT=opt
else
  MAYBE_OPT=
fi
AC_SUBST([MAYBE_OPT])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile src/Makefile opt/Makefile])
@dots{}
@end example

In this case the top-level @file{Makefile.am} should look as follows.

@example
SUBDIRS = src $(MAYBE_OPT)
DIST_SUBDIRS = src opt
@end example

The drawback is that since Automake cannot guess what the possible
values of @code{MAYBE_OPT} are, it is necessary to define
@code{DIST_SUBDIRS}.

@subsection Non-configured Subdirectories
@cindex Subdirectories, configured conditionally

The semantic of @code{DIST_SUBDIRS} is often misunderstood by some
users that try to @emph{configure and build} subdirectories
conditionally.  Here by configuring we mean creating the
@file{Makefile} (it might also involve running a nested
@command{configure} script: this is a costly operation that explains
why people want to do it conditionally, but only the @file{Makefile}
is relevant to the discussion).

The above examples all assume that every @file{Makefile} is created,
even in directories that are not going to be built.  The simple reason
is that we want @samp{make dist} to distribute even the directories
that are not being built (e.g., platform-dependent code), hence
@file{make dist} must recurse into the subdirectory, hence this
directory must be configured and appear in @code{DIST_SUBDIRS}.

Building packages that do not configure every subdirectory is a tricky
business, and we do not recommend it to the novice as it is easy to
produce an incomplete tarball by mistake.  We will not discuss this
topic in depth here, yet for the adventurous here are a few rules to
remember.

@cartouche
@itemize
@item @code{SUBDIRS} should always be a subset of @code{DIST_SUBDIRS}.

It makes little sense to have a directory in @code{SUBDIRS} that
is not in @code{DIST_SUBDIRS}.  Think of the former as a way to tell
which directories listed in the latter should be built.
@item Any directory listed in @code{DIST_SUBDIRS} and @code{SUBDIRS}
must be configured.

I.e., the @file{Makefile} must exists or the recursive @command{make}
rules will not be able to process the directory.
@item Any configured directory must be listed in @code{DIST_SUBDIRS}.

So that the cleaning rule remove the generated @file{Makefile}s.
It would be correct to see @code{DIST_SUBDIRS} as a variable that
lists all the directories that have been configured.
@end itemize
@end cartouche

In order to prevent recursion in some non-configured directory you
must therefore ensure that this directory does not appear in
@code{DIST_SUBDIRS} (and @code{SUBDIRS}).  For instance, if you define
@code{SUBDIRS} conditionally using @code{AC_SUBST} and do not define
@code{DIST_SUBDIRS} explicitly, it will be default to
@samp{$(SUBDIRS)}; another possibility is to force @code{DIST_SUBDIRS
= $(SUBDIRS)}.

Of course, directories that are omitted from @code{DIST_SUBDIRS} will
not be distributed unless you make other arrangements for this to
happen (for instance, always running @samp{make dist} in a
configuration where all directories are known to appear in
@code{DIST_SUBDIRS}; or writing a @code{dist-hook} target to
distribute these directories).

@cindex Subdirectories, not distributed
In few packages, non-configured directories are not even expected to
be distributed.  Although these packages do not require the
aforementioned extra arrangements, there is another pitfall.  If the
name of a directory appears in @code{SUBDIRS} or @code{DIST_SUBDIRS},
@command{automake} will make sure the directory exists.  Consequently
@command{automake} cannot be run on such a distribution when one
directory has been omitted.  One way to avoid this check is to use the
@code{AC_SUBST} method to declare conditional directories; since
@command{automake} does not know the values of @code{AC_SUBST}
variables it cannot ensure the corresponding directory exist.

@node Alternative
@section An Alternative Approach to Subdirectories

If you've ever read Peter Miller's excellent paper,
@uref{http://www.pcug.org.au/~millerp/rmch/recu-make-cons-harm.html,
Recursive Make Considered Harmful}, the preceding sections on the use of
subdirectories will probably come as unwelcome advice.  For those who
haven't read the paper, Miller's main thesis is that recursive
@command{make} invocations are both slow and error-prone.

Automake provides sufficient cross-directory support @footnote{We
believe.  This work is new and there are probably warts.
@xref{Introduction}, for information on reporting bugs.} to enable you
to write a single @file{Makefile.am} for a complex multi-directory
package.


By default an installable file specified in a subdirectory will have its
directory name stripped before installation.  For instance, in this
example, the header file will be installed as
@file{$(includedir)/stdio.h}:

@example
include_HEADERS = inc/stdio.h
@end example

@vindex nobase_
@cindex @code{nobase_} prefix
@cindex Path stripping, avoiding
@cindex Avoiding path stripping

However, the @samp{nobase_} prefix can be used to circumvent this path
stripping.  In this example, the header file will be installed as
@file{$(includedir)/sys/types.h}:

@example
nobase_include_HEADERS = sys/types.h
@end example

@cindex @code{nobase_} and @code{dist_} or @code{nodist_}
@cindex @code{dist_} and @code{nobase_}
@cindex @code{nodist_} and @code{nobase_}
@vindex dist_
@vindex nodist_

@samp{nobase_} should be specified first when used in conjunction with
either @samp{dist_} or @samp{nodist_} (@pxref{Dist}).  For instance:

@example
nobase_dist_pkgdata_DATA = images/vortex.pgm sounds/whirl.ogg
@end example

Finally, note that a variable using the @samp{nobase_} prefix can
always be replaced by several variables, one for each destination
directory (@pxref{Uniform}).  For instance, the last example could be
rewritten as follows:

@example
imagesdir = $(pkgdatadir)/images
soundsdir = $(pkgdatadir)/sounds
dist_images_DATA = images/vortex.pgm
dist_sounds_DATA = sounds/whirl.ogg
@end example

@noindent
This latter syntax makes it possible to change one destination
directory without changing the layout of the source tree.

@node Subpackages
@section Nesting Packages
@cindex Nesting packages
@cindex Subpackages
@acindex AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS
@acindex AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR


In the GNU Build System, packages can be nested to arbitrary depth.
This means that a package can embedded other packages with their own
@file{configure}, @file{Makefile}s, etc.

These other packages should just appear as subdirectories of their
parent package.  They must be listed in @code{SUBDIRS} like other
ordinary directories.  However the subpackage's @file{Makefile}s
should be output by its own @file{configure} script, not by the
parent's @file{configure}.  This is achieved using the
@code{AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS} Autoconf macro (@pxref{Subdirectories,
AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS, Configuring Other Packages in Subdirectories,
autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}).

Here is an example package for an @code{arm} program that links with
an @code{hand} library that is a nested package in subdirectory
@file{hand/}.

@code{arm}'s @file{configure.ac}:

@example
AC_INIT([arm], [1.0])
AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([.])
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE
AC_PROG_CC
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile])
# Call hand's ./configure script recursively.
AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS([hand])
AC_OUTPUT
@end example

@code{arm}'s @file{Makefile.am}:

@example
# Build the library in the hand subdirectory first.
SUBDIRS = hand

# Include hand's header when compiling this directory.
AM_CPPFLAGS = -I$(srcdir)/hand

bin_PROGRAMS = arm
arm_SOURCES = arm.c
# link with the hand library.
arm_LDADD = hand/libhand.a
@end example

Now here is @code{hand}'s @file{hand/configure.ac}:

@example
AC_INIT([hand], [1.2])
AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([.])
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE
AC_PROG_CC
AC_PROG_RANLIB
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile])
AC_OUTPUT
@end example

@noindent
and its @file{hand/Makefile.am}:

@example
lib_LIBRARIES = libhand.a
libhand_a_SOURCES = hand.c
@end example

When @samp{make dist} is run from the top-level directory it will
create an archive @file{arm-1.0.tar.gz} that contains the @code{arm}
code as well as the @file{hand} subdirectory.  This package can be
built and installed like any ordinary package, with the usual
@samp{./configure && make && make install} sequence (the @code{hand}
subpackage will be built and installed by the process).

When @samp{make dist} is run from the hand directory, it will create a
self-contained @file{hand-1.2.tar.gz} archive.  So although it appears
to be embedded in another package, it can still be used separately.

The purpose of the @samp{AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([.])} instruction is to
force Automake and Autoconf to search for auxiliary scripts in the
current directory.  For instance, this means that there will be two
copies of @file{install-sh}: one in the top-level of the @code{arm}
package, and another one in the @file{hand/} subdirectory for the
@code{hand} package.

The historical default is to search for these auxiliary scripts in
the parent directory and the grandparent directory.  So if the
@samp{AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([.])} line was removed from
@file{hand/configure.ac}, that subpackage would share the auxiliary
script of the @code{arm} package.  This may looks like a gain in size
(a few kilobytes), but it is actually a loss of modularity as the
@code{hand} subpackage is no longer self-contained (@samp{make dist}
in the subdirectory will not work anymore).

Packages that do not use Automake need more work to be integrated this
way.  @xref{Third-Party Makefiles}.

@node Programs
@chapter Building Programs and Libraries

A large part of Automake's functionality is dedicated to making it easy
to build programs and libraries.

@menu
* A Program::                   Building a program
* A Library::                   Building a library
* A Shared Library::            Building a Libtool library
* Program and Library Variables::  Variables controlling program and
                                library builds
* Default _SOURCES::            Default source files
* LIBOBJS::                     Special handling for LIBOBJS and ALLOCA
* Program variables::           Variables used when building a program
* Yacc and Lex::                Yacc and Lex support
* C++ Support::                 Compiling C++ sources
* Objective C Support::         Compiling Objective C sources
* Unified Parallel C Support::  Compiling Unified Parallel C sources
* Assembly Support::            Compiling assembly sources
* Fortran 77 Support::          Compiling Fortran 77 sources
* Fortran 9x Support::          Compiling Fortran 9x sources
* Java Support::                Compiling Java sources
* Support for Other Languages::  Compiling other languages
* ANSI::                        Automatic de-ANSI-fication (obsolete)
* Dependencies::                Automatic dependency tracking
* EXEEXT::                      Support for executable extensions
@end menu


@node A Program
@section Building a program

In order to build a program, you need to tell Automake which sources
are part of it, and which libraries it should be linked with.

This section also covers conditional compilation of sources or
programs.  Most of the comments about these also apply to libraries
(@pxref{A Library}) and libtool libraries (@pxref{A Shared Library}).

@menu
* Program Sources::             Defining program sources
* Linking::                     Linking with libraries or extra objects
* Conditional Sources::         Handling conditional sources
* Conditional Programs::        Building program conditionally
@end menu

@node Program Sources
@subsection Defining program sources

@cindex @code{PROGRAMS}, @code{bindir}
@vindex _PROGRAMS
@vindex bin_PROGRAMS
@vindex sbin_PROGRAMS
@vindex libexec_PROGRAMS
@vindex pkglib_PROGRAMS
@vindex noinst_PROGRAMS
@vindex check_PROGRAMS

In a directory containing source that gets built into a program (as
opposed to a library or a script), the @code{PROGRAMS} primary is used.
Programs can be installed in @code{bindir}, @code{sbindir},
@code{libexecdir}, @code{pkglibdir}, @code{pkglibexecdir}, or not at all
(@code{noinst_}).  They can also be built only for @samp{make check}, in
which case the prefix is @samp{check_}.

For instance:

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = hello
@end example

In this simple case, the resulting @file{Makefile.in} will contain code
to generate a program named @code{hello}.

Associated with each program are several assisting variables that are
named after the program.  These variables are all optional, and have
reasonable defaults.  Each variable, its use, and default is spelled out
below; we use the ``hello'' example throughout.

The variable @code{hello_SOURCES} is used to specify which source files
get built into an executable:

@example
hello_SOURCES = hello.c version.c getopt.c getopt1.c getopt.h system.h
@end example

This causes each mentioned @file{.c} file to be compiled into the
corresponding @file{.o}.  Then all are linked to produce @file{hello}.

@cindex @code{_SOURCES} primary, defined
@cindex @code{SOURCES} primary, defined
@cindex Primary variable, @code{SOURCES}
@vindex _SOURCES

If @code{hello_SOURCES} is not specified, then it defaults to the single
file @file{hello.c} (@pxref{Default _SOURCES}).
@vindex _SOURCES
@vindex SOURCES

Multiple programs can be built in a single directory.  Multiple programs
can share a single source file, which must be listed in each
@code{_SOURCES} definition.

@cindex Header files in @code{_SOURCES}
@cindex @code{_SOURCES} and header files

Header files listed in a @code{_SOURCES} definition will be included in
the distribution but otherwise ignored.  In case it isn't obvious, you
should not include the header file generated by @file{configure} in a
@code{_SOURCES} variable; this file should not be distributed.  Lex
(@file{.l}) and Yacc (@file{.y}) files can also be listed; see @ref{Yacc
and Lex}.


@node Linking
@subsection Linking the program

If you need to link against libraries that are not found by
@command{configure}, you can use @code{LDADD} to do so.  This variable is
used to specify additional objects or libraries to link with; it is
inappropriate for specifying specific linker flags, you should use
@code{AM_LDFLAGS} for this purpose.
@vindex LDADD
@vindex AM_LDFLAGS

@cindex @code{prog_LDADD}, defined

Sometimes, multiple programs are built in one directory but do not share
the same link-time requirements.  In this case, you can use the
@code{@var{prog}_LDADD} variable (where @var{prog} is the name of the
program as it appears in some @code{_PROGRAMS} variable, and usually
written in lowercase) to override the global @code{LDADD}.  If this
variable exists for a given program, then that program is not linked
using @code{LDADD}.
@vindex maude_LDADD

For instance, in GNU cpio, @code{pax}, @code{cpio} and @code{mt} are
linked against the library @file{libcpio.a}.  However, @code{rmt} is
built in the same directory, and has no such link requirement.  Also,
@code{mt} and @code{rmt} are only built on certain architectures.  Here
is what cpio's @file{src/Makefile.am} looks like (abridged):

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = cpio pax $(MT)
libexec_PROGRAMS = $(RMT)
EXTRA_PROGRAMS = mt rmt

LDADD = ../lib/libcpio.a $(INTLLIBS)
rmt_LDADD =

cpio_SOURCES = @dots{}
pax_SOURCES = @dots{}
mt_SOURCES = @dots{}
rmt_SOURCES = @dots{}
@end example

@cindex @code{_LDFLAGS}, defined
@vindex maude_LDFLAGS
@code{@var{prog}_LDADD} is inappropriate for passing program-specific
linker flags (except for @option{-l}, @option{-L}, @option{-dlopen} and
@option{-dlpreopen}).  So, use the @code{@var{prog}_LDFLAGS} variable for
this purpose.

@cindex @code{_DEPENDENCIES}, defined
@vindex maude_DEPENDENCIES
It is also occasionally useful to have a program depend on some other
target that is not actually part of that program.  This can be done
using the @code{@var{prog}_DEPENDENCIES} variable.  Each program
depends on the contents of such a variable, but no further
interpretation is done.

Since these dependencies are associated to the link rule used to
create the programs they should normally list files used by the link
command.  That is @file{*.$(OBJEXT)}, @file{*.a}, or @file{*.la}
files.  In rare cases you may need to add other kinds of files such as
linker scripts, but @emph{listing a source file in
@code{_DEPENDENCIES} is wrong}.  If some source file needs to be built
before all the components of a program are built, consider using the
@code{BUILT_SOURCES} variable instead (@pxref{Sources}).

If @code{@var{prog}_DEPENDENCIES} is not supplied, it is computed by
Automake.  The automatically-assigned value is the contents of
@code{@var{prog}_LDADD}, with most configure substitutions, @option{-l},
@option{-L}, @option{-dlopen} and @option{-dlpreopen} options removed.  The
configure substitutions that are left in are only @samp{$(LIBOBJS)} and
@samp{$(ALLOCA)}; these are left because it is known that they will not
cause an invalid value for @code{@var{prog}_DEPENDENCIES} to be
generated.

@ref{Conditional Sources} shows a situation where @code{_DEPENDENCIES}
may be used.

@cindex @code{LDADD} and @option{-l}
@cindex @option{-l} and @code{LDADD}
We recommend that you avoid using @option{-l} options in @code{LDADD}
or @code{@var{prog}_LDADD} when referring to libraries built by your
package.  Instead, write the file name of the library explicitly as in
the above @code{cpio} example.  Use @option{-l} only to list
third-party libraries.  If you follow this rule, the default value of
@code{@var{prog}_DEPENDENCIES} will list all your local libraries and
omit the other ones.


@node Conditional Sources
@subsection Conditional compilation of sources

You can't put a configure substitution (e.g., @samp{@@FOO@@} or
@samp{$(FOO)} where @code{FOO} is defined via @code{AC_SUBST}) into a
@code{_SOURCES} variable.  The reason for this is a bit hard to
explain, but suffice to say that it simply won't work.  Automake will
give an error if you try to do this.

Fortunately there are two other ways to achieve the same result.  One is
to use configure substitutions in @code{_LDADD} variables, the other is
to use an Automake conditional.

@subsubsection Conditional compilation using @code{_LDADD} substitutions

@cindex @code{EXTRA_prog_SOURCES}, defined

Automake must know all the source files that could possibly go into a
program, even if not all the files are built in every circumstance.  Any
files that are only conditionally built should be listed in the
appropriate @code{EXTRA_} variable.  For instance, if
@file{hello-linux.c} or @file{hello-generic.c} were conditionally included
in @code{hello}, the @file{Makefile.am} would contain:

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = hello
hello_SOURCES = hello-common.c
EXTRA_hello_SOURCES = hello-linux.c hello-generic.c
hello_LDADD = $(HELLO_SYSTEM)
hello_DEPENDENCIES = $(HELLO_SYSTEM)
@end example

@noindent
You can then setup the @samp{$(HELLO_SYSTEM)} substitution from
@file{configure.ac}:

@example
@dots{}
case $host in
  *linux*) HELLO_SYSTEM='hello-linux.$(OBJEXT)' ;;
  *)       HELLO_SYSTEM='hello-generic.$(OBJEXT)' ;;
esac
AC_SUBST([HELLO_SYSTEM])
@dots{}
@end example

In this case, the variable @code{HELLO_SYSTEM} should be replaced by
either @file{hello-linux.o} or @file{hello-generic.o}, and added to
both @code{hello_DEPENDENCIES} and @code{hello_LDADD} in order to be
built and linked in.

@subsubsection Conditional compilation using Automake conditionals

An often simpler way to compile source files conditionally is to use
Automake conditionals.  For instance, you could use this
@file{Makefile.am} construct to build the same @file{hello} example:

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = hello
if LINUX
hello_SOURCES = hello-linux.c hello-common.c
else
hello_SOURCES = hello-generic.c hello-common.c
endif
@end example

In this case, @file{configure.ac} should setup the @code{LINUX}
conditional using @code{AM_CONDITIONAL} (@pxref{Conditionals}).

When using conditionals like this you don't need to use the
@code{EXTRA_} variable, because Automake will examine the contents of
each variable to construct the complete list of source files.

If your program uses a lot of files, you will probably prefer a
conditional @samp{+=}.

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = hello
hello_SOURCES = hello-common.c
if LINUX
hello_SOURCES += hello-linux.c
else
hello_SOURCES += hello-generic.c
endif
@end example

@node Conditional Programs
@subsection Conditional compilation of programs
@cindex Conditional programs
@cindex Programs, conditional

Sometimes it is useful to determine the programs that are to be built
at configure time.  For instance, GNU @code{cpio} only builds
@code{mt} and @code{rmt} under special circumstances.  The means to
achieve conditional compilation of programs are the same you can use
to compile source files conditionally: substitutions or conditionals.

@subsubsection Conditional programs using @command{configure} substitutions

@vindex EXTRA_PROGRAMS
@cindex @code{EXTRA_PROGRAMS}, defined
In this case, you must notify Automake of all the programs that can
possibly be built, but at the same time cause the generated
@file{Makefile.in} to use the programs specified by @command{configure}.
This is done by having @command{configure} substitute values into each
@code{_PROGRAMS} definition, while listing all optionally built programs
in @code{EXTRA_PROGRAMS}.

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = cpio pax $(MT)
libexec_PROGRAMS = $(RMT)
EXTRA_PROGRAMS = mt rmt
@end example

As explained in @ref{EXEEXT}, Automake will rewrite
@code{bin_PROGRAMS}, @code{libexec_PROGRAMS}, and
@code{EXTRA_PROGRAMS}, appending @samp{$(EXEEXT)} to each binary.
Obviously it cannot rewrite values obtained at run-time through
@command{configure} substitutions, therefore you should take care of
appending @samp{$(EXEEXT)} yourself, as in @samp{AC_SUBST([MT],
['mt$@{EXEEXT@}'])}.

@subsubsection Conditional programs using Automake conditionals

You can also use Automake conditionals (@pxref{Conditionals}) to
select programs to be built.  In this case you don't have to worry
about @samp{$(EXEEXT)} or @code{EXTRA_PROGRAMS}.

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = cpio pax
if WANT_MT
  bin_PROGRAMS += mt
endif
if WANT_RMT
  libexec_PROGRAMS = rmt
endif
@end example


@node A Library
@section Building a library

@cindex @code{_LIBRARIES} primary, defined
@cindex @code{LIBRARIES} primary, defined
@cindex Primary variable, @code{LIBRARIES}
@vindex _LIBRARIES

@vindex lib_LIBRARIES
@vindex pkglib_LIBRARIES
@vindex noinst_LIBRARIES

Building a library is much like building a program.  In this case, the
name of the primary is @code{LIBRARIES}.  Libraries can be installed in
@code{libdir} or @code{pkglibdir}.

@xref{A Shared Library}, for information on how to build shared
libraries using libtool and the @code{LTLIBRARIES} primary.

Each @code{_LIBRARIES} variable is a list of the libraries to be built.
For instance, to create a library named @file{libcpio.a}, but not install
it, you would write:

@example
noinst_LIBRARIES = libcpio.a
libcpio_a_SOURCES = @dots{}
@end example

The sources that go into a library are determined exactly as they are
for programs, via the @code{_SOURCES} variables.  Note that the library
name is canonicalized (@pxref{Canonicalization}), so the @code{_SOURCES}
variable corresponding to @file{libcpio.a} is @samp{libcpio_a_SOURCES},
not @samp{libcpio.a_SOURCES}.

@vindex maude_LIBADD
Extra objects can be added to a library using the
@code{@var{library}_LIBADD} variable.  This should be used for objects
determined by @command{configure}.  Again from @code{cpio}:

@example
libcpio_a_LIBADD = $(LIBOBJS) $(ALLOCA)
@end example

In addition, sources for extra objects that will not exist until
configure-time must be added to the @code{BUILT_SOURCES} variable
(@pxref{Sources}).

Building a static library is done by compiling all object files, then
by invoking @samp{$(AR) $(ARFLAGS)} followed by the name of the
library and the list of objects, and finally by calling
@samp{$(RANLIB)} on that library.  You should call
@code{AC_PROG_RANLIB} from your @file{configure.ac} to define
@code{RANLIB} (Automake will complain otherwise).  @code{AR} and
@code{ARFLAGS} default to @code{ar} and @code{cru} respectively; you
can override these two variables my setting them in your
@file{Makefile.am}, by @code{AC_SUBST}ing them from your
@file{configure.ac}, or by defining a per-library @code{maude_AR}
variable (@pxref{Program and Library Variables}).

@cindex Empty libraries
Be careful when selecting library components conditionally.  Because
building an empty library is not portable, you should ensure that any
library contains always at least one object.

To use a static library when building a program, add it to
@code{LDADD} for this program.  In the following example, the program
@file{cpio} is statically linked with the library @file{libcpio.a}.

@example
noinst_LIBRARIES = libcpio.a
libcpio_a_SOURCES = @dots{}

bin_PROGRAMS = cpio
cpio_SOURCES = cpio.c @dots{}
cpio_LDADD = libcpio.a
@end example


@node A Shared Library
@section Building a Shared Library

@cindex Shared libraries, support for

Building shared libraries portably is a relatively complex matter.
For this reason, GNU Libtool (@pxref{Top, , Introduction, libtool, The
Libtool Manual}) was created to help build shared libraries in a
platform-independent way.

@menu
* Libtool Concept::             Introducing Libtool
* Libtool Libraries::           Declaring Libtool Libraries
* Conditional Libtool Libraries::  Building Libtool Libraries Conditionally
* Conditional Libtool Sources::  Choosing Library Sources Conditionally
* Libtool Convenience Libraries::  Building Convenience Libtool Libraries
* Libtool Modules::             Building Libtool Modules
* Libtool Flags::               Using _LIBADD, _LDFLAGS, and _LIBTOOLFLAGS
* LTLIBOBJS::                   Using $(LTLIBOBJS) and $(LTALLOCA)
* Libtool Issues::              Common Issues Related to Libtool's Use
@end menu

@node Libtool Concept
@subsection The Libtool Concept

@cindex @command{libtool}, introduction
@cindex libtool library, definition
@cindex suffix @file{.la}, defined
@cindex @file{.la} suffix, defined

Libtool abstracts shared and static libraries into a unified concept
henceforth called @dfn{libtool libraries}.  Libtool libraries are
files using the @file{.la} suffix, and can designate a static library,
a shared library, or maybe both.  Their exact nature cannot be
determined until @file{./configure} is run: not all platforms support
all kinds of libraries, and users can explicitly select which
libraries should be built.  (However the package's maintainers can
tune the default, @pxref{AC_PROG_LIBTOOL, , The @code{AC_PROG_LIBTOOL}
macro, libtool, The Libtool Manual}.)

@cindex suffix @file{.lo}, defined
Because object files for shared and static libraries must be compiled
differently, libtool is also used during compilation.  Object files
built by libtool are called @dfn{libtool objects}: these are files
using the @file{.lo} suffix.  Libtool libraries are built from these
libtool objects.

You should not assume anything about the structure of @file{.la} or
@file{.lo} files and how libtool constructs them: this is libtool's
concern, and the last thing one wants is to learn about libtool's
guts.  However the existence of these files matters, because they are
used as targets and dependencies in @file{Makefile}s rules when
building libtool libraries.  There are situations where you may have
to refer to these, for instance when expressing dependencies for
building source files conditionally (@pxref{Conditional Libtool
Sources}).

@cindex @file{libltdl}, introduction

People considering writing a plug-in system, with dynamically loaded
modules, should look into @file{libltdl}: libtool's dlopening library
(@pxref{Using libltdl, , Using libltdl, libtool, The Libtool Manual}).
This offers a portable dlopening facility to load libtool libraries
dynamically, and can also achieve static linking where unavoidable.

Before we discuss how to use libtool with Automake in details, it
should be noted that the libtool manual also has a section about how
to use Automake with libtool (@pxref{Using Automake, , Using Automake
with Libtool, libtool, The Libtool Manual}).

@node Libtool Libraries
@subsection Building Libtool Libraries

@cindex @code{_LTLIBRARIES} primary, defined
@cindex @code{LTLIBRARIES} primary, defined
@cindex Primary variable, @code{LTLIBRARIES}
@cindex Example of shared libraries
@vindex lib_LTLIBRARIES
@vindex pkglib_LTLIBRARIES
@vindex _LTLIBRARIES

Automake uses libtool to build libraries declared with the
@code{LTLIBRARIES} primary.  Each @code{_LTLIBRARIES} variable is a
list of libtool libraries to build.  For instance, to create a libtool
library named @file{libgettext.la}, and install it in @code{libdir},
write:

@example
lib_LTLIBRARIES = libgettext.la
libgettext_la_SOURCES = gettext.c gettext.h @dots{}
@end example

Automake predefines the variable @code{pkglibdir}, so you can use
@code{pkglib_LTLIBRARIES} to install libraries in
@samp{$(libdir)/@@PACKAGE@@/}.

If @file{gettext.h} is a public header file that needs to be installed
in order for people to use the library, it should be declared using a
@code{_HEADERS} variable, not in @code{libgettext_la_SOURCES}.
Headers listed in the latter should be internal headers that are not
part of the public interface.

@example
lib_LTLIBRARIES = libgettext.la
libgettext_la_SOURCES = gettext.c @dots{}
include_HEADERS = gettext.h @dots{}
@end example

A package can build and install such a library along with other
programs that use it.  This dependency should be specified using
@code{LDADD}.  The following example builds a program named
@file{hello} that is linked with @file{libgettext.la}.

@example
lib_LTLIBRARIES = libgettext.la
libgettext_la_SOURCES = gettext.c @dots{}

bin_PROGRAMS = hello
hello_SOURCES = hello.c @dots{}
hello_LDADD = libgettext.la
@end example

@noindent
Whether @file{hello} is statically or dynamically linked with
@file{libgettext.la} is not yet known: this will depend on the
configuration of libtool and the capabilities of the host.


@node Conditional Libtool Libraries
@subsection Building Libtool Libraries Conditionally
@cindex libtool libraries, conditional
@cindex conditional libtool libraries

Like conditional programs (@pxref{Conditional Programs}), there are
two main ways to build conditional libraries: using Automake
conditionals or using Autoconf @code{AC_SUBST}itutions.

The important implementation detail you have to be aware of is that
the place where a library will be installed matters to libtool: it
needs to be indicated @emph{at link-time} using the @option{-rpath}
option.

For libraries whose destination directory is known when Automake runs,
Automake will automatically supply the appropriate @option{-rpath}
option to libtool.  This is the case for libraries listed explicitly in
some installable @code{_LTLIBRARIES} variables such as
@code{lib_LTLIBRARIES}.

However, for libraries determined at configure time (and thus
mentioned in @code{EXTRA_LTLIBRARIES}), Automake does not know the
final installation directory.  For such libraries you must add the
@option{-rpath} option to the appropriate @code{_LDFLAGS} variable by
hand.

The examples below illustrate the differences between these two methods.

Here is an example where @code{WANTEDLIBS} is an @code{AC_SUBST}ed
variable set at @file{./configure}-time to either @file{libfoo.la},
@file{libbar.la}, both, or none.  Although @samp{$(WANTEDLIBS)}
appears in the @code{lib_LTLIBRARIES}, Automake cannot guess it
relates to @file{libfoo.la} or @file{libbar.la} by the time it creates
the link rule for these two libraries.  Therefore the @option{-rpath}
argument must be explicitly supplied.

@example
EXTRA_LTLIBRARIES = libfoo.la libbar.la
lib_LTLIBRARIES = $(WANTEDLIBS)
libfoo_la_SOURCES = foo.c @dots{}
libfoo_la_LDFLAGS = -rpath '$(libdir)'
libbar_la_SOURCES = bar.c @dots{}
libbar_la_LDFLAGS = -rpath '$(libdir)'
@end example

Here is how the same @file{Makefile.am} would look using Automake
conditionals named @code{WANT_LIBFOO} and @code{WANT_LIBBAR}.  Now
Automake is able to compute the @option{-rpath} setting itself, because
it's clear that both libraries will end up in @samp{$(libdir)} if they
are installed.

@example
lib_LTLIBRARIES =
if WANT_LIBFOO
lib_LTLIBRARIES += libfoo.la
endif
if WANT_LIBBAR
lib_LTLIBRARIES += libbar.la
endif
libfoo_la_SOURCES = foo.c @dots{}
libbar_la_SOURCES = bar.c @dots{}
@end example

@node Conditional Libtool Sources
@subsection Libtool Libraries with Conditional Sources

Conditional compilation of sources in a library can be achieved in the
same way as conditional compilation of sources in a program
(@pxref{Conditional Sources}).  The only difference is that
@code{_LIBADD} should be used instead of @code{_LDADD} and that it
should mention libtool objects (@file{.lo} files).

So, to mimic the @file{hello} example from @ref{Conditional Sources},
we could build a @file{libhello.la} library using either
@file{hello-linux.c} or @file{hello-generic.c} with the following
@file{Makefile.am}.

@example
lib_LTLIBRARIES = libhello.la
libhello_la_SOURCES = hello-common.c
EXTRA_libhello_la_SOURCES = hello-linux.c hello-generic.c
libhello_la_LIBADD = $(HELLO_SYSTEM)
libhello_la_DEPENDENCIES = $(HELLO_SYSTEM)
@end example

@noindent
And make sure @command{configure} defines @code{HELLO_SYSTEM} as
either @file{hello-linux.lo} or @file{hello-@-generic.lo}.

Or we could simply use an Automake conditional as follows.

@example
lib_LTLIBRARIES = libhello.la
libhello_la_SOURCES = hello-common.c
if LINUX
libhello_la_SOURCES += hello-linux.c
else
libhello_la_SOURCES += hello-generic.c
endif
@end example

@node Libtool Convenience Libraries
@subsection Libtool Convenience Libraries
@cindex convenience libraries, libtool
@cindex libtool convenience libraries
@vindex noinst_LTLIBRARIES
@vindex check_LTLIBRARIES

Sometimes you want to build libtool libraries that should not be
installed.  These are called @dfn{libtool convenience libraries} and
are typically used to encapsulate many sublibraries, later gathered
into one big installed library.

Libtool convenience libraries are declared by directory-less variables
such as @code{noinst_LTLIBRARIES}, @code{check_LTLIBRARIES}, or even
@code{EXTRA_LTLIBRARIES}.  Unlike installed libtool libraries they do
not need an @option{-rpath} flag at link time (actually this is the only
difference).

Convenience libraries listed in @code{noinst_LTLIBRARIES} are always
built.  Those listed in @code{check_LTLIBRARIES} are built only upon
@samp{make check}.  Finally, libraries listed in
@code{EXTRA_LTLIBRARIES} are never built explicitly: Automake outputs
rules to build them, but if the library does not appear as a Makefile
dependency anywhere it won't be built (this is why
@code{EXTRA_LTLIBRARIES} is used for conditional compilation).

Here is a sample setup merging libtool convenience libraries from
subdirectories into one main @file{libtop.la} library.

@example
# -- Top-level Makefile.am --
SUBDIRS = sub1 sub2 @dots{}
lib_LTLIBRARIES = libtop.la
libtop_la_SOURCES =
libtop_la_LIBADD = \
  sub1/libsub1.la \
  sub2/libsub2.la \
  @dots{}

# -- sub1/Makefile.am --
noinst_LTLIBRARIES = libsub1.la
libsub1_la_SOURCES = @dots{}

# -- sub2/Makefile.am --
# showing nested convenience libraries
SUBDIRS = sub2.1 sub2.2 @dots{}
noinst_LTLIBRARIES = libsub2.la
libsub2_la_SOURCES =
libsub2_la_LIBADD = \
  sub21/libsub21.la \
  sub22/libsub22.la \
  @dots{}
@end example

When using such setup, beware that @command{automake} will assume
@file{libtop.la} is to be linked with the C linker.  This is because
@code{libtop_la_SOURCES} is empty, so @command{automake} picks C as
default language.  If @code{libtop_la_SOURCES} was not empty,
@command{automake} would select the linker as explained in @ref{How
the Linker is Chosen}.

If one of the sublibraries contains non-C source, it is important that
the appropriate linker be chosen.  One way to achieve this is to
pretend that there is such a non-C file among the sources of the
library, thus forcing @command{automake} to select the appropriate
linker.  Here is the top-level @file{Makefile} of our example updated
to force C++ linking.

@example
SUBDIRS = sub1 sub2 @dots{}
lib_LTLIBRARIES = libtop.la
libtop_la_SOURCES =
# Dummy C++ source to cause C++ linking.
nodist_EXTRA_libtop_la_SOURCES = dummy.cxx
libtop_la_LIBADD = \
  sub1/libsub1.la \
  sub2/libsub2.la \
  @dots{}
@end example

@samp{EXTRA_*_SOURCES} variables are used to keep track of source
files that might be compiled (this is mostly useful when doing
conditional compilation using @code{AC_SUBST}, @pxref{Conditional
Libtool Sources}), and the @code{nodist_} prefix means the listed
sources are not to be distributed (@pxref{Program and Library
Variables}).  In effect the file @file{dummy.cxx} does not need to
exist in the source tree.  Of course if you have some real source file
to list in @code{libtop_la_SOURCES} there is no point in cheating with
@code{nodist_EXTRA_libtop_la_SOURCES}.


@node Libtool Modules
@subsection Libtool Modules
@cindex modules, libtool
@cindex libtool modules
@cindex @option{-module}, libtool

These are libtool libraries meant to be dlopened.  They are
indicated to libtool by passing @option{-module} at link-time.

@example
pkglib_LTLIBRARIES = mymodule.la
mymodule_la_SOURCES = doit.c
mymodule_la_LDFLAGS = -module
@end example

Ordinarily, Automake requires that a library's name starts with
@code{lib}.  However, when building a dynamically loadable module you
might wish to use a "nonstandard" name.  Automake will not complain
about such nonstandard name if it knows the library being built is a
libtool module, i.e., if @option{-module} explicitly appears in the
library's @code{_LDFLAGS} variable (or in the common @code{AM_LDFLAGS}
variable when no per-library @code{_LDFLAGS} variable is defined).

As always, @code{AC_SUBST} variables are black boxes to Automake since
their values are not yet known when @command{automake} is run.
Therefore if @option{-module} is set via such a variable, Automake
cannot notice it and will proceed as if the library was an ordinary
libtool library, with strict naming.

If @code{mymodule_la_SOURCES} is not specified, then it defaults to
the single file @file{mymodule.c} (@pxref{Default _SOURCES}).

@node Libtool Flags
@subsection @code{_LIBADD}, @code{_LDFLAGS}, and @code{_LIBTOOLFLAGS}
@cindex @code{_LIBADD}, libtool
@cindex @code{_LDFLAGS}, libtool
@cindex @code{_LIBTOOLFLAGS}, libtool
@vindex AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS
@vindex LIBTOOLFLAGS
@vindex maude_LIBTOOLFLAGS

As shown in previous sections, the @samp{@var{library}_LIBADD}
variable should be used to list extra libtool objects (@file{.lo}
files) or libtool libraries (@file{.la}) to add to @var{library}.

The @samp{@var{library}_LDFLAGS} variable is the place to list
additional libtool linking flags, such as @option{-version-info},
@option{-static}, and a lot more.  @xref{Link mode, , Link mode,
libtool, The Libtool Manual}.

The @command{libtool} command has two kinds of options: mode-specific
options and generic options.  Mode-specific options such as the
aforementioned linking flags should be lumped with the other flags
passed to the tool invoked by @command{libtool} (hence the use of
@samp{@var{library}_LDFLAGS} for libtool linking flags).  Generic
options include @option{--tag=@var{TAG}} and @option{--silent}
(@pxref{Invoking libtool, , Invoking @command{libtool}, libtool, The
Libtool Manual} for more options) should appear before the mode
selection on the command line; in @file{Makefile.am}s they should
be listed in the @samp{@var{library}_LIBTOOLFLAGS} variable.

If @samp{@var{library}_LIBTOOLFLAGS} is not defined, the global
@code{AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS} variable is used instead.

These flags are passed to libtool after the @option{--tag=@var{TAG}}
option computed by Automake (if any), so
@samp{@var{library}_LIBTOOLFLAGS} (or @code{AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS}) is the
good place to override or supplement the @option{--tag=@var{TAG}}
setting.

The libtool rules also use a @code{LIBTOOLFLAGS} variable that should
not be set in @file{Makefile.am}: this is a user variable (@pxref{Flag
Variables Ordering}.  It allows users to run @samp{make
LIBTOOLFLAGS=--silent}, for instance.


@node LTLIBOBJS, Libtool Issues, Libtool Flags, A Shared Library
@subsection @code{LTLIBOBJS} and @code{LTALLOCA}
@cindex @code{LTLIBOBJS}, special handling
@cindex @code{LIBOBJS}, and Libtool
@cindex @code{LTALLOCA}, special handling
@cindex @code{ALLOCA}, and Libtool
@vindex LTLIBOBJS
@vindex LIBOBJS
@vindex LTALLOCA
@vindex ALLOCA
@acindex AC_LIBOBJ

Where an ordinary library might include @samp{$(LIBOBJS)} or
@samp{$(ALLOCA)} (@pxref{LIBOBJS}), a libtool library must use
@samp{$(LTLIBOBJS)} or @samp{$(LTALLOCA)}.  This is required because
the object files that libtool operates on do not necessarily end in
@file{.o}.

Nowadays, the computation of @code{LTLIBOBJS} from @code{LIBOBJS} is
performed automatically by Autoconf (@pxref{AC_LIBOBJ vs LIBOBJS, ,
@code{AC_LIBOBJ} vs.@: @code{LIBOBJS}, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}).

@node Libtool Issues
@subsection Common Issues Related to Libtool's Use

@subsubsection @samp{required file `./ltmain.sh' not found}
@cindex @file{ltmain.sh} not found
@cindex @command{libtoolize}, no longer run by @command{automake}
@cindex @command{libtoolize} and @command{autoreconf}
@cindex @command{autoreconf} and @command{libtoolize}
@cindex @file{bootstrap.sh} and @command{autoreconf}
@cindex @file{autogen.sh} and @command{autoreconf}

Libtool comes with a tool called @command{libtoolize} that will
install libtool's supporting files into a package.  Running this
command will install @file{ltmain.sh}.  You should execute it before
@command{aclocal} and @command{automake}.

People upgrading old packages to newer autotools are likely to face
this issue because older Automake versions used to call
@command{libtoolize}.  Therefore old build scripts do not call
@command{libtoolize}.

Since Automake 1.6, it has been decided that running
@command{libtoolize} was none of Automake's business.  Instead, that
functionality has been moved into the @command{autoreconf} command
(@pxref{autoreconf Invocation, , Using @command{autoreconf}, autoconf,
The Autoconf Manual}).  If you do not want to remember what to run and
when, just learn the @command{autoreconf} command.  Hopefully,
replacing existing @file{bootstrap.sh} or @file{autogen.sh} scripts by
a call to @command{autoreconf} should also free you from any similar
incompatible change in the future.

@subsubsection Objects @samp{created with both libtool and without}

Sometimes, the same source file is used both to build a libtool
library and to build another non-libtool target (be it a program or
another library).

Let's consider the following @file{Makefile.am}.

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = prog
prog_SOURCES = prog.c foo.c @dots{}

lib_LTLIBRARIES = libfoo.la
libfoo_la_SOURCES = foo.c @dots{}
@end example

@noindent
(In this trivial case the issue could be avoided by linking
@file{libfoo.la} with @file{prog} instead of listing @file{foo.c} in
@code{prog_SOURCES}.  But let's assume we really want to keep
@file{prog} and @file{libfoo.la} separate.)

Technically, it means that we should build @file{foo.$(OBJEXT)} for
@file{prog}, and @file{foo.lo} for @file{libfoo.la}.  The problem is
that in the course of creating @file{foo.lo}, libtool may erase (or
replace) @file{foo.$(OBJEXT)}, and this cannot be avoided.

Therefore, when Automake detects this situation it will complain
with a message such as
@example
object `foo.$(OBJEXT)' created both with libtool and without
@end example

A workaround for this issue is to ensure that these two objects get
different basenames.  As explained in @ref{renamed objects}, this
happens automatically when per-targets flags are used.

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = prog
prog_SOURCES = prog.c foo.c @dots{}
prog_CFLAGS = $(AM_CFLAGS)

lib_LTLIBRARIES = libfoo.la
libfoo_la_SOURCES = foo.c @dots{}
@end example

@noindent
Adding @samp{prog_CFLAGS = $(AM_CFLAGS)} is almost a no-op, because
when the @code{prog_CFLAGS} is defined, it is used instead of
@code{AM_CFLAGS}.  However as a side effect it will cause
@file{prog.c} and @file{foo.c} to be compiled as
@file{prog-prog.$(OBJEXT)} and @file{prog-foo.$(OBJEXT)}, which solves
the issue.

@node Program and Library Variables
@section Program and Library Variables

Associated with each program are a collection of variables that can be
used to modify how that program is built.  There is a similar list of
such variables for each library.  The canonical name of the program (or
library) is used as a base for naming these variables.

In the list below, we use the name ``maude'' to refer to the program or
library.  In your @file{Makefile.am} you would replace this with the
canonical name of your program.  This list also refers to ``maude'' as a
program, but in general the same rules apply for both static and dynamic
libraries; the documentation below notes situations where programs and
libraries differ.

@vtable @code
@item maude_SOURCES
This variable, if it exists, lists all the source files that are
compiled to build the program.  These files are added to the
distribution by default.  When building the program, Automake will cause
each source file to be compiled to a single @file{.o} file (or
@file{.lo} when using libtool).  Normally these object files are named
after the source file, but other factors can change this.  If a file in
the @code{_SOURCES} variable has an unrecognized extension, Automake
will do one of two things with it.  If a suffix rule exists for turning
files with the unrecognized extension into @file{.o} files, then
automake will treat this file as it will any other source file
(@pxref{Support for Other Languages}).  Otherwise, the file will be
ignored as though it were a header file.

The prefixes @code{dist_} and @code{nodist_} can be used to control
whether files listed in a @code{_SOURCES} variable are distributed.
@code{dist_} is redundant, as sources are distributed by default, but it
can be specified for clarity if desired.

It is possible to have both @code{dist_} and @code{nodist_} variants of
a given @code{_SOURCES} variable at once; this lets you easily
distribute some files and not others, for instance:

@example
nodist_maude_SOURCES = nodist.c
dist_maude_SOURCES = dist-me.c
@end example

By default the output file (on Unix systems, the @file{.o} file) will
be put into the current build directory.  However, if the option
@option{subdir-objects} is in effect in the current directory then the
@file{.o} file will be put into the subdirectory named after the
source file.  For instance, with @option{subdir-objects} enabled,
@file{sub/dir/file.c} will be compiled to @file{sub/dir/file.o}.  Some
people prefer this mode of operation.  You can specify
@option{subdir-objects} in @code{AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS} (@pxref{Options}).
@cindex Subdirectory, objects in
@cindex Objects in subdirectory


@item EXTRA_maude_SOURCES
Automake needs to know the list of files you intend to compile
@emph{statically}.  For one thing, this is the only way Automake has of
knowing what sort of language support a given @file{Makefile.in}
requires.  @footnote{There are other, more obscure reasons for
this limitation as well.}  This means that, for example, you can't put a
configure substitution like @samp{@@my_sources@@} into a @samp{_SOURCES}
variable.  If you intend to conditionally compile source files and use
@file{configure} to substitute the appropriate object names into, e.g.,
@code{_LDADD} (see below), then you should list the corresponding source
files in the @code{EXTRA_} variable.

This variable also supports @code{dist_} and @code{nodist_} prefixes.
For instance, @code{nodist_EXTRA_maude_SOURCES} would list extra
sources that may need to be built, but should not be distributed.

@item maude_AR
A static library is created by default by invoking @samp{$(AR)
$(ARFLAGS)} followed by the name of the library and then the objects
being put into the library.  You can override this by setting the
@code{_AR} variable.  This is usually used with C++; some C++
compilers require a special invocation in order to instantiate all the
templates that should go into a library.  For instance, the SGI C++
compiler likes this variable set like so:
@example
libmaude_a_AR = $(CXX) -ar -o
@end example

@item maude_LIBADD
Extra objects can be added to a @emph{library} using the @code{_LIBADD}
variable.  For instance, this should be used for objects determined by
@command{configure} (@pxref{A Library}).

In the case of libtool libraries, @code{maude_LIBADD} can also refer
to other libtool libraries.

@item maude_LDADD
Extra objects (@file{*.$(OBJEXT)}) and libraries (@file{*.a},
@file{*.la}) can be added to a @emph{program} by listing them in the
@code{_LDADD} variable.  For instance, this should be used for objects
determined by @command{configure} (@pxref{Linking}).

@code{_LDADD} and @code{_LIBADD} are inappropriate for passing
program-specific linker flags (except for @option{-l}, @option{-L},
@option{-dlopen} and @option{-dlpreopen}).  Use the @code{_LDFLAGS} variable
for this purpose.

For instance, if your @file{configure.ac} uses @code{AC_PATH_XTRA}, you
could link your program against the X libraries like so:

@example
maude_LDADD = $(X_PRE_LIBS) $(X_LIBS) $(X_EXTRA_LIBS)
@end example

We recommend that you use @option{-l} and @option{-L} only when
referring to third-party libraries, and give the explicit file names
of any library built by your package.  Doing so will ensure that
@code{maude_DEPENDENCIES} (see below) is correctly defined by default.

@item maude_LDFLAGS
This variable is used to pass extra flags to the link step of a program
or a shared library.  It overrides the global @code{AM_LDFLAGS} variable.

@item maude_LIBTOOLFLAGS
This variable is used to pass extra options to @command{libtool}.
It overrides the global @code{AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS} variable.
These options are output before @command{libtool}'s @option{--mode=@var{MODE}}
option, so they should not be mode-specific options (those belong to
the compiler or linker flags).  @xref{Libtool Flags}.

@item maude_DEPENDENCIES
It is also occasionally useful to have a target (program or library)
depend on some other file that is not actually part of that target.
This can be done using the @code{_DEPENDENCIES} variable.  Each
targets depends on the contents of such a variable, but no further
interpretation is done.

Since these dependencies are associated to the link rule used to
create the programs they should normally list files used by the link
command.  That is @file{*.$(OBJEXT)}, @file{*.a}, or @file{*.la} files
for programs; @file{*.lo} and @file{*.la} files for Libtool libraries;
and @file{*.$(OBJEXT)} files for static libraries.  In rare cases you
may need to add other kinds of files such as linker scripts, but
@emph{listing a source file in @code{_DEPENDENCIES} is wrong}.  If
some source file needs to be built before all the components of a
program are built, consider using the @code{BUILT_SOURCES} variable
(@pxref{Sources}).

If @code{_DEPENDENCIES} is not supplied, it is computed by Automake.
The automatically-assigned value is the contents of @code{_LDADD} or
@code{_LIBADD}, with most configure substitutions, @option{-l}, @option{-L},
@option{-dlopen} and @option{-dlpreopen} options removed.  The configure
substitutions that are left in are only @samp{$(LIBOBJS)} and
@samp{$(ALLOCA)}; these are left because it is known that they will not
cause an invalid value for @code{_DEPENDENCIES} to be generated.

@code{_DEPENDENCIES} is more likely used to perform conditional
compilation using an @code{AC_SUBST} variable that contains a list of
objects.  @xref{Conditional Sources}, and @ref{Conditional Libtool
Sources}.

@item maude_LINK
You can override the linker on a per-program basis.  By default the
linker is chosen according to the languages used by the program.  For
instance, a program that includes C++ source code would use the C++
compiler to link.  The @code{_LINK} variable must hold the name of a
command that can be passed all the @file{.o} file names as arguments.
Note that the name of the underlying program is @emph{not} passed to
@code{_LINK}; typically one uses @samp{$@@}:

@example
maude_LINK = $(CCLD) -magic -o $@@
@end example

@item maude_CCASFLAGS
@itemx maude_CFLAGS
@itemx maude_CPPFLAGS
@itemx maude_CXXFLAGS
@itemx maude_FFLAGS
@itemx maude_GCJFLAGS
@itemx maude_LFLAGS
@itemx maude_OBJCFLAGS
@itemx maude_RFLAGS
@itemx maude_UPCFLAGS
@itemx maude_YFLAGS
@cindex per-target compilation flags, defined
Automake allows you to set compilation flags on a per-program (or
per-library) basis.  A single source file can be included in several
programs, and it will potentially be compiled with different flags for
each program.  This works for any language directly supported by
Automake.  These @dfn{per-target compilation flags} are
@samp{_CCASFLAGS},
@samp{_CFLAGS},
@samp{_CPPFLAGS},
@samp{_CXXFLAGS},
@samp{_FFLAGS},
@samp{_GCJFLAGS},
@samp{_LFLAGS},
@samp{_OBJCFLAGS},
@samp{_RFLAGS},
@samp{_UPCFLAGS}, and
@samp{_YFLAGS}.

When using a per-target compilation flag, Automake will choose a
different name for the intermediate object files.  Ordinarily a file
like @file{sample.c} will be compiled to produce @file{sample.o}.
However, if the program's @code{_CFLAGS} variable is set, then the
object file will be named, for instance, @file{maude-sample.o}.  (See
also @ref{renamed objects}.)  The use of per-target compilation flags
with C sources requires that the macro @code{AM_PROG_CC_C_O} be called
from @file{configure.ac}.

In compilations with per-target flags, the ordinary @samp{AM_} form of
the flags variable is @emph{not} automatically included in the
compilation (however, the user form of the variable @emph{is} included).
So for instance, if you want the hypothetical @file{maude} compilations
to also use the value of @code{AM_CFLAGS}, you would need to write:

@example
maude_CFLAGS = @dots{} your flags @dots{} $(AM_CFLAGS)
@end example

@xref{Flag Variables Ordering}, for more discussion about the
interaction between user variables, @samp{AM_} shadow variables, and
per-target variables.

@item maude_SHORTNAME
On some platforms the allowable file names are very short.  In order to
support these systems and per-target compilation flags at the same
time, Automake allows you to set a ``short name'' that will influence
how intermediate object files are named.  For instance, in the following
example,

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = maude
maude_CPPFLAGS = -DSOMEFLAG
maude_SHORTNAME = m
maude_SOURCES = sample.c @dots{}
@end example

@noindent
the object file would be named @file{m-sample.o} rather than
@file{maude-sample.o}.

This facility is rarely needed in practice,
and we recommend avoiding it until you find it is required.
@end vtable

@node Default _SOURCES
@section Default @code{_SOURCES}

@vindex _SOURCES
@vindex SOURCES
@cindex @code{_SOURCES}, default
@cindex default @code{_SOURCES}

@code{_SOURCES} variables are used to specify source files of programs
(@pxref{A Program}), libraries (@pxref{A Library}), and Libtool
libraries (@pxref{A Shared Library}).

When no such variable is specified for a target, Automake will define
one itself.  The default is to compile a single C file whose base name
is the name of the target itself, with any extension replaced by
@file{.c}.  (Defaulting to C is terrible but we are stuck with it for
historical reasons.)

For example if you have the following somewhere in your
@file{Makefile.am} with no corresponding @code{libfoo_a_SOURCES}:

@example
lib_LIBRARIES = libfoo.a sub/libc++.a
@end example

@noindent
@file{libfoo.a} will be built using a default source file named
@file{libfoo.c}, and @file{sub/libc++.a} will be built from
@file{sub/libc++.c}.  (In older versions @file{sub/libc++.a}
would be built from @file{sub_libc___a.c}, i.e., the default source
was the canonized name of the target, with @file{.c} appended.
We believe the new behavior is more sensible, but for backward
compatibility automake will use the old name if a file or a rule
with that name exist.)

@cindex @code{check_PROGRAMS} example
@vindex check_PROGRAMS
Default sources are mainly useful in test suites, when building many
tests programs each from a single source.  For instance, in

@example
check_PROGRAMS = test1 test2 test3
@end example

@noindent
@file{test1}, @file{test2}, and @file{test3} will be built
from @file{test1.c}, @file{test2.c}, and @file{test3.c}.

@cindex Libtool modules, default source example
@cindex default source, Libtool modules example
Another case where is this convenient is building many Libtool modules
(@file{moduleN.la}), each defined in its own file (@file{moduleN.c}).

@example
AM_LDFLAGS = -module
lib_LTLIBRARIES = module1.la module2.la module3.la
@end example

@cindex empty @code{_SOURCES}
@cindex @code{_SOURCES}, empty
Finally, there is one situation where this default source computation
needs to be avoided: when a target should not be built from sources.
We already saw such an example in @ref{true}; this happens when all
the constituents of a target have already been compiled and need just
to be combined using a @code{_LDADD} variable.  Then it is necessary
to define an empty @code{_SOURCES} variable, so that automake does not
compute a default.

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = target
target_SOURCES =
target_LDADD = libmain.a libmisc.a
@end example

@node LIBOBJS
@section Special handling for @code{LIBOBJS} and @code{ALLOCA}

@cindex @code{LIBOBJS}, example
@cindex @code{ALLOCA}, example
@cindex @code{LIBOBJS}, special handling
@cindex @code{ALLOCA}, special handling
@vindex LTLIBOBJS
@vindex LIBOBJS
@vindex LTALLOCA
@vindex ALLOCA

The @samp{$(LIBOBJS)} and @samp{$(ALLOCA)} variables list object
files that should be compiled into the project to provide an
implementation for functions that are missing or broken on the host
system.  They are substituted by @file{configure}.

@acindex AC_LIBOBJ

These variables are defined by Autoconf macros such as
@code{AC_LIBOBJ}, @code{AC_REPLACE_FUNCS} (@pxref{Generic Functions, ,
Generic Function Checks, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}), or
@code{AC_FUNC_ALLOCA} (@pxref{Particular Functions, , Particular
Function Checks, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}).  Many other Autoconf
macros call @code{AC_LIBOBJ} or @code{AC_REPLACE_FUNCS} to
populate @samp{$(LIBOBJS)}.

@acindex AC_LIBSOURCE

Using these variables is very similar to doing conditional compilation
using @code{AC_SUBST} variables, as described in @ref{Conditional
Sources}.  That is, when building a program, @samp{$(LIBOBJS)} and
@samp{$(ALLOCA)} should be added to the associated @samp{*_LDADD}
variable, or to the @samp{*_LIBADD} variable when building a library.
However there is no need to list the corresponding sources in
@samp{EXTRA_*_SOURCES} nor to define @samp{*_DEPENDENCIES}.  Automake
automatically adds @samp{$(LIBOBJS)} and @samp{$(ALLOCA)} to the
dependencies, and it will discover the list of corresponding source
files automatically (by tracing the invocations of the
@code{AC_LIBSOURCE} Autoconf macros).

These variables are usually used to build a portability library that
is linked with all the programs of the project.  We now review a
sample setup.  First, @file{configure.ac} contains some checks that
affect either @code{LIBOBJS} or @code{ALLOCA}.

@example
# configure.ac
@dots{}
AC_CONFIG_LIBOBJ_DIR([lib])
@dots{}
AC_FUNC_MALLOC             dnl May add malloc.$(OBJEXT) to LIBOBJS
AC_FUNC_MEMCMP             dnl May add memcmp.$(OBJEXT) to LIBOBJS
AC_REPLACE_FUNCS([strdup]) dnl May add strdup.$(OBJEXT) to LIBOBJS
AC_FUNC_ALLOCA             dnl May add alloca.$(OBJEXT) to ALLOCA
@dots{}
AC_CONFIG_FILES([
  lib/Makefile
  src/Makefile
])
AC_OUTPUT
@end example

@acindex AC_CONFIG_LIBOBJ_DIR

The @code{AC_CONFIG_LIBOBJ_DIR} tells Autoconf that the source files
of these object files are to be found in the @file{lib/} directory.
Automake can also use this information, otherwise it expects the
source files are to be in the directory where the @samp{$(LIBOBJS)}
and @samp{$(ALLOCA)} variables are used.

The @file{lib/} directory should therefore contain @file{malloc.c},
@file{memcmp.c}, @file{strdup.c}, @file{alloca.c}.  Here is its
@file{Makefile.am}:

@example
# lib/Makefile.am

noinst_LIBRARIES = libcompat.a
libcompat_a_SOURCES =
libcompat_a_LIBADD = $(LIBOBJS) $(ALLOCA)
@end example

The library can have any name, of course, and anyway it is not going
to be installed: it just holds the replacement versions of the missing
or broken functions so we can later link them in.  In many projects
also include extra functions, specific to the project, in that
library: they are simply added on the @code{_SOURCES} line.

@cindex Empty libraries and @samp{$(LIBOBJS)}
@cindex @samp{$(LIBOBJS)} and empty libraries
There is a small trap here, though: @samp{$(LIBOBJS)} and
@samp{$(ALLOCA)} might be empty, and building an empty library is not
portable.  You should ensure that there is always something to put in
@file{libcompat.a}.  Most projects will also add some utility
functions in that directory, and list them in
@code{libcompat_a_SOURCES}, so in practice @file{libcompat.a} cannot
be empty.

Finally here is how this library could be used from the @file{src/}
directory.

@example
# src/Makefile.am

# Link all programs in this directory with libcompat.a
LDADD = ../lib/libcompat.a

bin_PROGRAMS = tool1 tool2 @dots{}
tool1_SOURCES = @dots{}
tool2_SOURCES = @dots{}
@end example

When option @option{subdir-objects} is not used, as in the above
example, the variables @samp{$(LIBOBJS)} or @samp{$(ALLOCA)} can only
be used in the directory where their sources lie.  E.g., here it would
be wrong to use @samp{$(LIBOBJS)} or @samp{$(ALLOCA)} in
@file{src/Makefile.am}.  However if both @option{subdir-objects} and
@code{AC_CONFIG_LIBOBJ_DIR} are used, it is OK to use these variables
in other directories.  For instance @file{src/Makefile.am} could be
changed as follows.

@example
# src/Makefile.am

AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = subdir-objects
LDADD = $(LIBOBJS) $(ALLOCA)

bin_PROGRAMS = tool1 tool2 @dots{}
tool1_SOURCES = @dots{}
tool2_SOURCES = @dots{}
@end example

Because @samp{$(LIBOBJS)} and @samp{$(ALLOCA)} contain object
file names that end with @samp{.$(OBJEXT)}, they are not suitable for
Libtool libraries (where the expected object extension is @file{.lo}):
@code{LTLIBOBJS} and @code{LTALLOCA} should be used instead.

@code{LTLIBOBJS} is defined automatically by Autoconf and should not
be defined by hand (as in the past), however at the time of writing
@code{LTALLOCA} still needs to be defined from @code{ALLOCA} manually.
@xref{AC_LIBOBJ vs LIBOBJS, , @code{AC_LIBOBJ} vs.@: @code{LIBOBJS},
autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}.


@node Program variables
@section Variables used when building a program

Occasionally it is useful to know which @file{Makefile} variables
Automake uses for compilations; for instance, you might need to do your
own compilation in some special cases.

Some variables are inherited from Autoconf; these are @code{CC},
@code{CFLAGS}, @code{CPPFLAGS}, @code{DEFS}, @code{LDFLAGS}, and
@code{LIBS}.
@vindex CC
@vindex CFLAGS
@vindex CPPFLAGS
@vindex DEFS
@vindex LDFLAGS
@vindex LIBS

There are some additional variables that Automake defines on its own:

@vtable @code
@item AM_CPPFLAGS
The contents of this variable are passed to every compilation that invokes
the C preprocessor; it is a list of arguments to the preprocessor.  For
instance, @option{-I} and @option{-D} options should be listed here.

Automake already provides some @option{-I} options automatically, in a
separate variable that is also passed to every compilation that invokes
the C preprocessor.  In particular it generates @samp{-I.},
@samp{-I$(srcdir)}, and a @option{-I} pointing to the directory holding
@file{config.h} (if you've used @code{AC_CONFIG_HEADERS} or
@code{AM_CONFIG_HEADER}).  You can disable the default @option{-I}
options using the @option{nostdinc} option.

@code{AM_CPPFLAGS} is ignored in preference to a per-executable (or
per-library) @code{_CPPFLAGS} variable if it is defined.

@item INCLUDES
This does the same job as @code{AM_CPPFLAGS} (or any per-target
@code{_CPPFLAGS} variable if it is used).  It is an older name for the
same functionality.  This variable is deprecated; we suggest using
@code{AM_CPPFLAGS} and per-target @code{_CPPFLAGS} instead.

@item AM_CFLAGS
This is the variable the @file{Makefile.am} author can use to pass
in additional C compiler flags.  It is more fully documented elsewhere.
In some situations, this is not used, in preference to the
per-executable (or per-library) @code{_CFLAGS}.

@item COMPILE
This is the command used to actually compile a C source file.  The
file name is appended to form the complete command line.

@item AM_LDFLAGS
This is the variable the @file{Makefile.am} author can use to pass
in additional linker flags.  In some situations, this is not used, in
preference to the per-executable (or per-library) @code{_LDFLAGS}.

@item LINK
This is the command used to actually link a C program.  It already
includes @samp{-o $@@} and the usual variable references (for instance,
@code{CFLAGS}); it takes as ``arguments'' the names of the object files
and libraries to link in.
@end vtable


@node Yacc and Lex
@section Yacc and Lex support

Automake has somewhat idiosyncratic support for Yacc and Lex.

Automake assumes that the @file{.c} file generated by @command{yacc}
(or @command{lex}) should be named using the basename of the input
file.  That is, for a yacc source file @file{foo.y}, Automake will
cause the intermediate file to be named @file{foo.c} (as opposed to
@file{y.tab.c}, which is more traditional).

The extension of a yacc source file is used to determine the extension
of the resulting C or C++ file.  Files with the extension @file{.y}
will be turned into @file{.c} files; likewise, @file{.yy} will become
@file{.cc}; @file{.y++}, @file{c++}; @file{.yxx}, @file{.cxx}; and
@file{.ypp}, @file{.cpp}.

Likewise, lex source files can be used to generate C or C++; the
extensions @file{.l}, @file{.ll}, @file{.l++}, @file{.lxx}, and
@file{.lpp} are recognized.

You should never explicitly mention the intermediate (C or C++) file
in any @code{SOURCES} variable; only list the source file.

The intermediate files generated by @command{yacc} (or @command{lex})
will be included in any distribution that is made.  That way the user
doesn't need to have @command{yacc} or @command{lex}.

If a @command{yacc} source file is seen, then your @file{configure.ac} must
define the variable @code{YACC}.  This is most easily done by invoking
the macro @code{AC_PROG_YACC} (@pxref{Particular Programs, , Particular
Program Checks, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}).

@vindex YFLAGS
@vindex AM_YFLAGS
When @code{yacc} is invoked, it is passed @code{YFLAGS} and
@code{AM_YFLAGS}.  The former is a user variable and the latter is
intended for the @file{Makefile.am} author.

@code{AM_YFLAGS} is usually used to pass the @option{-d} option to
@command{yacc}.  Automake knows what this means and will automatically
adjust its rules to update and distribute the header file built by
@samp{yacc -d}.  What Automake cannot guess, though, is where this
header will be used: it is up to you to ensure the header gets built
before it is first used.  Typically this is necessary in order for
dependency tracking to work when the header is included by another
file.  The common solution is listing the header file in
@code{BUILT_SOURCES} (@pxref{Sources}) as follows.

@example
BUILT_SOURCES = parser.h
AM_YFLAGS = -d
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = @dots{} parser.y @dots{}
@end example

If a @command{lex} source file is seen, then your @file{configure.ac}
must define the variable @code{LEX}.  You can use @code{AC_PROG_LEX}
to do this (@pxref{Particular Programs, , Particular Program Checks,
autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}), but using @code{AM_PROG_LEX} macro
(@pxref{Macros}) is recommended.

@vindex LFLAGS
@vindex AM_LFLAGS
When @command{lex} is invoked, it is passed @code{LFLAGS} and
@code{AM_LFLAGS}.  The former is a user variable and the latter is
intended for the @file{Makefile.am} author.

When @code{AM_MAINTAINER_MODE} (@pxref{maintainer-mode}) is used, the
rebuild rule for distributed Yacc and Lex sources are only used when
@code{maintainer-mode} is enabled, or when the files have been erased.

@cindex @command{ylwrap}
@cindex @command{yacc}, multiple parsers
@cindex Multiple @command{yacc} parsers
@cindex Multiple @command{lex} lexers
@cindex @command{lex}, multiple lexers

When @command{lex} or @command{yacc} sources are used, @code{automake
-i} automatically installs an auxiliary program called
@command{ylwrap} in your package (@pxref{Auxiliary Programs}).  This
program is used by the build rules to rename the output of these
tools, and makes it possible to include multiple @command{yacc} (or
@command{lex}) source files in a single directory.  (This is necessary
because yacc's output file name is fixed, and a parallel make could
conceivably invoke more than one instance of @command{yacc}
simultaneously.)

For @command{yacc}, simply managing locking is insufficient.  The output of
@command{yacc} always uses the same symbol names internally, so it isn't
possible to link two @command{yacc} parsers into the same executable.

We recommend using the following renaming hack used in @command{gdb}:
@example
#define yymaxdepth c_maxdepth
#define yyparse c_parse
#define yylex   c_lex
#define yyerror c_error
#define yylval  c_lval
#define yychar  c_char
#define yydebug c_debug
#define yypact  c_pact
#define yyr1    c_r1
#define yyr2    c_r2
#define yydef   c_def
#define yychk   c_chk
#define yypgo   c_pgo
#define yyact   c_act
#define yyexca  c_exca
#define yyerrflag c_errflag
#define yynerrs c_nerrs
#define yyps    c_ps
#define yypv    c_pv
#define yys     c_s
#define yy_yys  c_yys
#define yystate c_state
#define yytmp   c_tmp
#define yyv     c_v
#define yy_yyv  c_yyv
#define yyval   c_val
#define yylloc  c_lloc
#define yyreds  c_reds
#define yytoks  c_toks
#define yylhs   c_yylhs
#define yylen   c_yylen
#define yydefred c_yydefred
#define yydgoto c_yydgoto
#define yysindex c_yysindex
#define yyrindex c_yyrindex
#define yygindex c_yygindex
#define yytable  c_yytable
#define yycheck  c_yycheck
#define yyname   c_yyname
#define yyrule   c_yyrule
@end example

For each define, replace the @samp{c_} prefix with whatever you like.
These defines work for @command{bison}, @command{byacc}, and
traditional @code{yacc}s.  If you find a parser generator that uses a
symbol not covered here, please report the new name so it can be added
to the list.


@node C++ Support
@section C++ Support

@cindex C++ support
@cindex Support for C++

Automake includes full support for C++.

Any package including C++ code must define the output variable
@code{CXX} in @file{configure.ac}; the simplest way to do this is to use
the @code{AC_PROG_CXX} macro (@pxref{Particular Programs, , Particular
Program Checks, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}).

A few additional variables are defined when a C++ source file is seen:

@vtable @code
@item CXX
The name of the C++ compiler.

@item CXXFLAGS
Any flags to pass to the C++ compiler.

@item AM_CXXFLAGS
The maintainer's variant of @code{CXXFLAGS}.

@item CXXCOMPILE
The command used to actually compile a C++ source file.  The file name
is appended to form the complete command line.

@item CXXLINK
The command used to actually link a C++ program.
@end vtable


@node Objective C Support
@section Objective C Support

@cindex Objective C support
@cindex Support for Objective C

Automake includes some support for Objective C.

Any package including Objective C code must define the output variable
@code{OBJC} in @file{configure.ac}; the simplest way to do this is to use
the @code{AC_PROG_OBJC} macro (@pxref{Particular Programs, , Particular
Program Checks, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}).

A few additional variables are defined when an Objective C source file
is seen:

@vtable @code
@item OBJC
The name of the Objective C compiler.

@item OBJCFLAGS
Any flags to pass to the Objective C compiler.

@item AM_OBJCFLAGS
The maintainer's variant of @code{OBJCFLAGS}.

@item OBJCCOMPILE
The command used to actually compile a Objective C source file.  The
file name is appended to form the complete command line.

@item OBJCLINK
The command used to actually link a Objective C program.
@end vtable


@node Unified Parallel C Support
@section Unified Parallel C Support

@cindex Unified Parallel C support
@cindex Support for Unified Parallel C

Automake includes some support for Unified Parallel C.

Any package including Unified Parallel C code must define the output
variable @code{UPC} in @file{configure.ac}; the simplest way to do
this is to use the @code{AM_PROG_UPC} macro (@pxref{Public macros}).

A few additional variables are defined when an Unified Parallel C
source file is seen:

@vtable @code
@item UPC
The name of the Unified Parallel C compiler.

@item UPCFLAGS
Any flags to pass to the Unified Parallel C compiler.

@item AM_UPCFLAGS
The maintainer's variant of @code{UPCFLAGS}.

@item UPCCOMPILE
The command used to actually compile a Unified Parallel C source file.
The file name is appended to form the complete command line.

@item UPCLINK
The command used to actually link a Unified Parallel C program.
@end vtable


@node Assembly Support
@section Assembly Support

Automake includes some support for assembly code.  There are two forms
of assembler files: normal (@file{*.s}) and preprocessed by @code{CPP}
(@file{*.S} or @file{*.sx}).

@vindex CCAS
@vindex CCASFLAGS
@vindex CPPFLAGS
@vindex AM_CCASFLAGS
@vindex AM_CPPFLAGS
The variable @code{CCAS} holds the name of the compiler used to build
assembly code.  This compiler must work a bit like a C compiler; in
particular it must accept @option{-c} and @option{-o}.  The values of
@code{CCASFLAGS} and @code{AM_CCASFLAGS} (or its per-target
definition) is passed to the compilation.  For preprocessed files,
@code{DEFS}, @code{DEFAULT_INCLUDES}, @code{INCLUDES}, @code{CPPFLAGS}
and @code{AM_CPPFLAGS} are also used.

The autoconf macro @code{AM_PROG_AS} will define @code{CCAS} and
@code{CCASFLAGS} for you (unless they are already set, it simply sets
@code{CCAS} to the C compiler and @code{CCASFLAGS} to the C compiler
flags), but you are free to define these variables by other means.

Only the suffixes @file{.s}, @file{.S}, and @file{.sx} are recognized by
@command{automake} as being files containing assembly code.


@node Fortran 77 Support
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@section Fortran 77 Support

@cindex Fortran 77 support
@cindex Support for Fortran 77

Automake includes full support for Fortran 77.

Any package including Fortran 77 code must define the output variable
@code{F77} in @file{configure.ac}; the simplest way to do this is to use
the @code{AC_PROG_F77} macro (@pxref{Particular Programs, , Particular
Program Checks, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}).

A few additional variables are defined when a Fortran 77 source file is
seen:

@vtable @code

@item F77
The name of the Fortran 77 compiler.

@item FFLAGS
Any flags to pass to the Fortran 77 compiler.

@item AM_FFLAGS
The maintainer's variant of @code{FFLAGS}.

@item RFLAGS
Any flags to pass to the Ratfor compiler.

@item AM_RFLAGS
The maintainer's variant of @code{RFLAGS}.

@item F77COMPILE
The command used to actually compile a Fortran 77 source file.  The file
name is appended to form the complete command line.

@item FLINK
The command used to actually link a pure Fortran 77 program or shared
library.

@end vtable

Automake can handle preprocessing Fortran 77 and Ratfor source files in
addition to compiling them@footnote{Much, if not most, of the
information in the following sections pertaining to preprocessing
Fortran 77 programs was taken almost verbatim from @ref{Catalogue of
Rules, , Catalogue of Rules, make, The GNU Make Manual}.}.  Automake
also contains some support for creating programs and shared libraries
that are a mixture of Fortran 77 and other languages (@pxref{Mixing
Fortran 77 With C and C++}).

These issues are covered in the following sections.

@menu
* Preprocessing Fortran 77::    Preprocessing Fortran 77 sources
* Compiling Fortran 77 Files::  Compiling Fortran 77 sources
* Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++::  Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++
@end menu


@node Preprocessing Fortran 77
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@subsection Preprocessing Fortran 77

@cindex Preprocessing Fortran 77
@cindex Fortran 77, Preprocessing
@cindex Ratfor programs

@file{N.f} is made automatically from @file{N.F} or @file{N.r}.  This
rule runs just the preprocessor to convert a preprocessable Fortran 77
or Ratfor source file into a strict Fortran 77 source file.  The precise
command used is as follows:

@table @file

@item .F
@code{$(F77) -F $(DEFS) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS)@*
$(AM_FFLAGS) $(FFLAGS)}

@item .r
@code{$(F77) -F $(AM_FFLAGS) $(FFLAGS) $(AM_RFLAGS) $(RFLAGS)}

@end table


@node Compiling Fortran 77 Files
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@subsection Compiling Fortran 77 Files

@file{N.o} is made automatically from @file{N.f}, @file{N.F} or
@file{N.r} by running the Fortran 77 compiler.  The precise command used
is as follows:

@table @file

@item .f
@code{$(F77) -c $(AM_FFLAGS) $(FFLAGS)}

@item .F
@code{$(F77) -c $(DEFS) $(INCLUDES) $(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS)@*
$(AM_FFLAGS) $(FFLAGS)}

@item .r
@code{$(F77) -c $(AM_FFLAGS) $(FFLAGS) $(AM_RFLAGS) $(RFLAGS)}

@end table


@node Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@subsection Mixing Fortran 77 With C and C++

@cindex Fortran 77, mixing with C and C++
@cindex Mixing Fortran 77 with C and C++
@cindex Linking Fortran 77 with C and C++
@cindex cfortran
@cindex Mixing Fortran 77 with C and/or C++

Automake currently provides @emph{limited} support for creating programs
and shared libraries that are a mixture of Fortran 77 and C and/or C++.
However, there are many other issues related to mixing Fortran 77 with
other languages that are @emph{not} (currently) handled by Automake, but
that are handled by other packages@footnote{For example,
@uref{http://www-zeus.desy.de/~burow/cfortran/, the cfortran package}
addresses all of these inter-language issues, and runs under nearly all
Fortran 77, C and C++ compilers on nearly all platforms.  However,
@command{cfortran} is not yet Free Software, but it will be in the next
major release.}.

@page
Automake can help in two ways:

@enumerate
@item
Automatic selection of the linker depending on which combinations of
source code.

@item
Automatic selection of the appropriate linker flags (e.g., @option{-L} and
@option{-l}) to pass to the automatically selected linker in order to link
in the appropriate Fortran 77 intrinsic and run-time libraries.

@cindex @code{FLIBS}, defined
@vindex FLIBS
These extra Fortran 77 linker flags are supplied in the output variable
@code{FLIBS} by the @code{AC_F77_LIBRARY_LDFLAGS} Autoconf macro
supplied with newer versions of Autoconf (Autoconf version 2.13 and
later).  @xref{Fortran 77 Compiler Characteristics, , , autoconf, The
Autoconf}.
@end enumerate

If Automake detects that a program or shared library (as mentioned in
some @code{_PROGRAMS} or @code{_LTLIBRARIES} primary) contains source
code that is a mixture of Fortran 77 and C and/or C++, then it requires
that the macro @code{AC_F77_LIBRARY_LDFLAGS} be called in
@file{configure.ac}, and that either @code{$(FLIBS)}
appear in the appropriate @code{_LDADD} (for programs) or @code{_LIBADD}
(for shared libraries) variables.  It is the responsibility of the
person writing the @file{Makefile.am} to make sure that @samp{$(FLIBS)}
appears in the appropriate @code{_LDADD} or
@code{_LIBADD} variable.

@cindex Mixed language example
@cindex Example, mixed language

For example, consider the following @file{Makefile.am}:

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES  = main.cc foo.f
foo_LDADD    = libfoo.la $(FLIBS)

pkglib_LTLIBRARIES = libfoo.la
libfoo_la_SOURCES  = bar.f baz.c zardoz.cc
libfoo_la_LIBADD   = $(FLIBS)
@end example

In this case, Automake will insist that @code{AC_F77_LIBRARY_LDFLAGS}
is mentioned in @file{configure.ac}.  Also, if @samp{$(FLIBS)} hadn't
been mentioned in @code{foo_LDADD} and @code{libfoo_la_LIBADD}, then
Automake would have issued a warning.


@page
@menu
* How the Linker is Chosen::    Automatic linker selection
@end menu

@node How the Linker is Chosen
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@subsubsection How the Linker is Chosen

@cindex Automatic linker selection
@cindex Selecting the linker automatically

When a program or library mixes several languages, Automake choose the
linker according to the following priorities.  (The names in
parentheses are the variables containing the link command.)

@enumerate
@item
@vindex GCJLINK
Native Java (@code{GCJLINK})
@item
@vindex CXXLINK
C++ (@code{CXXLINK})
@item
@vindex F77LINK
Fortran 77 (@code{F77LINK})
@item
@vindex FCLINK
Fortran (@code{FCLINK})
@item
@vindex OBJCLINK
Objective C (@code{OBJCLINK})
@item
@vindex UPCLINK
Unified Parallel C (@code{UPCLINK})
@item
@vindex LINK
C (@code{LINK})
@end enumerate

For example, if Fortran 77, C and C++ source code is compiled
into a program, then the C++ linker will be used.  In this case, if the
C or Fortran 77 linkers required any special libraries that weren't
included by the C++ linker, then they must be manually added to an
@code{_LDADD} or @code{_LIBADD} variable by the user writing the
@file{Makefile.am}.

Automake only looks at the file names listed in @file{_SOURCES}
variables to choose the linker, and defaults to the C linker.
Sometimes this is inconvenient because you are linking against a
library written in another language and would like to set the linker
more appropriately.  @xref{Libtool Convenience Libraries}, for a
trick with @code{nodist_EXTRA_@dots{}_SOURCES}.


@node Fortran 9x Support
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@section Fortran 9x Support

@cindex Fortran 9x support
@cindex Support for Fortran 9x

Automake includes support for Fortran 9x.

Any package including Fortran 9x code must define the output variable
@code{FC} in @file{configure.ac}; the simplest way to do this is to use
the @code{AC_PROG_FC} macro (@pxref{Particular Programs, , Particular
Program Checks, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}).

A few additional variables are defined when a Fortran 9x source file is
seen:

@vtable @code

@item FC
The name of the Fortran 9x compiler.

@item FCFLAGS
Any flags to pass to the Fortran 9x compiler.

@item AM_FCFLAGS
The maintainer's variant of @code{FCFLAGS}.

@item FCCOMPILE
The command used to actually compile a Fortran 9x source file.  The file
name is appended to form the complete command line.

@item FCLINK
The command used to actually link a pure Fortran 9x program or shared
library.

@end vtable

@menu
* Compiling Fortran 9x Files::  Compiling Fortran 9x sources
@end menu

@node Compiling Fortran 9x Files
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@subsection Compiling Fortran 9x Files

@file{@var{N}.o} is made automatically from @file{@var{N}.f90},
@file{@var{N}.f95}, @file{@var{N}.f03}, or @file{@var{N}.f08}
by running the Fortran 9x compiler.  The precise command used
is as follows:

@table @file

@item .f90
@code{$(FC) $(AM_FCFLAGS) $(FCFLAGS) -c $(FCFLAGS_f90) $<}

@item .f95
@code{$(FC) $(AM_FCFLAGS) $(FCFLAGS) -c $(FCFLAGS_f95) $<}

@item .f03
@code{$(FC) $(AM_FCFLAGS) $(FCFLAGS) -c $(FCFLAGS_f03) $<}

@item .f08
@code{$(FC) $(AM_FCFLAGS) $(FCFLAGS) -c $(FCFLAGS_f08) $<}

@end table

@node Java Support
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@section Java Support

@cindex Java support
@cindex Support for Java

Automake includes support for compiled Java, using @command{gcj}, the Java
front end to the GNU Compiler Collection.

Any package including Java code to be compiled must define the output
variable @code{GCJ} in @file{configure.ac}; the variable @code{GCJFLAGS}
must also be defined somehow (either in @file{configure.ac} or
@file{Makefile.am}).  The simplest way to do this is to use the
@code{AM_PROG_GCJ} macro.

@vindex GCJFLAGS

By default, programs including Java source files are linked with
@command{gcj}.

As always, the contents of @code{AM_GCJFLAGS} are passed to every
compilation invoking @command{gcj} (in its role as an ahead-of-time
compiler, when invoking it to create @file{.class} files,
@code{AM_JAVACFLAGS} is used instead).  If it is necessary to pass
options to @command{gcj} from @file{Makefile.am}, this variable, and not
the user variable @code{GCJFLAGS}, should be used.

@vindex AM_GCJFLAGS

@command{gcj} can be used to compile @file{.java}, @file{.class},
@file{.zip}, or @file{.jar} files.

When linking, @command{gcj} requires that the main class be specified
using the @option{--main=} option.  The easiest way to do this is to use
the @code{_LDFLAGS} variable for the program.


@node Support for Other Languages
@comment  node-name,  next,  previous,  up
@section Support for Other Languages

Automake currently only includes full support for C, C++ (@pxref{C++
Support}), Objective C (@pxref{Objective C Support}), Fortran 77
(@pxref{Fortran 77 Support}), Fortran 9x (@pxref{Fortran 9x Support}),
and Java (@pxref{Java Support}).  There is only rudimentary support for other
languages, support for which will be improved based on user demand.

Some limited support for adding your own languages is available via the
suffix rule handling (@pxref{Suffixes}).


@node ANSI
@section Automatic de-ANSI-fication

@cindex de-ANSI-fication, defined

The features described in this section are obsolete; you should not
used any of them in new code, and they may be withdrawn in future
Automake releases.

When the C language was standardized in 1989, there was a long
transition period where package developers needed to worry about
porting to older systems that did not support ANSI C by default.
These older systems are no longer in practical use and are no longer
supported by their original suppliers, so developers need not worry
about this problem any more.

Automake allows you to write packages that are portable to K&R C by
@dfn{de-ANSI-fying} each source file before the actual compilation takes
place.

@vindex AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS
@opindex ansi2knr

If the @file{Makefile.am} variable @code{AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS}
(@pxref{Options}) contains the option @option{ansi2knr} then code to
handle de-ANSI-fication is inserted into the generated
@file{Makefile.in}.

This causes each C source file in the directory to be treated as ANSI C@.
If an ANSI C compiler is available, it is used.  If no ANSI C compiler
is available, the @command{ansi2knr} program is used to convert the source
files into K&R C, which is then compiled.

The @command{ansi2knr} program is simple-minded.  It assumes the source
code will be formatted in a particular way; see the @command{ansi2knr} man
page for details.

@acindex AM_C_PROTOTYPES
Support for the obsolete de-ANSI-fication feature
requires the source files @file{ansi2knr.c}
and @file{ansi2knr.1} to be in the same package as the ANSI C source;
these files are distributed with Automake.  Also, the package
@file{configure.ac} must call the macro @code{AM_C_PROTOTYPES}
(@pxref{Macros}).

Automake also handles finding the @command{ansi2knr} support files in some
other directory in the current package.  This is done by prepending the
relative path to the appropriate directory to the @command{ansi2knr}
option.  For instance, suppose the package has ANSI C code in the
@file{src} and @file{lib} subdirectories.  The files @file{ansi2knr.c} and
@file{ansi2knr.1} appear in @file{lib}.  Then this could appear in
@file{src/Makefile.am}:

@example
AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = ../lib/ansi2knr
@end example

If no directory prefix is given, the files are assumed to be in the
current directory.

Note that automatic de-ANSI-fication will not work when the package is
being built for a different host architecture.  That is because automake
currently has no way to build @command{ansi2knr} for the build machine.

@c FIXME: this paragraph might be better moved to an `upgrading' section.
@cindex @code{LTLIBOBJS} and @code{ansi2knr}
@cindex @code{LIBOBJS} and @code{ansi2knr}
@cindex @code{ansi2knr} and @code{LTLIBOBJS}
@cindex @code{ansi2knr} and @code{LIBOBJS}
Using @code{LIBOBJS} with source de-ANSI-fication used to require
hand-crafted code in @file{configure} to append @samp{$U} to basenames
in @code{LIBOBJS}.  This is no longer true today.  Starting with version
2.54, Autoconf takes care of rewriting @code{LIBOBJS} and
@code{LTLIBOBJS}.  (@pxref{AC_LIBOBJ vs LIBOBJS, , @code{AC_LIBOBJ}
vs.@: @code{LIBOBJS}, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual})

@node Dependencies
@section Automatic dependency tracking

As a developer it is often painful to continually update the
@file{Makefile.in} whenever the include-file dependencies change in a
project.  Automake supplies a way to automatically track dependency
changes (@pxref{Dependency Tracking}).

@cindex Dependency tracking
@cindex Automatic dependency tracking

Automake always uses complete dependencies for a compilation,
including system headers.  Automake's model is that dependency
computation should be a side effect of the build.  To this end,
dependencies are computed by running all compilations through a
special wrapper program called @command{depcomp}.  @command{depcomp}
understands how to coax many different C and C++ compilers into
generating dependency information in the format it requires.
@samp{automake -a} will install @command{depcomp} into your source
tree for you.  If @command{depcomp} can't figure out how to properly
invoke your compiler, dependency tracking will simply be disabled for
your build.

@cindex @command{depcomp}

Experience with earlier versions of Automake (@pxref{Dependency
Tracking Evolution}) taught us that it is not reliable to generate
dependencies only on the maintainer's system, as configurations vary
too much.  So instead Automake implements dependency tracking at build
time.

Automatic dependency tracking can be suppressed by putting
@option{no-dependencies} in the variable @code{AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS}, or
passing @option{no-dependencies} as an argument to @code{AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE}
(this should be the preferred way).  Or, you can invoke @command{automake}
with the @option{-i} option.  Dependency tracking is enabled by default.

@vindex AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS
@opindex no-dependencies

The person building your package also can choose to disable dependency
tracking by configuring with @option{--disable-dependency-tracking}.

@cindex Disabling dependency tracking
@cindex Dependency tracking, disabling


@node EXEEXT
@section Support for executable extensions

@cindex Executable extension
@cindex Extension, executable
@cindex Windows

On some platforms, such as Windows, executables are expected to have an
extension such as @file{.exe}.  On these platforms, some compilers (GCC
among them) will automatically generate @file{foo.exe} when asked to
generate @file{foo}.

Automake provides mostly-transparent support for this.  Unfortunately
@emph{mostly} doesn't yet mean @emph{fully}.  Until the English
dictionary is revised, you will have to assist Automake if your package
must support those platforms.

One thing you must be aware of is that, internally, Automake rewrites
something like this:

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = liver
@end example

to this:

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = liver$(EXEEXT)
@end example

The targets Automake generates are likewise given the @samp{$(EXEEXT)}
extension.

The variables @code{TESTS}, @code{XFAIL_TESTS} (@pxref{Tests}) are also
rewritten if it contains filenames that have been declared as programs
in the same @file{Makefile}.  (This is mostly useful when some programs
from @code{check_PROGRAMS} are listed in @code{TESTS}.)

However, Automake cannot apply this rewriting to @command{configure}
substitutions.  This means that if you are conditionally building a
program using such a substitution, then your @file{configure.ac} must
take care to add @samp{$(EXEEXT)} when constructing the output variable.

With Autoconf 2.13 and earlier, you must explicitly use @code{AC_EXEEXT}
to get this support.  With Autoconf 2.50, @code{AC_EXEEXT} is run
automatically if you configure a compiler (say, through
@code{AC_PROG_CC}).

Sometimes maintainers like to write an explicit link rule for their
program.  Without executable extension support, this is easy---you
simply write a rule whose target is the name of the program.  However,
when executable extension support is enabled, you must instead add the
@samp{$(EXEEXT)} suffix.

Unfortunately, due to the change in Autoconf 2.50, this means you must
always add this extension.  However, this is a problem for maintainers
who know their package will never run on a platform that has
executable extensions.  For those maintainers, the @option{no-exeext}
option (@pxref{Options}) will disable this feature.  This works in a
fairly ugly way; if @option{no-exeext} is seen, then the presence of a
rule for a target named @code{foo} in @file{Makefile.am} will override
an automake-generated rule for @samp{foo$(EXEEXT)}.  Without
the @option{no-exeext} option, this use will give a diagnostic.


@node Other objects
@chapter Other Derived Objects

Automake can handle derived objects that are not C programs.  Sometimes
the support for actually building such objects must be explicitly
supplied, but Automake will still automatically handle installation and
distribution.

@menu
* Scripts::                     Executable scripts
* Headers::                     Header files
* Data::                        Architecture-independent data files
* Sources::                     Derived sources
@end menu


@node Scripts
@section Executable Scripts

@cindex @code{_SCRIPTS} primary, defined
@cindex @code{SCRIPTS} primary, defined
@cindex Primary variable, @code{SCRIPTS}
@vindex _SCRIPTS
@cindex Installing scripts

It is possible to define and install programs that are scripts.  Such
programs are listed using the @code{SCRIPTS} primary name.  When the
script is distributed in its final, installable form, the
@file{Makefile} usually looks as follows:
@vindex SCRIPTS

@example
# Install my_script in $(bindir) and distribute it.
dist_bin_SCRIPTS = my_script
@end example

Script are not distributed by default; as we have just seen, those
that should be distributed can be specified using a @code{dist_}
prefix as with other primaries.

@cindex @code{SCRIPTS}, installation directories
@vindex bin_SCRIPTS
@vindex sbin_SCRIPTS
@vindex libexec_SCRIPTS
@vindex pkgdata_SCRIPTS
@vindex noinst_SCRIPTS
@vindex check_SCRIPTS

Scripts can be installed in @code{bindir}, @code{sbindir},
@code{libexecdir}, or @code{pkgdatadir}.

Scripts that need not being installed can be listed in
@code{noinst_SCRIPTS}, and among them, those which are needed only by
@samp{make check} should go in @code{check_SCRIPTS}.

When a script needs to be built, the @file{Makefile.am} should include
the appropriate rules.  For instance the @command{automake} program
itself is a Perl script that is generated from @file{automake.in}.
Here is how this is handled:

@example
bin_SCRIPTS = automake
CLEANFILES = $(bin_SCRIPTS)
EXTRA_DIST = automake.in

do_subst = sed -e 's,[@@]datadir[@@],$(datadir),g' \
            -e 's,[@@]PERL[@@],$(PERL),g' \
            -e 's,[@@]PACKAGE[@@],$(PACKAGE),g' \
            -e 's,[@@]VERSION[@@],$(VERSION),g' \
            @dots{}

automake: automake.in Makefile
        $(do_subst) < $(srcdir)/automake.in > automake
        chmod +x automake
@end example

Such scripts for which a build rule has been supplied need to be
deleted explicitly using @code{CLEANFILES} (@pxref{Clean}), and their
sources have to be distributed, usually with @code{EXTRA_DIST}
(@pxref{Dist}).

Another common way to build scripts is to process them from
@file{configure} with @code{AC_CONFIG_FILES}.  In this situation
Automake knows which files should be cleaned and distributed, and what
the rebuild rules should look like.

For instance if @file{configure.ac} contains

@example
AC_CONFIG_FILES([src/my_script], [chmod +x src/my_script])
@end example

@noindent
to build @file{src/my_script} from @file{src/my_script.in}, then an
@file{src/Makefile.am} to install this script in @code{$(bindir)} can
be as simple as

@example
bin_SCRIPTS = my_script
CLEANFILES = $(bin_SCRIPTS)
@end example

@noindent
There is no need for @code{EXTRA_DIST} or any build rule: Automake
infers them from @code{AC_CONFIG_FILES} (@pxref{Requirements}).
@code{CLEANFILES} is still useful, because by default Automake will
clean targets of @code{AC_CONFIG_FILES} in @code{distclean}, not
@code{clean}.

Although this looks simpler, building scripts this way has one
drawback: directory variables such as @code{$(datadir)} are not fully
expanded and may refer to other directory variables.

@node Headers
@section Header files

@cindex @code{_HEADERS} primary, defined
@cindex @code{HEADERS} primary, defined
@cindex Primary variable, @code{HEADERS}
@vindex _HEADERS
@vindex noinst_HEADERS
@cindex @code{HEADERS}, installation directories
@cindex Installing headers
@vindex include_HEADERS
@vindex oldinclude_HEADERS
@vindex pkginclude_HEADERS


Header files that must be installed are specified by the
@code{HEADERS} family of variables.  Headers can be installed in
@code{includedir}, @code{oldincludedir}, @code{pkgincludedir} or any
other directory you may have defined (@pxref{Uniform}).  For instance,

@example
include_HEADERS = foo.h bar/bar.h
@end example

@noindent
will install the two files as @file{$(includedir)/foo.h} and
@file{$(includedir)/bar.h}.

The @code{nobase_} prefix is also supported,

@example
nobase_include_HEADERS = foo.h bar/bar.h
@end example

@noindent
will install the two files as @file{$(includedir)/foo.h} and
@file{$(includedir)/bar/bar.h} (@pxref{Alternative}).

@vindex noinst_HEADERS
Usually, only header files that accompany installed libraries need to
be installed.  Headers used by programs or convenience libraries are
not installed.  The @code{noinst_HEADERS} variable can be used for
such headers.  However when the header actually belongs to one
convenient library or program, we recommend listing it in the
program's or library's @code{_SOURCES} variable (@pxref{Program
Sources}) instead of in @code{noinst_HEADERS}.  This is clearer for
the @file{Makefile.am} reader.  @code{noinst_HEADERS} would be the
right variable to use in a directory containing only headers and no
associated library or program.

All header files must be listed somewhere; in a @code{_SOURCES}
variable or in a @code{_HEADERS} variable.  Missing ones will not
appear in the distribution.

For header files that are built and must not be distributed, use the
@code{nodist_} prefix as in @code{nodist_include_HEADERS} or
@code{nodist_prog_SOURCES}.  If these generated headers are needed
during the build, you must also ensure they exist before they are
used (@pxref{Sources}).


@node Data
@section Architecture-independent data files

@cindex @code{_DATA} primary, defined
@cindex @code{DATA} primary, defined
@cindex Primary variable, @code{DATA}
@vindex _DATA

Automake supports the installation of miscellaneous data files using the
@code{DATA} family of variables.
@vindex DATA

@vindex data_DATA
@vindex sysconf_DATA
@vindex sharedstate_DATA
@vindex localstate_DATA
@vindex pkgdata_DATA

Such data can be installed in the directories @code{datadir},
@code{sysconfdir}, @code{sharedstatedir}, @code{localstatedir}, or
@code{pkgdatadir}.

By default, data files are @emph{not} included in a distribution.  Of
course, you can use the @code{dist_} prefix to change this on a
per-variable basis.

Here is how Automake declares its auxiliary data files:

@example
dist_pkgdata_DATA = clean-kr.am clean.am @dots{}
@end example


@node Sources
@section Built sources

Because Automake's automatic dependency tracking works as a side-effect
of compilation (@pxref{Dependencies}) there is a bootstrap issue: a
target should not be compiled before its dependencies are made, but
these dependencies are unknown until the target is first compiled.

Ordinarily this is not a problem, because dependencies are distributed
sources: they preexist and do not need to be built.  Suppose that
@file{foo.c} includes @file{foo.h}.  When it first compiles
@file{foo.o}, @command{make} only knows that @file{foo.o} depends on
@file{foo.c}.  As a side-effect of this compilation @command{depcomp}
records the @file{foo.h} dependency so that following invocations of
@command{make} will honor it.  In these conditions, it's clear there is
no problem: either @file{foo.o} doesn't exist and has to be built
(regardless of the dependencies), or accurate dependencies exist and
they can be used to decide whether @file{foo.o} should be rebuilt.

It's a different story if @file{foo.h} doesn't exist by the first
@command{make} run.  For instance, there might be a rule to build
@file{foo.h}.  This time @file{file.o}'s build will fail because the
compiler can't find @file{foo.h}.  @command{make} failed to trigger the
rule to build @file{foo.h} first by lack of dependency information.

@vindex BUILT_SOURCES
@cindex @code{BUILT_SOURCES}, defined

The @code{BUILT_SOURCES} variable is a workaround for this problem.  A
source file listed in @code{BUILT_SOURCES} is made on @samp{make all}
or @samp{make check} (or even @samp{make install}) before other
targets are processed.  However, such a source file is not
@emph{compiled} unless explicitly requested by mentioning it in some
other @code{_SOURCES} variable.

So, to conclude our introductory example, we could use
@samp{BUILT_SOURCES = foo.h} to ensure @file{foo.h} gets built before
any other target (including @file{foo.o}) during @samp{make all} or
@samp{make check}.

@code{BUILT_SOURCES} is actually a bit of a misnomer, as any file which
must be created early in the build process can be listed in this
variable.  Moreover, all built sources do not necessarily have to be
listed in @code{BUILT_SOURCES}.  For instance, a generated @file{.c} file
doesn't need to appear in @code{BUILT_SOURCES} (unless it is included by
another source), because it's a known dependency of the associated
object.

It might be important to emphasize that @code{BUILT_SOURCES} is
honored only by @samp{make all}, @samp{make check} and @samp{make
install}.  This means you cannot build a specific target (e.g.,
@samp{make foo}) in a clean tree if it depends on a built source.
However it will succeed if you have run @samp{make all} earlier,
because accurate dependencies are already available.

The next section illustrates and discusses the handling of built sources
on a toy example.

@menu
* Built sources example::       Several ways to handle built sources.
@end menu

@node Built sources example
@subsection Built sources example

Suppose that @file{foo.c} includes @file{bindir.h}, which is
installation-dependent and not distributed: it needs to be built.  Here
@file{bindir.h} defines the preprocessor macro @code{bindir} to the
value of the @command{make} variable @code{bindir} (inherited from
@file{configure}).

We suggest several implementations below.  It's not meant to be an
exhaustive listing of all ways to handle built sources, but it will give
you a few ideas if you encounter this issue.

@unnumberedsubsec First try

This first implementation will illustrate the bootstrap issue mentioned
in the previous section (@pxref{Sources}).

Here is a tentative @file{Makefile.am}.

@example
# This won't work.
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = foo.c
nodist_foo_SOURCES = bindir.h
CLEANFILES = bindir.h
bindir.h: Makefile
        echo '#define bindir "$(bindir)"' >$@@
@end example

This setup doesn't work, because Automake doesn't know that @file{foo.c}
includes @file{bindir.h}.  Remember, automatic dependency tracking works
as a side-effect of compilation, so the dependencies of @file{foo.o} will
be known only after @file{foo.o} has been compiled (@pxref{Dependencies}).
The symptom is as follows.

@example
% make
source='foo.c' object='foo.o' libtool=no \
depfile='.deps/foo.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/foo.TPo' \
depmode=gcc /bin/sh ./depcomp \
gcc -I. -I. -g -O2 -c `test -f 'foo.c' || echo './'`foo.c
foo.c:2: bindir.h: No such file or directory
make: *** [foo.o] Error 1
@end example

In this example @file{bindir.h} is not distributed nor installed, and
it is not even being built on-time.  One may wonder if the
@samp{nodist_foo_SOURCES = bindir.h} line has any use at all.  This
line simply states that @file{bindir.h} is a source of @code{foo}, so
for instance, it should be inspected while generating tags
(@pxref{Tags}).  In other words, it does not help our present problem,
and the build would fail identically without it.

@unnumberedsubsec Using @code{BUILT_SOURCES}

A solution is to require @file{bindir.h} to be built before anything
else.  This is what @code{BUILT_SOURCES} is meant for (@pxref{Sources}).

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = foo.c
nodist_foo_SOURCES = bindir.h
BUILT_SOURCES = bindir.h
CLEANFILES = bindir.h
bindir.h: Makefile
        echo '#define bindir "$(bindir)"' >$@@
@end example

See how @file{bindir.h} get built first:

@example
% make
echo '#define bindir "/usr/local/bin"' >bindir.h
make  all-am
make[1]: Entering directory `/home/adl/tmp'
source='foo.c' object='foo.o' libtool=no \
depfile='.deps/foo.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/foo.TPo' \
depmode=gcc /bin/sh ./depcomp \
gcc -I. -I. -g -O2 -c `test -f 'foo.c' || echo './'`foo.c
gcc  -g -O2   -o foo  foo.o
make[1]: Leaving directory `/home/adl/tmp'
@end example

However, as said earlier, @code{BUILT_SOURCES} applies only to the
@code{all}, @code{check}, and @code{install} targets.  It still fails
if you try to run @samp{make foo} explicitly:

@example
% make clean
test -z "bindir.h" || rm -f bindir.h
test -z "foo" || rm -f foo
rm -f *.o
% : > .deps/foo.Po # Suppress previously recorded dependencies
% make foo
source='foo.c' object='foo.o' libtool=no \
depfile='.deps/foo.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/foo.TPo' \
depmode=gcc /bin/sh ./depcomp \
gcc -I. -I. -g -O2 -c `test -f 'foo.c' || echo './'`foo.c
foo.c:2: bindir.h: No such file or directory
make: *** [foo.o] Error 1
@end example

@unnumberedsubsec Recording dependencies manually

Usually people are happy enough with @code{BUILT_SOURCES} because they
never build targets such as @samp{make foo} before @samp{make all}, as
in the previous example.  However if this matters to you, you can
avoid @code{BUILT_SOURCES} and record such dependencies explicitly in
the @file{Makefile.am}.

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = foo.c
nodist_foo_SOURCES = bindir.h
foo.$(OBJEXT): bindir.h
CLEANFILES = bindir.h
bindir.h: Makefile
        echo '#define bindir "$(bindir)"' >$@@
@end example

You don't have to list @emph{all} the dependencies of @file{foo.o}
explicitly, only those that might need to be built.  If a dependency
already exists, it will not hinder the first compilation and will be
recorded by the normal dependency tracking code.  (Note that after
this first compilation the dependency tracking code will also have
recorded the dependency between @file{foo.o} and
@file{bindir.h}; so our explicit dependency is really useful to
the first build only.)

Adding explicit dependencies like this can be a bit dangerous if you are
not careful enough.  This is due to the way Automake tries not to
overwrite your rules (it assumes you know better than it).
@samp{foo.$(OBJEXT): bindir.h} supersedes any rule Automake may want to
output to build @samp{foo.$(OBJEXT)}.  It happens to work in this case
because Automake doesn't have to output any @samp{foo.$(OBJEXT):}
target: it relies on a suffix rule instead (i.e., @samp{.c.$(OBJEXT):}).
Always check the generated @file{Makefile.in} if you do this.

@unnumberedsubsec Build @file{bindir.h} from @file{configure}

It's possible to define this preprocessor macro from @file{configure},
either in @file{config.h} (@pxref{Defining Directories, , Defining
Directories, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}), or by processing a
@file{bindir.h.in} file using @code{AC_CONFIG_FILES}
(@pxref{Configuration Actions, ,Configuration Actions, autoconf, The
Autoconf Manual}).

At this point it should be clear that building @file{bindir.h} from
@file{configure} work well for this example.  @file{bindir.h} will exist
before you build any target, hence will not cause any dependency issue.

The Makefile can be shrunk as follows.  We do not even have to mention
@file{bindir.h}.

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = foo.c
@end example

However, it's not always possible to build sources from
@file{configure}, especially when these sources are generated by a tool
that needs to be built first...

@unnumberedsubsec Build @file{bindir.c}, not @file{bindir.h}.

Another attractive idea is to define @code{bindir} as a variable or
function exported from @file{bindir.o}, and build @file{bindir.c}
instead of @file{bindir.h}.

@example
noinst_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = foo.c bindir.h
nodist_foo_SOURCES = bindir.c
CLEANFILES = bindir.c
bindir.c: Makefile
        echo 'const char bindir[] = "$(bindir)";' >$@@
@end example

@file{bindir.h} contains just the variable's declaration and doesn't
need to be built, so it won't cause any trouble.  @file{bindir.o} is
always dependent on @file{bindir.c}, so @file{bindir.c} will get built
first.

@unnumberedsubsec Which is best?

There is no panacea, of course.  Each solution has its merits and
drawbacks.

You cannot use @code{BUILT_SOURCES} if the ability to run @samp{make
foo} on a clean tree is important to you.

You won't add explicit dependencies if you are leery of overriding
an Automake rule by mistake.

Building files from @file{./configure} is not always possible, neither
is converting @file{.h} files into @file{.c} files.


@node Other GNU Tools
@chapter Other GNU Tools

Since Automake is primarily intended to generate @file{Makefile.in}s for
use in GNU programs, it tries hard to interoperate with other GNU tools.

@menu
* Emacs Lisp::                  Emacs Lisp
* gettext::                     Gettext
* Libtool::                     Libtool
* Java::                        Java
* Python::                      Python
@end menu


@node Emacs Lisp
@section Emacs Lisp

@cindex @code{_LISP} primary, defined
@cindex @code{LISP} primary, defined
@cindex Primary variable, @code{LISP}

@vindex _LISP
@vindex lisp_LISP
@vindex noinst_LISP

Automake provides some support for Emacs Lisp.  The @code{LISP} primary
is used to hold a list of @file{.el} files.  Possible prefixes for this
primary are @code{lisp_} and @code{noinst_}.  Note that if
@code{lisp_LISP} is defined, then @file{configure.ac} must run
@code{AM_PATH_LISPDIR} (@pxref{Macros}).

@vindex dist_lisp_LISP
@vindex dist_noinst_LISP
Lisp sources are not distributed by default.  You can prefix the
@code{LISP} primary with @code{dist_}, as in @code{dist_lisp_LISP} or
@code{dist_noinst_LISP}, to indicate that these files should be
distributed.

Automake will byte-compile all Emacs Lisp source files using the Emacs
found by @code{AM_PATH_LISPDIR}, if any was found.

Byte-compiled Emacs Lisp files are not portable among all versions of
Emacs, so it makes sense to turn this off if you expect sites to have
more than one version of Emacs installed.  Furthermore, many packages
don't actually benefit from byte-compilation.  Still, we recommend
that you byte-compile your Emacs Lisp sources.  It is probably better
for sites with strange setups to cope for themselves than to make the
installation less nice for everybody else.

There are two ways to avoid byte-compiling.  Historically, we have
recommended the following construct.
@example
lisp_LISP = file1.el file2.el
ELCFILES =
@end example
@noindent
@code{ELCFILES} is an internal Automake variable that normally lists
all @file{.elc} files that must be byte-compiled.  Automake defines
@code{ELCFILES} automatically from @code{lisp_LISP}.  Emptying this
variable explicitly prevents byte-compilation to occur.

Since Automake 1.8, we now recommend using @code{lisp_DATA} instead.  As
in
@example
lisp_DATA = file1.el file2.el
@end example

Note that these two constructs are not equivalent.  @code{_LISP} will
not install a file if Emacs is not installed, while @code{_DATA} will
always install its files.

@node gettext
@section Gettext

@cindex GNU Gettext support
@cindex Gettext support
@cindex Support for GNU Gettext

If @code{AM_GNU_GETTEXT} is seen in @file{configure.ac}, then Automake
turns on support for GNU gettext, a message catalog system for
internationalization
(@pxref{Top, , Introduction, gettext, GNU gettext utilities}).

The @code{gettext} support in Automake requires the addition of one or
two subdirectories to the package, @file{po} and possibly also @file{intl}.
The latter is needed if @code{AM_GNU_GETTEXT} is not invoked with the
@samp{external} argument, or if @code{AM_GNU_GETTEXT_INTL_SUBDIR} is used.
Automake ensures that these directories exist and are mentioned in
@code{SUBDIRS}.

@node Libtool
@section Libtool

Automake provides support for GNU Libtool (@pxref{Top, , Introduction,
libtool, The Libtool Manual}) with the @code{LTLIBRARIES} primary.
@xref{A Shared Library}.


@node Java
@section Java

@cindex @code{_JAVA} primary, defined
@cindex @code{JAVA} primary, defined
@cindex Primary variable, @code{JAVA}

Automake provides some minimal support for Java compilation with the
@code{JAVA} primary.

Any @file{.java} files listed in a @code{_JAVA} variable will be
compiled with @code{JAVAC} at build time.  By default, @file{.java}
files are not included in the distribution, you should use the
@code{dist_} prefix to distribute them.

Here is a typical setup for distributing @file{.java} files and
installing the @file{.class} files resulting from their compilation.

@example
javadir = $(datadir)/java
dist_java_JAVA = a.java b.java @dots{}
@end example

@cindex @code{JAVA} restrictions
@cindex Restrictions for @code{JAVA}

Currently Automake enforces the restriction that only one @code{_JAVA}
primary can be used in a given @file{Makefile.am}.  The reason for this
restriction is that, in general, it isn't possible to know which
@file{.class} files were generated from which @file{.java} files, so
it would be impossible to know which files to install where.  For
instance, a @file{.java} file can define multiple classes; the resulting
@file{.class} file names cannot be predicted without parsing the
@file{.java} file.

There are a few variables that are used when compiling Java sources:

@vtable @code
@item JAVAC
The name of the Java compiler.  This defaults to @samp{javac}.

@item JAVACFLAGS
The flags to pass to the compiler.  This is considered to be a user
variable (@pxref{User Variables}).

@item AM_JAVACFLAGS
More flags to pass to the Java compiler.  This, and not
@code{JAVACFLAGS}, should be used when it is necessary to put Java
compiler flags into @file{Makefile.am}.

@item JAVAROOT
The value of this variable is passed to the @option{-d} option to
@code{javac}.  It defaults to @samp{$(top_builddir)}.

@item CLASSPATH_ENV
This variable is an @code{sh} expression that is used to set the
@env{CLASSPATH} environment variable on the @code{javac} command line.
(In the future we will probably handle class path setting differently.)
@end vtable


@node Python
@section Python

@cindex @code{_PYTHON} primary, defined
@cindex @code{PYTHON} primary, defined
@cindex Primary variable, @code{PYTHON}
@vindex _PYTHON

Automake provides support for Python compilation with the
@code{PYTHON} primary.  A typical setup is to call
@code{AM_PATH_PYTHON} in @file{configure.ac} and use a line like the
following in @file{Makefile.am}:

@example
python_PYTHON = tree.py leave.py
@end example

Any files listed in a @code{_PYTHON} variable will be byte-compiled
with @command{py-compile} at install time.  @command{py-compile}
actually creates both standard (@file{.pyc}) and optimized
(@file{.pyo}) byte-compiled versions of the source files.  Note that
because byte-compilation occurs at install time, any files listed in
@code{noinst_PYTHON} will not be compiled.  Python source files are
included in the distribution by default, prepend @code{nodist_} (as in
@code{nodist_python_PYTHON}) to omit them.

Automake ships with an Autoconf macro called @code{AM_PATH_PYTHON}
that will determine some Python-related directory variables (see
below).  If you have called @code{AM_PATH_PYTHON} from
@file{configure.ac}, then you may use the variables
@code{python_PYTHON} or @code{pkgpython_PYTHON} to list Python source
files in your @file{Makefile.am}, depending where you want your files
installed (see the definitions of @code{pythondir} and
@code{pkgpythondir} below).

@defmac AM_PATH_PYTHON (@ovar{VERSION}, @ovar{ACTION-IF-FOUND}, @ovar{ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND})

Search for a Python interpreter on the system.  This macro takes three
optional arguments.  The first argument, if present, is the minimum
version of Python required for this package: @code{AM_PATH_PYTHON}
will skip any Python interpreter that is older than @var{VERSION}.
If an interpreter is found and satisfies @var{VERSION}, then
@var{ACTION-IF-FOUND} is run.  Otherwise, @var{ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND} is
run.

If @var{ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND} is not specified, as in the following
example, the default is to abort @command{configure}.

@example
AM_PATH_PYTHON([2.2])
@end example

@noindent
This is fine when Python is an absolute requirement for the package.
If Python >= 2.2 was only @emph{optional} to the package,
@code{AM_PATH_PYTHON} could be called as follows.

@example
AM_PATH_PYTHON([2.2],, [:])
@end example

@code{AM_PATH_PYTHON} creates the following output variables based on
the Python installation found during configuration.
@end defmac

@vtable @code
@item PYTHON
The name of the Python executable, or @samp{:} if no suitable
interpreter could be found.

Assuming @var{ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND} is used (otherwise @file{./configure}
will abort if Python is absent), the value of @code{PYTHON} can be used
to setup a conditional in order to disable the relevant part of a build
as follows.

@example
  AM_PATH_PYTHON(,, [:])
  AM_CONDITIONAL([HAVE_PYTHON], [test "$PYTHON" != :])
@end example

@item PYTHON_VERSION
The Python version number, in the form @var{major}.@var{minor}
(e.g., @samp{1.5}).  This is currently the value of
@samp{sys.version[:3]}.

@item PYTHON_PREFIX
The string @samp{$@{prefix@}}.  This term may be used in future work
that needs the contents of Python's @samp{sys.prefix}, but general
consensus is to always use the value from configure.

@item PYTHON_EXEC_PREFIX
The string @samp{$@{exec_prefix@}}.  This term may be used in future work
that needs the contents of Python's @samp{sys.exec_prefix}, but general
consensus is to always use the value from configure.

@item PYTHON_PLATFORM
The canonical name used by Python to describe the operating system, as
given by @samp{sys.platform}.  This value is sometimes needed when
building Python extensions.

@item pythondir
The directory name for the @file{site-packages} subdirectory of the
standard Python install tree.

@item pkgpythondir
This is the directory under @code{pythondir} that is named after the
package.  That is, it is @samp{$(pythondir)/$(PACKAGE)}.  It is provided
as a convenience.

@item pyexecdir
This is the directory where Python extension modules (shared libraries)
should be installed.  An extension module written in C could be declared
as follows to Automake:

@example
pyexec_LTLIBRARIES = quaternion.la
quaternion_SOURCES = quaternion.c support.c support.h
quaternion_la_LDFLAGS = -avoid-version -module
@end example

@item pkgpyexecdir
This is a convenience variable that is defined as
@samp{$(pyexecdir)/$(PACKAGE)}.
@end vtable

All these directory variables have values that start with either
@samp{$@{prefix@}} or @samp{$@{exec_prefix@}} unexpanded.  This works
fine in @file{Makefiles}, but it makes these variables hard to use in
@file{configure}.  This is mandated by the GNU coding standards, so
that the user can run @samp{make prefix=/foo install}.  The Autoconf
manual has a section with more details on this topic
(@pxref{Installation Directory Variables, , Installation Directory
Variables, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}).  See also @ref{Hard-Coded
Install Paths}.


@node Documentation
@chapter Building documentation

Currently Automake provides support for Texinfo and man pages.

@menu
* Texinfo::                     Texinfo
* Man pages::                   Man pages
@end menu


@node Texinfo
@section Texinfo

@cindex @code{_TEXINFOS} primary, defined
@cindex @code{TEXINFOS} primary, defined
@cindex Primary variable, @code{TEXINFOS}
@cindex HTML output using Texinfo
@cindex PDF output using Texinfo
@cindex PS output using Texinfo
@cindex DVI output using Texinfo
@vindex _TEXINFOS
@vindex info_TEXINFOS

If the current directory contains Texinfo source, you must declare it
with the @code{TEXINFOS} primary.  Generally Texinfo files are converted
into info, and thus the @code{info_TEXINFOS} variable is most commonly used
here.  Any Texinfo source file must end in the @file{.texi},
@file{.txi}, or @file{.texinfo} extension.  We recommend @file{.texi}
for new manuals.

Automake generates rules to build @file{.info}, @file{.dvi},
@file{.ps}, @file{.pdf} and @file{.html} files from your Texinfo
sources.  Following the GNU Coding Standards, only the @file{.info}
files are built by @samp{make all} and installed by @samp{make
install} (unless you use @option{no-installinfo}, see below).
Furthermore, @file{.info} files are automatically distributed so that
Texinfo is not a prerequisite for installing your package.

@trindex dvi
@trindex html
@trindex pdf
@trindex ps
@trindex install-dvi
@trindex install-html
@trindex install-pdf
@trindex install-ps
Other documentation formats can be built on request by @samp{make
dvi}, @samp{make ps}, @samp{make pdf} and @samp{make html}, and they
can be installed with @samp{make install-dvi}, @samp{make install-ps},
@samp{make install-pdf} and @samp{make install-html} explicitly.
@samp{make uninstall} will remove everything: the Texinfo
documentation installed by default as well as all the above optional
formats.

All these targets can be extended using @samp{-local} rules
(@pxref{Extending}).

@cindex Texinfo flag, @code{VERSION}
@cindex Texinfo flag, @code{UPDATED}
@cindex Texinfo flag, @code{EDITION}
@cindex Texinfo flag, @code{UPDATED-MONTH}

@cindex @code{VERSION} Texinfo flag
@cindex @code{UPDATED} Texinfo flag
@cindex @code{EDITION} Texinfo flag
@cindex @code{UPDATED-MONTH} Texinfo flag

@cindex @file{mdate-sh}

If the @file{.texi} file @code{@@include}s @file{version.texi}, then
that file will be automatically generated.  The file @file{version.texi}
defines four Texinfo flag you can reference using
@code{@@value@{EDITION@}}, @code{@@value@{VERSION@}},
@code{@@value@{UPDATED@}}, and @code{@@value@{UPDATED-MONTH@}}.

@table @code
@item EDITION
@itemx VERSION
Both of these flags hold the version number of your program.  They are
kept separate for clarity.

@item UPDATED
This holds the date the primary @file{.texi} file was last modified.

@item UPDATED-MONTH
This holds the name of the month in which the primary @file{.texi} file
was last modified.
@end table

The @file{version.texi} support requires the @command{mdate-sh}
script; this script is supplied with Automake and automatically
included when @command{automake} is invoked with the
@option{--add-missing} option.

If you have multiple Texinfo files, and you want to use the
@file{version.texi} feature, then you have to have a separate version
file for each Texinfo file.  Automake will treat any include in a
Texinfo file that matches @file{vers*.texi} just as an automatically
generated version file.

Sometimes an info file actually depends on more than one @file{.texi}
file.  For instance, in GNU Hello, @file{hello.texi} includes the file
@file{gpl.texi}.  You can tell Automake about these dependencies using
the @code{@var{texi}_TEXINFOS} variable.  Here is how GNU Hello does it:
@vindex TEXINFOS
@vindex _TEXINFOS

@example
info_TEXINFOS = hello.texi
hello_TEXINFOS = gpl.texi
@end example

@cindex @file{texinfo.tex}

By default, Automake requires the file @file{texinfo.tex} to appear in
the same directory as the @file{Makefile.am} file that lists the
@file{.texi} files.  If you used @code{AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR} in
@file{configure.ac} (@pxref{Input, , Finding `configure' Input,
autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}), then @file{texinfo.tex} is looked for
there.  In both cases, automake then supplies @file{texinfo.tex} if
@option{--add-missing} is given, and takes care of its distribution.
However, if you set the @code{TEXINFO_TEX} variable (see below),
it overrides the location of the file and turns off its installation
into the source as well as its distribution.

The option @option{no-texinfo.tex} can be used to eliminate the
requirement for the file @file{texinfo.tex}.  Use of the variable
@code{TEXINFO_TEX} is preferable, however, because that allows the
@code{dvi}, @code{ps}, and @code{pdf} targets to still work.

@cindex Option, @code{no-installinfo}
@cindex Target, @code{install-info}
@cindex @code{install-info} target
@cindex @code{no-installinfo} option

@opindex no-installinfo
@trindex install-info

Automake generates an @code{install-info} rule; some people apparently
use this.  By default, info pages are installed by @samp{make
install}, so running @code{make install-info} is pointless.  This can
be prevented via the @code{no-installinfo} option.  In this case,
@file{.info} files are not installed by default, and user must
request this explicitly using @samp{make install-info}

The following variables are used by the Texinfo build rules.

@vtable @code
@item MAKEINFO
The name of the program invoked to build @file{.info} files.  This
variable is defined by Automake.  If the @command{makeinfo} program is
found on the system then it will be used by default; otherwise
@command{missing} will be used instead.

@item MAKEINFOHTML
The command invoked to build @file{.html} files.  Automake
defines this to @samp{$(MAKEINFO) --html}.

@item MAKEINFOFLAGS
User flags passed to each invocation of @samp{$(MAKEINFO)} and
@samp{$(MAKEINFOHTML)}.  This user variable (@pxref{User Variables}) is
not expected to be defined in any @file{Makefile}; it can be used by
users to pass extra flags to suit their needs.

@item AM_MAKEINFOFLAGS
@itemx AM_MAKEINFOHTMLFLAGS
Maintainer flags passed to each @command{makeinfo} invocation.  Unlike
@code{MAKEINFOFLAGS}, these variables are meant to be defined by
maintainers in @file{Makefile.am}.  @samp{$(AM_MAKEINFOFLAGS)} is
passed to @code{makeinfo} when building @file{.info} files; and
@samp{$(AM_MAKEINFOHTMLFLAGS)} is used when building @file{.html}
files.

For instance, the following setting can be used to obtain one single
@file{.html} file per manual, without node separators.
@example
AM_MAKEINFOHTMLFLAGS = --no-headers --no-split
@end example

@code{AM_MAKEINFOHTMLFLAGS} defaults to @samp{$(AM_MAKEINFOFLAGS)}.
This means that defining @code{AM_MAKEINFOFLAGS} without defining
@code{AM_MAKEINFOHTMLFLAGS} will impact builds of both @file{.info}
and @file{.html} files.

@item TEXI2DVI
The name of the command that converts a @file{.texi} file into a
@file{.dvi} file.  This defaults to @samp{texi2dvi}, a script that ships
with the Texinfo package.

@item TEXI2PDF
The name of the command that translates a @file{.texi} file into a
@file{.pdf} file.  This defaults to @samp{$(TEXI2DVI) --pdf --batch}.

@item DVIPS
The name of the command that build a @file{.ps} file out of a
@file{.dvi} file.  This defaults to @samp{dvips}.

@item TEXINFO_TEX

If your package has Texinfo files in many directories, you can use the
variable @code{TEXINFO_TEX} to tell Automake where to find the canonical
@file{texinfo.tex} for your package.  The value of this variable should
be the relative path from the current @file{Makefile.am} to
@file{texinfo.tex}:

@example
TEXINFO_TEX = ../doc/texinfo.tex
@end example
@end vtable


@node Man pages
@section Man pages

@cindex @code{_MANS} primary, defined
@cindex @code{MANS} primary, defined
@cindex Primary variable, @code{MANS}

@vindex _MANS
@vindex man_MANS
A package can also include man pages (but see the GNU standards on this
matter, @ref{Man Pages, , , standards, The GNU Coding Standards}.)  Man
pages are declared using the @code{MANS} primary.  Generally the
@code{man_MANS} variable is used.  Man pages are automatically installed in
the correct subdirectory of @code{mandir}, based on the file extension.

File extensions such as @file{.1c} are handled by looking for the valid
part of the extension and using that to determine the correct
subdirectory of @code{mandir}.  Valid section names are the digits
@samp{0} through @samp{9}, and the letters @samp{l} and @samp{n}.

Sometimes developers prefer to name a man page something like
@file{foo.man} in the source, and then rename it to have the correct
suffix, for example @file{foo.1}, when installing the file.  Automake
also supports this mode.  For a valid section named @var{SECTION},
there is a corresponding directory named @samp{man@var{SECTION}dir},
and a corresponding @code{_MANS} variable.  Files listed in such a
variable are installed in the indicated section.  If the file already
has a valid suffix, then it is installed as-is; otherwise the file
suffix is changed to match the section.

For instance, consider this example:
@example
man1_MANS = rename.man thesame.1 alsothesame.1c
@end example

In this case, @file{rename.man} will be renamed to @file{rename.1} when
installed, but the other files will keep their names.

@cindex Target, @code{install-man}
@cindex Option, @option{no-installman}
@cindex @code{install-man} target
@cindex @option{no-installman} option
@opindex no-installman
@trindex install-man

By default, man pages are installed by @samp{make install}.  However,
since the GNU project does not require man pages, many maintainers do
not expend effort to keep the man pages up to date.  In these cases, the
@option{no-installman} option will prevent the man pages from being
installed by default.  The user can still explicitly install them via
@samp{make install-man}.

Man pages are not currently considered to be source, because it is not
uncommon for man pages to be automatically generated.  Therefore they
are not automatically included in the distribution.  However, this can
be changed by use of the @code{dist_} prefix.  For instance here is
how to distribute and install the two man pages of GNU @command{cpio}
(which includes both Texinfo documentation and man pages):

@example
dist_man_MANS = cpio.1 mt.1
@end example

The @code{nobase_} prefix is meaningless for man pages and is
disallowed.

@vindex notrans_
@cindex @code{notrans_} prefix
@cindex Man page renaming, avoiding
@cindex Avoiding man page renaming

Executables and manpages may be renamed upon installation
(@pxref{Renaming}).  For manpages this can be avoided by use of the
@code{notrans_} prefix.  For instance, suppose an executable @samp{foo}
allowing to access a library function @samp{foo} from the command line.
The way to avoid renaming of the @file{foo.3} manpage is:

@example
man_MANS = foo.1
notrans_man_MANS = foo.3
@end example

@cindex @code{notrans_} and @code{dist_} or @code{nodist_}
@cindex @code{dist_} and @code{notrans_}
@cindex @code{nodist_} and @code{notrans_}

@samp{notrans_} must be specified first when used in conjunction with
either @samp{dist_} or @samp{nodist_} (@pxref{Dist}).  For instance:

@example
notrans_dist_man3_MANS = bar.3
@end example

@node Install
@chapter What Gets Installed

@cindex Installation support
@cindex @samp{make install} support

@section Basics of installation

Naturally, Automake handles the details of actually installing your
program once it has been built.  All files named by the various
primaries are automatically installed in the appropriate places when the
user runs @samp{make install}.

A file named in a primary is installed by copying the built file into
the appropriate directory.  The base name of the file is used when
installing.

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = hello subdir/goodbye
@end example

In this example, both @samp{hello} and @samp{goodbye} will be installed
in @samp{$(bindir)}.

Sometimes it is useful to avoid the basename step at install time.  For
instance, you might have a number of header files in subdirectories of
the source tree that are laid out precisely how you want to install
them.  In this situation you can use the @code{nobase_} prefix to
suppress the base name step.  For example:

@example
nobase_include_HEADERS = stdio.h sys/types.h
@end example

Will install @file{stdio.h} in @samp{$(includedir)} and @file{types.h}
in @samp{$(includedir)/sys}.

@section The two parts of install

Automake generates separate @code{install-data} and @code{install-exec}
rules, in case the installer is installing on multiple machines that
share directory structure---these targets allow the machine-independent
parts to be installed only once.  @code{install-exec} installs
platform-dependent files, and @code{install-data} installs
platform-independent files.  The @code{install} target depends on both
of these targets.  While Automake tries to automatically segregate
objects into the correct category, the @file{Makefile.am} author is, in
the end, responsible for making sure this is done correctly.
@trindex install-data
@trindex install-exec
@trindex install
@cindex Install, two parts of

Variables using the standard directory prefixes @samp{data},
@samp{info}, @samp{man}, @samp{include}, @samp{oldinclude},
@samp{pkgdata}, or @samp{pkginclude} are installed by
@code{install-data}.

Variables using the standard directory prefixes @samp{bin},
@samp{sbin}, @samp{libexec}, @samp{sysconf}, @samp{localstate},
@samp{lib}, or @samp{pkglib} are installed by @code{install-exec}.

For instance, @code{data_DATA} files are installed by @code{install-data},
while @code{bin_PROGRAMS} files are installed by @code{install-exec}.

Any variable using a user-defined directory prefix with @samp{exec} in
the name (e.g., @code{myexecbin_PROGRAMS}) is installed by
@code{install-exec}.  All other user-defined prefixes are installed by
@code{install-data}.

@section Extending installation

It is possible to extend this mechanism by defining an
@code{install-exec-local} or @code{install-data-local} rule.  If these
rules exist, they will be run at @samp{make install} time.  These
rules can do almost anything; care is required.
@trindex install-exec-local
@trindex install-data-local

Automake also supports two install hooks, @code{install-exec-hook} and
@code{install-data-hook}.  These hooks are run after all other install
rules of the appropriate type, exec or data, have completed.  So, for
instance, it is possible to perform post-installation modifications
using an install hook.  @ref{Extending} gives some examples.
@cindex Install hook

@section Staged installs

@vindex DESTDIR
Automake generates support for the @code{DESTDIR} variable in all
install rules.  @code{DESTDIR} is used during the @samp{make install}
step to relocate install objects into a staging area.  Each object and
path is prefixed with the value of @code{DESTDIR} before being copied
into the install area.  Here is an example of typical DESTDIR usage:

@example
mkdir /tmp/staging &&
make DESTDIR=/tmp/staging install
@end example

The @command{mkdir} command avoids a security problem if the attacker
creates a symbolic link from @file{/tmp/staging} to a victim area;
then @command{make} places install objects in a directory tree built under
@file{/tmp/staging}.  If @file{/gnu/bin/foo} and
@file{/gnu/share/aclocal/foo.m4} are to be installed, the above command
would install @file{/tmp/staging/gnu/bin/foo} and
@file{/tmp/staging/gnu/share/aclocal/foo.m4}.

This feature is commonly used to build install images and packages
(@pxref{DESTDIR}).

Support for @code{DESTDIR} is implemented by coding it directly into
the install rules.  If your @file{Makefile.am} uses a local install
rule (e.g., @code{install-exec-local}) or an install hook, then you
must write that code to respect @code{DESTDIR}.

@xref{Makefile Conventions, , , standards, The GNU Coding Standards},
for another usage example.

@section Rules for the user

Automake also generates rules for targets @code{uninstall},
@code{installdirs}, and @code{install-strip}.
@trindex uninstall
@trindex installdirs
@trindex install-strip

Automake supports @code{uninstall-local} and @code{uninstall-hook}.
There is no notion of separate uninstalls for ``exec'' and ``data'', as
these features would not provide additional functionality.

Note that @code{uninstall} is not meant as a replacement for a real
packaging tool.


@node Clean
@chapter What Gets Cleaned

@cindex @samp{make clean} support

The GNU Makefile Standards specify a number of different clean rules.
@xref{Standard Targets, , Standard Targets for Users, standards,
The GNU Coding Standards}.

Generally the files that can be cleaned are determined automatically by
Automake.  Of course, Automake also recognizes some variables that can
be defined to specify additional files to clean.  These variables are
@code{MOSTLYCLEANFILES}, @code{CLEANFILES}, @code{DISTCLEANFILES}, and
@code{MAINTAINERCLEANFILES}.
@vindex MOSTLYCLEANFILES
@vindex CLEANFILES
@vindex DISTCLEANFILES
@vindex MAINTAINERCLEANFILES

@trindex mostlyclean-local
@trindex clean-local
@trindex distclean-local
@trindex maintainer-clean-local
When cleaning involves more than deleting some hard-coded list of
files, it is also possible to supplement the cleaning rules with your
own commands.  Simply define a rule for any of the
@code{mostlyclean-local}, @code{clean-local}, @code{distclean-local},
or @code{maintainer-clean-local} targets (@pxref{Extending}).  A common
case is deleting a directory, for instance, a directory created by the
test suite:

@example
clean-local:
        -rm -rf testSubDir
@end example

As the GNU Standards aren't always explicit as to which files should
be removed by which rule, we've adopted a heuristic that we believe
was first formulated by Fran@,{c}ois Pinard:

@itemize @bullet
@item
If @command{make} built it, and it is commonly something that one would
want to rebuild (for instance, a @file{.o} file), then
@code{mostlyclean} should delete it.

@item
Otherwise, if @command{make} built it, then @code{clean} should delete it.

@item
If @command{configure} built it, then @code{distclean} should delete it.

@item
If the maintainer built it (for instance, a @file{.info} file), then
@code{maintainer-clean} should delete it.  However
@code{maintainer-clean} should not delete anything that needs to exist
in order to run @samp{./configure && make}.
@end itemize

We recommend that you follow this same set of heuristics in your
@file{Makefile.am}.


@node Dist
@chapter What Goes in a Distribution

@section Basics of distribution

@cindex @samp{make dist}

@vindex PACKAGE
@vindex VERSION
@trindex dist
The @code{dist} rule in the generated @file{Makefile.in} can be used
to generate a gzipped @code{tar} file and other flavors of archive for
distribution.  The files is named based on the @code{PACKAGE} and
@code{VERSION} variables defined by @code{AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE}
(@pxref{Macros}); more precisely the gzipped @code{tar} file is named
@samp{@var{package}-@var{version}.tar.gz}.
@vindex GZIP_ENV
You can use the @command{make} variable @code{GZIP_ENV} to control how gzip
is run.  The default setting is @option{--best}.

@cindex @code{m4_include}, distribution
@cindex @code{include}, distribution
@acindex m4_include
@cmindex include
For the most part, the files to distribute are automatically found by
Automake: all source files are automatically included in a distribution,
as are all @file{Makefile.am}s and @file{Makefile.in}s.  Automake also
has a built-in list of commonly used files that are automatically
included if they are found in the current directory (either physically,
or as the target of a @file{Makefile.am} rule).  This list is printed by
@samp{automake --help}.  Also, files that are read by @command{configure}
(i.e.@: the source files corresponding to the files specified in various
Autoconf macros such as @code{AC_CONFIG_FILES} and siblings) are
automatically distributed.  Files included in @file{Makefile.am}s (using
@code{include}) or in @file{configure.ac} (using @code{m4_include}), and
helper scripts installed with @samp{automake --add-missing} are also
distributed.

@vindex EXTRA_DIST
Still, sometimes there are files that must be distributed, but which
are not covered in the automatic rules.  These files should be listed in
the @code{EXTRA_DIST} variable.  You can mention files from
subdirectories in @code{EXTRA_DIST}.

You can also mention a directory in @code{EXTRA_DIST}; in this case the
entire directory will be recursively copied into the distribution.
Please note that this will also copy @emph{everything} in the directory,
including CVS/RCS version control files.  We recommend against using
this feature.

@vindex SUBDIRS
@vindex DIST_SUBDIRS
If you define @code{SUBDIRS}, Automake will recursively include the
subdirectories in the distribution.  If @code{SUBDIRS} is defined
conditionally (@pxref{Conditionals}), Automake will normally include
all directories that could possibly appear in @code{SUBDIRS} in the
distribution.  If you need to specify the set of directories
conditionally, you can set the variable @code{DIST_SUBDIRS} to the
exact list of subdirectories to include in the distribution
(@pxref{Conditional Subdirectories}).


@section Fine-grained distribution control

@vindex dist_
@vindex nodist_
Sometimes you need tighter control over what does @emph{not} go into the
distribution; for instance, you might have source files that are
generated and that you do not want to distribute.  In this case
Automake gives fine-grained control using the @code{dist} and
@code{nodist} prefixes.  Any primary or @code{_SOURCES} variable can be
prefixed with @code{dist_} to add the listed files to the distribution.
Similarly, @code{nodist_} can be used to omit the files from the
distribution.

As an example, here is how you would cause some data to be distributed
while leaving some source code out of the distribution:

@example
dist_data_DATA = distribute-this
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
nodist_foo_SOURCES = do-not-distribute.c
@end example

@section The dist hook

@trindex dist-hook

Occasionally it is useful to be able to change the distribution before
it is packaged up.  If the @code{dist-hook} rule exists, it is run
after the distribution directory is filled, but before the actual tar
(or shar) file is created.  One way to use this is for distributing
files in subdirectories for which a new @file{Makefile.am} is overkill:

@example
dist-hook:
        mkdir $(distdir)/random
        cp -p $(srcdir)/random/a1 $(srcdir)/random/a2 $(distdir)/random
@end example

Another way to use this is for removing unnecessary files that get
recursively included by specifying a directory in EXTRA_DIST:

@example
EXTRA_DIST = doc

dist-hook:
        rm -rf `find $(distdir)/doc -name CVS`
@end example

@vindex distdir
@vindex top_distdir
Two variables that come handy when writing @code{dist-hook} rules are
@samp{$(distdir)} and @samp{$(top_distdir)}.

@samp{$(distdir)} points to the directory where the @code{dist} rule
will copy files from the current directory before creating the
tarball.  If you are at the top-level directory, then @samp{distdir =
$(PACKAGE)-$(VERSION)}.  When used from subdirectory named
@file{foo/}, then @samp{distdir = ../$(PACKAGE)-$(VERSION)/foo}.
@samp{$(distdir)} can be a relative or absolute path, do not assume
any form.

@samp{$(top_distdir)} always points to the root directory of the
distributed tree.  At the top-level it's equal to @samp{$(distdir)}.
In the @file{foo/} subdirectory
@samp{top_distdir = ../$(PACKAGE)-$(VERSION)}.
@samp{$(top_distdir)} too can be a relative or absolute path.

Note that when packages are nested using @code{AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS}
(@pxref{Subpackages}), then @samp{$(distdir)} and
@samp{$(top_distdir)} are relative to the package where @samp{make
dist} was run, not to any sub-packages involved.

@section Checking the distribution

@cindex @samp{make distcheck}
@cindex @samp{make distcleancheck}
@vindex distcleancheck_listfiles
@cindex @samp{make distuninstallcheck}
@vindex distuninstallcheck_listfiles

@trindex distcheck
Automake also generates a @code{distcheck} rule that can be of help to
ensure that a given distribution will actually work.  @code{distcheck}
makes a distribution, then tries to do a @code{VPATH} build
(@pxref{VPATH Builds}), run the test suite, and finally make another
tarball to ensure the distribution is self-contained.

@vindex DISTCHECK_CONFIGURE_FLAGS
Building the package involves running @samp{./configure}.  If you need
to supply additional flags to @command{configure}, define them in the
@code{DISTCHECK_CONFIGURE_FLAGS} variable, either in your top-level
@file{Makefile.am}, or on the command line when invoking @command{make}.

@trindex distcheck-hook
If the @code{distcheck-hook} rule is defined in your top-level
@file{Makefile.am}, then it will be invoked by @code{distcheck} after
the new distribution has been unpacked, but before the unpacked copy
is configured and built.  Your @code{distcheck-hook} can do almost
anything, though as always caution is advised.  Generally this hook is
used to check for potential distribution errors not caught by the
standard mechanism.  Note that @code{distcheck-hook} as well as
@code{DISTCHECK_CONFIGURE_FLAGS} are not honored in a subpackage
@file{Makefile.am}, but the @code{DISTCHECK_CONFIGURE_FLAGS} are
passed down to the @command{configure} script of the subpackage.

@trindex distcleancheck
@vindex DISTCLEANFILES
@vindex distcleancheck_listfiles
Speaking of potential distribution errors, @code{distcheck} also
ensures that the @code{distclean} rule actually removes all built
files.  This is done by running @samp{make distcleancheck} at the end of
the @code{VPATH} build.  By default, @code{distcleancheck} will run
@code{distclean} and then make sure the build tree has been emptied by
running @samp{$(distcleancheck_listfiles)}.  Usually this check will
find generated files that you forgot to add to the @code{DISTCLEANFILES}
variable (@pxref{Clean}).

The @code{distcleancheck} behavior should be OK for most packages,
otherwise you have the possibility to override the definition of
either the @code{distcleancheck} rule, or the
@samp{$(distcleancheck_listfiles)} variable.  For instance, to disable
@code{distcleancheck} completely, add the following rule to your
top-level @file{Makefile.am}:

@example
distcleancheck:
        @@:
@end example

If you want @code{distcleancheck} to ignore built files that have not
been cleaned because they are also part of the distribution, add the
following definition instead:

@example
distcleancheck_listfiles = \
  find -type f -exec sh -c 'test -f $(srcdir)/@{@} || echo @{@}' ';'
@end example

The above definition is not the default because it's usually an error if
your Makefiles cause some distributed files to be rebuilt when the user
build the package.  (Think about the user missing the tool required to
build the file; or if the required tool is built by your package,
consider the cross-compilation case where it can't be run.)  There is
a FAQ entry about this (@pxref{distcleancheck}), make sure you read it
before playing with @code{distcleancheck_listfiles}.

@code{distcheck} also checks that the @code{uninstall} rule works
properly, both for ordinary and @code{DESTDIR} builds.  It does this
by invoking @samp{make uninstall}, and then it checks the install tree
to see if any files are left over.  This check will make sure that you
correctly coded your @code{uninstall}-related rules.

By default, the checking is done by the @code{distuninstallcheck} rule,
and the list of files in the install tree is generated by
@samp{$(distuninstallcheck_listfiles}) (this is a variable whose value is
a shell command to run that prints the list of files to stdout).

Either of these can be overridden to modify the behavior of
@code{distcheck}.  For instance, to disable this check completely, you
would write:

@example
distuninstallcheck:
        @@:
@end example

@section The types of distributions

Automake generates rules to provide archives of the project for
distributions in various formats.  Their targets are:

@table @asis
@item @code{dist-bzip2}
Generate a bzip2 tar archive of the distribution.  bzip2 archives are
frequently smaller than gzipped archives.
@trindex dist-bzip2

@item @code{dist-gzip}
Generate a gzip tar archive of the distribution.
@trindex dist-gzip

@item @code{dist-lzma}
Generate a lzma tar archive of the distribution.  lzma archives are
frequently smaller than @command{bzip2}-compressed archives.
@trindex dist-lzma

@item @code{dist-shar}
Generate a shar archive of the distribution.
@trindex dist-shar

@item @code{dist-zip}
Generate a zip archive of the distribution.
@trindex dist-zip

@item @code{dist-tarZ}
Generate a compressed tar archive of
the distribution.
@trindex dist-tarZ
@end table

The rule @code{dist} (and its historical synonym @code{dist-all}) will
create archives in all the enabled formats, @ref{Options}.  By
default, only the @code{dist-gzip} target is hooked to @code{dist}.


@node Tests
@chapter Support for test suites

@cindex Test suites
@cindex @code{make check}
@trindex check

Automake supports two forms of test suites.

@section Simple Tests

If the variable @code{TESTS} is defined, its value is taken to be a
list of programs or scripts to run in order to do the testing.
Programs needing data files should look for them in @code{srcdir}
(which is both an environment variable and a make variable) so they
work when building in a separate directory (@pxref{Build Directories,
, Build Directories , autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}), and in
particular for the @code{distcheck} rule (@pxref{Dist}).

For each of the @code{TESTS}, the result of execution is printed along
with the test name, where @code{PASS} denotes a successful test,
@code{FAIL} denotes a failed test, @code{XFAIL} an expected failure,
@code{XPASS} an unexpected pass for a test that is supposed to fail,
and @code{SKIP} denotes a skipped test.

@cindex Exit status 77, special interpretation

The number of failures will be printed at the end of the run.  If a
given test program exits with a status of 77, then its result is ignored
in the final count.  This feature allows non-portable tests to be
ignored in environments where they don't make sense.

@vindex AM_COLOR_TESTS
If the Automake option @code{color-tests} is used (@pxref{Options})
and standard output is connected to a capable terminal, then the test
results and the summary are colored appropriately.  The user can disable
colored output by setting the @command{make} variable
@samp{AM_COLOR_TESTS=no}, or force colored output even without a connecting
terminal with @samp{AM_COLOR_TESTS=always}.

@vindex TESTS
@vindex TESTS_ENVIRONMENT
The variable @code{TESTS_ENVIRONMENT} can be used to set environment
variables for the test run; the environment variable @code{srcdir} is
set in the rule.  If all your test programs are scripts, you can also
set @code{TESTS_ENVIRONMENT} to an invocation of the shell (e.g.
@samp{$(SHELL) -x} can be useful for debugging the tests), or any other
interpreter.  For instance the following setup is used by the Automake
package to run four tests in Perl.
@example
TESTS_ENVIRONMENT = $(PERL) -Mstrict -I $(top_srcdir)/lib -w
TESTS = Condition.pl DisjConditions.pl Version.pl Wrap.pl
@end example


@cindex Tests, expected failure
@cindex Expected test failure

You may define the variable @code{XFAIL_TESTS} to a list of tests
(usually a subset of @code{TESTS}) that are expected to fail.  This will
reverse the result of those tests.
@vindex XFAIL_TESTS

Automake ensures that each file listed in @code{TESTS} is built before
any tests are run; you can list both source and derived programs (or
scripts) in @code{TESTS}; the generated rule will look both in
@code{srcdir} and @file{.}.  For instance, you might want to run a C
program as a test.  To do this you would list its name in @code{TESTS}
and also in @code{check_PROGRAMS}, and then specify it as you would
any other program.

Programs listed in @code{check_PROGRAMS} (and @code{check_LIBRARIES},
@code{check_LTLIBRARIES}...) are only built during @code{make check},
not during @code{make all}.  You should list there any program needed
by your tests that does not need to be built by @code{make all}.  Note
that @code{check_PROGRAMS} are @emph{not} automatically added to
@code{TESTS} because @code{check_PROGRAMS} usually lists programs used
by the tests, not the tests themselves.  Of course you can set
@code{TESTS = $(check_PROGRAMS)} if all your programs are test cases.

@section DejaGnu Tests

If @uref{ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/dejagnu/, @command{dejagnu}} appears in
@code{AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS}, then a @command{dejagnu}-based test suite is
assumed.  The variable @code{DEJATOOL} is a list of names that are
passed, one at a time, as the @option{--tool} argument to
@command{runtest} invocations; it defaults to the name of the package.

The variable @code{RUNTESTDEFAULTFLAGS} holds the @option{--tool} and
@option{--srcdir} flags that are passed to dejagnu by default; this can be
overridden if necessary.
@vindex RUNTESTDEFAULTFLAGS

The variables @code{EXPECT} and @code{RUNTEST} can
also be overridden to provide project-specific values.  For instance,
you will need to do this if you are testing a compiler toolchain,
because the default values do not take into account host and target
names.
@opindex dejagnu
@vindex DEJATOOL
@vindex EXPECT
@vindex RUNTEST

The contents of the variable @code{RUNTESTFLAGS} are passed to the
@code{runtest} invocation.  This is considered a ``user variable''
(@pxref{User Variables}).  If you need to set @command{runtest} flags in
@file{Makefile.am}, you can use @code{AM_RUNTESTFLAGS} instead.
@vindex RUNTESTFLAGS
@vindex AM_RUNTESTFLAGS

@cindex @file{site.exp}
Automake will generate rules to create a local @file{site.exp} file,
defining various variables detected by @command{configure}.  This file
is automatically read by DejaGnu.  It is OK for the user of a package
to edit this file in order to tune the test suite.  However this is
not the place where the test suite author should define new variables:
this should be done elsewhere in the real test suite code.
Especially, @file{site.exp} should not be distributed.

For more information regarding DejaGnu test suites, see @ref{Top, , ,
dejagnu, The DejaGnu Manual}.

In either case, the testing is done via @samp{make check}.

@section Install Tests

The @code{installcheck} target is available to the user as a way to
run any tests after the package has been installed.  You can add tests
to this by writing an @code{installcheck-local} rule.


@node Rebuilding
@chapter Rebuilding Makefiles
@cindex rebuild rules

Automake generates rules to automatically rebuild @file{Makefile}s,
@file{configure}, and other derived files like @file{Makefile.in}.

@acindex AM_MAINTAINER_MODE
If you are using @code{AM_MAINTAINER_MODE} in @file{configure.ac}, then
these automatic rebuilding rules are only enabled in maintainer mode.

@vindex ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS
Sometimes you need to run @command{aclocal} with an argument like
@option{-I} to tell it where to find @file{.m4} files.  Since
sometimes @command{make} will automatically run @command{aclocal}, you
need a way to specify these arguments.  You can do this by defining
@code{ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS}; this holds arguments that are passed verbatim
to @command{aclocal}.  This variable is only useful in the top-level
@file{Makefile.am}.

@vindex CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES
@vindex CONFIGURE_DEPENDENCIES
@cindex @file{version.sh}, example
@cindex @file{version.m4}, example

Sometimes it is convenient to supplement the rebuild rules for
@file{configure} or @file{config.status} with additional dependencies.
The variables @code{CONFIGURE_DEPENDENCIES} and
@code{CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES} can be used to list these extra
dependencies.  These variable should be defined in all
@file{Makefile}s of the tree (because these two rebuild rules are
output in all them), so it is safer and easier to @code{AC_SUBST} them
from @file{configure.ac}.  For instance, the following statement will
cause @file{configure} to be rerun each time @file{version.sh} is
changed.
@example
AC_SUBST([CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES], ['$(top_srcdir)/version.sh'])
@end example
@noindent
Note the @samp{$(top_srcdir)/} in the file name.  Since this variable
is to be used in all @file{Makefile}s, its value must be sensible at
any level in the build hierarchy.

Beware not to mistake @code{CONFIGURE_DEPENDENCIES} for
@code{CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES}.

@code{CONFIGURE_DEPENDENCIES} adds dependencies to the
@file{configure} rule, whose effect is to run @command{autoconf}.  This
variable should be seldom used, because @command{automake} already tracks
@code{m4_include}d files.  However it can be useful when playing
tricky games with @code{m4_esyscmd} or similar non-recommendable
macros with side effects.

@code{CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES} adds dependencies to the
@file{config.status} rule, whose effect is to run @file{configure}.
This variable should therefore carry any non-standard source that may
be read as a side effect of running configure, like @file{version.sh}
in the example above.

Speaking of @file{version.sh} scripts, we recommend against them
today.  They are mainly used when the version of a package is updated
automatically by a script (e.g., in daily builds).  Here is what some
old-style @file{configure.ac}s may look like:
@example
AC_INIT
. $srcdir/version.sh
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([name], $VERSION_NUMBER)
@dots{}
@end example
@noindent
Here, @file{version.sh} is a shell fragment that sets
@code{VERSION_NUMBER}.  The problem with this example is that
@command{automake} cannot track dependencies (listing @file{version.sh}
in @command{CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES}, and distributing this file is up
to the user), and that it uses the obsolete form of @code{AC_INIT} and
@code{AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE}.  Upgrading to the new syntax is not
straightforward, because shell variables are not allowed in
@code{AC_INIT}'s arguments.  We recommend that @file{version.sh} be
replaced by an M4 file that is included by @file{configure.ac}:
@example
m4_include([version.m4])
AC_INIT([name], VERSION_NUMBER)
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE
@dots{}
@end example
@noindent
Here @file{version.m4} could contain something like
@samp{m4_define([VERSION_NUMBER], [1.2])}.  The advantage of this
second form is that @command{automake} will take care of the
dependencies when defining the rebuild rule, and will also distribute
the file automatically.  An inconvenience is that @command{autoconf}
will now be rerun each time the version number is bumped, when only
@file{configure} had to be rerun in the previous setup.


@node Options
@chapter Changing Automake's Behavior

Various features of Automake can be controlled by options in the
@file{Makefile.am}.  Such options are applied on a per-@file{Makefile}
basis when listed in a special @file{Makefile} variable named
@code{AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS}.  They are applied globally to all processed
@file{Makefiles} when listed in the first argument of
@code{AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE} in @file{configure.ac}.  Currently understood
options are:
@vindex AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS

@table @asis
@item @option{gnits}
@itemx @option{gnu}
@itemx @option{foreign}
@itemx @option{cygnus}
@cindex Option, @option{gnits}
@cindex Option, @option{gnu}
@cindex Option, @option{foreign}
@cindex Option, @option{cygnus}
@opindex gnits
@opindex gnu
@opindex foreign
@opindex cygnus

Set the strictness as appropriate.  The @option{gnits} option also
implies options @option{readme-alpha} and @option{check-news}.

@item @option{ansi2knr}
@itemx @option{@var{path}/ansi2knr}
@cindex Option, @option{ansi2knr}
@opindex ansi2knr
Turn on the obsolete de-ANSI-fication feature.  @xref{ANSI}.  If preceded by a
path, the generated @file{Makefile.in} will look in the specified
directory to find the @file{ansi2knr} program.  The path should be a
relative path to another directory in the same distribution (Automake
currently does not check this).

@item @option{check-news}
@cindex Option, @option{check-news}
@opindex check-news
Cause @samp{make dist} to fail unless the current version number appears
in the first few lines of the @file{NEWS} file.

@item @option{color-tests}
@cindex Option, @option{color-tests}
@opindex color-tests
Cause output of the simple test suite (@pxref{Tests}) to be
colorized on capable terminals.

@item @option{dejagnu}
@cindex Option, @option{dejagnu}
@opindex dejagnu
Cause @command{dejagnu}-specific rules to be generated.  @xref{Tests}.

@item @option{dist-bzip2}
@cindex Option, @option{dist-bzip2}
@opindex dist-bzip2
Hook @code{dist-bzip2} to @code{dist}.
@trindex dist-bzip2

@item @option{dist-lzma}
@cindex Option, @option{dist-lzma}
@opindex dist-lzma
Hook @code{dist-lzma} to @code{dist}.
@trindex dist-lzma

@item @option{dist-shar}
@cindex Option, @option{dist-shar}
@opindex dist-shar
Hook @code{dist-shar} to @code{dist}.
@trindex dist-shar

@item @option{dist-zip}
@cindex Option, @option{dist-zip}
@opindex dist-zip
Hook @code{dist-zip} to @code{dist}.
@trindex dist-zip

@item @option{dist-tarZ}
@cindex Option, @option{dist-tarZ}
@opindex dist-tarZ
Hook @code{dist-tarZ} to @code{dist}.
@trindex dist-tarZ

@item @option{filename-length-max=99}
@cindex Option, @option{filename-length-max=99}
@opindex filename-length-max=99
Abort if file names longer than 99 characters are found during
@samp{make dist}.  Such long file names are generally considered not to
be portable in tarballs.  See the @option{tar-v7} and @option{tar-ustar}
options below.  This option should be used in the top-level
@file{Makefile.am} or as an argument of @code{AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE} in
@file{configure.ac}, it will be ignored otherwise.  It will also be
ignored in sub-packages of nested packages (@pxref{Subpackages}).

@item @option{no-define}
@cindex Option, @option{no-define}
@opindex no-define
This options is meaningful only when passed as an argument to
@code{AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE}.  It will prevent the @code{PACKAGE} and
@code{VERSION} variables to be @code{AC_DEFINE}d.

@item @option{no-dependencies}
@cindex Option, @option{no-dependencies}
@opindex no-dependencies
This is similar to using @option{--ignore-deps} on the command line,
but is useful for those situations where you don't have the necessary
bits to make automatic dependency tracking work
(@pxref{Dependencies}).  In this case the effect is to effectively
disable automatic dependency tracking.

@item @option{no-dist}
@cindex Option, @option{no-dist}
@opindex no-dist
Don't emit any code related to @code{dist} target.  This is useful
when a package has its own method for making distributions.

@item @option{no-dist-gzip}
@cindex Option, @option{no-dist-gzip}
@opindex no-dist-gzip
Do not hook @code{dist-gzip} to @code{dist}.
@trindex no-dist-gzip

@item @option{no-exeext}
@cindex Option, @option{no-exeext}
@opindex no-exeext
If your @file{Makefile.am} defines a rule for target @code{foo}, it
will override a rule for a target named @samp{foo$(EXEEXT)}.  This is
necessary when @code{EXEEXT} is found to be empty.  However, by
default automake will generate an error for this use.  The
@option{no-exeext} option will disable this error.  This is intended for
use only where it is known in advance that the package will not be
ported to Windows, or any other operating system using extensions on
executables.

@item @option{no-installinfo}
@cindex Option, @option{no-installinfo}
@opindex no-installinfo
The generated @file{Makefile.in} will not cause info pages to be built
or installed by default.  However, @code{info} and @code{install-info}
targets will still be available.  This option is disallowed at
@option{gnu} strictness and above.
@trindex info
@trindex install-info

@item @option{no-installman}
@cindex Option, @option{no-installman}
@opindex no-installman
The generated @file{Makefile.in} will not cause man pages to be
installed by default.  However, an @code{install-man} target will still
be available for optional installation.  This option is disallowed at
@option{gnu} strictness and above.
@trindex install-man

@item @option{nostdinc}
@cindex Option, @option{nostdinc}
@opindex nostdinc
This option can be used to disable the standard @option{-I} options that
are ordinarily automatically provided by Automake.

@item @option{no-texinfo.tex}
@cindex Option, @option{no-texinfo.tex}
@opindex no-texinfo.tex
Don't require @file{texinfo.tex}, even if there are texinfo files in
this directory.

@item @option{readme-alpha}
@cindex Option, @option{readme-alpha}
@opindex readme-alpha
If this release is an alpha release, and the file @file{README-alpha}
exists, then it will be added to the distribution.  If this option is
given, version numbers are expected to follow one of two forms.  The
first form is @samp{@var{MAJOR}.@var{MINOR}.@var{ALPHA}}, where each
element is a number; the final period and number should be left off for
non-alpha releases.  The second form is
@samp{@var{MAJOR}.@var{MINOR}@var{ALPHA}}, where @var{ALPHA} is a
letter; it should be omitted for non-alpha releases.

@item @option{std-options}
@cindex Options, @option{std-options}
@cindex @samp{make installcheck}, testing @option{--help} and @option{--version}
@cindex @option{--help} check
@cindex @option{--version} check
@opindex std-options

Make the @code{installcheck} rule check that installed scripts and
programs support the @option{--help} and @option{--version} options.
This also provides a basic check that the program's
run-time dependencies are satisfied after installation.

@vindex AM_INSTALLCHECK_STD_OPTIONS_EXEMPT
In a few situations, programs (or scripts) have to be exempted from this
test.  For instance, @command{false} (from GNU sh-utils) is never
successful, even for @option{--help} or @option{--version}.  You can list
such programs in the variable @code{AM_INSTALLCHECK_STD_OPTIONS_EXEMPT}.
Programs (not scripts) listed in this variable should be suffixed by
@samp{$(EXEEXT)} for the sake of Win32 or OS/2.  For instance, suppose we
build @file{false} as a program but @file{true.sh} as a script, and that
neither of them support @option{--help} or @option{--version}:

@example
AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = std-options
bin_PROGRAMS = false ...
bin_SCRIPTS = true.sh ...
AM_INSTALLCHECK_STD_OPTIONS_EXEMPT = false$(EXEEXT) true.sh
@end example

@item @option{subdir-objects}
@cindex Options, @option{subdir-objects}
@opindex subdir-objects
If this option is specified, then objects are placed into the
subdirectory of the build directory corresponding to the subdirectory of
the source file.  For instance, if the source file is
@file{subdir/file.cxx}, then the output file would be
@file{subdir/file.o}.

In order to use this option with C sources, you should add
@code{AM_PROG_CC_C_O} to @file{configure.ac}.

@anchor{tar-formats}
@item @option{tar-v7}
@itemx @option{tar-ustar}
@itemx @option{tar-pax}
@cindex Option, @option{tar-v7}
@cindex Option, @option{tar-ustar}
@cindex Option, @option{tar-pax}
@cindex @command{tar} formats
@cindex v7 @command{tar} format
@cindex ustar format
@cindex pax format
@opindex tar-v7
@opindex tar-ustar
@opindex tar-pax

These three mutually exclusive options select the tar format to use
when generating tarballs with @samp{make dist}.  (The tar file created
is then compressed according to the set of @option{no-dist-gzip},
@option{dist-bzip2}, @option{dist-lzma} and @option{dist-tarZ} options in use.)

These options must be passed as argument to @code{AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE}
(@pxref{Macros}) because they can require additional configure checks.
Automake will complain if it sees such options in an
@code{AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS} variable.

@option{tar-v7} selects the old V7 tar format.  This is the historical
default.  This antiquated format is understood by all tar
implementations and supports file names with up to 99 characters.  When
given longer file names some tar implementations will diagnose the
problem while other will generate broken tarballs or use non-portable
extensions.  Furthermore, the V7 format cannot store empty
directories.  When using this format, consider using the
@option{filename-length-max=99} option to catch file names too long.

@option{tar-ustar} selects the ustar format defined by POSIX
1003.1-1988.  This format is believed to be old enough to be portable.
It fully supports empty directories.  It can store file names with up
to 256 characters, provided that the file name can be split at
directory separator in two parts, first of them being at most 155
bytes long.  So, in most cases the maximum file name length will be
shorter than 256 characters.  However you may run against broken tar
implementations that incorrectly handle file names longer than 99
characters (please report them to @email{bug-automake@@gnu.org} so we
can document this accurately).

@option{tar-pax} selects the new pax interchange format defined by POSIX
1003.1-2001.  It does not limit the length of file names.  However,
this format is very young and should probably be restricted to
packages that target only very modern platforms.  There are moves to
change the pax format in an upward-compatible way, so this option may
refer to a more recent version in the future.

@xref{Formats, , Controlling the Archive Format, tar, GNU Tar}, for
further discussion about tar formats.

@command{configure} knows several ways to construct these formats.  It
will not abort if it cannot find a tool up to the task (so that the
package can still be built), but @samp{make dist} will fail.

@item @var{version}
@cindex Option, @var{version}
A version number (e.g., @samp{0.30}) can be specified.  If Automake is not
newer than the version specified, creation of the @file{Makefile.in}
will be suppressed.

@item @option{-W@var{category}} or @option{--warnings=@var{category}}
@cindex Option, warnings
@cindex Option, @option{-W@var{category}}
@cindex Option, @option{--warnings=@var{category}}
These options behave exactly like their command-line counterpart
(@pxref{Invoking Automake}).  This allows you to enable or disable some
warning categories on a per-file basis.  You can also setup some warnings
for your entire project; for instance, try @samp{AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([-Wall])}
in your @file{configure.ac}.

@end table

Unrecognized options are diagnosed by @command{automake}.

If you want an option to apply to all the files in the tree, you can use
the @code{AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE} macro in @file{configure.ac}.
@xref{Macros}.


@node Miscellaneous
@chapter Miscellaneous Rules

There are a few rules and variables that didn't fit anywhere else.

@menu
* Tags::                        Interfacing to etags and mkid
* Suffixes::                    Handling new file extensions
* Multilibs::                   Support for multilibs.
@end menu


@node Tags
@section Interfacing to @command{etags}

@cindex @file{TAGS} support

Automake will generate rules to generate @file{TAGS} files for use with
GNU Emacs under some circumstances.

@trindex tags
If any C, C++ or Fortran 77 source code or headers are present, then
@code{tags} and @code{TAGS} rules will be generated for the directory.
All files listed using the @code{_SOURCES}, @code{_HEADERS}, and
@code{_LISP} primaries will be used to generate tags.  Note that
generated source files that are not distributed must be declared in
variables like @code{nodist_noinst_HEADERS} or
@code{nodist_@var{prog}_SOURCES} or they will be ignored.

A @code{tags} rule will be output at the topmost directory of a
multi-directory package.  When run from this topmost directory,
@samp{make tags} will generate a @file{TAGS} file that includes by
reference all @file{TAGS} files from subdirectories.

The @code{tags} rule will also be generated if the variable
@code{ETAGS_ARGS} is defined.  This variable is intended for use in
directories that contain taggable source that @command{etags} does
not understand.  The user can use the @code{ETAGSFLAGS} to pass
additional flags to @command{etags}; @code{AM_ETAGSFLAGS} is also
available for use in @file{Makefile.am}.
@vindex ETAGS_ARGS
@vindex ETAGSFLAGS
@vindex AM_ETAGSFLAGS

Here is how Automake generates tags for its source, and for nodes in its
Texinfo file:

@example
ETAGS_ARGS = automake.in --lang=none \
 --regex='/^@@node[ \t]+\([^,]+\)/\1/' automake.texi
@end example

If you add file names to @code{ETAGS_ARGS}, you will probably also
want to define @code{TAGS_DEPENDENCIES}.  The contents of this variable
are added directly to the dependencies for the @code{tags} rule.
@vindex TAGS_DEPENDENCIES

Automake also generates a @code{ctags} rule that can be used to
build @command{vi}-style @file{tags} files.  The variable @code{CTAGS}
is the name of the program to invoke (by default @command{ctags});
@code{CTAGSFLAGS} can be used by the user to pass additional flags,
and @code{AM_CTAGSFLAGS} can be used by the @file{Makefile.am}.

Automake will also generate an @code{ID} rule that will run
@command{mkid} on the source.  This is only supported on a
directory-by-directory basis.
@trindex id

Finally, Automake also emit rules to support the
@uref{http://www.gnu.org/software/global/, GNU Global Tags program}.
The @code{GTAGS} rule runs Global Tags and puts the
result in the top build directory.  The variable @code{GTAGS_ARGS}
holds arguments that are passed to @command{gtags}.
@vindex GTAGS_ARGS


@node Suffixes
@section Handling new file extensions

@cindex Adding new @code{SUFFIXES}
@cindex @code{SUFFIXES}, adding
@vindex SUFFIXES

It is sometimes useful to introduce a new implicit rule to handle a file
type that Automake does not know about.

For instance, suppose you had a compiler that could compile @file{.foo}
files to @file{.o} files.  You would simply define an suffix rule for
your language:

@example
.foo.o:
        foocc -c -o $@@ $<
@end example

Then you could directly use a @file{.foo} file in a @code{_SOURCES}
variable and expect the correct results:

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = doit
doit_SOURCES = doit.foo
@end example

This was the simpler and more common case.  In other cases, you will
have to help Automake to figure which extensions you are defining your
suffix rule for.  This usually happens when your extensions does not
start with a dot.  Then, all you have to do is to put a list of new
suffixes in the @code{SUFFIXES} variable @strong{before} you define your
implicit rule.

For instance, the following definition prevents Automake to misinterpret
@samp{.idlC.cpp:} as an attempt to transform @file{.idlC} files into
@file{.cpp} files.

@example
SUFFIXES = .idl C.cpp
.idlC.cpp:
        # whatever
@end example

As you may have noted, the @code{SUFFIXES} variable behaves like the
@code{.SUFFIXES} special target of @command{make}.  You should not touch
@code{.SUFFIXES} yourself, but use @code{SUFFIXES} instead and let
Automake generate the suffix list for @code{.SUFFIXES}.  Any given
@code{SUFFIXES} go at the start of the generated suffixes list, followed
by Automake generated suffixes not already in the list.

@node Multilibs
@section Support for Multilibs

Automake has support for an obscure feature called multilibs.  A
@dfn{multilib} is a library that is built for multiple different ABIs
at a single time; each time the library is built with a different target
flag combination.  This is only useful when the library is intended to
be cross-compiled, and it is almost exclusively used for compiler
support libraries.

The multilib support is still experimental.  Only use it if you are
familiar with multilibs and can debug problems you might encounter.


@node Include
@chapter Include

@cmindex include
@cindex Including @file{Makefile} fragment
@cindex @file{Makefile} fragment, including

Automake supports an @code{include} directive that  can be used to
include other @file{Makefile} fragments when @command{automake} is run.
Note that these fragments are read and interpreted by @command{automake},
not by @command{make}.  As with conditionals, @command{make} has no idea that
@code{include} is in use.

There are two forms of @code{include}:

@table @code
@item include $(srcdir)/file
Include a fragment that is found relative to the current source
directory.

@item include $(top_srcdir)/file
Include a fragment that is found relative to the top source directory.
@end table

Note that if a fragment is included inside a conditional, then the
condition applies to the entire contents of that fragment.

Makefile fragments included this way are always distributed because
they are needed to rebuild @file{Makefile.in}.

@node Conditionals
@chapter Conditionals

@cindex Conditionals

Automake supports a simple type of conditionals.

@unnumberedsec Usage

@acindex AM_CONDITIONAL
Before using a conditional, you must define it by using
@code{AM_CONDITIONAL} in the @file{configure.ac} file (@pxref{Macros}).

@defmac AM_CONDITIONAL (@var{conditional}, @var{condition})
The conditional name, @var{conditional}, should be a simple string
starting with a letter and containing only letters, digits, and
underscores.  It must be different from @samp{TRUE} and @samp{FALSE}
that are reserved by Automake.

The shell @var{condition} (suitable for use in a shell @code{if}
statement) is evaluated when @command{configure} is run.  Note that you
must arrange for @emph{every} @code{AM_CONDITIONAL} to be invoked every
time @command{configure} is run.  If @code{AM_CONDITIONAL} is run
conditionally (e.g., in a shell @code{if} statement), then the result
will confuse automake.
@end defmac

@cindex @option{--enable-debug}, example
@cindex Example conditional @option{--enable-debug}
@cindex Conditional example, @option{--enable-debug}

Conditionals typically depend upon options that the user provides to
the @command{configure} script.  Here is an example of how to write a
conditional that is true if the user uses the @option{--enable-debug}
option.

@example
AC_ARG_ENABLE([debug],
[  --enable-debug    Turn on debugging],
[case "$@{enableval@}" in
  yes) debug=true ;;
  no)  debug=false ;;
  *) AC_MSG_ERROR([bad value $@{enableval@} for --enable-debug]) ;;
esac],[debug=false])
AM_CONDITIONAL([DEBUG], [test x$debug = xtrue])
@end example

Here is an example of how to use that conditional in @file{Makefile.am}:

@cmindex if
@cmindex endif
@cmindex else

@example
if DEBUG
DBG = debug
else
DBG =
endif
noinst_PROGRAMS = $(DBG)
@end example

This trivial example could also be handled using @code{EXTRA_PROGRAMS}
(@pxref{Conditional Programs}).

You may only test a single variable in an @code{if} statement, possibly
negated using @samp{!}.  The @code{else} statement may be omitted.
Conditionals may be nested to any depth.  You may specify an argument to
@code{else} in which case it must be the negation of the condition used
for the current @code{if}.  Similarly you may specify the condition
that is closed by an @code{end}:

@example
if DEBUG
DBG = debug
else !DEBUG
DBG =
endif !DEBUG
@end example

@noindent
Unbalanced conditions are errors.

The @code{else} branch of the above two examples could be omitted,
since assigning the empty string to an otherwise undefined variable
makes no difference.

@unnumberedsec Portability

Note that conditionals in Automake are not the same as conditionals in
GNU Make.  Automake conditionals are checked at configure time by the
@file{configure} script, and affect the translation from
@file{Makefile.in} to @file{Makefile}.  They are based on options passed
to @file{configure} and on results that @file{configure} has discovered
about the host system.  GNU Make conditionals are checked at @command{make}
time, and are based on variables passed to the make program or defined
in the @file{Makefile}.

Automake conditionals will work with any make program.

@unnumberedsec Limits

Conditionals should enclose complete statements like variables or
rules definitions.  Automake cannot deal with conditionals used inside
a variable definition, for instance, and is not even able to diagnose
this situation.  The following example would not work:

@example
# This syntax is not understood by Automake
AM_CPPFLAGS = \
  -DFEATURE_A \
if WANT_DEBUG
  -DDEBUG \
endif
  -DFEATURE_B
@end example

However the intended definition of @code{AM_CPPFLAGS} can be achieved
with

@example
if WANT_DEBUG
  DEBUGFLAGS = -DDEBUG
endif
AM_CPPFLAGS = -DFEATURE_A $(DEBUGFLAGS) -DFEATURE_B
@end example

@noindent or

@example
AM_CPPFLAGS = -DFEATURE_A
if WANT_DEBUG
AM_CPPFLAGS += -DDEBUG
endif
AM_CPPFLAGS += -DFEATURE_B
@end example

@node Gnits
@chapter The effect of @option{--gnu} and @option{--gnits}

@cindex @option{--gnu}, required files
@cindex @option{--gnu}, complete description

The @option{--gnu} option (or @option{gnu} in the
@code{AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS} variable) causes @command{automake} to check
the following:

@itemize @bullet
@item
The files @file{INSTALL}, @file{NEWS}, @file{README}, @file{AUTHORS},
and @file{ChangeLog}, plus one of @file{COPYING.LIB}, @file{COPYING.LESSER}
or @file{COPYING}, are required at the topmost directory of the package.

@item
The options @option{no-installman} and @option{no-installinfo} are
prohibited.
@end itemize

Note that this option will be extended in the future to do even more
checking; it is advisable to be familiar with the precise requirements
of the GNU standards.  Also, @option{--gnu} can require certain
non-standard GNU programs to exist for use by various maintainer-only
rules; for instance, in the future @command{pathchk} might be required for
@samp{make dist}.

@cindex @option{--gnits}, complete description

The @option{--gnits} option does everything that @option{--gnu} does, and
checks the following as well:

@itemize @bullet
@item
@samp{make installcheck} will check to make sure that the @option{--help}
and @option{--version} really print a usage message and a version string,
respectively.  This is the @option{std-options} option (@pxref{Options}).

@item
@samp{make dist} will check to make sure the @file{NEWS} file has been
updated to the current version.

@item
@code{VERSION} is checked to make sure its format complies with Gnits
standards.
@c FIXME xref when standards are finished

@item
@cindex @file{README-alpha}
If @code{VERSION} indicates that this is an alpha release, and the file
@file{README-alpha} appears in the topmost directory of a package, then
it is included in the distribution.  This is done in @option{--gnits}
mode, and no other, because this mode is the only one where version
number formats are constrained, and hence the only mode where Automake
can automatically determine whether @file{README-alpha} should be
included.

@item
The file @file{THANKS} is required.
@end itemize


@node Cygnus
@chapter The effect of @option{--cygnus}

@cindex @option{cygnus} strictness

Some packages, notably GNU GCC and GNU gdb, have a build environment
originally written at Cygnus Support (subsequently renamed Cygnus
Solutions, and then later purchased by Red Hat).  Packages with this
ancestry are sometimes referred to as ``Cygnus'' trees.

A Cygnus tree has slightly different rules for how a
@file{Makefile.in} is to be constructed.  Passing @option{--cygnus} to
@command{automake} will cause any generated @file{Makefile.in} to
comply with Cygnus rules.

Here are the precise effects of @option{--cygnus}:

@itemize @bullet
@item
Info files are always created in the build directory, and not in the
source directory.

@item
@file{texinfo.tex} is not required if a Texinfo source file is
specified.  The assumption is that the file will be supplied, but in a
place that Automake cannot find.  This assumption is an artifact of how
Cygnus packages are typically bundled.

@item
@samp{make dist} is not supported, and the rules for it are not
generated.  Cygnus-style trees use their own distribution mechanism.

@item
Certain tools will be searched for in the build tree as well as in the
user's @env{PATH}.  These tools are @command{runtest}, @command{expect},
@command{makeinfo} and @command{texi2dvi}.

@item
@option{--foreign} is implied.

@item
The options @option{no-installinfo} and @option{no-dependencies} are
implied.

@item
The macros @code{AM_MAINTAINER_MODE} and @code{AM_CYGWIN32} are
required.

@item
The @code{check} target doesn't depend on @code{all}.
@end itemize

GNU maintainers are advised to use @option{gnu} strictness in preference
to the special Cygnus mode.  Some day, perhaps, the differences between
Cygnus trees and GNU trees will disappear (for instance, as GCC is made
more standards compliant).  At that time the special Cygnus mode will be
removed.


@node Not Enough
@chapter When Automake Isn't Enough

In some situations, where Automake is not up to one task, one has to
resort to handwritten rules or even handwritten @file{Makefile}s.

@menu
* Extending::                   Adding new rules or overriding existing ones.
* Third-Party Makefiles::       Integrating Non-Automake @file{Makefile}s.
@end menu

@node Extending
@section Extending Automake Rules

With some minor exceptions (for example @code{_PROGRAMS} variables,
@code{TESTS}, or @code{XFAIL_TESTS}) being rewritten to append
@samp{$(EXEEXT)}), the contents of a @file{Makefile.am} is copied to
@file{Makefile.in} verbatim.

@cindex copying semantics

These copying semantics means that many problems can be worked around
by simply adding some @command{make} variables and rules to
@file{Makefile.am}.  Automake will ignore these additions.

@cindex conflicting definitions
@cindex rules, conflicting
@cindex variables, conflicting
@cindex definitions, conflicts

Since a @file{Makefile.in} is built from data gathered from three
different places (@file{Makefile.am}, @file{configure.ac}, and
@command{automake} itself), it is possible to have conflicting
definitions of rules or variables.  When building @file{Makefile.in}
the following priorities are respected by @command{automake} to ensure
the user always have the last word.  User defined variables in
@file{Makefile.am} have priority over variables @code{AC_SUBST}ed from
@file{configure.ac}, and @code{AC_SUBST}ed variables have priority
over @command{automake}-defined variables.  As far rules are
concerned, a user-defined rule overrides any
@command{automake}-defined rule for the same target.

@cindex overriding rules
@cindex overriding semantics
@cindex rules, overriding

These overriding semantics make it possible to fine tune some default
settings of Automake, or replace some of its rules.  Overriding
Automake rules is often inadvisable, particularly in the topmost
directory of a package with subdirectories.  The @option{-Woverride}
option (@pxref{Invoking Automake}) comes handy to catch overridden
definitions.

Note that Automake does not make any difference between rules with
commands and rules that only specify dependencies.  So it is not
possible to append new dependencies to an @command{automake}-defined
target without redefining the entire rule.

@cindex @option{-local} targets
@cindex local targets

However, various useful targets have a @samp{-local} version you can
specify in your @file{Makefile.am}.  Automake will supplement the
standard target with these user-supplied targets.

@trindex  all
@trindex  all-local
@trindex  info
@trindex  info-local
@trindex  dvi
@trindex  dvi-local
@trindex  ps
@trindex  ps-local
@trindex  pdf
@trindex  pdf-local
@trindex  html
@trindex  html-local
@trindex  check
@trindex  check-local
@trindex  install
@trindex  install-data
@trindex  install-data-local
@trindex  install-dvi
@trindex  install-dvi-local
@trindex  install-exec
@trindex  install-exec-local
@trindex  install-html
@trindex  install-html-local
@trindex  install-info
@trindex  install-info-local
@trindex  install-pdf
@trindex  install-pdf-local
@trindex  install-ps
@trindex  install-ps-local
@trindex  uninstall
@trindex  uninstall-local
@trindex  mostlyclean
@trindex  mostlyclean-local
@trindex  clean
@trindex  clean-local
@trindex  distclean
@trindex  distclean-local
@trindex  installdirs
@trindex  installdirs-local
@trindex  installcheck
@trindex  installcheck-local

The targets that support a local version are @code{all}, @code{info},
@code{dvi}, @code{ps}, @code{pdf}, @code{html}, @code{check},
@code{install-data}, @code{install-dvi}, @code{install-exec},
@code{install-html}, @code{install-info}, @code{install-pdf},
@code{install-ps}, @code{uninstall}, @code{installdirs},
@code{installcheck} and the various @code{clean} targets
(@code{mostlyclean}, @code{clean}, @code{distclean}, and
@code{maintainer-clean}).

Note that there are no @code{uninstall-exec-local} or
@code{uninstall-data-local} targets; just use @code{uninstall-local}.
It doesn't make sense to uninstall just data or just executables.

For instance, here is one way to erase a subdirectory during
@samp{make clean} (@pxref{Clean}).

@example
clean-local:
        -rm -rf testSubDir
@end example

Older version of this manual used to show how to use
@code{install-data-local} to install a file to some hard-coded
location, but you should avoid this.  (@pxref{Hard-Coded Install Paths})

@cindex @option{-hook} targets
@cindex hook targets

Some rule also have a way to run another rule, called a @dfn{hook},
after their work is done.  The hook is named after the principal target,
with @samp{-hook} appended.  The targets allowing hooks are
@code{install-data}, @code{install-exec}, @code{uninstall}, @code{dist},
and @code{distcheck}.
@trindex install-data-hook
@trindex install-exec-hook
@trindex uninstall-hook
@trindex dist-hook

For instance, here is how to create a hard link to an installed program:

@example
install-exec-hook:
        ln $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/program$(EXEEXT) \
           $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/proglink$(EXEEXT)
@end example

Although cheaper and more portable than symbolic links, hard links
will not work everywhere (for instance, OS/2 does not have
@command{ln}).  Ideally you should fall back to @samp{cp -p} when
@command{ln} does not work.  An easy way, if symbolic links are
acceptable to you, is to add @code{AC_PROG_LN_S} to
@file{configure.ac} (@pxref{Particular Programs, , Particular Program
Checks, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}) and use @samp{$(LN_S)} in
@file{Makefile.am}.

@cindex versioned binaries, installing
@cindex installing versioned binaries
@cindex @code{LN_S} example
For instance, here is how you could install a versioned copy of a
program using @samp{$(LN_S)}:

@example
install-exec-hook:
        cd $(DESTDIR)$(bindir) && \
          mv -f prog$(EXEEXT) prog-$(VERSION)$(EXEEXT) && \
          $(LN_S) prog-$(VERSION)$(EXEEXT) prog$(EXEEXT)
@end example

Note that we rename the program so that a new version will erase the
symbolic link, not the real binary.  Also we @command{cd} into the
destination directory in order to create relative links.

When writing @code{install-exec-hook} or @code{install-data-hook},
please bear in mind that the exec/data distinction is based on the
installation directory, not on the primary used (@pxref{Install}).  So
a @code{foo_SCRIPTS} will be installed by @code{install-data}, and a
@code{barexec_SCRIPTS} will be installed by @code{install-exec}.  You
should define your hooks consequently.

@c FIXME should include discussion of variables you can use in these
@c rules

@node Third-Party Makefiles
@section Third-Party @file{Makefile}s

@cindex Third-party packages, interfacing with
@cindex Interfacing with third-party packages

In most projects all @file{Makefile}s are generated by Automake.  In
some cases, however, projects need to embed subdirectories with
handwritten @file{Makefile}s.  For instance, one subdirectory could be
a third-party project with its own build system, not using Automake.

It is possible to list arbitrary directories in @code{SUBDIRS} or
@code{DIST_SUBDIRS} provided each of these directories has a
@file{Makefile} that recognizes all the following recursive targets.

@cindex recursive targets and third-party @file{Makefile}s
When a user runs one of these targets, that target is run recursively
in all subdirectories.  This is why it is important that even
third-party @file{Makefile}s support them.

@table @code
@item all
Compile the entire package.  This is the default target in
Automake-generated @file{Makefile}s, but it does not need to be the
default in third-party @file{Makefile}s.

@item distdir
@trindex distdir
@vindex distdir
@vindex top_distdir
Copy files to distribute into @samp{$(distdir)}, before a tarball is
constructed.  Of course this target is not required if the
@option{no-dist} option (@pxref{Options}) is used.

The variables @samp{$(top_distdir)} and @samp{$(distdir)}
(@pxref{Dist}) will be passed from the outer package to the subpackage
when the @code{distdir} target is invoked.  These two variables have
been adjusted for the directory that is being recursed into, so they
are ready to use.

@item install
@itemx install-data
@itemx install-exec
@itemx uninstall
Install or uninstall files (@pxref{Install}).

@item install-dvi
@itemx install-html
@itemx install-info
@itemx install-ps
@itemx install-pdf
Install only some specific documentation format (@pxref{Texinfo}).

@item installdirs
Create install directories, but do not install any files.

@item check
@itemx installcheck
Check the package (@pxref{Tests}).

@item mostlyclean
@itemx clean
@itemx distclean
@itemx maintainer-clean
Cleaning rules (@pxref{Clean}).

@item dvi
@itemx pdf
@itemx ps
@itemx info
@itemx html
Build the documentation in various formats (@pxref{Texinfo}).

@item tags
@itemx ctags
Build @file{TAGS} and @file{CTAGS} (@pxref{Tags}).
@end table

If you have ever used Gettext in a project, this is a good example of
how third-party @file{Makefile}s can be used with Automake.  The
@file{Makefile}s @command{gettextize} puts in the @file{po/} and
@file{intl/} directories are handwritten @file{Makefile}s that
implement all these targets.  That way they can be added to
@code{SUBDIRS} in Automake packages.

Directories that are only listed in @code{DIST_SUBDIRS} but not in
@code{SUBDIRS} need only the @code{distclean},
@code{maintainer-clean}, and @code{distdir} rules (@pxref{Conditional
Subdirectories}).

Usually, many of these rules are irrelevant to the third-party
subproject, but they are required for the whole package to work.  It's
OK to have a rule that does nothing, so if you are integrating a
third-party project with no documentation or tag support, you could
simply augment its @file{Makefile} as follows:

@example
EMPTY_AUTOMAKE_TARGETS = dvi pdf ps info html tags ctags
.PHONY: $(EMPTY_AUTOMAKE_TARGETS)
$(EMPTY_AUTOMAKE_TARGETS):
@end example

Another aspect of integrating third-party build systems is whether
they support VPATH builds (@pxref{VPATH Builds}).  Obviously if the
subpackage does not support VPATH builds the whole package will not
support VPATH builds.  This in turns means that @samp{make distcheck}
will not work, because it relies on VPATH builds.  Some people can
live without this (actually, many Automake users have never heard of
@samp{make distcheck}).  Other people may prefer to revamp the
existing @file{Makefile}s to support VPATH@.  Doing so does not
necessarily require Automake, only Autoconf is needed (@pxref{Build
Directories, , Build Directories, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}).
The necessary substitutions: @samp{@@srcdir@@}, @samp{@@top_srcdir@@},
and @samp{@@top_builddir@@} are defined by @file{configure} when it
processes a @file{Makefile} (@pxref{Preset Output Variables, , Preset
Output Variables, autoconf, The Autoconf Manual}), they are not
computed by the Makefile like the aforementioned @samp{$(distdir)} and
@samp{$(top_distdir)} variables..

It is sometimes inconvenient to modify a third-party @file{Makefile}
to introduce the above required targets.  For instance, one may want to
keep the third-party sources untouched to ease upgrades to new
versions.

@cindex @file{GNUmakefile} including @file{Makefile}
Here are two other ideas.  If GNU make is assumed, one possibility is
to add to that subdirectory a @file{GNUmakefile} that defines the
required targets and include the third-party @file{Makefile}.  For
this to work in VPATH builds, @file{GNUmakefile} must lie in the build
directory; the easiest way to do this is to write a
@file{GNUmakefile.in} instead, and have it processed with
@code{AC_CONFIG_FILES} from the outer package.  For example if we
assume @file{Makefile} defines all targets except the documentation
targets, and that the @code{check} target is actually called
@code{test}, we could write @file{GNUmakefile} (or
@file{GNUmakefile.in}) like this:

@example
# First, include the real Makefile
include Makefile
# Then, define the other targets needed by Automake Makefiles.
.PHONY: dvi pdf ps info html check
dvi pdf ps info html:
check: test
@end example

@cindex Proxy @file{Makefile} for third-party packages
A similar idea that does not use @code{include} is to write a proxy
@file{Makefile} that dispatches rules to the real @file{Makefile},
either with @samp{$(MAKE) -f Makefile.real $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) target} (if
it's OK to rename the original @file{Makefile}) or with @samp{cd
subdir && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) target} (if it's OK to store the
subdirectory project one directory deeper).  The good news is that
this proxy @file{Makefile} can be generated with Automake.  All we
need are @option{-local} targets (@pxref{Extending}) that perform the
dispatch.  Of course the other Automake features are available, so you
could decide to let Automake perform distribution or installation.
Here is a possible @file{Makefile.am}:

@example
all-local:
        cd subdir && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) all
check-local:
        cd subdir && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) test
clean-local:
        cd subdir && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) clean

# Assuming the package knows how to install itself
install-data-local:
        cd subdir && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) install-data
install-exec-local:
        cd subdir && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) install-exec
uninstall-local:
        cd subdir && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) uninstall

# Distribute files from here.
EXTRA_DIST = subdir/Makefile subdir/program.c ...
@end example

Pushing this idea to the extreme, it is also possible to ignore the
subproject build system and build everything from this proxy
@file{Makefile.am}.  This might sounds very sensible if you need VPATH
builds but the subproject does not support them.

@node Distributing
@chapter Distributing @file{Makefile.in}s

Automake places no restrictions on the distribution of the resulting
@file{Makefile.in}s.  We still encourage software authors to
distribute their work under terms like those of the GPL, but doing so
is not required to use Automake.

Some of the files that can be automatically installed via the
@option{--add-missing} switch do fall under the GPL@.  However, these also
have a special exception allowing you to distribute them with your
package, regardless of the licensing you choose.


@node API versioning
@chapter Automake API versioning

New Automake releases usually include bug fixes and new features.
Unfortunately they may also introduce new bugs and incompatibilities.
This makes four reasons why a package may require a particular Automake
version.

Things get worse when maintaining a large tree of packages, each one
requiring a different version of Automake.  In the past, this meant that
any developer (and sometime users) had to install several versions of
Automake in different places, and switch @samp{$PATH} appropriately for
each package.

Starting with version 1.6, Automake installs versioned binaries.  This
means you can install several versions of Automake in the same
@samp{$prefix}, and can select an arbitrary Automake version by running
@command{automake-1.6} or @command{automake-1.7} without juggling with
@samp{$PATH}.  Furthermore, @file{Makefile}'s generated by Automake 1.6
will use @command{automake-1.6} explicitly in their rebuild rules.

The number @samp{1.6} in @command{automake-1.6} is Automake's API version,
not Automake's version.  If a bug fix release is made, for instance
Automake 1.6.1, the API version will remain 1.6.  This means that a
package that works with Automake 1.6 should also work with 1.6.1; after
all, this is what people expect from bug fix releases.

If your package relies on a feature or a bug fix introduced in
a release, you can pass this version as an option to Automake to ensure
older releases will not be used.  For instance, use this in your
@file{configure.ac}:

@example
  AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([1.6.1])    dnl Require Automake 1.6.1 or better.
@end example
@noindent
or, in a particular @file{Makefile.am}:

@example
  AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = 1.6.1   # Require Automake 1.6.1 or better.
@end example
@noindent
Automake will print an error message if its version is
older than the requested version.


@heading What is in the API

Automake's programming interface is not easy to define.  Basically it
should include at least all @strong{documented} variables and targets
that a @file{Makefile.am} author can use, any behavior associated with
them (e.g., the places where @samp{-hook}'s are run), the command line
interface of @command{automake} and @command{aclocal}, @dots{}

@heading What is not in the API

Every undocumented variable, target, or command line option, is not part
of the API@.  You should avoid using them, as they could change from one
version to the other (even in bug fix releases, if this helps to fix a
bug).

If it turns out you need to use such a undocumented feature, contact
@email{automake@@gnu.org} and try to get it documented and exercised by
the test-suite.

@node Upgrading
@chapter Upgrading a Package to a Newer Automake Version

Automake maintains three kind of files in a package.

@itemize
@item @file{aclocal.m4}
@item @file{Makefile.in}s
@item auxiliary tools like @file{install-sh} or @file{py-compile}
@end itemize

@file{aclocal.m4} is generated by @command{aclocal} and contains some
Automake-supplied M4 macros.  Auxiliary tools are installed by
@samp{automake --add-missing} when needed.  @file{Makefile.in}s are
built from @file{Makefile.am} by @command{automake}, and rely on the
definitions of the M4 macros put in @file{aclocal.m4} as well as the
behavior of the auxiliary tools installed.

Because all these files are closely related, it is important to
regenerate all of them when upgrading to a newer Automake release.
The usual way to do that is

@example
aclocal # with any option needed (such a -I m4)
autoconf
automake --add-missing --force-missing
@end example

@noindent
or more conveniently:

@example
autoreconf -vfi
@end example

The use of @option{--force-missing} ensures that auxiliary tools will be
overridden by new versions (@pxref{Invoking Automake}).

It is important to regenerate all these files each time Automake is
upgraded, even between bug fixes releases.  For instance, it is not
unusual for a bug fix to involve changes to both the rules generated
in @file{Makefile.in} and the supporting M4 macros copied to
@file{aclocal.m4}.

Presently @command{automake} is able to diagnose situations where
@file{aclocal.m4} has been generated with another version of
@command{aclocal}.  However it never checks whether auxiliary scripts
are up-to-date.  In other words, @command{automake} will tell you when
@command{aclocal} needs to be rerun, but it will never diagnose a
missing @option{--force-missing}.

Before upgrading to a new major release, it is a good idea to read the
file @file{NEWS}.  This file lists all changes between releases: new
features, obsolete constructs, known incompatibilities, and
workarounds.

@node FAQ
@chapter Frequently Asked Questions about Automake

This chapter covers some questions that often come up on the mailing
lists.

@menu
* CVS::                         CVS and generated files
* maintainer-mode::             missing and AM_MAINTAINER_MODE
* wildcards::                   Why doesn't Automake support wildcards?
* limitations on file names::   Limitations on source and installed file names
* distcleancheck::              Files left in build directory after distclean
* Flag Variables Ordering::     CFLAGS vs.@: AM_CFLAGS vs.@: mumble_CFLAGS
* renamed objects::             Why are object files sometimes renamed?
* Per-Object Flags::            How to simulate per-object flags?
* Multiple Outputs::            Writing rules for tools with many output files
* Hard-Coded Install Paths::    Installing to Hard-Coded Locations
@end menu

@node CVS
@section CVS and generated files

@subsection Background: distributed generated files
@cindex generated files, distributed
@cindex rebuild rules

Packages made with Autoconf and Automake ship with some generated
files like @file{configure} or @file{Makefile.in}.  These files were
generated on the developer's host and are distributed so that
end-users do not have to install the maintainer tools required to
rebuild them.  Other generated files like Lex scanners, Yacc parsers,
or Info documentation, are usually distributed on similar grounds.

Automake outputs rules in @file{Makefile}s to rebuild these files.  For
instance, @command{make} will run @command{autoconf} to rebuild
@file{configure} whenever @file{configure.ac} is changed.  This makes
development safer by ensuring a @file{configure} is never out-of-date
with respect to @file{configure.ac}.

As generated files shipped in packages are up-to-date, and because
@command{tar} preserves times-tamps, these rebuild rules are not
triggered when a user unpacks and builds a package.

@subsection Background: CVS and timestamps
@cindex timestamps and CVS
@cindex CVS and timestamps

Unless you use CVS keywords (in which case files must be updated at
commit time), CVS preserves timestamp during @samp{cvs commit} and
@samp{cvs import -d} operations.

When you check out a file using @samp{cvs checkout} its timestamp is
set to that of the revision that is being checked out.

However, during @command{cvs update}, files will have the date of the
update, not the original timestamp of this revision.  This is meant to
make sure that @command{make} notices sources files have been updated.

This timestamp shift is troublesome when both sources and generated
files are kept under CVS@.  Because CVS processes files in lexical
order, @file{configure.ac} will appear newer than @file{configure}
after a @command{cvs update} that updates both files, even if
@file{configure} was newer than @file{configure.ac} when it was
checked in.  Calling @command{make} will then trigger a spurious rebuild
of @file{configure}.

@subsection Living with CVS in Autoconfiscated projects
@cindex CVS and generated files
@cindex generated files and CVS

There are basically two clans amongst maintainers: those who keep all
distributed files under CVS, including generated files, and those who
keep generated files @emph{out} of CVS.

@subsubheading All files in CVS

@itemize @bullet
@item
The CVS repository contains all distributed files so you know exactly
what is distributed, and you can checkout any prior version entirely.

@item
Maintainers can see how generated files evolve (for instance, you can
see what happens to your @file{Makefile.in}s when you upgrade Automake
and make sure they look OK).

@item
Users do not need the autotools to build a checkout of the project, it
works just like a released tarball.

@item
If users use @command{cvs update} to update their copy, instead of
@command{cvs checkout} to fetch a fresh one, timestamps will be
inaccurate.  Some rebuild rules will be triggered and attempt to
run developer tools such as @command{autoconf} or @command{automake}.

Actually, calls to such tools are all wrapped into a call to the
@command{missing} script discussed later (@pxref{maintainer-mode}).
@command{missing} will take care of fixing the timestamps when these
tools are not installed, so that the build can continue.

@item
In distributed development, developers are likely to have different
version of the maintainer tools installed.  In this case rebuilds
triggered by timestamp lossage will lead to spurious changes
to generated files.  There are several solutions to this:

@itemize
@item
All developers should use the same versions, so that the rebuilt files
are identical to files in CVS@.  (This starts to be difficult when each
project you work on uses different versions.)
@item
Or people use a script to fix the timestamp after a checkout (the GCC
folks have such a script).
@item
Or @file{configure.ac} uses @code{AM_MAINTAINER_MODE}, which will
disable all these rebuild rules by default.  This is further discussed
in @ref{maintainer-mode}.
@end itemize

@item
Although we focused on spurious rebuilds, the converse can also
happen.  CVS's timestamp handling can also let you think an
out-of-date file is up-to-date.

For instance, suppose a developer has modified @file{Makefile.am} and
has rebuilt @file{Makefile.in}.  He then decide to do a last-minute
change to @file{Makefile.am} right before checking in both files
(without rebuilding @file{Makefile.in} to account for the change).

This last change to @file{Makefile.am} make the copy of
@file{Makefile.in} out-of-date.  Since CVS processes files
alphabetically, when another developer @samp{cvs update} his or her
tree, @file{Makefile.in} will happen to be newer than
@file{Makefile.am}.  This other developer will not see
@file{Makefile.in} is out-of-date.

@end itemize

@subsubheading Generated files out of CVS

One way to get CVS and @command{make} working peacefully is to never
store generated files in CVS, i.e., do not CVS-control files that
are @file{Makefile} targets (also called @emph{derived} files).

This way developers are not annoyed by changes to generated files.  It
does not matter if they all have different versions (assuming they are
compatible, of course).  And finally, timestamps are not lost, changes
to sources files can't be missed as in the
@file{Makefile.am}/@file{Makefile.in} example discussed earlier.

The drawback is that the CVS repository is not an exact copy of what
is distributed and that users now need to install various development
tools (maybe even specific versions) before they can build a checkout.
But, after all, CVS's job is versioning, not distribution.

Allowing developers to use different versions of their tools can also
hide bugs during distributed development.  Indeed, developers will be
using (hence testing) their own generated files, instead of the
generated files that will be released actually.  The developer who
prepares the tarball might be using a version of the tool that
produces bogus output (for instance a non-portable C file), something
other developers could have noticed if they weren't using their own
versions of this tool.

@subsection Third-party files
@cindex CVS and third-party files
@cindex third-party files and CVS

Another class of files not discussed here (because they do not cause
timestamp issues) are files that are shipped with a package, but
maintained elsewhere.  For instance, tools like @command{gettextize}
and @command{autopoint} (from Gettext) or @command{libtoolize} (from
Libtool), will install or update files in your package.

These files, whether they are kept under CVS or not, raise similar
concerns about version mismatch between developers' tools.  The
Gettext manual has a section about this, see @ref{CVS Issues, CVS
Issues, Integrating with CVS, gettext, GNU gettext tools}.

@node maintainer-mode
@section @command{missing} and @code{AM_MAINTAINER_MODE}

@subsection @command{missing}
@cindex @command{missing}, purpose

The @command{missing} script is a wrapper around several maintainer
tools, designed to warn users if a maintainer tool is required but
missing.  Typical maintainer tools are @command{autoconf},
@command{automake}, @command{bison}, etc.  Because file generated by
these tools are shipped with the other sources of a package, these
tools shouldn't be required during a user build and they are not
checked for in @file{configure}.

However, if for some reason a rebuild rule is triggered and involves a
missing tool, @command{missing} will notice it and warn the user.
Besides the warning, when a tool is missing, @command{missing} will
attempt to fix timestamps in a way that allows the build to continue.
For instance, @command{missing} will touch @file{configure} if
@command{autoconf} is not installed.  When all distributed files are
kept under CVS, this feature of @command{missing} allows user
@emph{with no maintainer tools} to build a package off CVS, bypassing
any timestamp inconsistency implied by @samp{cvs update}.

If the required tool is installed, @command{missing} will run it and
won't attempt to continue after failures.  This is correct during
development: developers love fixing failures.  However, users with
wrong versions of maintainer tools may get an error when the rebuild
rule is spuriously triggered, halting the build.  This failure to let
the build continue is one of the arguments of the
@code{AM_MAINTAINER_MODE} advocates.

@subsection @code{AM_MAINTAINER_MODE}
@cindex @code{AM_MAINTAINER_MODE}, purpose
@acindex AM_MAINTAINER_MODE

@code{AM_MAINTAINER_MODE} disables the so called "rebuild rules" by
default.  If you have @code{AM_MAINTAINER_MODE} in
@file{configure.ac}, and run @samp{./configure && make}, then
@command{make} will *never* attempt to rebuilt @file{configure},
@file{Makefile.in}s, Lex or Yacc outputs, etc.  I.e., this disables
build rules for files that are usually distributed and that users
should normally not have to update.

If you run @samp{./configure --enable-maintainer-mode}, then these
rebuild rules will be active.

People use @code{AM_MAINTAINER_MODE} either because they do want their
users (or themselves) annoyed by timestamps lossage (@pxref{CVS}), or
because they simply can't stand the rebuild rules and prefer running
maintainer tools explicitly.

@code{AM_MAINTAINER_MODE} also allows you to disable some custom build
rules conditionally.  Some developers use this feature to disable
rules that need exotic tools that users may not have available.

Several years ago Fran@,{c}ois Pinard pointed out several arguments
against this @code{AM_MAINTAINER_MODE} macro.  Most of them relate to
insecurity.  By removing dependencies you get non-dependable builds:
change to sources files can have no effect on generated files and this
can be very confusing when unnoticed.  He adds that security shouldn't
be reserved to maintainers (what @option{--enable-maintainer-mode}
suggests), on the contrary.  If one user has to modify a
@file{Makefile.am}, then either @file{Makefile.in} should be updated
or a warning should be output (this is what Automake uses
@command{missing} for) but the last thing you want is that nothing
happens and the user doesn't notice it (this is what happens when
rebuild rules are disabled by @code{AM_MAINTAINER_MODE}).

Jim Meyering, the inventor of the @code{AM_MAINTAINER_MODE} macro was
swayed by Fran@,{c}ois's arguments, and got rid of
@code{AM_MAINTAINER_MODE} in all of his packages.

Still many people continue to use @code{AM_MAINTAINER_MODE}, because
it helps them working on projects where all files are kept under CVS,
and because @command{missing} isn't enough if you have the wrong
version of the tools.


@node wildcards
@section Why doesn't Automake support wildcards?
@cindex wildcards

Developers are lazy.  They would often like to use wildcards in
@file{Makefile.am}s, so that they would not need to remember to
update @file{Makefile.am}s every time they add, delete, or rename
a file.

There are several objections to this:
@itemize
@item
When using CVS (or similar) developers need to remember they have to
run @samp{cvs add} or @samp{cvs rm} anyway.  Updating
@file{Makefile.am} accordingly quickly becomes a reflex.

Conversely, if your application doesn't compile
because you forgot to add a file in @file{Makefile.am}, it will help
you remember to @samp{cvs add} it.

@item
Using wildcards makes it easy to distribute files by mistake.  For
instance, some code a developer is experimenting with (a test case,
say) that should not be part of the distribution.

@item
Using wildcards it's easy to omit some files by mistake.  For
instance, one developer creates a new file, uses it in many places,
but forgets to commit it.  Another developer then checks out the
incomplete project and is able to run @samp{make dist} successfully,
even though a file is missing. By listing files, @samp{make dist}
@emph{will} complain.

@item
Finally, it's really hard to @emph{forget} to add a file to
@file{Makefile.am}: files that are not listed in @file{Makefile.am} are
not compiled or installed, so you can't even test them.
@end itemize

Still, these are philosophical objections, and as such you may disagree,
or find enough value in wildcards to dismiss all of them.  Before you
start writing a patch against Automake to teach it about wildcards,
let's see the main technical issue: portability.

Although @samp{$(wildcard ...)} works with GNU @command{make}, it is
not portable to other @command{make} implementations.

The only way Automake could support @command{$(wildcard ...)} is by
expending @command{$(wildcard ...)} when @command{automake} is run.
The resulting @file{Makefile.in}s would be portable since they would
list all files and not use @samp{$(wildcard ...)}.  However that
means developers would need to remember to run @command{automake} each
time they add, delete, or rename files.

Compared to editing @file{Makefile.am}, this is a very small gain.  Sure,
it's easier and faster to type @samp{automake; make} than to type
@samp{emacs Makefile.am; make}.  But nobody bothered enough to write a
patch to add support for this syntax.  Some people use scripts to
generate file lists in @file{Makefile.am} or in separate
@file{Makefile} fragments.

Even if you don't care about portability, and are tempted to use
@samp{$(wildcard ...)} anyway because you target only GNU Make, you
should know there are many places where Automake need to know exactly
which files should be processed.  As Automake doesn't know how to
expand @samp{$(wildcard ...)}, you cannot use it in these places.
@samp{$(wildcard ...)} is a black box comparable to @code{AC_SUBST}ed
variables as far Automake is concerned.

You can get warnings about @samp{$(wildcard ...}) constructs using the
@option{-Wportability} flag.

@node limitations on file names
@section Limitations on file names
@cindex file names, limitations on

Automake attempts to support all kinds of file names, even those that
contain unusual characters or are unusually long.  However, some
limitations are imposed by the underlying operating system and tools.

Most operating systems prohibit the use of the null byte in file
names, and reserve @samp{/} as a directory separator.  Also, they
require that file names are properly encoded for the user's locale.
Automake is subject to these limits.

Portable packages should limit themselves to @acronym{POSIX} file
names.  These can contain @acronym{ASCII} letters and digits,
@samp{_}, @samp{.}, and @samp{-}.  File names consist of components
separated by @samp{/}.  File name components cannot begin with
@samp{-}.

Portable POSIX file names cannot contain components that exceed a
14-byte limit, but nowadays it's normally safe to assume the
more-generous @acronym{XOPEN} limit of 255 bytes.  @acronym{POSIX}
limits file names to 255 bytes (@acronym{XOPEN} allows 1023 bytes),
but you may want to limit a source tarball to file names to 99 bytes
to avoid interoperability problems with old versions of @command{tar}.

If you depart from these rules (e.g., by using non-@acronym{ASCII}
characters in file names, or by using lengthy file names), your
installers may have problems for reasons unrelated to Automake.
However, if this does not concern you, you should know about the
limitations imposed by Automake itself.  These limitations are
undesirable, but some of them seem to be inherent to underlying tools
like Autoconf, Make, M4, and the shell.  They fall into three
categories: install directories, build directories, and file names.

The following characters:

@example
@r{newline} " # $ ' `
@end example

should not appear in the names of install directories.  For example,
the operand of @command{configure}'s @option{--prefix} option should
not contain these characters.

Build directories suffer the same limitations as install directories,
and in addition should not contain the following characters:

@example
& @@ \
@end example

For example, the full name of the directory containing the source
files should not contain these characters.

Source and installation file names like @file{main.c} are limited even
further: they should conform to the @acronym{POSIX}/@acronym{XOPEN}
rules described above.  In addition, if you plan to port to
non-@acronym{POSIX} environments, you should avoid file names that
differ only in case (e.g., @file{makefile} and @file{Makefile}).
Nowadays it is no longer worth worrying about the 8.3 limits of
@acronym{DOS} file systems.

@node distcleancheck
@section Files left in build directory after distclean
@cindex @code{distclean}, diagnostic
@cindex @samp{make distclean}, diagnostic
@cindex dependencies and distributed files
@trindex distclean
@trindex distcleancheck

This is a diagnostic you might encounter while running @samp{make
distcheck}.

As explained in @ref{Dist}, @samp{make distcheck} attempts to build
and check your package for errors like this one.

@samp{make distcheck} will perform a @code{VPATH} build of your
package (@pxref{VPATH Builds}), and then call @samp{make distclean}.
Files left in the build directory after @samp{make distclean} has run
are listed after this error.

This diagnostic really covers two kinds of errors:

@itemize @bullet
@item
files that are forgotten by distclean;
@item
distributed files that are erroneously rebuilt.
@end itemize

The former left-over files are not distributed, so the fix is to mark
them for cleaning (@pxref{Clean}), this is obvious and doesn't deserve
more explanations.

The latter bug is not always easy to understand and fix, so let's
proceed with an example.  Suppose our package contains a program for
which we want to build a man page using @command{help2man}.  GNU
@command{help2man} produces simple manual pages from the @option{--help}
and @option{--version} output of other commands (@pxref{Top, , Overview,
help2man, The Help2man Manual}).  Because we don't to force want our
users to install @command{help2man}, we decide to distribute the
generated man page using the following setup.

@example
# This Makefile.am is bogus.
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = foo.c
dist_man_MANS = foo.1

foo.1: foo$(EXEEXT)
        help2man --output=foo.1 ./foo$(EXEEXT)
@end example

This will effectively distribute the man page.  However,
@samp{make distcheck} will fail with:

@example
ERROR: files left in build directory after distclean:
./foo.1
@end example

Why was @file{foo.1} rebuilt?  Because although distributed,
@file{foo.1} depends on a non-distributed built file:
@file{foo$(EXEEXT)}.  @file{foo$(EXEEXT)} is built by the user, so it
will always appear to be newer than the distributed @file{foo.1}.

@samp{make distcheck} caught an inconsistency in our package.  Our
intent was to distribute @file{foo.1} so users do not need installing
@command{help2man}, however since this our rule causes this file to be
always rebuilt, users @emph{do} need @command{help2man}.  Either we
should ensure that @file{foo.1} is not rebuilt by users, or there is
no point in distributing @file{foo.1}.

More generally, the rule is that distributed files should never depend
on non-distributed built files.  If you distribute something
generated, distribute its sources.

One way to fix the above example, while still distributing
@file{foo.1} is to not depend on @file{foo$(EXEEXT)}.  For instance,
assuming @command{foo --version} and @command{foo --help} do not
change unless @file{foo.c} or @file{configure.ac} change, we could
write the following @file{Makefile.am}:

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = foo.c
dist_man_MANS = foo.1

foo.1: foo.c $(top_srcdir)/configure.ac
        $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) foo$(EXEEXT)
        help2man --output=foo.1 ./foo$(EXEEXT)
@end example

This way, @file{foo.1} will not get rebuilt every time
@file{foo$(EXEEXT)} changes.  The @command{make} call makes sure
@file{foo$(EXEEXT)} is up-to-date before @command{help2man}.  Another
way to ensure this would be to use separate directories for binaries
and man pages, and set @code{SUBDIRS} so that binaries are built
before man pages.

We could also decide not to distribute @file{foo.1}.  In
this case it's fine to have @file{foo.1} dependent upon
@file{foo$(EXEEXT)}, since both will have to be rebuilt.
However it would be impossible to build the package in a
cross-compilation, because building @file{foo.1} involves
an @emph{execution} of @file{foo$(EXEEXT)}.

Another context where such errors are common is when distributed files
are built by tools that are built by the package.  The pattern is
similar:

@example
distributed-file: built-tools distributed-sources
        build-command
@end example

@noindent
should be changed to

@example
distributed-file: distributed-sources
        $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) built-tools
        build-command
@end example

@noindent
or you could choose not to distribute @file{distributed-file}, if
cross-compilation does not matter.

The points made through these examples are worth a summary:

@cartouche
@itemize
@item
Distributed files should never depend upon non-distributed built
files.
@item
Distributed files should be distributed with all their dependencies.
@item
If a file is @emph{intended} to be rebuilt by users, then there is no point
in distributing it.
@end itemize
@end cartouche

@vrindex distcleancheck_listfiles
For desperate cases, it's always possible to disable this check by
setting @code{distcleancheck_listfiles} as documented in @ref{Dist}.
Make sure you do understand the reason why @samp{make distcheck}
complains before you do this.  @code{distcleancheck_listfiles} is a
way to @emph{hide} errors, not to fix them.  You can always do better.

@node Flag Variables Ordering
@section Flag Variables Ordering
@cindex Ordering flag variables
@cindex Flag variables, ordering

@display
What is the difference between @code{AM_CFLAGS}, @code{CFLAGS}, and
@code{mumble_CFLAGS}?
@end display

@display
Why does @command{automake} output @code{CPPFLAGS} after
@code{AM_CPPFLAGS} on compile lines?  Shouldn't it be the converse?
@end display

@display
My @file{configure} adds some warning flags into @code{CXXFLAGS}.  In
one @file{Makefile.am} I would like to append a new flag, however if I
put the flag into @code{AM_CXXFLAGS} it is prepended to the other
flags, not appended.
@end display

@subsection Compile Flag Variables
@cindex Flag Variables, Ordering
@cindex Compile Flag Variables
@cindex @code{AM_CCASFLAGS} and @code{CCASFLAGS}
@cindex @code{AM_CFLAGS} and @code{CFLAGS}
@cindex @code{AM_CPPFLAGS} and @code{CPPFLAGS}
@cindex @code{AM_CXXFLAGS} and @code{CXXFLAGS}
@cindex @code{AM_FCFLAGS} and @code{FCFLAGS}
@cindex @code{AM_FFLAGS} and @code{FFLAGS}
@cindex @code{AM_GCJFLAGS} and @code{GCJFLAGS}
@cindex @code{AM_LDFLAGS} and @code{LDFLAGS}
@cindex @code{AM_LFLAGS} and @code{LFLAGS}
@cindex @code{AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS} and @code{LIBTOOLFLAGS}
@cindex @code{AM_OBJCFLAGS} and @code{OBJCFLAGS}
@cindex @code{AM_RFLAGS} and @code{RFLAGS}
@cindex @code{AM_UPCFLAGS} and @code{UPCFLAGS}
@cindex @code{AM_YFLAGS} and @code{YFLAGS}
@cindex @code{CCASFLAGS} and @code{AM_CCASFLAGS}
@cindex @code{CFLAGS} and @code{AM_CFLAGS}
@cindex @code{CPPFLAGS} and @code{AM_CPPFLAGS}
@cindex @code{CXXFLAGS} and @code{AM_CXXFLAGS}
@cindex @code{FCFLAGS} and @code{AM_FCFLAGS}
@cindex @code{FFLAGS} and @code{AM_FFLAGS}
@cindex @code{GCJFLAGS} and @code{AM_GCJFLAGS}
@cindex @code{LDFLAGS} and @code{AM_LDFLAGS}
@cindex @code{LFLAGS} and @code{AM_LFLAGS}
@cindex @code{LIBTOOLFLAGS} and @code{AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS}
@cindex @code{OBJCFLAGS} and @code{AM_OBJCFLAGS}
@cindex @code{RFLAGS} and @code{AM_RFLAGS}
@cindex @code{UPCFLAGS} and @code{AM_UPCFLAGS}
@cindex @code{YFLAGS} and @code{AM_YFLAGS}

This section attempts to answer all the above questions.  We will
mostly discuss @code{CPPFLAGS} in our examples, but actually the
answer holds for all the compile flags used in Automake:
@code{CCASFLAGS}, @code{CFLAGS}, @code{CPPFLAGS}, @code{CXXFLAGS},
@code{FCFLAGS}, @code{FFLAGS}, @code{GCJFLAGS}, @code{LDFLAGS},
@code{LFLAGS}, @code{LIBTOOLFLAGS}, @code{OBJCFLAGS}, @code{RFLAGS},
@code{UPCFLAGS}, and @code{YFLAGS}.

@code{CPPFLAGS}, @code{AM_CPPFLAGS}, and @code{mumble_CPPFLAGS} are
three variables that can be used to pass flags to the C preprocessor
(actually these variables are also used for other languages like C++
or preprocessed Fortran).  @code{CPPFLAGS} is the user variable
(@pxref{User Variables}), @code{AM_CPPFLAGS} is the Automake variable,
and @code{mumble_CPPFLAGS} is the variable specific to the
@code{mumble} target (we call this a per-target variable,
@pxref{Program and Library Variables}).

Automake always uses two of these variables when compiling C sources
files.  When compiling an object file for the @code{mumble} target,
the first variable will be @code{mumble_CPPFLAGS} if it is defined, or
@code{AM_CPPFLAGS} otherwise.  The second variable is always
@code{CPPFLAGS}.

In the following example,

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = foo bar
foo_SOURCES = xyz.c
bar_SOURCES = main.c
foo_CPPFLAGS = -DFOO
AM_CPPFLAGS = -DBAZ
@end example

@noindent
@file{xyz.o} will be compiled with @samp{$(foo_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS)},
(because @file{xyz.o} is part of the @code{foo} target), while
@file{main.o} will be compiled with @samp{$(AM_CPPFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS)}
(because there is no per-target variable for target @code{bar}).

The difference between @code{mumble_CPPFLAGS} and @code{AM_CPPFLAGS}
being clear enough, let's focus on @code{CPPFLAGS}.  @code{CPPFLAGS}
is a user variable, i.e., a variable that users are entitled to modify
in order to compile the package.  This variable, like many others,
is documented at the end of the output of @samp{configure --help}.

For instance, someone who needs to add @file{/home/my/usr/include} to
the C compiler's search path would configure a package with

@example
./configure CPPFLAGS='-I /home/my/usr/include'
@end example

@noindent
and this flag would be propagated to the compile rules of all
@file{Makefile}s.

It is also not uncommon to override a user variable at
@command{make}-time.  Many installers do this with @code{prefix}, but
this can be useful with compiler flags too.  For instance, if, while
debugging a C++ project, you need to disable optimization in one
specific object file, you can run something like

@example
rm file.o
make CXXFLAGS=-O0 file.o
make
@end example

The reason @samp{$(CPPFLAGS)} appears after @samp{$(AM_CPPFLAGS)} or
@samp{$(mumble_CPPFLAGS)} in the compile command is that users
should always have the last say.  It probably makes more sense if you
think about it while looking at the @samp{CXXFLAGS=-O0} above, which
should supersede any other switch from @code{AM_CXXFLAGS} or
@code{mumble_CXXFLAGS} (and this of course replaces the previous value
of @code{CXXFLAGS}).

You should never redefine a user variable such as @code{CPPFLAGS} in
@file{Makefile.am}.  Use @samp{automake -Woverride} to diagnose such
mistakes.  Even something like

@example
CPPFLAGS = -DDATADIR=\"$(datadir)\" @@CPPFLAGS@@
@end example

@noindent
is erroneous.  Although this preserves @file{configure}'s value of
@code{CPPFLAGS}, the definition of @code{DATADIR} will disappear if a
user attempts to override @code{CPPFLAGS} from the @command{make}
command line.

@example
AM_CPPFLAGS = -DDATADIR=\"$(datadir)\"
@end example

@noindent
is all what is needed here if no per-target flags are used.

You should not add options to these user variables within
@file{configure} either, for the same reason.  Occasionally you need
to modify these variables to perform a test, but you should reset
their values afterwards.  In contrast, it is OK to modify the
@samp{AM_} variables within @file{configure} if you @code{AC_SUBST}
them, but it is rather rare that you need to do this, unless you
really want to change the default definitions of the @samp{AM_}
variables in all @file{Makefile}s.

What we recommend is that you define extra flags in separate
variables.  For instance, you may write an Autoconf macro that computes
a set of warning options for the C compiler, and @code{AC_SUBST} them
in @code{WARNINGCFLAGS}; you may also have an Autoconf macro that
determines which compiler and which linker flags should be used to
link with library @file{libfoo}, and @code{AC_SUBST} these in
@code{LIBFOOCFLAGS} and @code{LIBFOOLDFLAGS}.  Then, a
@file{Makefile.am} could use these variables as follows:

@example
AM_CFLAGS = $(WARNINGCFLAGS)
bin_PROGRAMS = prog1 prog2
prog1_SOURCES = @dots{}
prog2_SOURCES = @dots{}
prog2_CFLAGS = $(LIBFOOCFLAGS) $(AM_CFLAGS)
prog2_LDFLAGS = $(LIBFOOLDFLAGS)
@end example

In this example both programs will be compiled with the flags
substituted into @samp{$(WARNINGCFLAGS)}, and @code{prog2} will
additionally be compiled with the flags required to link with
@file{libfoo}.

Note that listing @code{AM_CFLAGS} in a per-target @code{CFLAGS}
variable is a common idiom to ensure that @code{AM_CFLAGS} applies to
every target in a @file{Makefile.in}.

Using variables like this gives you full control over the ordering of
the flags.  For instance, if there is a flag in $(WARNINGCFLAGS) that
you want to negate for a particular target, you can use something like
@samp{prog1_CFLAGS = $(AM_CFLAGS) -no-flag}.  If all these flags had
been forcefully appended to @code{CFLAGS}, there would be no way to
disable one flag.  Yet another reason to leave user variables to
users.

Finally, we have avoided naming the variable of the example
@code{LIBFOO_LDFLAGS} (with an underscore) because that would cause
Automake to think that this is actually a per-target variable (like
@code{mumble_LDFLAGS}) for some non-declared @code{LIBFOO} target.

@subsection Other Variables

There are other variables in Automake that follow similar principles
to allow user options.  For instance, Texinfo rules (@pxref{Texinfo})
use @code{MAKEINFOFLAGS} and @code{AM_MAKEINFOFLAGS}.  Similarly,
DejaGnu tests (@pxref{Tests}) use @code{RUNTESTDEFAULTFLAGS} and
@code{AM_RUNTESTDEFAULTFLAGS}.  The tags and ctags rules
(@pxref{Tags}) use @code{ETAGSFLAGS}, @code{AM_ETAGSFLAGS},
@code{CTAGSFLAGS}, and @code{AM_CTAGSFLAGS}.  Java rules
(@pxref{Java}) use @code{JAVACFLAGS} and @code{AM_JAVACFLAGS}.  None
of these rules do support per-target flags (yet).

To some extent, even @code{AM_MAKEFLAGS} (@pxref{Subdirectories})
obeys this naming scheme.  The slight difference is that
@code{MAKEFLAGS} is passed to sub-@command{make}s implicitly by
@command{make} itself.

However you should not think that all variables ending with
@code{FLAGS} follow this convention.  For instance,
@code{DISTCHECK_CONFIGURE_FLAGS} (@pxref{Dist}),
@code{ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS} (see @ref{Rebuilding} and @ref{Local Macros}),
are two variables that are only useful to the maintainer and have no
user counterpart.

@code{ARFLAGS} (@pxref{A Library}) is usually defined by Automake and
has neither @code{AM_} nor per-target cousin.

Finally you should not think either that the existence of a per-target
variable implies that of an @code{AM_} variable or that of a user
variable.  For instance, the @code{mumble_LDADD} per-target variable
overrides the global @code{LDADD} variable (which is not a user
variable), and @code{mumble_LIBADD} exists only as a per-target
variable.  @xref{Program and Library Variables}.


@node renamed objects
@section Why are object files sometimes renamed?

This happens when per-target compilation flags are used.  Object
files need to be renamed just in case they would clash with object
files compiled from the same sources, but with different flags.
Consider the following example.

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = true false
true_SOURCES = generic.c
true_CPPFLAGS = -DEXIT_CODE=0
false_SOURCES = generic.c
false_CPPFLAGS = -DEXIT_CODE=1
@end example
@noindent
Obviously the two programs are built from the same source, but it
would be bad if they shared the same object, because @file{generic.o}
cannot be built with both @samp{-DEXIT_CODE=0} @emph{and}
@samp{-DEXIT_CODE=1}.  Therefore @command{automake} outputs rules to
build two different objects: @file{true-generic.o} and
@file{false-generic.o}.

@command{automake} doesn't actually look whether source files are
shared to decide if it must rename objects.  It will just rename all
objects of a target as soon as it sees per-target compilation flags
are used.

It's OK to share object files when per-target compilation flags are not
used.  For instance, @file{true} and @file{false} will both use
@file{version.o} in the following example.

@example
AM_CPPFLAGS = -DVERSION=1.0
bin_PROGRAMS = true false
true_SOURCES = true.c version.c
false_SOURCES = false.c version.c
@end example

Note that the renaming of objects is also affected by the
@code{_SHORTNAME} variable (@pxref{Program and Library Variables}).


@node Per-Object Flags
@section Per-Object Flags Emulation
@cindex Per-object flags, emulated

@display
One of my source files needs to be compiled with different flags.  How
do I do?
@end display

Automake supports per-program and per-library compilation flags (see
@ref{Program and Library Variables} and @ref{Flag Variables
Ordering}).  With this you can define compilation flags that apply to
all files compiled for a target.  For instance, in

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = foo.c foo.h bar.c bar.h main.c
foo_CFLAGS = -some -flags
@end example

@noindent
@file{foo-foo.o}, @file{foo-bar.o}, and @file{foo-main.o} will all be
compiled with @samp{-some -flags}.  (If you wonder about the names of
these object files, see @ref{renamed objects}.)  Note that
@code{foo_CFLAGS} gives the flags to use when compiling all the C
sources of the @emph{program} @code{foo}, it has nothing to do with
@file{foo.c} or @file{foo-foo.o} specifically.

What if @file{foo.c} needs to be compiled into @file{foo.o} using some
specific flags, that none of the other files require?  Obviously
per-program flags are not directly applicable here.  Something like
per-object flags are expected, i.e., flags that would be used only
when creating @file{foo-foo.o}.  Automake does not support that,
however this is easy to simulate using a library that contains only
that object, and compiling this library with per-library flags.

@example
bin_PROGRAMS = foo
foo_SOURCES = bar.c bar.h main.c
foo_CFLAGS = -some -flags
foo_LDADD = libfoo.a
noinst_LIBRARIES = libfoo.a
libfoo_a_SOURCES = foo.c foo.h
libfoo_a_CFLAGS = -some -other -flags
@end example

Here @file{foo-bar.o} and @file{foo-main.o} will all be
compiled with @samp{-some -flags}, while @file{libfoo_a-foo.o} will
be compiled using @samp{-some -other -flags}.  Eventually, all
three objects will be linked to form @file{foo}.

This trick can also be achieved using Libtool convenience libraries,
for instance @samp{noinst_LTLIBRARIES = libfoo.la} (@pxref{Libtool
Convenience Libraries}).

Another tempting idea to implement per-object flags is to override the
compile rules @command{automake} would output for these files.
Automake will not define a rule for a target you have defined, so you
could think about defining the @samp{foo-foo.o: foo.c} rule yourself.
We recommend against this, because this is error prone.  For instance,
if you add such a rule to the first example, it will break the day you
decide to remove @code{foo_CFLAGS} (because @file{foo.c} will then be
compiled as @file{foo.o} instead of @file{foo-foo.o}, @pxref{renamed
objects}).  Also in order to support dependency tracking, the two
@file{.o}/@file{.obj} extensions, and all the other flags variables
involved in a compilation, you will end up modifying a copy of the
rule previously output by @command{automake} for this file.  If a new
release of Automake generates a different rule, your copy will need to
be updated by hand.

@node Multiple Outputs
@section Handling Tools that Produce Many Outputs
@cindex multiple outputs, rules with
@cindex many outputs, rules with
@cindex rules with multiple outputs

This section describes a @command{make} idiom that can be used when a
tool produces multiple output files.  It is not specific to Automake
and can be used in ordinary @file{Makefile}s.

Suppose we have a program called @command{foo} that will read one file
called @file{data.foo} and produce two files named @file{data.c} and
@file{data.h}.  We want to write a @file{Makefile} rule that captures
this one-to-two dependency.

The naive rule is incorrect:

@example
# This is incorrect.
data.c data.h: data.foo
        foo data.foo
@end example

@noindent
What the above rule really says is that @file{data.c} and
@file{data.h} each depend on @file{data.foo}, and can each be built by
running @samp{foo data.foo}.  In other words it is equivalent to:

@example
# We do not want this.
data.c: data.foo
        foo data.foo
data.h: data.foo
        foo data.foo
@end example

@noindent
which means that @command{foo} can be run twice.  Usually it will not
be run twice, because @command{make} implementations are smart enough
to check for the existence of the second file after the first one has
been built; they will therefore detect that it already exists.
However there are a few situations where it can run twice anyway:

@itemize
@item
The most worrying case is when running a parallel @command{make}.  If
@file{data.c} and @file{data.h} are built in parallel, two @samp{foo
data.foo} commands will run concurrently.  This is harmful.
@item
Another case is when the dependency (here @file{data.foo}) is
(or depends upon) a phony target.
@end itemize

A solution that works with parallel @command{make} but not with
phony dependencies is the following:

@example
data.c data.h: data.foo
        foo data.foo
data.h: data.c
@end example

@noindent
The above rules are equivalent to

@example
data.c: data.foo
        foo data.foo
data.h: data.foo data.c
        foo data.foo
@end example
@noindent
therefore a parallel @command{make} will have to serialize the builds
of @file{data.c} and @file{data.h}, and will detect that the second is
no longer needed once the first is over.

Using this pattern is probably enough for most cases.  However it does
not scale easily to more output files (in this scheme all output files
must be totally ordered by the dependency relation), so we will
explore a more complicated solution.

Another idea is to write the following:

@example
# There is still a problem with this one.
data.c: data.foo
        foo data.foo
data.h: data.c
@end example

@noindent
The idea is that @samp{foo data.foo} is run only when @file{data.c}
needs to be updated, but we further state that @file{data.h} depends
upon @file{data.c}.  That way, if @file{data.h} is required and
@file{data.foo} is out of date, the dependency on @file{data.c} will
trigger the build.

This is almost perfect, but suppose we have built @file{data.h} and
@file{data.c}, and then we erase @file{data.h}.  Then, running
@samp{make data.h} will not rebuild @file{data.h}.  The above rules
just state that @file{data.c} must be up-to-date with respect to
@file{data.foo}, and this is already the case.

What we need is a rule that forces a rebuild when @file{data.h} is
missing.  Here it is:

@example
data.c: data.foo
        foo data.foo
data.h: data.c
## Recover from the removal of $@@
        @@if test -f $@@; then :; else \
          rm -f data.c; \
          $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) data.c; \
        fi
@end example

The above scheme can be extended to handle more outputs and more
inputs.  One of the outputs is selected to serve as a witness to the
successful completion of the command, it depends upon all inputs, and
all other outputs depend upon it.  For instance, if @command{foo}
should additionally read @file{data.bar} and also produce
@file{data.w} and @file{data.x}, we would write:

@example
data.c: data.foo data.bar
        foo data.foo data.bar
data.h data.w data.x: data.c
## Recover from the removal of $@@
        @@if test -f $@@; then :; else \
          rm -f data.c; \
          $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) data.c; \
        fi
@end example

However there are now two minor problems in this setup.  One is related
to the timestamp ordering of @file{data.h}, @file{data.w},
@file{data.x}, and @file{data.c}.  The other one is a race condition
if a parallel @command{make} attempts to run multiple instances of the
recover block at once.

Let us deal with the first problem.  @command{foo} outputs four files,
but we do not know in which order these files are created.  Suppose
that @file{data.h} is created before @file{data.c}.  Then we have a
weird situation.  The next time @command{make} is run, @file{data.h}
will appear older than @file{data.c}, the second rule will be
triggered, a shell will be started to execute the @samp{if@dots{}fi}
command, but actually it will just execute the @code{then} branch,
that is: nothing.  In other words, because the witness we selected is
not the first file created by @command{foo}, @command{make} will start
a shell to do nothing each time it is run.

A simple riposte is to fix the timestamps when this happens.

@example
data.c: data.foo data.bar
        foo data.foo data.bar
data.h data.w data.x: data.c
        @@if test -f $@@; then \
          touch $@@; \
        else \
## Recover from the removal of $@@
          rm -f data.c; \
          $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) data.c; \
        fi
@end example

Another solution is to use a different and dedicated file as witness,
rather than using any of @command{foo}'s outputs.

@example
data.stamp: data.foo data.bar
        @@rm -f data.tmp
        @@touch data.tmp
        foo data.foo data.bar
        @@mv -f data.tmp $@@
data.c data.h data.w data.x: data.stamp
## Recover from the removal of $@@
        @@if test -f $@@; then :; else \
          rm -f data.stamp; \
          $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) data.stamp; \
        fi
@end example

@file{data.tmp} is created before @command{foo} is run, so it has a
timestamp older than output files output by @command{foo}.  It is then
renamed to @file{data.stamp} after @command{foo} has run, because we
do not want to update @file{data.stamp} if @command{foo} fails.

This solution still suffers from the second problem: the race
condition in the recover rule.  If, after a successful build, a user
erases @file{data.c} and @file{data.h}, and runs @samp{make -j}, then
@command{make} may start both recover rules in parallel.  If the two
instances of the rule execute @samp{$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS)
data.stamp} concurrently the build is likely to fail (for instance, the
two rules will create @file{data.tmp}, but only one can rename it).

Admittedly, such a weird situation does not arise during ordinary
builds.  It occurs only when the build tree is mutilated.  Here
@file{data.c} and @file{data.h} have been explicitly removed without
also removing @file{data.stamp} and the other output files.
@code{make clean; make} will always recover from these situations even
with parallel makes, so you may decide that the recover rule is solely
to help non-parallel make users and leave things as-is.  Fixing this
requires some locking mechanism to ensure only one instance of the
recover rule rebuilds @file{data.stamp}.  One could imagine something
along the following lines.

@example
data.c data.h data.w data.x: data.stamp
## Recover from the removal of $@@
        @@if test -f $@@; then :; else \
          trap 'rm -rf data.lock data.stamp' 1 2 13 15; \
## mkdir is a portable test-and-set
          if mkdir data.lock 2>/dev/null; then \
## This code is being executed by the first process.
            rm -f data.stamp; \
            $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) data.stamp; \
            result=$$?; rm -rf data.lock; exit $$result; \
          else \
## This code is being executed by the follower processes.
## Wait until the first process is done.
            while test -d data.lock; do sleep 1; done; \
## Succeed if and only if the first process succeeded.
            test -f data.stamp; \
          fi; \
        fi
@end example

Using a dedicated witness, like @file{data.stamp}, is very handy when
the list of output files is not known beforehand.  As an illustration,
consider the following rules to compile many @file{*.el} files into
@file{*.elc} files in a single command.  It does not matter how
@code{ELFILES} is defined (as long as it is not empty: empty targets
are not accepted by POSIX).

@example
ELFILES = one.el two.el three.el @dots{}
ELCFILES = $(ELFILES:=c)

elc-stamp: $(ELFILES)
        @@rm -f elc-temp
        @@touch elc-temp
        $(elisp_comp) $(ELFILES)
        @@mv -f elc-temp $@@

$(ELCFILES): elc-stamp
## Recover from the removal of $@@
        @@if test -f $@@; then :; else \
          trap 'rm -rf elc-lock elc-stamp' 1 2 13 15; \
          if mkdir elc-lock 2>/dev/null; then \
## This code is being executed by the first process.
            rm -f elc-stamp; \
            $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) elc-stamp; \
            rmdir elc-lock; \
          else \
## This code is being executed by the follower processes.
## Wait until the first process is done.
            while test -d elc-lock; do sleep 1; done; \
## Succeed if and only if the first process succeeded.
            test -f elc-stamp; exit $$?; \
          fi; \
        fi
@end example

For completeness it should be noted that GNU @command{make} is able to
express rules with multiple output files using pattern rules
(@pxref{Pattern Examples, , Pattern Rule Examples, make, The GNU Make
Manual}).  We do not discuss pattern rules here because they are not
portable, but they can be convenient in packages that assume GNU
@command{make}.


@node Hard-Coded Install Paths
@section Installing to Hard-Coded Locations

@display
My package needs to install some configuration file.  I tried to use
the following rule, but @samp{make distcheck} fails.  Why?

@example
# Do not do this.
install-data-local:
        $(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/afile $(DESTDIR)/etc/afile
@end example
@end display

@display
My package needs to populate the installation directory of another
package at install-time.  I can easily compute that installation
directory in @file{configure}, but if I install files therein,
@samp{make distcheck} fails.  How else should I do?
@end display

These two setups share their symptoms: @samp{make distcheck} fails
because they are installing files to hard-coded paths.  In the later
case the path is not really hard-coded in the package, but we can
consider it to be hard-coded in the system (or in whichever tool that
supplies the path).  As long as the path does not use any of the
standard directory variables (@samp{$(prefix)}, @samp{$(bindir)},
@samp{$(datadir)}, etc.), the effect will be the same:
user-installations are impossible.

When a (non-root) user wants to install a package, he usually has no
right to install anything in @file{/usr} or @file{/usr/local}.  So he
does something like @samp{./configure --prefix ~/usr} to install
package in his own @file{~/usr} tree.

If a package attempts to install something to some hard-coded path
(e.g., @file{/etc/afile}), regardless of this @option{--prefix} setting,
then the installation will fail.  @samp{make distcheck} performs such
a @option{--prefix} installation, hence it will fail too.

Now, there are some easy solutions.

The above @code{install-data-local} example for installing
@file{/etc/afile} would be better replaced by

@example
sysconf_DATA = afile
@end example

@noindent
by default @code{sysconfdir} will be @samp{$(prefix)/etc}, because
this is what the GNU Standards require.  When such a package is
installed on a FHS compliant system, the installer will have to set
@samp{--sysconfdir=/etc}.  As the maintainer of the package you
should not be concerned by such site policies: use the appropriate
standard directory variable to install your files so that installer
can easily redefine these variables to match their site conventions.

Installing files that should be used by another package, is slightly
more involved.  Let's take an example and assume you want to install
shared library that is a Python extension module.  If you ask Python
where to install the library, it will answer something like this:

@example
% @kbd{python -c 'from distutils import sysconfig;
             print sysconfig.get_python_lib(1,0)'}
/usr/lib/python2.3/site-packages
@end example

If you indeed use this absolute path to install your shared library,
non-root users will not be able to install the package, hence
distcheck fails.

Let's do better.  The @samp{sysconfig.get_python_lib()} function
actually accepts a third argument that will replace Python's
installation prefix.

@example
% @kbd{python -c 'from distutils import sysconfig;
             print sysconfig.get_python_lib(1,0,"$@{exec_prefix@}")'}
$@{exec_prefix@}/lib/python2.3/site-packages
@end example

You can also use this new path.  If you do
@itemize @bullet
@item
root users can install your package with the same @option{--prefix}
as Python (you get the behavior of the previous attempt)

@item
non-root users can install your package too, they will have the
extension module in a place that is not searched by Python but they
can work around this using environment variables (and if you installed
scripts that use this shared library, it's easy to tell Python were to
look in the beginning of your script, so the script works in both
cases).
@end itemize

The @code{AM_PATH_PYTHON} macro uses similar commands to define
@samp{$(pythondir)} and @samp{$(pyexecdir)} (@pxref{Python}).

Of course not all tools are as advanced as Python regarding that
substitution of @var{prefix}.  So another strategy is to figure the
part of the of the installation directory that must be preserved.  For
instance, here is how @code{AM_PATH_LISPDIR} (@pxref{Emacs Lisp})
computes @samp{$(lispdir)}:

@example
$EMACS -batch -q -eval '(while load-path
  (princ (concat (car load-path) "\n"))
  (setq load-path (cdr load-path)))' >conftest.out
lispdir=`sed -n
  -e 's,/$,,'
  -e '/.*\/lib\/x*emacs\/site-lisp$/@{
        s,.*/lib/\(x*emacs/site-lisp\)$,$@{libdir@}/\1,;p;q;
      @}'
  -e '/.*\/share\/x*emacs\/site-lisp$/@{
        s,.*/share/\(x*emacs/site-lisp\),$@{datarootdir@}/\1,;p;q;
      @}'
  conftest.out`
@end example

I.e., it just picks the first directory that looks like
@file{*/lib/*emacs/site-lisp} or @file{*/share/*emacs/site-lisp} in
the search path of emacs, and then substitutes @samp{$@{libdir@}} or
@samp{$@{datadir@}} appropriately.

The emacs case looks complicated because it processes a list and
expect two possible layouts, otherwise it's easy, and the benefit for
non-root users are really worth the extra @command{sed} invocation.


@node History
@chapter History of Automake

This chapter presents various aspects of the history of Automake.  The
exhausted reader can safely skip it; this will be more of interest to
nostalgic people, or to those curious to learn about the evolution of
Automake.

@menu
* Timeline::                    The Automake story.
* Dependency Tracking Evolution::  Evolution of Automatic Dependency Tracking
* Releases::                    Statistics about Automake Releases
@end menu

@node Timeline
@section Timeline

@table @asis
@item 1994-09-19 First CVS commit.

If we can trust the CVS repository, David J.@tie{}MacKenzie (djm) started
working on Automake (or AutoMake, as it was spelt then) this Monday.

The first version of the @command{automake} script looks as follows.

@example
#!/bin/sh

status=0

for makefile
do
  if test ! -f $@{makefile@}.am; then
    echo "automake: $@{makefile@}.am: No such honkin' file"
    status=1
    continue
  fi

  exec 4> $@{makefile@}.in

done
@end example

From this you can already see that Automake will be about reading
@file{*.am} file and producing @file{*.in} files.  You cannot see
anything else, but if you also know that David is the one who created
Autoconf two years before you can guess the rest.

Several commits follow, and by the end of the day Automake is
reported to work for GNU fileutils and GNU m4.

The modus operandi is the one that is still used today: variables
assignments in @file{Makefile.am} files trigger injections of
precanned @file{Makefile} fragments into the generated
@file{Makefile.in}.  The use of @file{Makefile} fragments was inspired
by the 4.4BSD @command{make} and include files, however Automake aims
to be portable and to conform to the GNU standards for @file{Makefile}
variables and targets.

At this point, the most recent release of Autoconf is version 1.11,
and David is preparing to release Autoconf 2.0 in late October.  As a
matter of fact, he will barely touch Automake after September.

@item 1994-11-05 David MacKenzie's last commit.

At this point Automake is a 200 line portable shell script, plus 332
lines of @file{Makefile} fragments.  In the @file{README}, David
states his ambivalence between ``portable shell'' and ``more
appropriate language'':

@quotation
I wrote it keeping in mind the possibility of it becoming an Autoconf
macro, so it would run at configure-time.  That would slow
configuration down a bit, but allow users to modify the Makefile.am
without needing to fetch the AutoMake package.  And, the Makefile.in
files wouldn't need to be distributed.  But all of AutoMake would.  So
I might reimplement AutoMake in Perl, m4, or some other more
appropriate language.
@end quotation

Automake is described as ``an experimental Makefile generator''.
There is no documentation.  Adventurous users are referred to the
examples and patches needed to use Automake with GNU m4 1.3, fileutils
3.9, time 1.6, and development versions of find and indent.

These examples seem to have been lost.  However at the time of writing
(10 years later in September, 2004) the FSF still distributes a
package that uses this version of Automake: check out GNU termutils
2.0.

@item 1995-11-12 Tom Tromey's first commit.

After one year of inactivity, Tom Tromey takes over the package.
Tom was working on GNU cpio back then, and doing this just for fun,
having trouble finding a project to contribute to.  So while hacking
he wanted to bring the @file{Makefile.in} up to GNU standards.  This
was hard, and one day he saw Automake on @url{ftp://alpha.gnu.org/},
grabbed it and tried it out.

Tom didn't talk to djm about it until later, just to make sure he
didn't mind if he made a release.  He did a bunch of early releases to
the Gnits folks.

Gnits was (and still is) totally informal, just a few GNU friends who
Fran@,cois Pinard knew, who were all interested in making a common
infrastructure for GNU projects, and shared a similar outlook on how
to do it.  So they were able to make some progress.  It came along
with Autoconf and extensions thereof, and then Automake from David and
Tom (who were both gnitsians).  One of their ideas was to write a
document paralleling the GNU standards, that was more strict in some
ways and more detailed.  They never finished the GNITS standards, but
the ideas mostly made their way into Automake.

@item 1995-11-23 Automake 0.20

Besides introducing automatic dependency tracking (@pxref{Dependency
Tracking Evolution}), this version also supplies a 9-page manual.

At this time @command{aclocal} and @code{AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE} did not
exist, so many things had to be done by hand.  For instance, here is
what a configure.in (this is the former name of the
@file{configure.ac} we use today) must contain in order to use
Automake 0.20:

@example
PACKAGE=cpio
VERSION=2.3.911
AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(PACKAGE, "$PACKAGE")
AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(VERSION, "$VERSION")
AC_SUBST(PACKAGE)
AC_SUBST(VERSION)
AC_ARG_PROGRAM
AC_PROG_INSTALL
@end example

(Today all of the above is achieved by @code{AC_INIT} and
@code{AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE}.)

Here is how programs are specified in @file{Makefile.am}:

@example
PROGRAMS = hello
hello_SOURCES = hello.c
@end example

This looks pretty much like what we do today, except the
@code{PROGRAMS} variable has no directory prefix specifying where
@file{hello} should be installed: all programs are installed in
@samp{$(bindir)}.  @code{LIBPROGRAMS} can be used to specify programs
that must be built but not installed (it is called
@code{noinst_PROGRAMS} nowadays).

Programs can be built conditionally using @code{AC_SUBST}itutions:

@example
PROGRAMS = @@progs@@
AM_PROGRAMS = foo bar baz
@end example

(@code{AM_PROGRAMS} has since then been renamed to
@code{EXTRA_PROGRAMS}.)

Similarly scripts, static libraries, and data can built and installed
using the @code{LIBRARIES}, @code{SCRIPTS}, and @code{DATA} variables.
However @code{LIBRARIES} were treated a bit specially in that Automake
did automatically supply the @file{lib} and @file{.a} prefixes.
Therefore to build @file{libcpio.a}, one had to write

@example
LIBRARIES = cpio
cpio_SOURCES = ...
@end example

Extra files to distribute must be listed in @code{DIST_OTHER} (the
ancestor of @code{EXTRA_DIST}).  Also extra directories that are to be
distributed should appear in @code{DIST_SUBDIRS}, but the manual
describes this as a temporary ugly hack (today extra directories should
also be listed in @code{EXTRA_DIST}, and @code{DIST_SUBDIRS} is used
for another purpose, @pxref{Conditional Subdirectories}).

@item 1995-11-26 Automake 0.21

In less time that it takes to cook a frozen pizza, Tom rewrites
Automake using Perl.  At this time Perl 5 is only one year old, and
Perl 4.036 is in use at many sites.  Supporting several Perl versions
has been a source of problems through the whole history of Automake.

If you never used Perl 4, imagine Perl 5 without objects, without
@samp{my} variables (only dynamically scoped @samp{local} variables),
without function prototypes, with function calls that needs to be
prefixed with @samp{&}, etc.  Traces of this old style can still be
found in today's @command{automake}.

@item 1995-11-28 Automake 0.22
@itemx 1995-11-29 Automake 0.23

Bug fixes.

@item 1995-12-08 Automake 0.24
@itemx 1995-12-10 Automake 0.25

Releases are raining.  0.24 introduces the uniform naming scheme we
use today, i.e., @code{bin_PROGRAMS} instead of @code{PROGRAMS},
@code{noinst_LIBRARIES} instead of @code{LIBLIBRARIES}, etc.  (However
@code{EXTRA_PROGRAMS} does not exist yet, @code{AM_PROGRAMS} is still
in use; and @code{TEXINFOS} and @code{MANS} still have no directory
prefixes.)  Adding support for prefixes like that was one of the major
ideas in automake; it has lasted pretty well.

AutoMake is renamed to Automake (Tom seems to recall it was Fran@,cois
Pinard's doing).

0.25 fixes a Perl 4 portability bug.

@item 1995-12-18 Jim Meyering starts using Automake in GNU Textutils.
@item 1995-12-31 Fran@,cois Pinard starts using Automake in GNU tar.

@item 1996-01-03 Automake 0.26
@itemx 1996-01-03 Automake 0.27

Of the many change and suggestions sent by Fran@,cois Pinard and
included in 0.26, the most important is perhaps the advise that to
ease customization a user rule or variable definition should always
override an Automake rule or definition.

Gordon Matzigkeit and Jim Meyering are two other early contributors
that have been sending fixes.

0.27 fixes yet another Perl 4 portability bug.

@item 1996-01-13 Automake 0.28

Automake starts scanning @file{configure.in} for @code{LIBOBJS}
support.  This is an important step because until this version
Automake did only know about the @file{Makefile.am}s it processed.
@file{configure.in} was Autoconf's world and the link between Autoconf
and Automake had to be done by the @file{Makefile.am} author.  For
instance, if @file{config.h} was generated by @file{configure}, it was the
package maintainer's responsibility to define the @code{CONFIG_HEADER}
variable in each @file{Makefile.am}.

Succeeding releases will rely more and more on scanning
@file{configure.in} to better automate the Autoconf integration.

0.28 also introduces the @code{AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS} variable and the
@option{--gnu} and @option{--gnits} options, the latter being stricter.

@item 1996-02-07 Automake 0.29

Thanks to @file{configure.in} scanning, @code{CONFIG_HEADER} is gone,
and rebuild rules for @file{configure}-generated file are
automatically output.

@code{TEXINFOS} and @code{MANS} converted to the uniform naming
scheme.

@item 1996-02-24 Automake 0.30

The test suite is born.  It contains 9 tests.  From now on test cases
will be added pretty regularly (@pxref{Releases}), and this proved to
be really helpful later on.

@code{EXTRA_PROGRAMS} finally replaces @code{AM_PROGRAMS}.

All the third-party Autoconf macros, written mostly by Fran@,cois
Pinard (and later Jim Meyering), are distributed in Automake's
hand-written @file{aclocal.m4} file.  Package maintainers are expected
to extract the necessary macros from this file.  (In previous version
you had to copy and paste them from the manual...)

@item 1996-03-11 Automake 0.31

The test suite in 0.30 was run via a long @code{check-local} rule.  Upon
Ulrich Drepper's suggestion, 0.31 makes it an Automake rule output
whenever the @code{TESTS} variable is defined.

@code{DIST_OTHER} is renamed to @code{EXTRA_DIST}, and the @code{check_}
prefix is introduced.  The syntax is now the same as today.

@item 1996-03-15 Gordon Matzigkeit starts writing libtool.

@item 1996-04-27 Automake 0.32

@code{-hook} targets are introduced; an idea from Dieter Baron.

@file{*.info} files, which were output in the build directory are
now built in the source directory, because they are distributed.  It
seems these files like to move back and forth as that will happen
again in future versions.

@item 1996-05-18 Automake 0.33

Gord Matzigkeit's main two contributions:

@itemize
@item very preliminary libtool support
@item the distcheck rule
@end itemize

Although they were very basic at this point, these are probably
among the top features for Automake today.

Jim Meyering also provides the infamous @code{jm_MAINTAINER_MODE},
since then renamed to @code{AM_MAINTAINER_MODE} and abandoned by its
author (@pxref{maintainer-mode}).

@item 1996-05-28 Automake 1.0

After only six months of heavy development, the automake script is
3134 lines long, plus 973 lines of @file{Makefile} fragments.  The
package has 30 pages of documentation, and 38 test cases.
@file{aclocal.m4} contains 4 macros.

From now on and until version 1.4, new releases will occur at a rate
of about one a year.  1.1 did not exist, actually 1.1b to 1.1p have
been the name of beta releases for 1.2.  This is the first time
Automake uses suffix letters to designate beta releases, an habit that
lasts.

@item 1996-10-10 Kevin Dalley packages Automake 1.0 for Debian GNU/Linux.

@item 1996-11-26 David J.@tie{}MacKenzie releases Autoconf 2.12.

Between June and October, the Autoconf development is almost staled.
Roland McGrath has been working at the beginning of the year.  David
comes back in November to release 2.12, but he won't touch Autoconf
anymore after this year, and Autoconf then really stagnates.  The
desolate Autoconf @file{ChangeLog} for 1997 lists only 7 commits.

@item 1997-02-28 @email{automake@@gnu.ai.mit.edu} list alive

The mailing list is announced as follows:
@smallexample
I've created the "automake" mailing list.  It is
"automake@@gnu.ai.mit.edu".  Administrivia, as always, to
automake-request@@gnu.ai.mit.edu.

The charter of this list is discussion of automake, autoconf, and
other configuration/portability tools (e.g., libtool).  It is expected
that discussion will range from pleas for help all the way up to
patches.

This list is archived on the FSF machines.  Offhand I don't know if
you can get the archive without an account there.

This list is open to anybody who wants to join.  Tell all your
friends!
-- Tom Tromey
@end smallexample

Before that people were discussing Automake privately, on the Gnits
mailing list (which is not public either), and less frequently on
@code{gnu.misc.discuss}.

@code{gnu.ai.mit.edu} is now @code{gnu.org}, in case you never
noticed.  The archives of the early years of the
@code{automake@@gnu.org} list have been lost, so today it is almost
impossible to find traces of discussions that occurred before 1999.
This has been annoying more than once, as such discussions can be
useful to understand the rationale behind a piece of uncommented code
that was introduced back then.

@item 1997-06-22 Automake 1.2

Automake developments continues, and more and more new Autoconf macros
are required.  Distributing them in @file{aclocal.m4} and requiring
people to browse this file to extract the relevant macros becomes
uncomfortable.  Ideally, some of them should be contributed to
Autoconf so that they can be used directly, however Autoconf is
currently inactive.  Automake 1.2 consequently introduces
@command{aclocal} (@command{aclocal} was actually started on
1996-07-28), a tool that automatically constructs an @file{aclocal.m4}
file from a repository of third-party macros.  Because Autoconf has
stalled, Automake also becomes a kind of repository for such
third-party macros, even macros completely unrelated to Automake (for
instance macros that fix broken Autoconf macros).

The 1.2 release contains 20 macros, among which the
@code{AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE} macro that simplifies the creation of
@file{configure.in}.

Libtool is fully supported using @code{*_LTLIBRARIES}.

The missing script is introduced by Fran@,cois Pinard; it is meant to be
a better solution than @code{AM_MAINTAINER_MODE}
(@pxref{maintainer-mode}).

Conditionals support was implemented by Ian Lance Taylor.  At the
time, Tom and Ian were working on an internal project at Cygnus.  They
were using ILU, which is pretty similar to CORBA@.  They wanted to
integrate ILU into their build, which was all @file{configure}-based,
and Ian thought that adding conditionals to @command{automake} was
simpler than doing all the work in @file{configure} (which was the
standard at the time).  So this was actually funded by Cygnus.

This very useful but tricky feature will take a lot of time to
stabilize.  (At the time this text is written, there are still
primaries that have not been updated to support conditional
definitions in Automake 1.9.)

The @command{automake} script has almost doubled: 6089 lines of Perl,
plus 1294 lines of @file{Makefile} fragments.

@item 1997-07-08 Gordon Matzigkeit releases Libtool 1.0.

@item 1998-04-05 Automake 1.3

This is a small advance compared to 1.2.
It add support for assembly, and preliminary support for Java.

Perl 5.004_04 is out, but fixes to support Perl 4 are still
regularly submitted whenever Automake breaks it.

@item 1998-09-06 @code{sourceware.cygnus.com} is on-line.

Sourceware was setup by Jason Molenda to host open source projects.

@item 1998-09-19  Automake CVS repository moved to @code{sourceware.cygnus.com}
@itemx 1998-10-26  @code{sourceware.cygnus.com} announces it hosts Automake
Automake is now hosted on @code{sourceware.cygnus.com}.  It has a
publicly accessible CVS repository.  This CVS repository is a copy of
the one Tom was using on his machine, which in turn is based on
a copy of the CVS repository of David MacKenzie.  This is why we still
have to full source history.  (Automake was on Sourceware until 2007-10-29,
when it moved to a git repository on @code{savannah.gnu.org},
but the Sourceware host had been renamed to @code{sources.redhat.com}.)

The oldest file in the administrative directory of the CVS repository
that was created on Sourceware is dated 1998-09-19, while the
announcement that @command{automake} and @command{autoconf} had joined
@command{sourceware} was made on 1998-10-26.  They were among the
first projects to be hosted there.

The heedful reader will have noticed Automake was exactly 4-year-old
on 1998-09-19.

@item 1999-01-05 Ben Elliston releases Autoconf 2.13.

@item 1999-01-14 Automake 1.4

This release adds support for Fortran 77 and for the @code{include}
statement.  Also, @samp{+=} assignments are introduced, but it is
still quite easy to fool Automake when mixing this with conditionals.

These two releases, Automake 1.4 and Autoconf 2.13 makes a duo that
will be used together for years.

@command{automake} is 7228 lines, plus 1591 lines of Makefile
fragment, 20 macros (some 1.3 macros were finally contributed back to
Autoconf), 197 test cases, and 51 pages of documentation.

@item 1999-03-27 The @code{user-dep-branch} is created on the CVS repository.

This implements a new dependency tracking schemed that should be
able to handle automatic dependency tracking using any compiler (not
just gcc) and any make (not just GNU @command{make}).  In addition,
the new scheme should be more reliable than the old one, as
dependencies are generated on the end user's machine.  Alexandre Oliva
creates depcomp for this purpose.

@xref{Dependency Tracking Evolution}, for more details about the
evolution of automatic dependency tracking in Automake.

@item 1999-11-21 The @code{user-dep-branch} is merged into the main trunk.

This was a huge problem since we also had patches going in on the
trunk.  The merge took a long time and was very painful.

@item 2000-05-10

Since September 1999 and until 2003, Akim Demaille will be zealously
revamping Autoconf.

@quotation
I think the next release should be called "3.0".@*
Let's face it: you've basically rewritten autoconf.@*
Every weekend there are 30 new patches.@*
I don't see how we could call this "2.15" with a straight face.@*
-- Tom Tromey on @email{autoconf@@gnu.org}
@end quotation

Actually Akim works like a submarine: he will pile up patches while he
works off-line during the weekend, and flush them in batch when he
resurfaces on Monday.

@item 2001-01-24

On this Wednesday, Autoconf 2.49c, the last beta before Autoconf 2.50
is out, and Akim has to find something to do during his week-end :)

@item 2001-01-28

Akim sends a batch of 14 patches to @email{automake@@gnu.org}.

@quotation
Aiieeee!  I was dreading the day that the Demaillator turned his
sights on automake@dots{} and now it has arrived! -- Tom Tromey
@end quotation

It's only the beginning: in two months he will send 192 patches.  Then
he would slow down so Tom can catch up and review all this.  Initially
Tom actually read all these patches, then he probably trustingly
answered OK to most of them, and finally gave up and let Akim apply
whatever he wanted.  There was no way to keep up with that patch rate.

@quotation
Anyway the patch below won't apply since it predates Akim's
sourcequake; I have yet to figure where the relevant passage has
been moved :) -- Alexandre Duret-Lutz
@end quotation

All these patches were sent to and discussed on
@email{automake@@gnu.org}, so subscribed users were literally drown in
technical mails.  Eventually, the @email{automake-patches@@gnu.org}
mailing list was created in May.

Year after year, Automake had drifted away from its initial design:
construct @file{Makefile.in} by assembling various @file{Makefile}
fragments.  In 1.4, lots of @file{Makefile} rules are being emitted at
various places in the @command{automake} script itself; this does not
help ensuring a consistent treatment of these rules (for instance
making sure that user-defined rules override Automake's own rules).
One of Akim's goal was moving all these hard-coded rules to separate
@file{Makefile} fragments, so the logic could be centralized in a
@file{Makefile} fragment processor.

Another significant contribution of Akim is the interface with the
``trace'' feature of Autoconf.  The way to scan @file{configure.in} at
this time was to read the file and grep the various macro of interest
to Automake.  Doing so could break in many unexpected ways; automake
could miss some definition (for instance @samp{AC_SUBST([$1], [$2])}
where the arguments are known only when M4 is run), or conversely it
could detect some macro that was not expanded (because it is called
conditionally).  In the CVS version of Autoconf, Akim had implemented
the @option{--trace} option, which provides accurate information about
where macros are actually called and with what arguments.  Akim will
equip Automake with a second @file{configure.in} scanner that uses
this @option{--trace} interface.  Since it was not sensible to drop the
Autoconf 2.13 compatibility yet, this experimental scanner was only
used when an environment variable was set, the traditional
grep-scanner being still the default.

@item 2001-04-25 Gary V.@tie{}Vaughan releases Libtool 1.4

It has been more than two years since Automake 1.4, CVS Automake has
suffered lot's of heavy changes and still is not ready for release.
Libtool 1.4 had to be distributed with a patch against Automake 1.4.

@item 2001-05-08 Automake 1.4-p1
@itemx 2001-05-24 Automake 1.4-p2

Gary V.@tie{}Vaughan, the principal Libtool maintainer, makes a ``patch
release'' of Automake:

@quotation
The main purpose of this release is to have a stable automake
which is compatible with the latest stable libtool.
@end quotation

The release also contains obvious fixes for bugs in Automake 1.4,
some of which were reported almost monthly.

@item 2001-05-21 Akim Demaille releases Autoconf 2.50

@item 2001-06-07 Automake 1.4-p3
@itemx 2001-06-10 Automake 1.4-p4
@itemx 2001-07-15 Automake 1.4-p5

Gary continues his patch-release series.  These also add support for
some new Autoconf 2.50 idioms.  Essentially, Autoconf now advocates
@file{configure.ac} over @file{configure.in}, and it introduces a new
syntax for @code{AC_OUTPUT}ing files.

@item 2001-08-23 Automake 1.5

A major and long-awaited release, that comes more than two years after
1.4.  It brings many changes, among which:
@itemize
@item The new dependency tracking scheme that uses @command{depcomp}.
Aside from the improvement on the dependency tracking itself
(@pxref{Dependency Tracking Evolution}), this also streamlines the use
of automake generated @file{Makefile.in}s as the @file{Makefile.in}s
used during development are now the same as those used in
distributions.  Before that the @file{Makefile.in}s generated for
maintainers required GNU @command{make} and GCC, they were different
from the portable @file{Makefile} generated for distribution; this was
causing some confusion.

@item Support for per-target compilation flags.

@item Support for reference to files in subdirectories in most
@file{Makefile.am} variables.

@item Introduction of the @code{dist_}, @code{nodist_}, and @code{nobase_}
prefixes.
@item Perl 4 support is finally dropped.
@end itemize

1.5 did broke several packages that worked with 1.4.  Enough so that
Linux distributions could not easily install the new Automake version
without breaking many of the packages for which they had to run
@command{automake}.

Some of these breakages were effectively bugs that would eventually be
fixed in the next release.  However, a lot of damage was caused by
some changes made deliberately to render Automake stricter on some
setup we did consider bogus.  For instance, @samp{make distcheck} was
improved to check that @samp{make uninstall} did remove all the files
@samp{make install} installed, that @samp{make distclean} did not omit
some file, and that a VPATH build would work even if the source
directory was read-only.  Similarly, Automake now rejects multiple
definitions of the same variable (because that would mix very badly
with conditionals), and @samp{+=} assignments with no previous
definition.  Because these changes all occurred suddenly after 1.4 had
been established for more than two years, it hurt users.

To make matter worse, meanwhile Autoconf (now at version 2.52) was
facing similar troubles, for similar reasons.

@item 2002-03-05 Automake 1.6

This release introduced versioned installation (@pxref{API
versioning}).  This was mainly pushed by Havoc Pennington, taking the
GNOME source tree as motive: due to incompatibilities between the
autotools it's impossible for the GNOME packages to switch to Autoconf
2.53 and Automake 1.5 all at once, so they are currently stuck with
Autoconf 2.13 and Automake 1.4.

The idea was to call this version @file{automake-1.6}, call all its
bug-fix versions identically, and switch to @file{automake-1.7} for
the next release that adds new features or changes some rules.  This
scheme implies maintaining a bug-fix branch in addition to the
development trunk, which means more work from the maintainer, but
providing regular bug-fix releases proved to be really worthwhile.

Like 1.5, 1.6 also introduced a bunch of incompatibilities, meant or
not.  Perhaps the more annoying was the dependence on the newly
released Autoconf 2.53.  Autoconf seemed to have stabilized enough
since its explosive 2.50 release, and included changes required to fix
some bugs in Automake.  In order to upgrade to Automake 1.6, people
now had to upgrade Autoconf too; for some packages it was no picnic.

While versioned installation helped people to upgrade, it also
unfortunately allowed people not to upgrade.  At the time of writing,
some Linux distributions are shipping packages for Automake 1.4, 1.5,
1.6, 1.7, 1.8, and 1.9.  Most of these still install 1.4 by default.
Some distribution also call 1.4 the ``stable'' version, and present
``1.9'' as the development version; this does not really makes sense
since 1.9 is way more solid than 1.4.  All this does not help the
newcomer.

@item 2002-04-11 Automake 1.6.1

1.6, and the upcoming 1.4-p6 release were the last release by Tom.
This one and those following will be handled by Alexandre
Duret-Lutz.  Tom is still around, and will be there until about 1.7,
but his interest into Automake is drifting away towards projects like
@command{gcj}.

Alexandre has been using Automake since 2000, and started to
contribute mostly on Akim's incitement (Akim and Alexandre have been
working in the same room from 1999 to 2002).  In 2001 and 2002 he had
a lot of free time to enjoy hacking Automake.

@item 2002-06-14 Automake 1.6.2

@item 2002-07-28 Automake 1.6.3
@itemx 2002-07-28 Automake 1.4-p6

Two releases on the same day.  1.6.3 is a bug-fix release.

Tom Tromey backported the versioned installation mechanism on the 1.4
branch, so that Automake 1.6.x and Automake 1.4-p6 could be installed
side by side.  Another request from the GNOME folks.

@item 2002-09-25 Automake 1.7

This release switches to the new @file{configure.ac} scanner Akim
was experimenting in 1.5.

@item 2002-10-16 Automake 1.7.1
@itemx 2002-12-06 Automake 1.7.2
@itemx 2003-02-20 Automake 1.7.3
@itemx 2003-04-23 Automake 1.7.4
@itemx 2003-05-18 Automake 1.7.5
@itemx 2003-07-10 Automake 1.7.6
@itemx 2003-09-07 Automake 1.7.7
@itemx 2003-10-07 Automake 1.7.8

Many bug-fix releases.  1.7 lasted because the development version
(upcoming 1.8) was suffering some major internal revamping.

@item 2003-10-26 Automake on screen

Episode 49, `Repercussions', in the third season of the `Alias' TV
show is first aired.

Marshall, one of the character, is working on a computer virus that he
has to modify before it gets into the wrong hands or something like
that.  The screenshots you see do not show any program code, they show
a @file{Makefile.in} @code{generated by automake}...

@item 2003-11-09 Automake 1.7.9

@item 2003-12-10 Automake 1.8

The most striking update is probably that of @command{aclocal}.

@command{aclocal} now uses @code{m4_include} in the produced
@file{aclocal.m4} when the included macros are already distributed
with the package (an idiom used in many packages), which reduces code
duplication.  Many people liked that, but in fact this change was
really introduced to fix a bug in rebuild rules: @file{Makefile.in}
must be rebuilt whenever a dependency of @file{configure} changes, but
all the @file{m4} files included in @file{aclocal.m4} where unknown
from @command{automake}.  Now @command{automake} can just trace the
@code{m4_include}s to discover the dependencies.

@command{aclocal} also starts using the @option{--trace} Autoconf option
in order to discover used macros more accurately.  This will turn out
to be very tricky (later releases will improve this) as people had
devised many ways to cope with the limitation of previous
@command{aclocal} versions, notably using handwritten
@code{m4_include}s: @command{aclocal} must make sure not to redefine a
rule that is already included by such statement.

Automake also has seen its guts rewritten.  Although this rewriting
took a lot of efforts, it is only apparent to the users in that some
constructions previously disallowed by the implementation now work
nicely.  Conditionals, Locations, Variable and Rule definitions,
Options: these items on which Automake works have been rewritten as
separate Perl modules, and documented.

@itemx 2004-01-11 Automake 1.8.1
@itemx 2004-01-12 Automake 1.8.2
@itemx 2004-03-07 Automake 1.8.3
@itemx 2004-04-25 Automake 1.8.4
@itemx 2004-05-16 Automake 1.8.5

@item 2004-07-28 Automake 1.9

This release tries to simplify the compilation rules it outputs to
reduce the size of the Makefile.  The complaint initially come from
the libgcj developers.  Their @file{Makefile.in} generated with
Automake 1.4 and custom build rules (1.4 did not support compiled
Java) is 250KB@.  The one generated by 1.8 was over 9MB@!  1.9 gets it
down to 1.2MB@.

Aside from this it contains mainly minor changes and bug-fixes.

@itemx 2004-08-11 Automake 1.9.1
@itemx 2004-09-19 Automake 1.9.2

Automake has ten years.  This chapter of the manual was initially
written for this occasion.

@itemx 2007-10-29 Automake repository moves to @code{savannah.gnu.org} and uses
git as primary repository.

@end table

@node Dependency Tracking Evolution
@section Dependency Tracking in Automake

Over the years Automake has deployed three different dependency
tracking methods.  Each method, including the current one, has had
flaws of various sorts.  Here we lay out the different dependency
tracking methods, their flaws, and their fixes.  We conclude with
recommendations for tool writers, and by indicating future directions
for dependency tracking work in Automake.

@subsection First Take
@unnumberedsubsubsec Description

Our first attempt at automatic dependency tracking was based on the
method recommended by GNU @command{make}.  (@pxref{Automatic
Prerequisites, , Generating Prerequisites Automatically, make, The GNU
make Manual})

This version worked by precomputing dependencies ahead of time.  For
each source file, it had a special @file{.P} file that held the
dependencies.  There was a rule to generate a @file{.P} file by
invoking the compiler appropriately.  All such @file{.P} files were
included by the @file{Makefile}, thus implicitly becoming dependencies
of @file{Makefile}.

@unnumberedsubsubsec Bugs

This approach had several critical bugs.

@itemize
@item
The code to generate the @file{.P} file relied on @command{gcc}.
(A limitation, not technically a bug.)
@item
The dependency tracking mechanism itself relied on GNU @command{make}.
(A limitation, not technically a bug.)
@item
Because each @file{.P} file was a dependency of @file{Makefile}, this
meant that dependency tracking was done eagerly by @command{make}.
For instance, @samp{make clean} would cause all the dependency files
to be updated, and then immediately removed.  This eagerness also
caused problems with some configurations; if a certain source file
could not be compiled on a given architecture for some reason,
dependency tracking would fail, aborting the entire build.
@item
As dependency tracking was done as a pre-pass, compile times were
doubled--the compiler had to be run twice per source file.
@item
@samp{make dist} re-ran @command{automake} to generate a
@file{Makefile} that did not have automatic dependency tracking (and
that was thus portable to any version of @command{make}).  In order to
do this portably, Automake had to scan the dependency files and remove
any reference that was to a source file not in the distribution.
This process was error-prone.  Also, if @samp{make dist} was run in an
environment where some object file had a dependency on a source file
that was only conditionally created, Automake would generate a
@file{Makefile} that referred to a file that might not appear in the
end user's build.  A special, hacky mechanism was required to work
around this.
@end itemize

@unnumberedsubsubsec Historical Note

The code generated by Automake is often inspired by the
@file{Makefile} style of a particular author.  In the case of the first
implementation of dependency tracking, I believe the impetus and
inspiration was Jim Meyering.  (I could be mistaken.  If you know
otherwise feel free to correct me.)

@subsection Dependencies As Side Effects
@unnumberedsubsubsec Description

The next refinement of Automake's automatic dependency tracking scheme
was to implement dependencies as side effects of the compilation.
This was aimed at solving the most commonly reported problems with the
first approach.  In particular we were most concerned with eliminating
the weird rebuilding effect associated with make clean.

In this approach, the @file{.P} files were included using the
@code{-include} command, which let us create these files lazily.  This
avoided the @samp{make clean} problem.

We only computed dependencies when a file was actually compiled.  This
avoided the performance penalty associated with scanning each file
twice.  It also let us avoid the other problems associated with the
first, eager, implementation.  For instance, dependencies would never
be generated for a source file that was not compilable on a given
architecture (because it in fact would never be compiled).

@unnumberedsubsubsec Bugs

@itemize
@item
This approach also relied on the existence of @command{gcc} and GNU
@command{make}.  (A limitation, not technically a bug.)
@item
Dependency tracking was still done by the developer, so the problems
from the first implementation relating to massaging of dependencies by
@samp{make dist} were still in effect.
@item
This implementation suffered from the ``deleted header file'' problem.
Suppose a lazily-created @file{.P} file includes a dependency on a
given header file, like this:

@example
maude.o: maude.c something.h
@end example

Now suppose that the developer removes @file{something.h} and updates
@file{maude.c} so that this include is no longer needed.  If he runs
@command{make}, he will get an error because there is no way to create
@file{something.h}.

We fixed this problem in a later release by further massaging the
output of @command{gcc} to include a dummy dependency for each header
file.
@end itemize

@subsection Dependencies for the User
@unnumberedsubsubsec Description

The bugs associated with @samp{make dist}, over time, became a real
problem.  Packages using Automake were being built on a large number
of platforms, and were becoming increasingly complex.  Broken
dependencies were distributed in ``portable'' @file{Makefile.in}s,
leading to user complaints.  Also, the requirement for @command{gcc}
and GNU @command{make} was a constant source of bug reports.  The next
implementation of dependency tracking aimed to remove these problems.

We realized that the only truly reliable way to automatically track
dependencies was to do it when the package itself was built.  This
meant discovering a method portable to any version of make and any
compiler.  Also, we wanted to preserve what we saw as the best point
of the second implementation: dependency computation as a side effect
of compilation.

In the end we found that most modern make implementations support some
form of include directive.  Also, we wrote a wrapper script that let
us abstract away differences between dependency tracking methods for
compilers.  For instance, some compilers cannot generate dependencies
as a side effect of compilation.  In this case we simply have the
script run the compiler twice.  Currently our wrapper script
(@command{depcomp}) knows about twelve different compilers (including
a "compiler" that simply invokes @command{makedepend} and then the
real compiler, which is assumed to be a standard Unix-like C compiler
with no way to do dependency tracking).

@unnumberedsubsubsec Bugs

@itemize
@item
Running a wrapper script for each compilation slows down the build.
@item
Many users don't really care about precise dependencies.
@item
This implementation, like every other automatic dependency tracking
scheme in common use today (indeed, every one we've ever heard of),
suffers from the ``duplicated new header'' bug.

This bug occurs because dependency tracking tools, such as the
compiler, only generate dependencies on the successful opening of a
file, and not on every probe.

Suppose for instance that the compiler searches three directories for
a given header, and that the header is found in the third directory.
If the programmer erroneously adds a header file with the same name to
the first directory, then a clean rebuild from scratch could fail
(suppose the new header file is buggy), whereas an incremental rebuild
will succeed.

What has happened here is that people have a misunderstanding of what
a dependency is.  Tool writers think a dependency encodes information
about which files were read by the compiler.  However, a dependency
must actually encode information about what the compiler tried to do.

This problem is not serious in practice.  Programmers typically do not
use the same name for a header file twice in a given project.  (At
least, not in C or C++.  This problem may be more troublesome in
Java.)  This problem is easy to fix, by modifying dependency
generators to record every probe, instead of every successful open.

@item
Since automake generates dependencies as a side effect of compilation,
there is a bootstrapping problem when header files are generated by
running a program.  The problem is that, the first time the build is
done, there is no way by default to know that the headers are
required, so make might try to run a compilation for which the headers
have not yet been built.

This was also a problem in the previous dependency tracking implementation.

The current fix is to use @code{BUILT_SOURCES} to list built headers
(@pxref{Sources}).  This causes them to be built before any other
build rules are run.  This is unsatisfactory as a general solution,
however in practice it seems sufficient for most actual programs.
@end itemize

This code is used since Automake 1.5.

In GCC 3.0, we managed to convince the maintainers to add special
command-line options to help Automake more efficiently do its job.  We
hoped this would let us avoid the use of a wrapper script when
Automake's automatic dependency tracking was used with @command{gcc}.

Unfortunately, this code doesn't quite do what we want.  In
particular, it removes the dependency file if the compilation fails;
we'd prefer that it instead only touch the file in any way if the
compilation succeeds.

Nevertheless, since Automake 1.7, when a recent @command{gcc} is
detected at @command{configure} time, we inline the
dependency-generation code and do not use the @command{depcomp}
wrapper script.  This makes compilations faster for those using this
compiler (probably our primary user base).  The counterpart is that
because we have to encode two compilation rules in @file{Makefile}
(with or without @command{depcomp}), the produced @file{Makefile}s are
larger.

@subsection Techniques for Computing Dependencies

There are actually several ways for a build tool like Automake to
cause tools to generate dependencies.

@table @asis
@item @command{makedepend}
This was a commonly-used method in the past.  The idea is to run a
special program over the source and have it generate dependency
information.  Traditional implementations of @command{makedepend} are
not completely precise; ordinarily they were conservative and
discovered too many dependencies.
@item The tool
An obvious way to generate dependencies is to simply write the tool so
that it can generate the information needed by the build tool.  This is
also the most portable method.  Many compilers have an option to
generate dependencies.  Unfortunately, not all tools provide such an
option.
@item The file system
It is possible to write a special file system that tracks opens,
reads, writes, etc, and then feed this information back to the build
tool.  @command{clearmake} does this.  This is a very powerful
technique, as it doesn't require cooperation from the
tool.  Unfortunately it is also very difficult to implement and also
not practical in the general case.
@item @code{LD_PRELOAD}
Rather than use the file system, one could write a special library to
intercept @code{open} and other syscalls.  This technique is also quite
powerful, but unfortunately it is not portable enough for use in
@command{automake}.
@end table

@subsection Recommendations for Tool Writers

We think that every compilation tool ought to be able to generate
dependencies as a side effect of compilation.  Furthermore, at least
while @command{make}-based tools are nearly universally in use (at
least in the free software community), the tool itself should generate
dummy dependencies for header files, to avoid the deleted header file
bug.  Finally, the tool should generate a dependency for each probe,
instead of each successful file open, in order to avoid the duplicated
new header bug.

@subsection Future Directions for Automake's Dependency Tracking

Currently, only languages and compilers understood by Automake can
have dependency tracking enabled.  We would like to see if it is
practical (and worthwhile) to let this support be extended by the user
to languages unknown to Automake.

@node Releases
@section Release Statistics

The following table (inspired by @samp{perlhist(1)}) quantifies the
evolution of Automake using these metrics:

@table @asis
@item Date, Rel
The date and version of the release.
@item am
The number of lines of the @command{automake} script.
@item acl
The number of lines of the @command{aclocal} script.
@item pm
The number of lines of the @command{Perl} supporting modules.
@item @file{*.am}
The number of lines of the @file{Makefile} fragments.  The number in parenthesis
is the number of files.
@item m4
The number of lines (and files) of Autoconf macros.
@item doc
The number of pages of the documentation (the Postscript version).
@item t
The number of test cases in the test suite.
@end table

@multitable {8888-88-88} {8.8-p8} {8888} {8888} {8888} {8888 (88)} {8888 (88)} {888} {888}
@headitem Date   @tab Rel @tab am @tab acl @tab pm @tab @file{*.am} @tab m4 @tab doc @tab t
@item 1994-09-19 @tab CVS    @tab  141 @tab     @tab      @tab  299 (24) @tab           @tab     @tab
@item 1994-11-05 @tab CVS    @tab  208 @tab     @tab      @tab  332 (28) @tab           @tab     @tab
@item 1995-11-23 @tab 0.20   @tab  533 @tab     @tab      @tab  458 (35) @tab           @tab   9 @tab
@item 1995-11-26 @tab 0.21   @tab  613 @tab     @tab      @tab  480 (36) @tab           @tab  11 @tab
@item 1995-11-28 @tab 0.22   @tab 1116 @tab     @tab      @tab  539 (38) @tab           @tab  12 @tab
@item 1995-11-29 @tab 0.23   @tab 1240 @tab     @tab      @tab  541 (38) @tab           @tab  12 @tab
@item 1995-12-08 @tab 0.24   @tab 1462 @tab     @tab      @tab  504 (33) @tab           @tab  14 @tab
@item 1995-12-10 @tab 0.25   @tab 1513 @tab     @tab      @tab  511 (37) @tab           @tab  15 @tab
@item 1996-01-03 @tab 0.26   @tab 1706 @tab     @tab      @tab  438 (36) @tab           @tab  16 @tab
@item 1996-01-03 @tab 0.27   @tab 1706 @tab     @tab      @tab  438 (36) @tab           @tab  16 @tab
@item 1996-01-13 @tab 0.28   @tab 1964 @tab     @tab      @tab  934 (33) @tab           @tab  16 @tab
@item 1996-02-07 @tab 0.29   @tab 2299 @tab     @tab      @tab  936 (33) @tab           @tab  17 @tab
@item 1996-02-24 @tab 0.30   @tab 2544 @tab     @tab      @tab  919 (32) @tab   85 (1)  @tab  20 @tab 9
@item 1996-03-11 @tab 0.31   @tab 2877 @tab     @tab      @tab  919 (32) @tab   85 (1)  @tab  29 @tab 17
@item 1996-04-27 @tab 0.32   @tab 3058 @tab     @tab      @tab  921 (31) @tab   85 (1)  @tab  30 @tab 26
@item 1996-05-18 @tab 0.33   @tab 3110 @tab     @tab      @tab  926 (31) @tab  105 (1)  @tab  30 @tab 35
@item 1996-05-28 @tab 1.0    @tab 3134 @tab     @tab      @tab  973 (32) @tab  105 (1)  @tab  30 @tab 38
@item 1997-06-22 @tab 1.2    @tab 6089 @tab 385 @tab      @tab 1294 (36) @tab  592 (20) @tab  37 @tab 126
@item 1998-04-05 @tab 1.3    @tab 6415 @tab 422 @tab      @tab 1470 (39) @tab  741 (23) @tab  39 @tab 156
@item 1999-01-14 @tab 1.4    @tab 7240 @tab 426 @tab      @tab 1591 (40) @tab  734 (20) @tab  51 @tab 197
@item 2001-05-08 @tab 1.4-p1 @tab 7251 @tab 426 @tab      @tab 1591 (40) @tab  734 (20) @tab  51 @tab 197
@item 2001-05-24 @tab 1.4-p2 @tab 7268 @tab 439 @tab      @tab 1591 (40) @tab  734 (20) @tab  49 @tab 197
@item 2001-06-07 @tab 1.4-p3 @tab 7312 @tab 439 @tab      @tab 1591 (40) @tab  734 (20) @tab  49 @tab 197
@item 2001-06-10 @tab 1.4-p4 @tab 7321 @tab 439 @tab      @tab 1591 (40) @tab  734 (20) @tab  49 @tab 198
@item 2001-07-15 @tab 1.4-p5 @tab 7228 @tab 426 @tab      @tab 1596 (40) @tab  734 (20) @tab  51 @tab 198
@item 2001-08-23 @tab 1.5    @tab 8016 @tab 475 @tab  600 @tab 2654 (39) @tab 1166 (29) @tab  63 @tab 327
@item 2002-03-05 @tab 1.6    @tab 8465 @tab 475 @tab 1136 @tab 2732 (39) @tab 1603 (27) @tab  66 @tab 365
@item 2002-04-11 @tab 1.6.1  @tab 8544 @tab 475 @tab 1136 @tab 2741 (39) @tab 1603 (27) @tab  66 @tab 372
@item 2002-06-14 @tab 1.6.2  @tab 8575 @tab 475 @tab 1136 @tab 2800 (39) @tab 1609 (27) @tab  67 @tab 386
@item 2002-07-28 @tab 1.6.3  @tab 8600 @tab 475 @tab 1153 @tab 2809 (39) @tab 1609 (27) @tab  67 @tab 391
@item 2002-07-28 @tab 1.4-p6 @tab 7332 @tab 455 @tab      @tab 1596 (40) @tab  735 (20) @tab  49 @tab 197
@item 2002-09-25 @tab 1.7    @tab 9189 @tab 471 @tab 1790 @tab 2965 (39) @tab 1606 (28) @tab  73 @tab 430
@item 2002-10-16 @tab 1.7.1  @tab 9229 @tab 475 @tab 1790 @tab 2977 (39) @tab 1606 (28) @tab  73 @tab 437
@item 2002-12-06 @tab 1.7.2  @tab 9334 @tab 475 @tab 1790 @tab 2988 (39) @tab 1606 (28) @tab  77 @tab 445
@item 2003-02-20 @tab 1.7.3  @tab 9389 @tab 475 @tab 1790 @tab 3023 (39) @tab 1651 (29) @tab  84 @tab 448
@item 2003-04-23 @tab 1.7.4  @tab 9429 @tab 475 @tab 1790 @tab 3031 (39) @tab 1644 (29) @tab  85 @tab 458
@item 2003-05-18 @tab 1.7.5  @tab 9429 @tab 475 @tab 1790 @tab 3033 (39) @tab 1645 (29) @tab  85 @tab 459
@item 2003-07-10 @tab 1.7.6  @tab 9442 @tab 475 @tab 1790 @tab 3033 (39) @tab 1660 (29) @tab  85 @tab 461
@item 2003-09-07 @tab 1.7.7  @tab 9443 @tab 475 @tab 1790 @tab 3041 (39) @tab 1660 (29) @tab  90 @tab 467
@item 2003-10-07 @tab 1.7.8  @tab 9444 @tab 475 @tab 1790 @tab 3041 (39) @tab 1660 (29) @tab  90 @tab 468
@item 2003-11-09 @tab 1.7.9  @tab 9444 @tab 475 @tab 1790 @tab 3048 (39) @tab 1660 (29) @tab  90 @tab 468
@item 2003-12-10 @tab 1.8    @tab 7171 @tab 585 @tab 7730 @tab 3236 (39) @tab 1666 (31) @tab 104 @tab 521
@item 2004-01-11 @tab 1.8.1  @tab 7217 @tab 663 @tab 7726 @tab 3287 (39) @tab 1686 (31) @tab 104 @tab 525
@item 2004-01-12 @tab 1.8.2  @tab 7217 @tab 663 @tab 7726 @tab 3288 (39) @tab 1686 (31) @tab 104 @tab 526
@item 2004-03-07 @tab 1.8.3  @tab 7214 @tab 686 @tab 7735 @tab 3303 (39) @tab 1695 (31) @tab 111 @tab 530
@item 2004-04-25 @tab 1.8.4  @tab 7214 @tab 686 @tab 7736 @tab 3310 (39) @tab 1701 (31) @tab 112 @tab 531
@item 2004-05-16 @tab 1.8.5  @tab 7240 @tab 686 @tab 7736 @tab 3299 (39) @tab 1701 (31) @tab 112 @tab 533
@item 2004-07-28 @tab 1.9    @tab 7508 @tab 715 @tab 7794 @tab 3352 (40) @tab 1812 (32) @tab 115 @tab 551
@item 2004-08-11 @tab 1.9.1  @tab 7512 @tab 715 @tab 7794 @tab 3354 (40) @tab 1812 (32) @tab 115 @tab 552
@item 2004-09-19 @tab 1.9.2  @tab 7512 @tab 715 @tab 7794 @tab 3354 (40) @tab 1812 (32) @tab 132 @tab 554
@item 2004-11-01 @tab 1.9.3  @tab 7507 @tab 718 @tab 7804 @tab 3354 (40) @tab 1812 (32) @tab 134 @tab 556
@item 2004-12-18 @tab 1.9.4  @tab 7508 @tab 718 @tab 7856 @tab 3361 (40) @tab 1811 (32) @tab 140 @tab 560
@item 2005-02-13 @tab 1.9.5  @tab 7523 @tab 719 @tab 7859 @tab 3373 (40) @tab 1453 (32) @tab 142 @tab 562
@item 2005-07-10 @tab 1.9.6  @tab 7539 @tab 699 @tab 7867 @tab 3400 (40) @tab 1453 (32) @tab 144 @tab 570
@item 2006-10-15 @tab 1.10   @tab 7859 @tab 1072 @tab 8024 @tab 3512 (40) @tab 1496 (34) @tab 172 @tab 604
@end multitable


@c ========================================================== Appendices

@page
@node Copying This Manual
@appendix Copying This Manual

@menu
* GNU Free Documentation License::  License for copying this manual
@end menu

@include fdl.texi

@page
@node Indices
@appendix Indices

@menu
* Macro Index::                 Index of Autoconf macros
* Variable Index::              Index of Makefile variables
* General Index::               General index
@end menu

@node Macro Index
@appendixsec Macro Index

@printindex fn

@node Variable Index
@appendixsec Variable Index

@printindex vr

@node General Index
@appendixsec General Index

@printindex cp


@page
@contents
@bye

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